239 lines
34 KiB
XML
239 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="BE59E8C4D6A706960E295E9F6DEAB59F" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.212849" ID-GBIF-Dataset="eb500402-596b-4b1b-9c3c-ede2050bb1b1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="212849" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460507649009" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wollenberg, Katharina C., Glaw, Frank & Vences, Miguel" docDate="2012" docId="280387924C2CFFE4FF7EFE3E321F7AA6" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03421p060.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3421" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Gephyromantis" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="55" masterDocId="D43AFFEA4C3AFFF3FFE9FF9433107C2C" masterDocTitle="Revision of the little brown frogs in the Gephyromantis decaryi complex with description of a new species" masterLastPageNumber="60" masterPageNumber="32" pageNumber="54" updateTime="1698312936495" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="603BB7C27F59B22B331BFDA7299899B0">
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<mods:title id="ACA3A0C9D200459B8DFEB53C78A97223">Revision of the little brown frogs in the Gephyromantis decaryi complex with description of a new species</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="BE57E89CBCC30F8C5984118886FC77B8" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="7504C83C90FFC9652EF2ECCA103BEB62">Wollenberg, Katharina C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1600C9A016359BA9D99C1FF1A8E289B3">Glaw, Frank</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="AC5BB131B5BEFCDDC4F41219C65E046B" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="33B7AE00147BA8DFE9FC41278C0DCADE">Vences, Miguel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="08090507BCD9CDD39373445FEA39FB22">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="79352E0AB979C0507F0AEBA723E7A9D8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="07B1134FEE30A9F44F84D40696C81B24">
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<mods:date id="15ECA3A722507D31C9F9FBD5DCAF58F8">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="BF353BB0290534D2F4E907463221CD17" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="DB09699F02C692F70CEFC226391F69C7">3421</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="7135FEF7AEAECB8FFBAEEA62F8BA9D4B" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.212849</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9820BB65127ABE94FE38227984ACE31F" type="Zenodo-Dep">212849</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="280387924C2CFFE4FF7EFE3E321F7AA6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5672710" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119522888" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5672710" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:280387924C2CFFE4FF7EFE3E321F7AA6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/280387924C2CFFE4FF7EFE3E321F7AA6" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">
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<subSubSection id="E8B0650F4C2CFFE5FF7EFE3E32817DE8" box="[151,401,426,452]" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="A01536844C2CFFE5FF7EFE3E32817DE8" blockId="22.[151,401,426,452]" box="[151,401,426,452]" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">
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<heading id="FB5D81E84C2CFFE5FF7EFE3E32817DE8" bold="true" box="[151,401,426,452]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2CFFE5FF7EFE3E32817DE8" bold="true" box="[151,401,426,452]" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">
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<taxonomicName id="67AA4D074C2CFFE5FF7EFE3E32417DE8" ID-CoL="4N4F" box="[151,337,426,452]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Gephyromantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2CFFE5FF7EFE3E32417DE8" bold="true" box="[151,337,426,452]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">Gephyromantis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. 7
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E8B0650F4C2CFFE5FF7EFE7F37A27F16" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="A01536844C2CFFE5FF7EFE7F32957E09" blockId="22.[151,1437,490,2006]" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">
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<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2CFFE5FF7EFE7F32107E2F" bold="true" box="[151,256,491,515]" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">Remark.</emphasis>
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We follow
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<bibRefCitation id="C43B4B754C2CFFE5FE6CFE7E31777E2E" box="[389,615,490,515]" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" refString="Vieites, D. R., Wollenberg, K. C., Andreone, F., Kohler, J., Glaw, F. & Vences, M. (2009) Vast underestimation of Madagascar's biodiversity evidenced by an integrative amphibian inventory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U. S. A., 106, 8267 - 8272." type="journal article">
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Vieites
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<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2CFFE5FE32FE7831047E2F" box="[475,532,491,515]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
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(2009)
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</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="C43B4B754C2CFFE5FD76FE7E30D77E2E" box="[671,967,490,515]" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" refString="Kaffenberger, N., Wollenberg, K. C., Kohler, J., Glaw, F., Vieites, D. R. & Vences, M. (2012) Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Malagasy frogs of the genus Gephyromantis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 62, 555 - 560." type="journal article">
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Kaffenberger
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<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2CFFE5FCD2FE7830647E2F" box="[827,884,491,515]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
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||
(2012)
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</bibRefCitation>
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who considered this candidate species as
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<taxonomicName id="67AA4D074C2CFFE5FF7EFD9932537E09" box="[151,323,525,549]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Gephyromantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2CFFE5FF7EFD9932537E09" box="[151,323,525,549]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">Gephyromantis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. 7.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A01536844C2CFFE5FF2EFDBB37A27F16" blockId="22.[151,1437,490,2006]" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">
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<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2CFFE5FF2EFDBB30717E64" bold="true" box="[199,865,559,584]" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">Identity and rationale for candidate species assignment.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="D8BD76144C2CFFE5FC81FDA430977E64" box="[872,903,560,584]" name="American Samoa" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">As</collectingCountry>
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discussed in the general results sections above, specimens collected in Manakara have the shortest note duration within the
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<taxonomicName id="67AA4D074C2CFFE5FC1CFDC737797E47" box="[1013,1129,595,619]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Gephyromantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="decaryi">
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<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2CFFE5FC1CFDC737797E47" box="[1013,1129,595,619]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">G. decaryi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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complex, and do not share haplotypes in 16S, COB, and RAG1 with the other species. However, we here refrain from describing this population and instead continue to consider it as candidate species until further evidence becomes available, based on the following arguments: (1) the amount of genetic differentiation of this lineage (1.5% 16S divergence to its sister lineage (
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<taxonomicName id="67AA4D074C2CFFE5FF35FD4A32847ED9" box="[220,404,733,757]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Gephyromantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hintelmannae">
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<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2CFFE5FF35FD4A32847ED9" box="[220,404,733,757]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">G. hintelmannae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) is very low; (2) it shows no convincing morphological or morphometric differences to
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<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2CFFE5FA6DFD4A32287F34" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">
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<taxonomicName id="67AA4D074C2CFFE5FA6DFD4A32227F34" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Gephyromantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hintelmannae">G. hintelmannae</taxonomicName>
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;
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</emphasis>
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and (3) different from
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<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2CFFE5FDD2FC9430627F34" box="[571,882,768,792]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">
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<taxonomicName id="67AA4D074C2CFFE5FDD2FC9431A17F34" box="[571,689,768,792]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Gephyromantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="decaryi">G. decaryi</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="67AA4D074C2CFFE5FD55FC9430627F34" box="[700,882,768,792]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Gephyromantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hintelmannae">G. hintelmannae</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2CFFE5FC40FC9437597F34" box="[937,1097,768,792]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">
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<taxonomicName id="67AA4D074C2CFFE5FC40FC9437567F34" box="[937,1094,768,792]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Gephyromantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosus">G. verrucosus</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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it has been collected only at a single instance at a single site, and therefore too little information on its variation is available.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E8B0650F4C2CFFE5FF2EFCD130317FE9" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="A01536844C2CFFE5FF2EFCD130317FE9" blockId="22.[151,1437,490,2006]" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">
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<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2CFFE5FF2EFCD132A77F72" bold="true" box="[199,439,837,862]" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="C6BBAE414C2CFFE5FE2CFCD132EF7F71" box="[453,511,837,861]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">ZSM</collectionCode>
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2489/2007 (
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<collectionCode id="C6BBAE414C2CFFE5FD73FCD131FD7F71" box="[666,749,837,861]" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">ZCMV</collectionCode>
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5421),
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<collectionCode id="C6BBAE414C2CFFE5FCB8FCD1309A7F71" box="[849,906,837,861]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">ZSM</collectionCode>
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2490/2007 (
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<collectionCode id="C6BBAE414C2CFFE5FBCCFCD137687F71" box="[1061,1144,837,861]" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">ZCMV</collectionCode>
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5422),
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<collectionCode id="C6BBAE414C2CFFE5FB34FCD136067F71" box="[1245,1302,837,861]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">ZSM</collectionCode>
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2491/2007 (
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<collectionCode id="C6BBAE414C2CFFE5FF77FCF333E17F53" box="[158,241,871,895]" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">ZCMV</collectionCode>
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5424),
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<collectionCode id="C6BBAE414C2CFFE5FEA7FCF332987F53" box="[334,392,871,895]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">ZSM</collectionCode>
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2492/2007 (
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<collectionCode id="C6BBAE414C2CFFE5FDF2FCF3317E7F53" box="[539,622,871,895]" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">ZCMV</collectionCode>
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5485), all adult males, collected in the town Manakara, south-eastern
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<collectingCountry id="D8BD76144C2CFFE5FF7EFC1E32307F8E" box="[151,288,906,930]" name="Madagascar" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="C59E50434C2CFFE5FEC2FC1E32957F8E" box="[299,389,906,930]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" precision="925" value="-22.133333">22°08'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="C59E50434C2CFFE5FE78FC1E32FA7F8E" box="[401,490,906,930]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" precision="925" value="48.016666">48°01'E</geoCoordinate>
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(precise coordinates not taken), ca.
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<quantity id="67529B614C2CFFE5FC96FC1E30A87F8E" box="[895,952,906,930]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
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above sea level, by M. Vences, G. Safarek, E. Rajeriarison and T. Rajoafiarison on
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<date id="D41410444C2CFFE5FDBAFC39300D7FE9" box="[595,797,941,965]" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" value="2007-02-22">22 February 2007</date>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="E8B0650F4C2CFFE5FF2EFC5B30387ACE" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" type="diagnosis">
|
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<paragraph id="A01536844C2CFFE5FF2EFC5B366178B9" blockId="22.[151,1437,490,2006]" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2CFFE5FF2EFC5B32517FC4" bold="true" box="[199,321,975,1000]" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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A member of the subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="67AA4D074C2CFFE5FD93FC4430367FC4" box="[634,806,976,1000]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Gephyromantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2CFFE5FD93FC4430367FC4" box="[634,806,976,1000]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">Gephyromantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
in the genus
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||
<taxonomicName id="67AA4D074C2CFFE5FC50FC4437757FC4" box="[953,1125,976,1000]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Gephyromantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2CFFE5FC50FC4437757FC4" box="[953,1125,976,1000]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">Gephyromantis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
on the basis of (1) presence of intercalary elements between ultimate and penultimate phalanges of fingers and toes (verified by external examination), (2) small size (SVL below
|
||
<quantity id="67529B614C2CFFE5FDDDFB8131987801" box="[564,648,1045,1069]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
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||
), (3) slightly enlarged terminal discs of fingers, (4) presence of outer metatarsal tubercle, (5) absence of webbing on hands and presence of only rudimentary webbing on feet, (6) tight connection of tissue surrounding the two lateral metatarsalia, (7) presence of femoral glands in males, (8) presence of paired or bilobed blackish vocal sacs in males, (9) diurnal calling behavior not concentrated at water bodies.
|
||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A01536844C2CFFE5FF20FB3431BA79A4" blockId="22.[151,1437,490,2006]" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">
|
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Within the subgenus, distinguished from all other species by combination of (1) comparatively moderate size (male SVL
|
||
<quantity id="67529B614C2CFFE5FEF3FB56328778F6" box="[282,407,1218,1242]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="25.5" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="25.0">25–26 mm</quantity>
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), (2) dorsum relatively smooth with few scattered distinct but relatively small tubercles and without dorsolateral ridges, (3) upper lip with light gray or white color that can be interrupted by 2–4 relatively small and indistinct dark markings, (4) lower lip ventrally without a distinct alternating series of brown and yellowish markings; (5) dorsal color light brown without contrasted pattern, (6) hindlimbs not particularly long, not reaching beyond snout tip, (7) calls consisting of a rather long series of>30 very short notes of less than 50 ms duration and with a low note repetition rate of 3.6–4.6/s.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A01536844C2CFFE5FF20FA0630387ACE" blockId="22.[151,1437,490,2006]" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">
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Assigned to the group of species here informally defined as the
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<taxonomicName id="67AA4D074C2CFFE5FC77FA0737B67987" box="[926,1190,1427,1451]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Gephyromantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="decaryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2CFFE5FC77FA0737B67987" box="[926,1190,1427,1451]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">Gephyromantis decaryi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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complex based on its molecular phylogenetic relationships (see above) and its calls which are long series of notes with a low note repetition rate. Distinguished from
|
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<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2CFFE5FE0AFA4C314379DC" box="[483,595,1496,1520]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">G. d e c a r y i</emphasis>
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by lacking inner and outer dorsolateral ridges (vs. distinct and usually not interrupted,
|
||
<figureCitation id="38912A014C2CFFE5FECBFA6E32787A3E" box="[290,360,1530,1554]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1872,1895]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Photographs of dorsal skin structure in preserved specimens of (a) Gephyromantis decaryi (ZSM 2497 / 2007; field number ZCMV 5223), (b) G. verrucosus (ZSM 2462 / 2007; ZCMV 5459), (c) G. hintelmannae (holotype ZSM 2500 / 2007; ZCMV 5230), and (d) G. sp. 7 (ZSM 2492 / 2007; ZCMV 5485). Note continuous dorsolateral ridges in G. decaryi, discontinuous ridges and elongated tubercles in G. verrucosus, and relatively smooth skin with weakly expressed ridges in G. hintelmannae and G. sp. 7. Scale bars represent 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212855/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
), by the shorter limbs (tibiotarsal articulation at most reaching snout tip vs. reaching beyond snout tip), and by a shorter note duration (25–41 vs. 65–120 ms; see
|
||
<tableCitation id="ED28033F4C2CFFE5FC73F98930FE7A19" box="[922,1006,1565,1589]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,235,152,173]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,365,470]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 2. Numerical data of advertisement calls of species in the Gephyromantis decaryi complex. Duration of notes and intervals in milliseconds, given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum-maximum in parentheses), all based on measurements of 10 notes respectively intervals except data from Ranomafana (taken from Glaw & Vences 2000; based on 44 notes and 43 intervals)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F4D5660C4C3DFFF4FF7EFF0C33EE7D25" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" tableUuid="F4D5660C4C3DFFF4FF7EFF0C33EE7D25">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
) in advertisement calls. Distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="67AA4D074C2CFFE5FF3CF9D4327F7A74" box="[213,367,1600,1624]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Gephyromantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2CFFE5FF3CF9D4327F7A74" box="[213,367,1600,1624]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">G. verrucosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the more distinct femoral glands in males (versus small and indistinct), by the less granular dorsum (few scattered tubercles versus regular large tubercles,
|
||
<figureCitation id="38912A014C2CFFE5FCB0F9F6308C7A56" box="[857,924,1634,1658]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1872,1895]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Photographs of dorsal skin structure in preserved specimens of (a) Gephyromantis decaryi (ZSM 2497 / 2007; field number ZCMV 5223), (b) G. verrucosus (ZSM 2462 / 2007; ZCMV 5459), (c) G. hintelmannae (holotype ZSM 2500 / 2007; ZCMV 5230), and (d) G. sp. 7 (ZSM 2492 / 2007; ZCMV 5485). Note continuous dorsolateral ridges in G. decaryi, discontinuous ridges and elongated tubercles in G. verrucosus, and relatively smooth skin with weakly expressed ridges in G. hintelmannae and G. sp. 7. Scale bars represent 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212855/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
), by the less contrasted dorsal coloration, and by a much shorter note duration (25–41 vs. 123–157 ms; see
|
||
<tableCitation id="ED28033F4C2CFFE5FCA8F91130847AB1" box="[833,916,1669,1693]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,235,152,173]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,365,470]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 2. Numerical data of advertisement calls of species in the Gephyromantis decaryi complex. Duration of notes and intervals in milliseconds, given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum-maximum in parentheses), all based on measurements of 10 notes respectively intervals except data from Ranomafana (taken from Glaw & Vences 2000; based on 44 notes and 43 intervals)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F4D5660C4C3DFFF4FF7EFF0C33EE7D25" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" tableUuid="F4D5660C4C3DFFF4FF7EFF0C33EE7D25">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
) in advertisement calls. Distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="67AA4D074C2CFFE5FA6DF912323F7AEC" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Gephyromantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hintelmannae">
|
||
<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2CFFE5FA6DF912323F7AEC" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">G. hintelmannae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by a lower number of notes (<80 versus>100) in advertisement calls, and by a shorter note duration (25–41 vs. 81–103 ms; see
|
||
<tableCitation id="ED28033F4C2CFFE5FE20F95E310D7ACE" box="[457,541,1738,1762]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,235,152,173]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,365,470]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 2. Numerical data of advertisement calls of species in the Gephyromantis decaryi complex. Duration of notes and intervals in milliseconds, given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum-maximum in parentheses), all based on measurements of 10 notes respectively intervals except data from Ranomafana (taken from Glaw & Vences 2000; based on 44 notes and 43 intervals)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F4D5660C4C3DFFF4FF7EFF0C33EE7D25" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" tableUuid="F4D5660C4C3DFFF4FF7EFF0C33EE7D25">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
) in advertisement calls.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E8B0650F4C2CFFE4FF2EF97931617A32" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="22" pageNumber="54" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="A01536844C2CFFE4FF2EF97931687DCB" blockId="22.[151,1437,490,2006]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1437,151,1674]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2CFFE5FF2EF979317D7B2A" bold="true" box="[199,621,1773,1798]" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">Description of reference specimen.</emphasis>
|
||
ZSM 2492/2007, adult male (
|
||
<figureCitation id="38912A014C2CFFE5FC39F97937357B29" box="[976,1061,1773,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="19.[151,250,823,846]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,193,780]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,802]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 11. Preserved specimens of the species and candidate species in the Gephyromantis decaryi complex; left—dorsal, right—ventral view. A— G. d e c a r y i (ZSM 2597 / 2007; field number ZCMV 5223); B— G. hintelmannae (holotype 2500 / 2007; ZCMV 5230); C— G. sp. 7 (ZSM 2492 / 2007; ZCMV 5485); D— G. verrucosus (ZSM 2462 / 2007; ZCMV 5495). Not to scale (see Table 1 for precise measurements of the specimens)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212860/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="54">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). Specimen in excellent state of preservation, on the right femur a tissue sample was taken for DNA analyses. SVL 25.0 mm. For measurements see Table 1. Body slender, ratio of head length to head width HL/HW = 1.15, head slightly wider than body, snout pointed in dorsal view, rounded in lateral view; nostrils directed posterolaterally, slightly protuberant, canthus rostralis moderately distinct, rounded; loreal region concave; tympanum distinct, rounded, ratio of tympanum diameter to eye diameter TD/ED = 0.55; supratympanic fold distinct but weakly developed; tongue ovoid, posteriorly bifid; maxillary teeth present; vomerine teeth absent; choanae rounded. Arms slender, distinct single subarticular tubercles; inner and outer metacarpal tubercles recognizable; fingers without webbing; relative length of fingers 1<2<4<3, fourth finger longer than second finger; first finger almost as long as second finger finger disks distinctly enlarged; nuptial pads absent. Hindlimbs slender; tibiotarsal articulation reaches the snout tip when the hindlimb is adpressed along the body; lateral metatarsalia strongly connected; inner and outer metatarsal tubercles distinct; traces of webbing between toes; relative length of toes 1<2<5<3<4; fifth toe shorter than third toe. Skin on the dorsal surface smooth, with a discontinuous, very weakly developed and interrupted dorsolateral ridges in the middle section of the dorsum. Very weak, interrupted ridges on the lateral sides with the appearance of tubercles. Ventral skin smooth on throat, chest and limbs, granular on central and posterior belly. The subgular vocal sac is laterally black, probably indicating a paired or bilobed shape when inflated, femoral glands are well developed with a smooth surface, indistinct in external view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A01536844C2DFFE4FF20FE6630327F62" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1674]" pageId="23" pageNumber="55">
|
||
After almost three years in preservative, dark brown with a lighter snout region and few dark markings on dorsum. Color on snout distinctly lighter, with a sharp transversal transition between light anterior and dark posterior color between the eyes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="38912A014C2DFFE4FE45FDAE32E27E7E" box="[428,498,570,594]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1883,1906]" captionTargetBox="[214,1351,194,1826]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[199,1367,193,1834]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Comparative dorsolateral and ventral views of males of the four species respectively candidate species in the Gephyromantis decaryi complex. (a, b) Gephyromantis decaryi from Ranomafana, specimen photographed in 2007 and preserved in the UADBA collection; (c, d) Gephyromantis verrucosus from Manombo, specimen ZSM 2508 / 2007 (field number ZCMV 5495); (e, f) Gephyromantis hintelmannae from Ambohitsara, holotype specimen ZSM 2500 / 2007 (field number ZCMV 5230); (g, h) Gephyromantis sp. 7, specimen preserved in UADBA (field number ZCMV 5484)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212853/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="55">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="67529B614C2DFFE4FE0BFDAE32E27E7E" box="[482,498,570,594]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="55" unit="g" value="4.0">4</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
g). On the flanks, the dorsal color gradually fades into the light ventral coloration. The tympanic area is light brown; dark brown black stripe runs along the supratympanic fold; weak white mottling along the upper lip; dark markings around the forelimb insertion. Well-defined dark brown crossbands are present on the legs. Ventrally, the color is dirty white, with some brown mottling extending from the dorsal side to the ventral side of shanks and thighs. A white median band (broken twice), bordered by tan coloration and some additional white blotches, runs along the throat and chest, which also has some additional white markings on tan ground. The lower lip shows ventrally a distinct alternating brown-white pattern (three and four white spots on each side). The anterior belly has some white pigment on tan background.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A01536844C2DFFE4FF2EFCCE379A7866" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1674]" pageId="23" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2DFFE4FF2EFCCE322B7F5F" bold="true" box="[199,315,858,883]" pageId="23" pageNumber="55">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
For differences in measurements see Table 1. ZSM 490/2007 (ZCMV 5422) has a much lighter dorsum, with dark brown spots along the dorsolateral ridge lines. Femoral gland patches are much larger in ZSM 2489/2007 (ZCMV 5421) and ZSM 2491/2007 (ZCMV 5424) than in the reference specimen, and in ZSM 2490/ 2007 (ZCMV 5422) these are equally developed as in the reference specimen. In life (
|
||
<figureCitation id="38912A014C2DFFE4FB83FC5237BD7FF2" box="[1130,1197,966,990]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1883,1906]" captionTargetBox="[214,1351,194,1826]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[199,1367,193,1834]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Comparative dorsolateral and ventral views of males of the four species respectively candidate species in the Gephyromantis decaryi complex. (a, b) Gephyromantis decaryi from Ranomafana, specimen photographed in 2007 and preserved in the UADBA collection; (c, d) Gephyromantis verrucosus from Manombo, specimen ZSM 2508 / 2007 (field number ZCMV 5495); (e, f) Gephyromantis hintelmannae from Ambohitsara, holotype specimen ZSM 2500 / 2007 (field number ZCMV 5230); (g, h) Gephyromantis sp. 7, specimen preserved in UADBA (field number ZCMV 5484)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212853/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="55">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="67529B614C2DFFE4FB76FC5237BD7FF2" box="[1183,1197,966,990]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="55" unit="g" value="4.0">4</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
g–h) specimens were dorsally light brown with indistinct yellowish brown markings. The belly was centrally silvery white with yellowish sides posteriorly, in the ventral parts of the inguinal region. Femoral glands dark yellow. Iris light brown, with a small dark brown spot centrally in the lower part, and some dark color at the lateral edges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A01536844C2DFFE4FF2EFBC332F27946" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1674]" pageId="23" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2DFFE4FF2EFBC332957843" bold="true" box="[199,389,1110,1135]" pageId="23" pageNumber="55">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
Specimens were observed in a pineapple plantation with relatively large shadow trees within a largely urban area with huts, gardens, ricefields, and next to a road, near the center of the town of Manakara. We discovered this population by coincidence, noting the loud calls which were emitted in the late afternoon during a cyclone period with very heavy rains. We collected specimens during a short interval with only weak rain, but specimens were also calling during rainfall. They were highly motivated, sometimes calling from largely exposed perches between
|
||
<quantity id="67529B614C2DFFE4FE89FA9E32F0790E" box="[352,480,1290,1314]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="55" unit="cm" value="55.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="10.0">10–100 cm</quantity>
|
||
above the ground, and continued calling while the observers approached. Calling specimens were not close to any water body, suggesting a possible nidicolous reproduction as in other species of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="67AA4D074C2DFFE4FEC6FAC732CB7947" box="[303,475,1363,1387]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Gephyromantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2DFFE4FEC6FAC732CB7947" box="[303,475,1363,1387]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="55">Gephyromantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A01536844C2DFFE4FF2EFAE231617A32" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1674]" pageId="23" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2DFFE4FF2EFAE232AA79A3" bold="true" box="[199,442,1398,1423]" pageId="23" pageNumber="55">Advertisement calls.</emphasis>
|
||
Three recorded calls consisted of 50, 65 and 67 notes, respectively. Note repetition rate was 3.6/s. Notes were distinctly shorter than those of all other species of the
|
||
<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2DFFE4FC12FA0F377B799F" box="[1019,1131,1435,1459]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="55">G. d e c a r y i</emphasis>
|
||
complex studied here (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="ED28033F4C2DFFE4FF7EFA2A33F979FA" box="[151,233,1470,1494]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,235,152,173]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,365,470]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 2. Numerical data of advertisement calls of species in the Gephyromantis decaryi complex. Duration of notes and intervals in milliseconds, given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum-maximum in parentheses), all based on measurements of 10 notes respectively intervals except data from Ranomafana (taken from Glaw & Vences 2000; based on 44 notes and 43 intervals)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F4D5660C4C3DFFF4FF7EFF0C33EE7D25" pageId="23" pageNumber="55" tableUuid="F4D5660C4C3DFFF4FF7EFF0C33EE7D25">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
for temporal measurements). Only 2–4 intensity maxima (pulses) could be recognized per note. Fundamental frequency was 2000–2200 Hz, dominant frequency was 3800–5000 Hz. A further weak frequency component was recognizable between 6000–7000 Hz.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E8B0650F4C2DFFE4FF2EF9BE321F7AA6" pageId="23" pageNumber="55" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="A01536844C2DFFE4FF2EF9BE321F7AA6" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1674]" pageId="23" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="92DEEA964C2DFFE4FF2EF9BE32707A6F" bold="true" box="[199,352,1578,1603]" pageId="23" pageNumber="55">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Only known from one site in the coastal town of Manakara. Since the species was found in secondary vegetation it is likely that it also is common in other plantations and in remains of secondary forest around Manakara.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |