310 lines
38 KiB
XML
310 lines
38 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="494405431151D3EC5FA45D4BCADFD257">A new species of Hemigrammus Gill, 1858 (Characiformes: Characidae) from Rio Caura, Venezuela.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0A18C1A6E7EF90DBFCAA2DE99FE29E58">Ricardo C. Benine</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6503B219F348DA0F8167F7BB44DCF407">Guilherme A. M. Lopes</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="DBFC8F988299D715A637A46508220B90">2007</mods:date>
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<treatment id="647BEB98FF96B552DDBC5833B6A6C913" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6249585" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100123657" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6249585" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:647BEB98FF96B552DDBC5833B6A6C913" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/647BEB98FF96B552DDBC5833B6A6C913" lastPageNumber="58" pageNumber="54">
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<taxonomicName id="3758DFEABE34772827539C1BB3D5B053" ID-CoL="3KP2D" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taphorni">Hemigrammus taphorni</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="F32D419CB5841FF6EBE73B2B3EE728D3" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="0975F792687DA248F566746963439BE0" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C1700AFD5BFC723FA79A349C0554B554" pageNumber="54">(Figs. 1-2, Table 1)</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6EF49ADDD99FB304B5230F9CDDF1F4A4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6A31F7CD51B3A10841624B553F167FF8" pageNumber="54">
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<materialsCitation id="B7028B8751F04F3E9071F904B3EC34BE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923892260" collectingDate="1982-09-28" collectionCode="MCNG" collectorName="S. Reid, D. C. Taphorn" country="Venezuela" latitude="6.5352774" location="Rio Caura, Cano Mayor, around Salto Para" longitude="-64.809166" specimenCode="MCNG 55841" stateProvince="State of Bolivar" typeStatus="Holotype">
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<typeStatus id="68D5E112EE145C3BF23E11A4F9283AAC">Holotype</typeStatus>
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||
.
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<specimenCode id="102A62B0B745845CD5AACA900AC09E35">
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<collectionCode id="BE9EA2789F5535D630C4975843F1B778">MCNG</collectionCode>
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55841
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</specimenCode>
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, 31.1 mm SL,
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<location id="6E9242A464CC8BB5AB198DD1CE96629F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:647BEB98FF96B552DDBC5833B6A6C913:6E9242A464CC8BB5AB198DD1CE96629F" country="Venezuela" latitude="6.5352774" longitude="-64.809166" name="Rio Caura, Cano Mayor, around Salto Para" stateProvince="State of Bolivar">
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<normalizedToken id="DB63D29A64D454DE3714214BDEDD4EAE" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
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Caura, Cano Mayor, around Salto Para
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</location>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="173435A2EFEB0BF507736A0B7845E7CF" direction="north" orientation="latitude" value="6.5352774">6 31’67” N</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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<geoCoordinate id="6B4E68507E73E5440DD56DECB8F8A20C" direction="west" orientation="longitude" value="-64.809166">64° 48’33” W</geoCoordinate>
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.
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<collectingRegion id="5015B9A96214578D6F511F3CE874A97E">State of Bolivar</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="898FCCF4D0EDC4D49C2F06C9C68A3CEE">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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.
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<date id="B582F94467A2281BF7A9CE24D7B237F1" day="28" month="09" value="1982-09-28" year="1982">
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<collectingDate id="D820DBB17F33ED173CC61F17ABAE9171" day="28" month="09" value="1982-09-28" year="1982">28 September 1982</collectingDate>
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</date>
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.
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<collectorName id="B44C314EF3B356D30D498D525B8BD3AA">S.Reid and D. C. Taphorn</collectorName>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FC744DC838C61A4657B27F42BBECD2A2" pageNumber="54">
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<materialsCitation id="A8FCC3C1D90111E881524B2D00AB260C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923892257" collectingDate="1982-09-28" collectionCode="MCNG" collectorName="S. Reid, D. C. Taphorn" country="Venezuela" latitude="6.5352774" location="Rio Caura, Cano Mayor, around Salto Para" longitude="-64.809166" specimenCode="MCNG 55842" stateProvince="State of Bolivar" typeStatus="Paratypes">
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<typeStatus id="013A13DDBD112F2C8179FD70CED52BA5">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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||
.
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<specimenCode id="24117780D7BE0EFA5AB07CFEF9F09706">
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<collectionCode id="1D121C4213C1D6179F0B030E699CD3E2">MCNG</collectionCode>
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55842
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</specimenCode>
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, 8, 23.8 -34.2 mm SL, collected with the holotype.
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="D33B651CA06C3A7FEC941AFBE487BFC2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923892259" collectingDate="1989-04-04" collectionCode="MCNG" collectorName="L. Nico, L. Delgado, B. Stergios, Y. Estrega" country="Venezuela" latitude="6.633333" location="affluent of Rio Caura NE (CVG-Tecmin Grp 1 - heliport) (450 m NE from heliport)" longitude="-64.62334" specimenCode="MCNG 55843" stateProvince="State of Bolivar" typeStatus="Paratypes">
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<specimenCode id="5E47063FFA23DEBB8EBB9F5BBDB1802C">
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<collectionCode id="8F9110A54BB56427B1EF694DA1087A47">MCNG</collectionCode>
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55843
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</specimenCode>
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, 22, 23.8 - 42.2 mm SL, 2 C&S, 40.2-41.3 mm SL,
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<location id="BB8D425A057AD924D638A6F1FC58B0EC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:647BEB98FF96B552DDBC5833B6A6C913:BB8D425A057AD924D638A6F1FC58B0EC" country="Venezuela" latitude="6.633333" longitude="-64.62334" name="affluent of Rio Caura NE (CVG-Tecmin Grp 1 - heliport) (450 m NE from heliport)" stateProvince="State of Bolivar">
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affluent of
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<normalizedToken id="10D0306EC74D684F6DEE0E1FC18C0E2B" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
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Caura NE (CVG-Tecmin Grp 1-heliport) (450 m NE from heliport)
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</location>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="09B61FA6FA5A6D99D587604D7F475D4B" direction="north" orientation="latitude" value="6.633333">6 38’0” N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="C590A0DAB7C056651170F4A70CCBFA37" direction="west" orientation="longitude" value="-64.62334">64° 37’24”W</geoCoordinate>
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||
.
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<collectingRegion id="5670460BD904F189FF003D5E463D7B5E">State of Bolivar</collectingRegion>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="508105274F591453E5817D2D9633DB12">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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||
.
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||
<date id="27FC1D8C1EBEB9759445220A499EE54C" day="04" month="04" value="1989-04-04" year="1989">
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||
<collectingDate id="2AA5953499F0FEEC7AD77A17EB03EEF0" day="04" month="04" value="1989-04-04" year="1989">04 April 1989</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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||
,
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||
<collectorName id="21EAA299BC2DA7DA683CB7BA220B1B7C">L. Nico, L. Delgado, B. Stergios and Y. Estrega</collectorName>
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||
.
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</materialsCitation>
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||
<materialsCitation id="EA89984FBDCE0752DE4879F4D466B635" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923892261" collectingDate="1989-04-04" collectionCode="MZUSP" collectorName="L. Nico, L. Delgado, B. Stergios, Y. Estrega" country="Venezuela" latitude="6.633333" location="affluent of Rio Caura NE (CVG-Tecmin Grp 1 - heliport) (450 m NE from heliport)" longitude="-64.62334" specimenCode="MZUSP 94720" stateProvince="State of Bolivar" typeStatus="Paratypes">
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||
<specimenCode id="8ED3275040B1791A260A4DE484FE63BC">
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||
<collectionCode id="B07F0CFDB17FCD619248DE852E8A3123">MZUSP</collectionCode>
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||
94720
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</specimenCode>
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, 3, 30.5-32.9 mm SL, same data of MCNG 55843.
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</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="4F1181CFBABC4C679D0FC7971663C56C" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="37D8FDC4E6B3371BCD5D40C654BE3A83" pageNumber="54">
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Diagnosis. The combination of the following features distinguishes the new species,
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<taxonomicName id="AC7B2779CD2FE9AD91DA15FE0F3062A9" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taphorni">H. taphorni</taxonomicName>
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, from all congeners: presence of an elongate dorsal fin (more evident in adult males) with an anterior dark area; concentration of dark pigments on the distal portion of the second through fourth branched anal-fin rays (resulting in a dark dash in this area); presence of a single humeral spot and caudal spot reaching the tip of the middle caudal-fin rays; premaxillary teeth of the outer row bearing only three cusps; three scale rows below the lateral-line. A detailed comparison to congeners that are more similar is provided in the Remarks below.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="0D1F02F86A1105117DA1A1F9A28A7F51" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="931EB54079B1447B942ABFF63905AE77" pageNumber="54">
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Description. Morphometric data for
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<taxonomicName id="6953717EF818E3CB9136E9B189C89362" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taphorni">Hemigrammus taphorni</taxonomicName>
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is summarized in Table 1. Body fusiform. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head straight or slightly concave. Dorsal profile of body convex, from posterior tip of supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin, slightly convex and posteroventrally slanted along dorsal-fin base, slightly convex from posterior terminus of dorsal-fin base to end of adipose-fin origin, and concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral body profile convex from tip of lower jaw to caudal-peduncle origin, slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Prepelvic region transversally flattened, more so proximal to pelvic-fin insertion. Postpelvic region transversally flattened proximal to pelvic-fin insertion, becoming somewhat obtuse toward anal-fin origin.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AEF864F4200CBBEF59E3F68ABEBEFFE8" pageNumber="55">Mouth terminal. Maxilla trespassing vertical through anterior margin of orbit. Premaxillary teeth in to rows; outer tooth row with 3 (6), 4* (30) tricuspid teeth, midcentral cusps longer than others; inner tooth row with 4(1) 5*(35) tetra- to pentacuspid teeth, midcentral cusps longer than others. Maxillary with 1(3), 2*(23), 3(8), 4(2) tri- to pentacuspid teeth. Dentary with 4 pentacuspid teeth followed by a smaller tricuspid one, and a series of small teeth, with 1-3 cusps (fig. 2).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="321EB69E86F37A3703C130DABDC0A312" pageNumber="55">Nostrils closer to anterior orbital margins than to each other. Suparaoccipital process short, its tip not reaching the vertical through posterior margin of opercle.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EEB1EF863285979E1F0BB68852150249" pageNumber="55">Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9. Pectoral-fin rays i,10* (23), i,11 (11), i,12(1). Tip of pectoral fin slightly trespasses vertical through pelvic-fin insertion. Adipose fin well developed. Pelvic-fin rays i,7, when adpressed, its tip reaches second branched anal-fin ray. Anal-fin rays iv, 21 (2), 22* (20), 23 (11), 24 (2). Principal caudal-fin rays i,17, i. Caudal-fin forked.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9F1560C9C557F50B30E759C5F34141EA" lastPageNumber="56" pageNumber="55">Scales cycloid, with few radii along posterior border. Lateral-line incomplete, pored scales 9(2), 10(4), 11*(9), 12(5), 13(1) 14(2). Lateral series scales including lateral-line scales 30(2), 32*(8). Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral-line 5; scale rows between lateral-line and pelvic-fin origin 3. Circumpeduncular scale rows 11*(4), 12(4). Scale sheath along anal-fin base in a single series of 6-7 scales, extending posteriorly to seventh branched anal-fin ray.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EB555C571F37417E8AC377072634824D" pageNumber="56">First gill arch with 10(2), 11*(21), 12(12) gill rakers on ventral limb and 5(5), 6* (24), 7(6) on dorsal limb. Precaudal vertebrae 15, caudal vertebrae 19. Supraneurals 4.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="03EA55620E5B8F37EBC27530B5BBD64D" pageNumber="56">Sexual dimorphism. Adult males with very small hooks on the first five to seven branched anal-fin rays. The hooks are located on the last basal segments and on the segments of the posterior branch of each hooked ray. All hooks are backward pointed and varying in number from two to four per ray segment. Adult males also present a more elongate dorsal fin as a secondary sexually dimorphic feature (fig 3).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B50F3D81EE6BBCD1993FE4EF3F571834" pageNumber="56">Color in alcohol. Overall coloration yellowish tan. Mid-dorsal line darker. Humeral region with a dark spot located on second to third lateral line scales, extending 2-3 horizontal series of scales, including lateralline. Dark chromatophores scattered on infraorbitals and opercle. A dark thin stripe extending along septum horizontal, more evident on posterior half of body. A three-scale deep band of sparsely scattered dark chromatophores extending along midlateral body. Limits of posterior hypoaxial myomeres enhanced by dark pigments. Caudal peduncle with a faint horizontal oval-shaped spot. Dorsal fin with scattered dark pigments, more concentrated on anterior half. Anal fin with scattered dark pigments, more concentrated along its proximal and distal extension, resulting in a clearer medial area. Tip of anterior anal-fin rays densely pigmented by dark chromatophores resulting in a dark dash in this area. Paired fins hyaline with scattered dark pigments, more concentrated on unbranched rays. Caudal fin with a narrow field of dark chromatophores on its distal margin.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3FADB38B5253974BDB617450D1592223" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="84E0D91F15F6DA0F0AC42B86975E2EF4" pageNumber="56">
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Distribution. Known only from the type locality, the
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<normalizedToken id="5104E3EB74A971E39C3CA7DFD21A6880" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
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Caura, a tributary of
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<normalizedToken id="D360BF9A018EA7D1D79F49F99770E869" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
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Orinoco, Venezuela (fig. 4).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8F62557E9EB8190C26B28C2017EDB04E" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="546F4EEFD029A0B8291FF5E6668B5E78" pageNumber="56">Etymology. This species is named after Donald C. Taphorn, collector of our new species and whose work has greatly contributed to our knowledge of Neotropical ichthyology.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0945675907A598B5FA8261EDFFCCA3F9" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="57F5A2FFC654165857908AE58D27C13F" pageNumber="57">
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Remarks.
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<normalizedToken id="876DFF77B13B08158F4614C0A1D08E1A" originalValue="Géry">Gery</normalizedToken>
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(1977) proposed five artificial
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<taxonomicName id="0F9A72D3F58C59246D3787156DCAD23A" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hemigrammus</taxonomicName>
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groups based basically on the color pattern of its species. These were: (a)
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<taxonomicName id="B5194E8399C2801589E9EDBDA453F31C" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">H. gracilis-group</taxonomicName>
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- species without black markings; (b)
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<taxonomicName id="39815AE8989A1D58AE4614A212A53C70" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bellotti">H. bellotti-group</taxonomicName>
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- species with one (or two) humeral spot(s) and no caudal spot; (c)
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<taxonomicName id="ED3E40A0E2DB8EBC372593BDA40447EC" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5812574D-69D6-4D1E-BA2A-972EFC78A691" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hemigrammus tridens Eigenmann 1907:15" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridens">H. tridens-group</taxonomicName>
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- species with caudal spot and no humeral spot (for example the Costello tetra); (d)
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<taxonomicName id="B001147CA4EF9CDFA5DE2051D02B499C" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ocellifer">H. ocellifer-group</taxonomicName>
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- species with both a humeral (eventually two) and a caudal spot; (e)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2CC31B366D5AA795CAFED854B103459F" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unilineatus">H. unilineatus-group</taxonomicName>
|
||
- species with a black spot on dorsal fin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5E5E19D310F9F64138037D0C3CB17458" lastPageNumber="58" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A9BAC7BA6A1F1120E536D1E160FC5A1C" originalValue="Géry">Gery</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1977) listed 13 species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A8737844F80488C38959467FD015746" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ocellifer">H. ocellifer-group</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including those with one humeral spot (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F9A4B785FF2CF33DACEC294F63FB5CA" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:31630F8C-B2FF-4749-A679-D5EC6C09DFF4" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hemigrammus megaceps Fowler 1945:1" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megaceps">H. megaceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3CC8AC480010C3D07532430E5F77939" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:947FA81E-52B8-4F35-A459-B3B1209ACF07" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hemigrammus caudovittatus Ahl 1923:261" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caudovittatus">H. caudovittatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="607AEC5F265A0A6C447C4C781BDD7635" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F3B1A9A4-70F2-46FD-BA28-57A8272CC298" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hemigrammus barrigonae Eigenmann & Henn 1914:232" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barrigonae">H. barrigonae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="06976CACD405292BB0C888F4F31E7661" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D7CEDF6E-6BEA-43C6-AA5D-7A504AF25916" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hemigrammus guyanensis Géry 1959:254" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guyanensis">H. guyanensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7B4B82C6557874965225727FB6BD6DBB" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F3F118A9-B8CE-4834-8B29-761B0D97CA3D" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hemigrammus iota Durbin 1909:60" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iota">H. iota</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A52DCA88A97C49711452158A92430674" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0BFB6DC0-7DAB-4EFE-ABA5-CB0858650661" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hemigrammus boulengeri Eigenmann 1907:15" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boulengeri">H. boulengeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4710783EAAE42A166358E68B4BBC0835" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:78AABD7C-83A6-4A75-8A1A-C75F2580917C" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hemigrammus vorderwinkleri Géry 1963:11" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vorderwinkleri">H. vorderwinkleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="255F6B1CDA1AE9578F11F7A2C4165FDA" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">H. schmardae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8318F354E382905364C824777AC4CCA1" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A03068D1-44D8-4F26-959D-DA5F8C2E5AC8" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hemigrammus melanochrous Fowler 1913:543" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanochrous">H. melanochrous</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and with two humeral spots (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="034CA0F2BFADA43EABE9294691C177D2" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B8F3556C-DC96-424E-97BA-1AB6AEB6CCC9" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hemigrammus pretoensis Géry 1965:19" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pretoensis">H. pretoensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C3EB0608A62B12172C6DA220EE2FBCD" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6986C6BA-BFF1-46DD-9A7B-06EB071B94EE" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hemigrammus luelingi Géry 1964:7" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luelingi">H. luelingi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8913E9A36D793E885876EF6C57809FA1" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ocellifer">H. ocellifer</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E719074C3C92932940BC1C7B236ACC00" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BB1581DF-A4B2-47FC-A621-5860E90C5C72" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hemigrammus pulcher Ladiges 1938:49" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulcher">H. pulcher</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB96FA1E9E92EC811F0D657C643FFEBB" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taphorni">Hemigrammus taphorni</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1F3F9E62E2000F58C5A3E986DE07C1A3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:31630F8C-B2FF-4749-A679-D5EC6C09DFF4" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hemigrammus megaceps Fowler 1945:1" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megaceps">H. megaceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB7F7D933564DE5AD95DC6E3169EA" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:947FA81E-52B8-4F35-A459-B3B1209ACF07" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hemigrammus caudovittatus Ahl 1923:261" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caudovittatus">H. caudovittatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B794A125B50A343AD83776C3DDAA4EE" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F3B1A9A4-70F2-46FD-BA28-57A8272CC298" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hemigrammus barrigonae Eigenmann & Henn 1914:232" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barrigonae">H. barrigonae</taxonomicName>
|
||
by presenting a longitudinal faint stripe extending from the humeral spot to caudal spot, which is not observed in the latter.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1F619FAE471FD8CFB2019F785C6D177D" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taphorni">H. taphorni</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="670299BC24B5C0950FE7D07F7F94948E" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D7CEDF6E-6BEA-43C6-AA5D-7A504AF25916" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hemigrammus guyanensis Géry 1959:254" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guyanensis">H. guyanensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
by lacking the iridescent spots flanking the caudal peduncle posteriorly (vs. present in the latter).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="78AA17F8C2F28395F256684CE583B06C" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taphorni">H. taphorni</taxonomicName>
|
||
is promptly distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FBB917D6DCF1976EB5C3C48968EB553" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F3F118A9-B8CE-4834-8B29-761B0D97CA3D" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hemigrammus iota Durbin 1909:60" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iota">H. iota</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BB24320B9A8353BDCB965CF1831C3E88" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:78AABD7C-83A6-4A75-8A1A-C75F2580917C" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hemigrammus vorderwinkleri Géry 1963:11" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vorderwinkleri">H. vorderwinkleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
by presenting 21-24 branched anal-fin rays (vs. 15-17 and 18 anal-fin rays, respectively).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F96B10F9268069F9E5E7F5923AE5FED9" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taphorni">H. taphorni</taxonomicName>
|
||
is easily distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F4E56E886392BE6EC41BD243A8E77A0" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmardae">H. schmardae</taxonomicName>
|
||
by possessing up to three maxillary teeth with five cusps (vs. one or two maxillary teeth conical or with three cusps in the latter). The rare species from rio Madeira,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5F5672080CB3E83D282AD6E0C91A52E" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A03068D1-44D8-4F26-959D-DA5F8C2E5AC8" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hemigrammus melanochrous Fowler 1913:543" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanochrous">H. melanochrous</taxonomicName>
|
||
, presents only 17 branched anal-fin rays (vs. 21-14 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDBE61A5556809176469F550BA7DE5AF" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taphorni">H. taphorni</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and has a greatest body depth of 24.0% (vs. 32.7-42.2% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="429592FF67A937347B965B454B859F83" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taphorni">H. taphorni</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0EE2A6B5CFA7F4A602A9851B4D6D6C04" pageNumber="58">
|
||
More recently, Bertaco & Carvalho (2005) described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CA15B1836AE948563270D9DCA4C1CBCE" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="skoliplatus">H. skoliplatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
from rio
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4FB468354B2E3326B624F2EC2163A96B" originalValue="Tapajôs">Tapajos</normalizedToken>
|
||
, and treated their new species as belonging to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8C0D1849A00377C0A3C3D15F94722F7D" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ocellifer">H. ocellifer-group</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The higher number of branched anal-fin rays (21-24) also distinguishes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DB7537337830305175794C78647CB759" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taphorni">H. taphorni</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F91A9D64F7F89746711C6E6DDD0BD517" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="skolioplatus">H. skolioplatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which bears 14-16 branched anal-fin rays. Zarske et al. (2006) described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8A6CC1FAE130A7EF2AC0B44CB684C614" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ora">H. ora</taxonomicName>
|
||
, also included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94188C2A8A287C210F5D6622935CC6EC" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ocellifer">H. ocellifer-group</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is easily distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="659A8F5CA0648BC324867C526F9715E1" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taphorni">H. taphorni</taxonomicName>
|
||
by presenting an edentulous maxilla. Finally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C85DC6FB542F33576A3AC71E3FAEA6BE" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taphorni">H. taphorni</taxonomicName>
|
||
is clearly distinguished from species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7F7626FACA0326728BC34D653BB5CD29" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ocellifer">H. ocellifer-group</taxonomicName>
|
||
with two humeral spots by presenting a single humeral spot.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="64F0960DEEBDB328CCAE179393E16269" pageNumber="58">
|
||
Within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B1AA26910BABFB705ED5DBCF8B5E2BA5" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unilineatus">H. unilineatus-group</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3CC9A335B77089768E7B404B367C858F" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taphorni">H. taphorni</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most similar in its color pattern to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BFC6C44300B4E3E8717DA8DC592D9A8A" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegans">H. elegans</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a species originally described from rio
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6C04A2B2EFAF0730069EC4B522D3A840" originalValue="Tapajôs">Tapajos</normalizedToken>
|
||
basin. Taphorn (1992) tentatively identified 50 specimens from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5F023DDDBB89E8A8F1D75161C46F19AE" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Orinoco drainages as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C21F28F7508568BC42CDC7EE1E177AA5" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegans">H. aff. elegans</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The examination of images of the syntypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2F2B52904085908F250E94600C389BA" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DCD5702C-6FB8-4F6D-8165-C716F1D444BE" family="Characidae" genus="Tetragonopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Tetragonopterus elegans Steindachner 1882:179" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegans">Tetragonopterus elegans</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D1362D7393767B6103F15EC9C175EDAD" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegans">H. elegans</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and its original (Steindachner, 1882) and subsequent descriptions (Eigenmann, 1918;
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4F46F930CAD89ED778A9E40F1AAC534A" originalValue="Géry">Gery</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1977) demonstrated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2236BA5D70603FAE7F9CAEDF9930F8B2" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taphorni">H. taphorni</taxonomicName>
|
||
is promptly distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E7BBC8951C14F4391E80A661132EB21" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegans">H. elegans</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of three horizontal scale rows below the lateral-line (vs. four or five in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0E20497F905108EB668A5A92D8BA7C25" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegans">H. elegans</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and by the presence of premaxillary teeth bearing only three cusps (vs. premaxillary teeth bearing five cusps in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8D9EB8A2890BF8C4EB58FCAAC476B34A" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegans">H. elegans</taxonomicName>
|
||
). An elongate dorsal fin has not been mentioned or illustrated in the available descriptions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BC3A4DFCF560997CB012BA1A23CEC139" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegans">H. elegans</taxonomicName>
|
||
or detected in the analyzed syntypes. The shared color pattern of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7D013E0721D62E06707FC2703953B949" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taphorni">H. taphorni</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C5516B1E5789BC4DAAA8618FEC88168B" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegans">H. elegans</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be an indicative of a close relationship, but there is presently no cladistic evidence supporting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="75F8B1B1D5724DD26E1CE715B1F2D141" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hemigrammus</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a monophyletic unit. Weitzman & Palmer (1997) discussed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBECD81EF689DB40D15473F5E68509D0" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unilineatus">H. unilineatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and similar relatives may belong to their rosy tetra clade based on certain aspects of their color pattern, such as a darkened dorsal-fin blotch or area, and supplementary anatomical evidence, such as the sexually dimorphic elongate dorsal fin, both of which are present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C58E774C61BB87F8BA1EA3441B648E20" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taphorni">H. taphorni</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D98B70EF60B2128FE62943410EF5BE79" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taphorni">H. taphorni</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1C47C884BA729F3C609D9382504296C7" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegans">H. elegans</taxonomicName>
|
||
, should be added to Weitzman & Palmer’s (1997) list of putative members of the rosy tetra clade in future phylogenetic investigations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |