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<document id="9FF66A24A9234EF74101C0DE472870D1" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3955.2.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ab2e49ce-f664-4acf-840e-11b38494dcd7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="245721" ID-ZooBank="828A05F3-D367-498A-ABDB-70E1126EAE47" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461050094748" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Larivière, Marie-Claude &amp; Larochelle, André" docDate="2015" docId="03C02354FF177F27FF42FF541A314DAC" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03955p266.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3955 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Zemacrosaldula kapekape Larivière &amp; Larochelle, 2015, new species" docType="treatment" docUuid="32CA025C-FF04-4347-B93C-96CC8BEAB7AC" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="258" masterDocId="FFF95B2CFF1B7F2AFFD5FFC31B554968" masterDocTitle="Zemacrosaldula, a new genus of Saldidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from New Zealand: taxonomy, geographic distribution, and biology" masterLastPageNumber="266" masterPageNumber="245" pageNumber="257" updateTime="1698578476672" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="41A825650FC3FDC5B60616A42B246C3A">Zemacrosaldula, a new genus of Saldidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from New Zealand: taxonomy, geographic distribution, and biology</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0D7075FBB14B3DBD42A439652A13AB4A">Larivière, Marie-Claude</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C49D010F810F9DF5FCFB59FA374EEDB6">Larochelle, André</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="B35924BA40A8F82D1C5E267DB3AEA993">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="642DCECA45D4E66CD4B89BB62DBA2B27">3955</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="C16F7B198FD577CFFD619D5513CF0184" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3955.2.4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C02354FF177F27FF42FF541A314DAC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3507031" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119611694" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3507031" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:32CA025C-FF04-4347-B93C-96CC8BEAB7AC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C02354FF177F27FF42FF541A314DAC" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="258" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">
<subSubSection id="C373C1C9FF177F26FF42FF541FC64807" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD69242FF177F26FF42FF54193E49DA" blockId="12.[151,619,151,178]" box="[151,619,151,178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">
<heading id="D09E252EFF177F26FF42FF54193E49DA" bold="true" box="[151,619,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FF42FF54193E49DA" bold="true" box="[151,619,151,178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF177F26FF42FF541A8149D9" ID-CoL="5D27C" box="[151,468,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kapekape" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FF42FF541A8149D9" bold="true" box="[151,468,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Zemacrosaldula kapekape</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22EF32BFF177F26FE0EFF5B193E49DA" box="[475,619,152,178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD69242FF177F26FF42FF1D1FC64807" blockId="12.[151,1436,222,367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF177F26FF42FF1D19CC499C" authority="Lariviere &amp; Larochelle" authorityName="Lariviere &amp; Larochelle" box="[151,665,222,244]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kapekape" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FF42FF1D1AF4499C" box="[151,417,222,244]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Zemacrosaldula kapekape</emphasis>
Larivière &amp; Larochelle
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22EF32BFF177F26FD71FF1C1877499C" box="[676,802,222,244]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
.
<typeStatus id="54D22CE0FF177F26FCF8FF1D18DA499C" box="[813,911,222,244]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: male (NZAC) labelled “
<collectingCountry id="F37ED2D2FF177F26FB47FF1D1E18499C" box="[1170,1357,222,244]" name="New Zealand" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">NEW ZEALAND</collectingCountry>
OL Mt [=Mount] Aspiring NP [=National Park],
<collectingCountry id="F37ED2D2FF177F26FDA2FF3E1981487B" box="[631,724,253,275]" name="Cameroon" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Cameron</collectingCountry>
Flat
<quantity id="4C913FA7FF177F26FCD9FF3E1813487B" box="[780,838,253,275]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" unit="m" value="300.0">300m</quantity>
4429
<accessionNumber id="943A0FA1FF177F26FC56FF3E1882487B" box="[899,983,253,275]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/S16848" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" type="EnaNcbi">S 16848</accessionNumber>
E
<date id="FFD7B482FF177F26FC3AFF3E1F34487B" box="[1007,1121,253,275]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" value="2006-03-17">17.III.2006</date>
Larivière, Larochelle / Stonygravelly streambank: bare silty soil; on stones near water /
<typeStatus id="54D22CE0FF177F26FC83FEDF188E485A" box="[854,987,284,306]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
[male symbol]
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF177F26FB59FEDF1AA14838" authority="Lariviere &amp; Larochelle, 2015" authorityName="Lariviere &amp; Larochelle" authorityYear="2015" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kapekape">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FB59FEDF1EC9485A" box="[1164,1436,284,306]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Zemacrosaldula kapekape</emphasis>
Larivière &amp; Larochelle, 2015
</taxonomicName>
(red label).
<typeStatus id="54D22CE0FF177F26FDA1FEF8198E4838" box="[628,731,315,336]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCount id="9D6F59CBFF177F26FD33FEF818604838" box="[742,821,314,336]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" type="male">7 males</specimenCount>
(1 CMNZ, 1 LUNZ, 1 MONZ, 4 NZAC) and
<specimenCount id="9D6F59CBFF177F26FACEFEF91E2A4838" box="[1307,1407,314,336]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" type="female">8 females</specimenCount>
(1 CMNZ, 1 LUNZ, 1 MONZ, 5 NZAC) with same data as
<typeStatus id="54D22CE0FF177F26FCDFFE9A18304807" box="[778,869,345,367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, bearing blue
<typeStatus id="54D22CE0FF177F26FC26FE991F1F4807" box="[1011,1098,346,367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
labels.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C373C1C9FF177F26FF42FE5F1F9D4EA9" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD69242FF177F26FF42FE5F1F074EF4" blockId="12.[151,1437,412,2021]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FF42FE5F1A7448DD" bold="true" box="[151,289,412,437]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Description</emphasis>
. Body length 4.51–5.53 (5.04) mm; elongate-ovate (
<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF177F26FC70FE5F18A448DC" box="[933,1009,412,437]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1984,2006]" captionTargetBox="[199,1354,208,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[175,1396,195,1934]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. Dorsal views of Zemacrosaldula species (legs and antennae omitted). Scale bar = 1 mm. (1) Z. australis, (2) Z. kapekape, (3) Z. whakarunga, (4) Z. pangare." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245722/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Dorsal colour largely black, with uniformly dark lateral margins of pronotum and several individual (not coalesced) whitish markings on hemelytra; frequently with a combination of a pair of semilunate or irregularly shaped marks in basal third of corium and moderate to large irregularly shaped medial mark at about midlength on exocorium. Facial colour (
<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF177F26FB21FDC41E624B48" box="[1268,1335,519,544]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 10" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1964,1986]" captionTargetBox="[197,1380,219,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[175,1415,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 10. Facial views of Zemacrosaldula species. (5 – 7) Z. australis, (8) Z. kapekape, (9) Z. whakarunga, (10) Z. pangare." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245723/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) slightly to moderately contrasted. Head, pronotum and scutellum moderately shiny, contrasting moderately against mostly dull hemelytra. Dorsal pubescence short, reclined to semi-erect, whitish, sometimes more sparse than in
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF177F26FA50FD921BAC4BE4" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FA50FD921BAC4BE4" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Z. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but still rather evenly distributed. Dorsal microsculpture rugulose on head, pronotum and scutellum.
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FF42FD541B824BD8" bold="true" box="[151,215,663,688]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Head</emphasis>
black. Face (
<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF177F26FEACFD541A954BD8" box="[377,448,663,688]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 10" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1964,1986]" captionTargetBox="[197,1380,219,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[175,1415,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 10. Facial views of Zemacrosaldula species. (5 – 7) Z. australis, (8) Z. kapekape, (9) Z. whakarunga, (10) Z. pangare." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245723/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) pubescent. Transverse swelling whitish yellow to yellowish brown; lateral portions separated by a narrow to rather wide dark gap or, sometimes, almost contiguous (nearly touching) near facial midline. Mandibular plates whitish yellow to yellowish brown. Maxillary plates whitish yellow. Anteclypeus and labrum whitish yellow to yellowish brown; anteclypeus often marked with brown basally and dark brown to black along margins; labrum often margined with dark brown to black.
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FC5EFCEB18A94A28" bold="true" box="[907,1020,808,832]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Antennae</emphasis>
4.07–4.33x longer than pronotum + collar medially, largely dark; segment I whitish yellow to yellowish brown, with ventral and dorsal sides dark brown to black (usually striped); segment II dark brown to black, often shortly paler subapically, 2.16–2.17x longer than segment I; segments III–IV dark brown to black.
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FD2EFC5718014AC5" bold="true" box="[763,852,916,941]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Thorax</emphasis>
. Lateral margins of pronotum subrectilinear to very slightly convex, uniformly dark. Underside black, with sharply contrasting broadly pale acetabula I–II (acetabulum II sometimes narrowly pale), acetabulum III narrowly to very narrowly pale (rarely completely dark), and partially pale (posterior half) to almost completely pale lateral margins; pubescence rather dense, silvery, appressed (except for glabrous lateral margins).
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FE37FBE7194C4D53" bold="true" box="[482,537,1060,1083]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Legs</emphasis>
moderately dark; fore femora striped with dark brown to nearly black on ventral and dorsal sides, along part or entire length; mid and hind femora thickly marked with brown on ventral and lateral sides, otherwise whitish yellow with some brown spots, or, nearly completely black; tibiae with dark brown to black dorsal stripe over most of length and black subapical annulus, otherwise whitish yellow with dark spines; hind tibiae 2.71–2.87x longer than tarsal segments II+III combined; tarsal segment II slightly darkened or not apically, otherwise yellowish brown, segment III completely dark brown to black (often paler in basal half of hind tarsus); pretarsal claws rather short, about a third of the length of tarsal segment III. Scutellum black, 1.82–1.96x longer than pronotum + collar medially.
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FD5FFADC18564C50" bold="true" box="[650,771,1311,1336]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Hemelytra</emphasis>
: corium (
<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF177F26FC55FADC188C4C50" box="[896,985,1311,1336]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 12" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1958,1980]" captionTargetBox="[184,1400,210,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[163,1415,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 12. Eunomy (left corium), with more frequently observed pigmentation patterns indicated by an asterisk (*). (11) Zemacrosaldula australis (cl = clavus, en = endocorium, ex = exocorium), (12) Z. kapekape." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245724/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
) largely black with several irregular, individual (not coalesced), whitish markings; endocorium with a line of four pale spots along R vein, a few additional spots subapically along membrane, sometimes with a spot about middle (rarely an irregular longitudinal mark); exocorium without coalesced irregular markings on basal third to three-quarters (as opposed to
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF177F26FAD9FA4E1ED94CCC" box="[1292,1420,1420,1444]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FAD9FA4E1ED94CCC" box="[1292,1420,1420,1444]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Z. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), with a number of individual markings, a moderate to large irregularly shaped medial mark at about midlength, and usually a smaller irregular medial mark subapically; colour pattern in female consistent with that of male but often paler overall with broader markings; pale markings in darker individuals reduced in size but hardly in numbers, with line of four visible spots not significantly reduced in size; corium in darkest individuals never almost entirely black with a few speckles; corium and clavus largely pruinose; basal pale spot of clavus present or absent; subapical pale spot of clavus present; membrane dark brown to black basally with a pale mark near tip of clavus, brown medially within cells and along margin, pale within cells on each side of brown medial mark, and with dark brown to black veins.
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FE4EF96F19454FAD" bold="true" box="[411,528,1708,1733]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Venter black, with posterior margin of some or most segments narrowly pale (generally more broadly pale in female). Pubescence rather dense, silvery, appressed in both sexes.
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FB32F90C1EC94F80" bold="true" box="[1255,1436,1743,1768]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Male parandria</emphasis>
as in
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF177F26FF02F9361A0F4E64" box="[215,346,1780,1804]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FF02F9361A0F4E64" box="[215,346,1780,1804]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Z. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF177F26FE4FF9371AA54E64" box="[410,496,1780,1805]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 24" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[211,1353,202,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[195,1365,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 24. Schematic views of male genitalia. (15 – 18) Paramere, ventral view. (15) Zemacrosaldula australis, (16) Z. kapekape (ph = processus hamatus), (17) Z. whakarunga (ps = processus sensualis), (18) Z. pangare. (19 – 20) Parandria, posterior view. (19) Z. australis, (20) Z. whakarunga. (21 – 22) Anterior half of aedeagus, lateral view. (21) Z. australis, (22) Z. whakarunga. (23) Sclerites of aedeagus, Z. australis, ventral view. (24 – 25) Filum gonopori, lateral view. (24) Z. australis, (25) Z. whakarunga." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245726/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FDD3F93019EC4E63" bold="true" box="[518,697,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Male paramere</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF177F26FD19F93718754E65" box="[716,800,1780,1805]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 24" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[211,1353,202,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[195,1365,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 24. Schematic views of male genitalia. (15 – 18) Paramere, ventral view. (15) Zemacrosaldula australis, (16) Z. kapekape (ph = processus hamatus), (17) Z. whakarunga (ps = processus sensualis), (18) Z. pangare. (19 – 20) Parandria, posterior view. (19) Z. australis, (20) Z. whakarunga. (21 – 22) Anterior half of aedeagus, lateral view. (21) Z. australis, (22) Z. whakarunga. (23) Sclerites of aedeagus, Z. australis, ventral view. (24 – 25) Filum gonopori, lateral view. (24) Z. australis, (25) Z. whakarunga." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245726/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
) without distinct processus sensualis; instead, with flat cuticular surface bearing less than 10 setae; processus hamatus narrowly rounded and subrectilinear at tip. Apical half of
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FF39F8F81ACC4E3C" bold="true" box="[236,409,1851,1876]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">male aedeagus</emphasis>
, in lateral view, with 3 main visible sclerites as in
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF177F26FC3EF8FE1F3B4E3C" box="[1003,1134,1852,1876]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FC3EF8FE1F3B4E3C" box="[1003,1134,1852,1876]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Z. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF177F26FB78F8FF1E574E3C" box="[1197,1282,1852,1877]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 24" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[211,1353,202,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[195,1365,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 24. Schematic views of male genitalia. (15 – 18) Paramere, ventral view. (15) Zemacrosaldula australis, (16) Z. kapekape (ph = processus hamatus), (17) Z. whakarunga (ps = processus sensualis), (18) Z. pangare. (19 – 20) Parandria, posterior view. (19) Z. australis, (20) Z. whakarunga. (21 – 22) Anterior half of aedeagus, lateral view. (21) Z. australis, (22) Z. whakarunga. (23) Sclerites of aedeagus, Z. australis, ventral view. (24 – 25) Filum gonopori, lateral view. (24) Z. australis, (25) Z. whakarunga." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245726/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FACCF8F81BAA4E10" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Male filum gonopori</emphasis>
coiled 1.5 times as in
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF177F26FDD1F8A219D34E10" box="[516,646,1888,1912]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FDD1F8A219D34E10" box="[516,646,1888,1912]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Z. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF177F26FD11F89C184C4E10" box="[708,793,1887,1912]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 24" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[211,1353,202,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[195,1365,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 24. Schematic views of male genitalia. (15 – 18) Paramere, ventral view. (15) Zemacrosaldula australis, (16) Z. kapekape (ph = processus hamatus), (17) Z. whakarunga (ps = processus sensualis), (18) Z. pangare. (19 – 20) Parandria, posterior view. (19) Z. australis, (20) Z. whakarunga. (21 – 22) Anterior half of aedeagus, lateral view. (21) Z. australis, (22) Z. whakarunga. (23) Sclerites of aedeagus, Z. australis, ventral view. (24 – 25) Filum gonopori, lateral view. (24) Z. australis, (25) Z. whakarunga." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245726/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
). Female subgenital plate (segment VII, ventrally) black with apical half pale or plate largely pale.
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FDBBF8471F1E4EF4" box="[622,1099,1924,1948]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Other characters as in generic description</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD69242FF177F26FF12F86B1F9D4EA9" blockId="12.[151,1437,412,2021]" box="[199,1224,1960,1985]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FF12F86B1AB24EA9" bold="true" box="[199,487,1960,1985]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Geographic distribution</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF177F26FE22F86B191E4EA9" box="[503,587,1960,1985]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1898,1920]" captionTargetBox="[222,1368,386,1863]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[198,1388,376,1874]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 26. Collecting localities of Zemacrosaldula species, New Zealand." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245727/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
). Southernmost areas and west coast of the South Island.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C373C1C9FF177F27FF12F80F1FD448C4" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="258" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD69242FF177F26FF12F80F1EC94E8C" blockId="12.[151,1437,412,2021]" box="[199,1436,1996,2021]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FF12F80F1AFE4E8D" bold="true" box="[199,427,1996,2021]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">Material examined</emphasis>
. A total of
<specimenCount id="9D6F59CBFF177F26FDE0F80F19884E8D" box="[565,733,1996,2021]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257" type="generic">223 specimens</specimenCount>
including
<typeStatus id="54D22CE0FF177F26FC8CF80E18C24E8D" box="[857,919,1997,2021]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">types</typeStatus>
, from the following localities.
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF177F26FB2EF80F1EC04E8D" bold="true" box="[1275,1429,1996,2021]" pageId="12" pageNumber="257">South Island</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD69242FF167F27FF42FF541FD448C4" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FF42FF541B9449D8" bold="true" box="[151,193,151,176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">CO</emphasis>
—Clutha River (
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FEAFFF5B1A9E49D8" box="[378,459,152,176]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">LUNZ</collectionCode>
); Clutha River, junction with Highway 8A,
<quantity id="4C913FA7FF167F27FC67FF5B18BF49D8" box="[946,1002,151,176]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" unit="km" value="9.0">9 km</quantity>
SE of Luggate (
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FB75FF5B1FA749D8" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1184,1266,152,176]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">NZAC</collectionCode>
); Danseys Pass (N of) (
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FF24FF7F1A1D49BC" box="[241,328,188,212]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n6z3-qvv0" name="Canterbury Museum" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">CMNZ</collectionCode>
);
<collectingCountry id="F37ED2D2FF167F27FE8AFF7F1AF549BD" box="[351,416,188,213]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Nevis</collectingCountry>
Crossing (
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FDF4FF7F192749BC" box="[545,626,188,212]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">LUNZ</collectionCode>
).
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FD5DFF7F19E549BD" bold="true" box="[648,688,188,213]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">DN</emphasis>
—Otekaieke, Otekaieke River (
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FBC9FF7F1F3A49BC" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1052,1135,188,212]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">NZAC</collectionCode>
).
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FB51FF7F1FFC49BD" bold="true" box="[1156,1193,188,213]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">FD</emphasis>
—Hunter Mountains, South Borland River (
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FE71FF231AA24990" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[420,503,224,248]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">NZAC</collectionCode>
).
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FDC5FF1C19154990" bold="true" box="[528,576,223,248]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">MK</emphasis>
—Lake Pukaki, Whale Stream (
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FC17FF231F404990" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[962,1045,224,248]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">NZAC</collectionCode>
).
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FBFAFF1C1F024990" bold="true" box="[1071,1111,223,248]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FBFAFF1C1F024990" box="[1071,1111,223,248]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">OL</collectionCode>
</emphasis>
—Glenorchy, Buckler Burn (
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FF4AFEC71BA74874" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[159,242,260,284]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">NZAC</collectionCode>
); Lake Hawea (
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FE66FEC719594874" box="[435,524,260,284]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/76et-m1kt" name="Auckland Institute and Museum" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">AMNZ</collectionCode>
); Mount Aspiring National Park,
<collectingCountry id="F37ED2D2FF167F27FC77FEC71F5C4874" box="[930,1033,260,284]" name="Cameroon" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Cameron</collectingCountry>
Flat (
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FB83FEC71FFC4874" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1110,1193,260,284]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">NZAC</collectionCode>
).
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FB14FEC71FB04875" bold="true" box="[1217,1253,260,285]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">SC</emphasis>
—Hakataramea, Hakataramea River (
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FE54FEEB1A864828" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[385,467,296,320]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">NZAC</collectionCode>
); Aparima River (
<quantity id="4C913FA7FF167F27FD75FEEB19BC4828" box="[672,745,295,320]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" unit="km" value="14.0">14 km</quantity>
S of Mossburn (
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FC72FEEB18AF4828" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[935,1018,296,320]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">NZAC</collectionCode>
);
<quantity id="4C913FA7FF167F27FBD8FEEB1F094828" box="[1037,1116,295,320]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" unit="km" value="4.2">4.2 km</quantity>
S of Wreys Bush (
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FAE1FEEB1ED34828" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1332,1414,296,320]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">NZAC</collectionCode>
)); Dipton West, Oreti River (
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FE34FE8F1961480C" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[481,564,332,356]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">NZAC</collectionCode>
); Winton, Oreti River (
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FC8DFE8F18FE480C" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[856,939,332,356]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">NZAC</collectionCode>
).
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FC13FE8F18A3480D" box="[966,1014,332,357]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FC13FE8F18A3480D" bold="true" box="[966,1014,332,357]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">WD</emphasis>
</collectionCode>
—Harihari, Wanganui River mouth (
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FF4AFEB31BA348E0" box="[159,246,368,392]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n6z3-qvv0" name="Canterbury Museum" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">CMNZ</collectionCode>
); Junction of Wanganui River &amp; Highway 6 (
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FD21FEB3181248E0" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[756,839,368,392]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">NZAC</collectionCode>
); Lake Mapourika (
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FBF1FEB31F2848E0" box="[1060,1149,368,392]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/15kb-kde6" name="Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa - Entomology" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">MONZ</collectionCode>
); Lake Moeraki (
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FAE8FEB31EC548E0" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1341,1424,368,392]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">NZAC</collectionCode>
); Omoeroa River, S of Franz Josef (
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FDC0FE57193B48C4" box="[533,622,404,428]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/76et-m1kt" name="Auckland Institute and Museum" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">AMNZ</collectionCode>
); Totara River, near Moorhouse Road (
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF167F27FBF7FE571F2048C4" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1058,1141,404,428]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">NZAC</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C373C1C9FF167F27FF12FE7418604A35" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BD69242FF167F27FF12FE7418604A35" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FF12FE741A4A48B8" bold="true" box="[199,287,439,464]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Biology</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FEE7FE74195048B8" bold="true" box="[306,517,439,464]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Altitudinal range</emphasis>
. Lowland (mostly) to lower montane. Not usually coastal; may be present in predominantly freshwater habitats located near the mouth of rivers that also harbour inland populations.
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FAECFE1F1EC0489D" bold="true" box="[1337,1429,476,501]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Habitat</emphasis>
. Occurs along stony-gravelly (or shingled) riverbanks, riverbeds or, less frequently, lakeshores; saxicolous, found mainly on gravel, stones or boulders near the water’s edge, usually within
<quantity id="4C913FA7FF167F27FC0CFDE71F1E4B54" box="[985,1099,548,573]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" unit="m" value="1.75" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5 to 3 m</quantity>
from the waterline, as well as on stones or boulders emerging from the water; mostly in sandy environments, also in slightly silty or clayish situations; primarily near moderate to fast running water, also near calmer water (e.g., side river channels or temporary backwaters). Sometimes found on bare ground patches between stones or boulders near the waterline. Nymphs live in the same habitat, on the ground surface between and under stones or among gravel.
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FADAFD771EC14BA5" bold="true" box="[1295,1428,692,717]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Seasonality</emphasis>
. Adults collected from October to March; mating pairs observed in March; newly emerged adults (tenerals) and nymphs found in March.
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FE61FD3F1AA54A7D" bold="true" box="[436,496,764,789]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Food</emphasis>
. Predator or scavenger.
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FCD5FD3F182E4A7D" bold="true" box="[768,891,764,789]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Behaviour</emphasis>
. Jumps from stone to stone, flies short distances (usually less than
<quantity id="4C913FA7FF167F27FEB1FCE31AC64A50" box="[356,403,800,824]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
), dashes quickly into the space between stones or into water when disturbed. Heliophilous; hides under and between stones, in cloudy or rainy weather.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C373C1C9FF167F27FF12FCA41A314DAC" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD69242FF167F27FF12FCA41A974AAF" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FF12FCA41A614AE8" bold="true" box="[199,308,871,896]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Remarks</emphasis>
. The species name is from the Maori word ‘kapekape’, meaning west-south-west. It refers to the South Island west coast and southernmost distribution of this species and to it being the west-south-west counterpart of
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF167F27FEE9FC721AEE4AA0" box="[316,443,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FEE9FC721AEE4AA0" box="[316,443,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Z. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD69242FF167F27FF12FC171A314DAC" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">
The external morphology and male genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF167F27FD0AFC1618324A84" box="[735,871,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kapekape">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FD0AFC1618324A84" box="[735,871,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Z. kapekape</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
closely resemble those of
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF167F27FB47FC161E474A84" box="[1170,1298,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FB47FC161E474A84" box="[1170,1298,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Z. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from which it can be difficult to distinguish. The eunomy falls somewhere between that of
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF167F27FBD9FC3A1FE34D78" box="[1036,1206,1016,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="whakarunga">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FBD9FC3A1FE34D78" box="[1036,1206,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Z. whakarunga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and darker forms of
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF167F27FF42FBDE1A4D4D5C" box="[151,280,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FF42FBDE1A4D4D5C" box="[151,280,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Z. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The configuration of the male paramere is also reminiscent of the condition observed in
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF167F27FACEFBDE1EC94D5C" box="[1307,1436,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FACEFBDE1EC94D5C" box="[1307,1436,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Z. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but differs mainly in the shape of the processus hamatus which is more bluntly rounded and straight at the tip in
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF167F27FA50FB821A544D14" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kapekape">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FA50FB821A544D14" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Z. kapekape</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In addition, this species usually lacks the coalesced hemelytral markings seen in the basal third to threequarters of the exocorium in
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF167F27FE3DFB4A193E4DC8" box="[488,619,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FE3DFB4A193E4DC8" box="[488,619,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Z. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and it has a shorter second segment of the antenna. See also Remarks under
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF167F27FF08FB6E1A084DAC" box="[221,349,1196,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FF08FB6E1A084DAC" box="[221,349,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Z. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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