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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="28281" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.114.28799" ID-GBIF-Dataset="175ade4f-e320-4f41-ab85-7811f4147be4" ID-PMC="PMC6323114" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-114-123" ID-Pensoft-UUID="CB70FFE82A46DE6DFFEBFFF8F43A6230" ID-PubMed="30627045" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2533527" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1314-2003-114-123" ModsDocOrigin="PhytoKeys " ModsDocTitle="Revision of Muhlenbergia (Poaceae, Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Muhlenbergiinae) in Peru: classification, phylogeny, and a new species, M.romaschenkoi" checkinTime="1553125316505" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Peterson, Paul M., Vega, Isidoro Sanchez, Romaschenko, Konstantin, Giraldo-Canas, Diego &amp; Rodriguez, Nancy F. Refulio" docDate="2018" docId="8F4B7C4059B77CA7CE55CB33058CE1EF" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 114: 123-206" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 114" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.114.28799" docTitle="Muhlenbergia caxamarcensis Laegaard &amp; Sanchez Vega, Nordic J. Bot. 10: 437. 1990" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" id="CB70FFE82A46DE6DFFEBFFF8F43A6230" lastPageNumber="137" masterDocId="CB70FFE82A46DE6DFFEBFFF8F43A6230" masterDocTitle="Revision of Muhlenbergia (Poaceae, Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Muhlenbergiinae) in Peru: classification, phylogeny, and a new species, M. romaschenkoi" masterLastPageNumber="206" masterPageNumber="123" pageNumber="137" updateTime="1732930826153" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="27800697254572F4EA779C8336D2BCD7">Revision of Muhlenbergia (Poaceae, Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Muhlenbergiinae) in Peru: classification, phylogeny, and a new species, M. romaschenkoi</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2471722AE9418BAE174A7732ECE71025">Peterson, Paul M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="58932DA0EEAC5959C17576FD51E7E8B8">Vega, Isidoro Sanchez</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E189FA324A601887489A8DC27A2E16DF">Romaschenko, Konstantin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B47BE66C4CBB6A14EF7533E6357E3B50">Giraldo-Canas, Diego</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6F66E6AE3CF2F47837C9C6F1E5F5EB9B">Rodriguez, Nancy F. Refulio</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="8F4B7C4059B77CA7CE55CB33058CE1EF" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154472454" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8F4B7C4059B77CA7CE55CB33058CE1EF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8F4B7C4059B77CA7CE55CB33058CE1EF" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" scope_family="Poaceae">
<subSubSection id="77536C88BFF8F1054E9509BDEC1DDC04" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="740E3EFF4E20AFBFA36E66C5A726C684" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">
3.
<taxonomicName id="928DBCD7C15CA1F01FFA171C99FE8BF9" ID-CoL="44JF9" LSID="836E0E54-7893-5EF7-AA95-B0D190628EEF" authority="Laegaard &amp; Sanchez Vega, Nordic J. Bot. 10: 437. 1990." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia caxamarcensis" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caxamarcensis">
Muhlenbergia caxamarcensis
<normalizedToken id="3F1AE2E736D4FE7357F4F8DE68EB30DC" originalValue="Lægaard">Laegaard</normalizedToken>
&amp;
<normalizedToken id="849795BD0E5B902B26628119BB34FEEB" originalValue="Sánchez">Sanchez</normalizedToken>
Vega, Nordic J. Bot. 10:437. 1990.
</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation id="82A8782A21979DB2EC9581BF0120E00F" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 4. A-C Muhlenbergia caxamarcensis Laegaard &amp; Sanchez Vega A habit B panicle branch C floret D-G Muhlenbergia ciliata (Kunth) Trin D habit E ligule F glumes G floret. Drawings A-C from Laegaard and Sanchez Vega (1990) from holotype collection (S. A. Renvoize &amp; S. Laegaard 4962) D-G from Peterson and Annable (1991) drawn from P. M. Peterson &amp; C. R. Annable 4541 (WS)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.114.28799.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/254045" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">Fig. 4A-C</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F76CE664563BEF2E6305AA607D73E6E4" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="F28C8E52B2E9B86B7C4667483836481E" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1FB15F9B581CF8B5533C5D10ADD01DA5" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">
Peru, Cajamarca, Micuypampa, 62 km from Cajamarca towards
<normalizedToken id="ACAB67C7D00E11E0FECC1289FE9D7258" originalValue="Celendín">Celendin</normalizedToken>
, 3600 m, 26 Mar 1988,
<emphasis id="440A377C5FF02DE6D839BF9045EE7990" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">
S.A. Renvoize &amp; S.
<normalizedToken id="E34392F43DE0612BCC50B75781EC8FFD" originalValue="Lægaard">Laegaard</normalizedToken>
4962
</emphasis>
(holotype: CPUN!; isotypes: AAU!, K!, MO-3712393!, US-3185350!).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="996A04AFE2A5264046B2162A4729B017" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" type="description">
<paragraph id="D2BA6C0C91D2366A28BFA90F5AD043B1" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C547E4CA1A7E18E70C48129C69F829E" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">
Loosely caespitose
<emphasis id="B58A92A3FD9F2CE462D67E576AB15247" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">perennials</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="1D0B4BDB40FBF43DF538F52C601B5D11" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">Culms</emphasis>
8-12 cm tall, 0.2-0.4 mm diameter just below the panicle, erect to decumbent near base, slender, scaberulous to glabrous, profusely branched below;
<emphasis id="035E645C1384010D6429C36E4B2B2493" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">lower internodes</emphasis>
5-10 mm long with repeated intravaginal branching.
<emphasis id="A08C14E1CF065C64C3E71E64DAF0415C" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">Leaf sheaths</emphasis>
4-27 mm long, glabrous, generally longer than the internodes, rounded near base;
<emphasis id="39CAC7C9B913C44DC59C9133FDA1B471" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">ligules</emphasis>
(1.5-) 1.8-2.5 mm long, hyaline, often lacerate, margins decurrent, apex obtuse;
<emphasis id="334B5E21EF1C766B12620C0FA747C24A" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">blades</emphasis>
0.5-1.5 cm long, 0.6-1.2 mm wide, flat or folded, prominently veined, sometimes conspicuously crystalline or spiculate on both surfaces, otherwise glabrous below, sparsely scaberulous above and along margins, tapering to a boat shaped tip.
<emphasis id="1B61BD0D5212DFB32367554426050F5B" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">Panicles</emphasis>
(1.0-)1.5-4.0 cm long, 1-3 mm wide, exserted or included in the uppermost sheath, loosely contracted, narrow;
<emphasis id="7B28E7BACCB423FBA59D07CEBE1E317C" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">primary branches</emphasis>
0.5-2 cm long, appressed to the culm axis, one per node.
<emphasis id="BF2D932FDFCE5B3E217A48699C2948B4" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">pedicels</emphasis>
1-5 mm long, stiff, densely scabrous, spiculate, erect;
<emphasis id="98F6B299B7F975BE51D2BF69C83F3933" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">nodes</emphasis>
4-6 per inflorescence.
<emphasis id="D048F3E730C0F3774ECA32C7A8F3CF85" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">Spikelets</emphasis>
2.4-2.8 mm long (excluding the mucro or awn), plumbeous to reddish-purple;
<emphasis id="998785D91128FE88745B511FD15C6F47" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">glumes</emphasis>
1.2-1.6 mm long, shorter than the floret, subequal to equal, 1-nerved, glabrous, often reddish-purple near apex and greenish-grey below, apex obtuse;
<emphasis id="2CA1C9CB7DF40377B601DBA049A1EBEB" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">lemmas</emphasis>
2.4-2.8 mm long, lanceolate, keeled, prominently 3-nerved, dark reddish-purple to plumbeous above greenish-grey below, sericeous, lower
<normalizedToken id="63A389E25095ED8607F33A70795D10EA" originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
to
<normalizedToken id="309D95A2CC74A76654A11728A9BCA6EE" originalValue="¾">3/4</normalizedToken>
with scattered appressed hairs, the hairs 0.3-0.5 mm long, apex acuminate, mucronate or short-awned, the awn up to 1.5 mm long, scabrous;
<emphasis id="8659C4F3163F9584E375621A3DAED251" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">paleas</emphasis>
2.4-2.6 mm long, as long as the lemma, lanceolate, hairy between the nerves;
<emphasis id="F3DC3DC56F2F486B3C9731B2020FB940" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">anthers</emphasis>
1-1.3 mm long, purple or yellow.
<emphasis id="46F573C2ABE42C4A94EBEBEEAB1F260B" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">Caryopses</emphasis>
0.9-1.1 mm long, elliptic to fusiform, terete, yellowish-brown.
</paragraph>
<caption id="52AFBB2FE72FC9113CCE793579F45BF8" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2533671" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.114.28799.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/254045" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" start="Figure 4" startId="F5">
<paragraph id="A1E4628E5BDA749F9F418C153D7BEC84" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="BC71977DF6DC3F65AAED0BDBC94D21FF" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">Figure 4.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="FC43D2C5F9389BF863EC712260E2B4B6" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">A-C</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="0C6E0E5184F35B9FF5DDA117458F461F" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia caxamarcensis" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caxamarcensis">
<emphasis id="01A3BAA5FEBE3DF198C779ED2B71155B" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">Muhlenbergia caxamarcensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="839AB879A6080F715883D84D5218B3D5" originalValue="Lægaard">Laegaard</normalizedToken>
&amp;
<normalizedToken id="4F75FA926401DAFED0A0ABBB21078856" originalValue="Sánchez">Sanchez</normalizedToken>
Vega
<emphasis id="6284AFBD0D0535614B453B42FE445464" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">A</emphasis>
habit
<emphasis id="C8D0FFABE2518D39C171FCA6D85DAD1C" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">B</emphasis>
panicle branch
<emphasis id="0935A55266B4FD8AC215DB120B3EFF59" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">C</emphasis>
floret
<emphasis id="C759A05A6BC886BB6DB4DFB9832F25BC" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">D-G</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C8B4E4A5C491FB2EC2D086D291E903BC" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia ciliata" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ciliata">
<emphasis id="B6A18DF720256DCC9BAF1C87115FFA95" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">Muhlenbergia ciliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Kunth) Trin
<emphasis id="59ECD3D4FA066A9B850022AFDD12979F" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">D</emphasis>
habit
<emphasis id="4D2A58097AF6B7637EBC004839F559A5" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">E</emphasis>
ligule
<emphasis id="80DECE8AF95B000C5F58BD9BA9486051" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">F</emphasis>
glumes
<emphasis id="D9D56325FC6DCD7336676A5DE8B4F97C" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">G</emphasis>
floret. Drawings
<emphasis id="EA6C3126BDA589DBF71EC06D1CC3A323" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">A-C</emphasis>
from
<bibRefCitation id="8781023343BFCBDC91971BCA2EC75669" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1990.tb01786.x" author="Laegaard, S" journalOrPublisher="Nordic Journal of Botany" pageId="58" pageNumber="181" pagination="437 - 441" refId="B18" refString="Laegaard, S, Sanchez Vega, I, 1990. Three new species of Muhlenbergia and Uniola (Poaceae) from northern Peru. Nordic Journal of Botany 10 (4): 437 - 441, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1990.tb01786.x" title="Three new species of Muhlenbergia and Uniola (Poaceae) from northern Peru." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1990.tb01786.x" volume="10" year="1990">
<normalizedToken id="742E85A2EB1BE2B91BDB2F53427A7FB7" originalValue="Lægaard">Laegaard</normalizedToken>
and
<normalizedToken id="806B348061255086BA43BC72D32E8D29" originalValue="Sánchez">Sanchez</normalizedToken>
Vega (1990)
</bibRefCitation>
from holotype collection (
<emphasis id="6C78B8713020C8CBD6EC01ABF1EB2226" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">
S.A. Renvoize &amp; S.
<normalizedToken id="1DD77BB4141541907DB3B6D746A80FCE" originalValue="Lægaard">Laegaard</normalizedToken>
4962
</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="F52DFB6539A55583BB6EE72ED00B59B1" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">D-G</emphasis>
from
<bibRefCitation id="9808D6234B361C99F1DF49A0BB9FDA70" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/25027794" author="Peterson, PM" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="58" pageNumber="181" pagination="1 - 109" refId="B25" refString="Peterson, PM, Annable, CR, 1991. Systematics of the annual species of Muhlenbergia (Poaceae - Eragrostideae). Systematic Botany Monographs 31: 1 - 109, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/25027794" title="Systematics of the annual species of Muhlenbergia (Poaceae - Eragrostideae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/25027794" volume="31" year="1991">Peterson and Annable (1991)</bibRefCitation>
drawn from
<emphasis id="E0FF0B4A8D1940B259ADE8339896143C" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">P.M. Peterson &amp; C.R. Annable 4541</emphasis>
(WS).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="00F560D645773AAC54A490394C1BB452" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="5238CD8AAE26CC9D3F7AABFE8CF5C6C1" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FCE775354BAAB2531677327BC01F586D" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">This species is endemic to Peru, known only from Cajamarca and La Libertad departments.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="130BDCF3A57DBEBE13D2569FDD81D72B" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="E6516163F29579BAA4D884789A48F5D3" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E284B3F6ACD85F29292F995923C639CE" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">
<taxonomicName id="40DA8F3536B1503B5176BD7B9AF14D5D" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia caxamarcensis" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caxamarcensis">
<emphasis id="0C78E84F71AB988545E088E08A89BB70" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">Muhlenbergia caxamarcensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs on shallow soils on rock shelves and rocky outcrops often of calcareous origins, mud flats, open grassy meadows and slopes associated with
<emphasis id="601D50EABA4A113A57CB0A8E0E16C87B" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">
<taxonomicName id="AF2C67304C4DA1704A60F1FD6768ABE0" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Festuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Festuca" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">Festuca</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="19229761ABD6341AA3DB11A73B605D92" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Carex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Carex" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">Carex</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="39029DF01F35D6BE29DBCA3C51BA9494" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Calamagrostis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Calamagrostis" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">Calamagrostis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(probably better treated as
<taxonomicName id="DCA953BC51178E38605D9DA2E8ED90C6" authorityName="Grisebach" authorityYear="1874" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cinnagrostis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cinnagrostis" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6057A24ECEDFDF0A225C1033E1BC9490" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">Cinnagrostis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Griseb. but combinations are not yet made;
<bibRefCitation id="813030095CED91EE88B1A7AAF1B3E5BC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774" author="Saarela, JM" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="60" pageNumber="183" pagination="1 - 139" refId="B53" refString="Saarela, JM, Bull, RD, Paradis, MJ, Ebata, SN, Peterson, PM, Soreng, RJ, Paszko, B, 2017. Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group I). PhytoKeys 87: 1 - 139, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774" title="Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group I)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774" volume="87" year="2017">Saarela et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="B838C915E0C296633F012666A9F21286" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12262" author="Soreng, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematics and Evolution" pageId="60" pageNumber="183" pagination="259 - 290" refId="B56" refString="Soreng, RJ, Peterson, PM, Romaschenko, K, Davidse, G, Teisher, JK, Clark, LG, Barbera, P, Gillespie, LJ, Zuloaga, FO, 2017. A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 55 (4): 259 - 290, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12262" title="A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12262" volume="55" year="2017">Soreng et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="734211685ADD795FB31DDA3460470F90" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Polylepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Polylepis" order="Rosales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1426A5420AF80DD6ABED30C7F3B20EED" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">Polylepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="2479C3A770C0F6AAA572965EA29C34A4" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia ligularis" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ligularis">
<emphasis id="18E67E339E6053CE2A95DB0B829F837F" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">Muhlenbergia ligularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="1D3A7C7C9D3174E6729A62E58BF82F68" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="M. peruviana" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="peruviana">
<emphasis id="F3184C69BB021A25723E53C435A0F3F1" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">M. peruviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="194444387AA52F9FBFE310C38C4CD33B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="M. cenchroides" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="cenchroides">
<emphasis id="63C8BD8D859B6A8A8E08F1B3112E2278" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">M. cenchroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 3000-3600 m. Flowering March through May.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DA7F827909700E5FA324C6813A080CD7" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" type="comments">
<paragraph id="EAE929F5A6434D19015FB1CE3232C25E" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C44E656B4D71479566841A783F81206D" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">
<taxonomicName id="AAD4530CACED5930BFB7E303AD29DEFE" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia caxamarcensis" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caxamarcensis">
<emphasis id="58277ADD636D947E10CD688DA5CDBFC8" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">Muhlenbergia caxamarcensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically similar to
<taxonomicName id="84BAD7F015B7FE1705CD8F82EE0F38D7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="M. ligularis" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="ligularis">
<emphasis id="483562034A63467BFC9150A6163A3418" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">M. ligularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E67E97344DD64BB63EEC83D050C64FD0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="M. fastigiata" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="fastigiata">
<emphasis id="2EE4258392ED19E7FFA2368733DA2B5F" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">M. fastigiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and can be separated from both of these species in possessing sericeous florets (lemma and palea) with hairs readily visible under 10
<normalizedToken id="8548CFFA922E519168CAA4028CC80282" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
magnification.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F407BA6D5DD27F646AD73F98BC8641D" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">
<taxonomicName id="76429372F4F5F217717C70E722AF3B2E" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia caxamarcensis" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caxamarcensis">
<emphasis id="C44279B1457C0CE5FF8AB862A62EB531" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">Muhlenbergia caxamarcensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a member of
<taxonomicName id="9725FA7380D0726D266E081FF18C7431" authority="subg. Bealia" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraspecific-rank="subg." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="M." order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">M. subg. Bealia</taxonomicName>
and is sister to the North American
<taxonomicName id="9046BCB0C8D9EE331AC01AB103954B72" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="M. filiformis" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="6C58BD7023FB0BA62F5C1F079D558E19" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">M. filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Thurb. ex S. Watson) Rydb.-
<taxonomicName id="6BBA7C9B93F435276B30484CAABBAB78" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="M. vaginata" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="vaginata">
<emphasis id="16AAD9EC53420F786B4D7D7D9D2FA23E" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">M. vaginata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Swallen pair (
<bibRefCitation id="3447428E3190D9F40DAAD3A42F207106" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0900359" author="Peterson, PM" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="59" pageNumber="182" pagination="1532 - 1554" refId="B38" refString="Peterson, PM, Romaschenko, K, Johnson, G, 2010b. A phylogeny and classification of the Muhlenbergiinae (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Cynodonteae) based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences. American Journal of Botany 97 (9): 1532 - 1554, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0900359" title="A phylogeny and classification of the Muhlenbergiinae (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Cynodonteae) based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0900359" volume="97" year="2010 b">Peterson et al. 2010b</bibRefCitation>
). In our new analysis,
<taxonomicName id="8BD713923F82150DE1C67C03C7F402D2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="M. caxamarcensis" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="caxamarcensis">
<emphasis id="4DBBC36B8205C10CC765EBCB0E103CA1" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">M. caxamarcensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to have evolved within
<taxonomicName id="7B2A44477A16EC249799A8ADDE0D2712" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="M. ligularis" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="ligularis">
<emphasis id="139C73D4069B63DA43FE9328F8396067" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">M. ligularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="633F8276446F4C238BCA33AC82C93C5C" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. A, B Maximum-likelihood tree inferred from combined plastid (ndhA intron, rps 16 - trnK, rps 16 intron, rps 3, and rpl 32 - trnL) and ITS sequences. Thick branches indicate posterior probabilities of 0.95 - 1; species in red occur in South America; scale bar = 2 %." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.114.28799.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/254042" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">1A</figureCitation>
, plastid only). However, the ITS marker clearly aligns
<taxonomicName id="6B6E57DF48D2828C67BEF4235B27FFAC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="M. caxamarcensis" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="caxamarcensis">
<emphasis id="3AEEE0C81F3BD08BD0232CA2F08FE661" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">M. caxamarcensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a single accession of
<taxonomicName id="B7AD7110019F5841E67523A9F03F7FC7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="M. ligularis" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="ligularis">
<emphasis id="0A477F7750A6652D7F2F2659E0F584B3" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">M. ligularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="6D072D303F8465F9AC4EB810DBE54770" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. A, B Maximum-likelihood tree inferred from combined plastid (ndhA intron, rps 16 - trnK, rps 16 intron, rps 3, and rpl 32 - trnL) and ITS sequences. Thick branches indicate posterior probabilities of 0.95 - 1; species in red occur in South America; scale bar = 2 %." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.114.28799.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/254042" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">1A</figureCitation>
). This pair is sister to
<taxonomicName id="102ACFBB3CFD832A78A30A059BD5ECB0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="M. filiformis" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="B2C3527E0525269142035B7941B1A986" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">M. filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and all three accessions are sister to
<taxonomicName id="61609EDFF5A63F8B2F9523618C306D1C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="M. vaginata" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="vaginata">
<emphasis id="9FE46443866E11882F3C579F263CCF52" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">M. vaginata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These results suggest multiple origins for
<taxonomicName id="D9BA62657E31C99265F0778722197002" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="M. caxamarcensis" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="caxamarcensis">
<emphasis id="86F8D5B5D18043CF8135F1F52192B2F9" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">M. caxamarcensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from North and South American progenitors.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0CFC9BC13B9D86F4FCDC396EE30CD202" pageId="14" pageNumber="137" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="F0665F7CFC83F73546A4E72DC137F9AC" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B55916DFAC41221E91F1F83A8CF8A110" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">
PERU.
<emphasis id="700CEE88D4E0ADDADEB48A6BC8A9A179" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">Cajamarca</emphasis>
: Prov. Cajamarca, 16 km W of Cajamarca up road (Avenida Peru) towards Cumbemayo, 3440 m, 31 Mar 1997, P.M. Peterson &amp; N. Refulio Rodriguez 14010 (US, USM); 18 km W of Cajamarca up road (Avenida Peru) towards Cumbe Mayo, 3600 m, 31 Mar 1997, P.M. Peterson &amp; N. Refulio Rodriguez 14013 (US, USM); 29 km from Cajamarca on road to
<normalizedToken id="7957B44FFB124236DA5684A584DAB670" originalValue="Celendín">Celendin</normalizedToken>
, S.A. Renvoize &amp; S.
<normalizedToken id="CAB750B1108B5D673D24185F14AA8D82" originalValue="Lægaard">Laegaard</normalizedToken>
4974 (AAU, CPUN, K, US); Cumbe Mayo, I.
<normalizedToken id="DEC421781E6A539E528559420B13B1BB" originalValue="Sánchez">Sanchez</normalizedToken>
Vega &amp; W. Ruiz Vigo 598 (CPUN), I.
<normalizedToken id="88DA7447E2B8C29AA4DF99B8B8ACBC62" originalValue="Sánchez">Sanchez</normalizedToken>
Vega 4690 (CPUN); Cumbe Mayo, W of Cajamarca, S.A. Renvoize 5000, 5004 &amp; 5005 S.
<normalizedToken id="60F0EB014B6B438E4E0AE392DB049EB2" originalValue="Lægaard">Laegaard</normalizedToken>
&amp; I.
<normalizedToken id="9A9B5FF2D22122DA4692168F6B449F93" originalValue="Sánchez">Sanchez</normalizedToken>
Vega (AAU, CPUN, K, US); Micuypampa, 62 km from Cajamarca towards
<normalizedToken id="CBCF6FF570E3A8EE4B4BF754945D5CF2" originalValue="Celendín">Celendin</normalizedToken>
, S.A. Renvoize &amp; S.
<normalizedToken id="40890F839D0AA966964133E0DDD725D8" originalValue="Lægaard">Laegaard</normalizedToken>
4961 (AAU, CPUN, K, US); Prov. San Miguel, 61 km N of Cajamarca on hwy 3N towards Bambamarca, 3640 m, 16 Mar 2000, P.M. Peterson &amp; N. Refulio Rodriguez 14916 (CPUN, US, USM); Cajamarca to
<normalizedToken id="B83FCFC4F52E4D56E7F3A26DD8254233" originalValue="Celendín">Celendin</normalizedToken>
, 3 km NE of
<normalizedToken id="AA2BB8878F294DD09DE93FC6D79DFD50" originalValue="Encañada">Encanada</normalizedToken>
, I.
<normalizedToken id="6D65DC3313351397D396B2178AF4880F" originalValue="Sánchez">Sanchez</normalizedToken>
Vega 2777, V. Torrel &amp; E. Medina (CPUN); S.A. Renvoize &amp; S.
<normalizedToken id="E1D80AB11117710BCA9755267A5C07C3" originalValue="Lægaard">Laegaard</normalizedToken>
4849 (CPUN).
<emphasis id="CBDC8D499AD8AFB752AB7129428DDDD8" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="137">La Libertad</emphasis>
: Prov. Bolivar, 3 air km ESE of Longotea on road to Bolivar, 3202 m, 31 Mar 2008, P.M. Peterson 21965, R.J. Soreng &amp; J. Montoyo Quino (US, USM); Nevado Cajamarquilla, 3500 m, 9 Sep 1946, J. Infantes Vera 937 (MOL).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>