775 lines
79 KiB
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775 lines
79 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fc0de51-2536-45b8-8be2-d8b860355539" ID-PMC="PMC6554266" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-123-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB" ID-PubMed="31198402" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240750" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1314-2003-123-1" ModsDocOrigin="PhytoKeys 123" ModsDocTitle="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean" checkinTime="1559283366142" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra, Barboza, Gloria E., Bohs, Lynn & Saerkinen, Tiina" docDate="2019" docId="BD7F0CA84213906ECB6FD2FB0566693E" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 123: 1-144" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 123" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" docTitle="Solanum americanum Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 5. 1768" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" id="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB" lastPageNumber="37" masterDocId="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB" masterDocTitle="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean" masterLastPageNumber="144" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="31" updateTime="1668139316858" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Bohs, Lynn</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Saerkinen, Tiina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>123</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-123-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="157330209" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD7F0CA84213906ECB6FD2FB0566693E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD7F0CA84213906ECB6FD2FB0566693E" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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1.
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<taxonomicName LSID="BD7F0CA8-4213-906E-CB6F-D2FB0566693E" authority="Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 5. 1768" authorityName="Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 5." authorityYear="1768" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 5. 1768</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Solanum americanum Mill. A Habit B detail of abaxial leaf surface C detail of adaxial leaf surface D branch with inflorescence E leaf F dissected flower G fruit (A-D, F-G Cremers 8084 E Farrugia 2773). Drawing by R. Wise (previously published in " PhytoKeys 106 ")." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305302" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Figures 3</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Solanum americanum Mill. A Habit B leaves and young inflorescence C buds and flowers D mature, shiny black fruits with reflexed calyx lobes (A, D Knapp et al. 10210; B Knapp et al. 10205 C Knapp et al. 10360). Photos by S. Knapp." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305303" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">, 4</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum oleraceum" order="Solanales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">Solanum oleraceum</taxonomicName>
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Dunal, Encycl. [J. Lamarck & al.] Suppl. 3: 750. 1814. Type.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“Antilles”">"Antilles"</normalizedToken>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Herb. Richard s.n.</emphasis>
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(lectotype, designated by
|
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B54" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" year="1974 a">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
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1974a
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pg. 735: P [P00319557]; isolectotypes: G-DC [G00144258], MPU [n.v.]).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="G. F. W. Mey" authorityYear="1818" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum erythrocarpon" order="Solanales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="erythrocarpon">Solanum erythrocarpon</taxonomicName>
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G.Mey., Prim. Fl. Esseq. 109. 1818. Type. Suriname. Saramacca: Hamburg (Essequibo),
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">E.K. Rodschied 31</emphasis>
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(lectotype, designated by
|
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2018
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pg. 52: GOET [GOET003505]).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
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Vell., Fl. Flumin. 85. 1829 [1825], nom. illeg., not
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
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L. (1753) Type. Brazil. [Rio de Janeiro]: "undequaeque nascitur" (lectotype, designated by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/644.14" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Volumen I. Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="B137" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Romero, MV, Vignoli-Silva, M, Giacomin, LL, Stehmann, JR, 2015. Identification and lectotypification of the Solanaceae from Vellozo's Flora Fluminensis. Taxon 64: 822-836. https://doi.org/10.12705/644.14" title="Identification and lectotypification of the Solanaceae from Vellozo's Flora Fluminensis. Taxon 64: 822 - 836." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/644.14" year="2015">Knapp et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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, pg. 832: [illustration] Original parchment plate of Flora Fluminensis in the Manuscript Section of the Biblioteca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro [cat. no.: mss1198651_112] and later published in Vellozo, Fl. Flumin. Icon. 2: tab. 109. 1831).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tenuiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuiflorum">Solanum tenuiflorum</taxonomicName>
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Steud., Nomencl. ed. 2, 2: 606. 1841. Type. Based on (replacement name for)
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
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Vell.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum indecorum" order="Solanales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indecorum">Solanum indecorum</taxonomicName>
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A.Rich., Hist. Fls. Cuba, Fanerogamia 11: 121. 1841. Type. Cuba. Sin loc., 1836,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">R. de la Sagra s.n.</emphasis>
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(lectotype, designated by
|
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2018
|
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pg. 52: P [P00370899]).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName authority="L." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum var. angulosum" order="Solanales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" variety="angulosum">Solanum nigrum L. var. angulosum</taxonomicName>
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Sendtn., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 10: 16. 1846, as
|
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<taxonomicName authority="(Jacq.) Sendtn." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum var. angulosum" order="Solanales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subspecies="nodiflorum" variety="angulosum">Solanum nigrum L. subsp. nodiflorum (Jacq.) Sendtn. var. angulosum</taxonomicName>
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Sendtn. Type. Based on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tenuiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuiflorum">Solanum tenuiflorum</taxonomicName>
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Steud. (=
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
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Vell.)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
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L. subsp.
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" subspecies="aguaraquiya">aguaraquiya</taxonomicName>
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Sendtn., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 10: 17. 1846. Type. Brazil. Rio Grande do Sul: "Pat. Joan a St. Barbara",
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">C.F.P. Martius s.n.</emphasis>
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(lectotype, designated by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2018
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pg. 52: M [M-0171809]; isolectotype: M [M-0171810]).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName authority="L." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum var. minus" order="Solanales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" variety="minus">Solanum nigrum L. var. minus</taxonomicName>
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Hook.f., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20(2): 201. 1847, as
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“minor”">
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"
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">minor</emphasis>
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"
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</normalizedToken>
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Type. Ecuador.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Galápagos">Galapagos</normalizedToken>
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Islands: James Island [Santiago],
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">C. Darwin s.n.</emphasis>
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(lectotype, designated by
|
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2018
|
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pg. 52: CGE [CGE00297]; isolectotype: K [K000922162]).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dun" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum amarantoides" order="Solanales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="amarantoides">Solanum amarantoides</taxonomicName>
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Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 55. 1852. Type. Brazil. Rio de Janeiro,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">C. Gaudichaud 522</emphasis>
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(lectotype, designated by
|
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B54" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" year="1974 a">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
|
||
1974a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
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, pg. 735 [as holotype]; second step designated by
|
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
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, pg. 52: P [P00319574]; isolectotypes: P [P00319575], MPU [n.v.]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName authority="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pterocaulum var. aguaraquiya" order="Solanales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pterocaulum" variety="aguaraquiya">Solanum pterocaulum Dunal var. aguaraquiya</taxonomicName>
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(Sendtn.) Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 52. 1852, as
|
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘pterocaulon’">
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||
'
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">pterocaulon</emphasis>
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</normalizedToken>
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'. Type. Based on
|
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<taxonomicName authority="L. subsp. aguaraquiya" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum" subspecies="aguaraquiya">Solanum nigrum L. subsp. aguaraquiya</taxonomicName>
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Sendtn.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dun" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ptychanthum" order="Solanales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ptychanthum">Solanum ptychanthum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 54. 1852. Type. United States of America. Georgia: Chatham Co., Savannah,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Anon. s.n.</emphasis>
|
||
(holotype: G-DC [G00144485]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Jacq." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum var. macrophyllum" order="Solanales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nodiflorum" variety="macrophyllum">Solanum nodiflorum Jacq. var. macrophyllum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 46. 1852. Type. Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">C. Gaudichaud 521</emphasis>
|
||
(lectotype, designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B54" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" year="1974 a">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
|
||
1974a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pg. 735: P [P00319582]; isolectotypes: P [P00319583, P00319585], G-DC [G00144100], G [G00343373]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Jacq." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum var. acuminatum" order="Solanales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nodiflorum" variety="acuminatum">Solanum nodiflorum Jacq. var. acuminatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 46. 1852.
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="31" pageNumber="32" start="start">Type</pageBreakToken>
|
||
. Brazil. Minas Gerais: Sin loc.,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">M. Vauthier 537</emphasis>
|
||
(lectotype, designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B54" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" year="1974 a">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
|
||
1974a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pg. 735 [as type ex Herb. Drake]: P [P00319615]; isolectotypes: P [P00319614], G-DC [G00343360]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Jacq." authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum var. petiolastrum" order="Solanales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nodiflorum" variety="petiolastrum">Solanum nodiflorum Jacq. var. petiolastrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 46. 1852. Type. Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Novo Friburgo, 1842,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">P. Claussen 180</emphasis>
|
||
(holotype: P [P00319584]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dun" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum inops" order="Solanales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inops">Solanum inops</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 55. 1852. Type. Mexico. "sin. loc." [Tamaulipas: Tampico, 4 Feb 1827],
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">J.L. Berlandier 46</emphasis>
|
||
(holotype: G-DC [G00144469]; isotypes: BM [BM000775579], F [F0073104F], LE, P [P00336046, P00336047, P00336048], W [acc. # 1889-0291394, acc. # 1889-0144848]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="L." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum var. oleraceum" order="Solanales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" variety="oleraceum">Solanum nigrum L. var. oleraceum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Dunal) Hitchc., Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard 4: 111. 1893. Type. Based on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum oleraceum" order="Solanales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">Solanum oleraceum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dunal
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="L." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum var. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" variety="americanum">Solanum nigrum L. var. americanum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Mill.) O.E.Schulz, Symb. Antill. (Urban) 6: 160. 1909. Type. Based on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mill.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="L." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="grandifolium" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="forma" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum L. forma grandifolium</taxonomicName>
|
||
O.E.Schulz, Symb. Antill. (Urban) 6: 160. 1909, as forma
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘grandifolia’">
|
||
'
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">grandifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</normalizedToken>
|
||
' Type. Puerto Rico. "Prope Cayey in sylvis ad rivulum superiorem m. Sept. fl. et. fr.",
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">P.E.E. Sintenis 2429</emphasis>
|
||
(no herbarium cited; no duplicates found).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="L." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="parvifolium" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="forma" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum L. forma parvifolium</taxonomicName>
|
||
O.E.Schulz, Symb. Antill. (Urban) 6: 160. 1909, as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Mill.) O.E.Schulz" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="parvifolia" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="forma" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum var. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="nigrum" variety="americanum">Solanum nigrum L. var. americanum (Mill.) O.E.Schulz forma parvifolia</taxonomicName>
|
||
O.E.Schulz. Type. Cuba. La Habana: Santiago de las Vegas, "Baker Herb. Cub. 3377" (no herbarium cited; no duplicates found).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum minutibaccatum" order="Solanales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minutibaccatum">Solanum minutibaccatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 549. 1912. Type. Bolivia. La Paz: "San Carlos, bei Mapiri", 750 m, Aug 1907,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">O. Buchtien 1443</emphasis>
|
||
(lectotype, designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pg. 54: US [US00027684, acc. # 1175843]; isotypes: GOET [GOET003478], NY [NY00172089]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum inconspicuum" order="Solanales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inconspicuum">Solanum inconspicuum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 204. 1912. Type. Peru. Lima: Lima, 12 Jul 1910,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">C. Seler 222</emphasis>
|
||
(holotype: B, destroyed; no duplicates found).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tenellum" order="Solanales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenellum">Solanum tenellum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 219. 1912. Type. Brasil. Minas Gerais: "Prope urbem Caldas florens fructibusque instructum", 4 Oct 1869,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">A.F. Regnell III 970</emphasis>
|
||
(holotype: UPS; isotype: US [US00027821, acc. # 201069]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Bitter subsp. curtipedunculatum" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum minutibaccatum" order="Solanales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minutibaccatum" subspecies="curtipedunculatum">Solanum minutibaccatum Bitter subsp. curtipedunculatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 205. 1912. Type. Bolivia. La Paz: Guanai-Tipuani, Apr-Jun 1892,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">M. Bang 1462</emphasis>
|
||
(holotype: W; isotypes: BM [BM000617672], E [E00106087], M [M-0171808], MO [MO-503647], NDG [NDG42278], NY [NY00172090, NY00172091, NY00172092],
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="32" pageNumber="33" start="start">PH</pageBreakToken>
|
||
[PH00030453], US [US00027685, acc. # 1324656; US02835359], WIS [0256198WIS]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum sciaphilum" order="Solanales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sciaphilum">Solanum sciaphilum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 220. 1912. Type. Brazil. Santa Catarina: Pedras Grandes, Aug 1890,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">E. Ule 1678</emphasis>
|
||
(holotype: B, destroyed, F neg. 2851; lectotype, designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pg. 54: HBG [HBG511539]; isolectotype: HBG [HBG511540]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum curtipes" order="Solanales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="curtipes">Solanum curtipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 228. 1912. Type. Paraguay. Cordillera: San Bernardino, Aug 1898-1899,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="É">E</normalizedToken>
|
||
. Hassler 3104
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(holotype: B, destroyed; lectotype, designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Morton, CV" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refId="B164" refString="Morton, CV, 1976. A revision of the Argentine species of Solanum. Cordoba: Academia Nacional de Ciencias." title="A revision of the Argentine species of Solanum. Cordoba: Academia Nacional de Ciencias." year="1976">Morton 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pg. 149: G [G00306710]; isolectotypes: G [G00306711, G00306712, G00306713, G00306714], K [K000532497], P [P00325762], NY [NY00139112], UC [UC950837]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum calvum" order="Solanales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calvum">Solanum calvum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 81. 1913. Type. Mexico. Baja California: Guadalupe Island, 1875,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">E. Palmer 60</emphasis>
|
||
[pro parte] (holotype: UPS; isotypes: BM [BM001017192], MO [MO-159620, acc. # 5257812; MO-568722, acc. # 1713454], NY [NY00138967, NY00759880], YU [YU065319]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Jacq." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum var. sapucayense" order="Solanales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nodiflorum" variety="sapucayense">Solanum nodiflorum Jacq. var. sapucayense</taxonomicName>
|
||
Chodat, Bull. Soc. Bot.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Genève">Geneve</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="sér">ser</normalizedToken>
|
||
. 2, 8: 150. 1916. Type. Paraguay.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraguarí">Paraguari</normalizedToken>
|
||
:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sapucaí">Sapucai</normalizedToken>
|
||
[
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Sapucay”">"Sapucay"</normalizedToken>
|
||
], 1914,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">R. Chodat & W. Vischer 46</emphasis>
|
||
(holotype: G [G00306708]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Type.1</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Cultivated at the Chelsea Physic Garden [in protologue said to "grow naturally in Virginia"],
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Herb. Miller s.n.</emphasis>
|
||
(lectotype, designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" pagination="95 - 114" refId="B75" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1972. A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America. Kew Bulletin 27 (1): 95 - 114, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" title="A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" volume="27" year="1972">Edmonds 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pg. 103 [as type]: BM [BM000617683]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Annual to short-lived perennial herbs up to 1.5 m tall, subwoody at base. Stems terete or somewhat angled with ridges, older stems often appearing spinescent, not markedly hollow; new growth pubescent with simple, spreading, uniseriate 2-8-celled eglandular trichomes 0.2-0.8 mm long, often clustered along the stem angles; older stems glabrescent, with only the trichome bases persisting as pseudo-spines. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves not geminate. Leaves simple, 3.5-10.5 cm long, 1.0-4.5 cm wide, ovate to elliptic; adaxial surface sparsely pubescent with simple, uniseriate trichomes like those on stem, these evenly spread along the lamina and the veins; abaxial surface similar but more densely pubescent; major veins 3-6 pairs; base attenuate, decurrent on the petiole; margins entire or occasionally sinuate-dentate; apex acute; petioles (0.3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–)2.0–">-)2.0-</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.8(-4.0) cm long, sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those on stems. Inflorescences 0.6-2.5 cm long, lateral and internodal, unbranched or rarely forked, with (3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–)4–">-)4-</normalizedToken>
|
||
6(8) flowers (very rarely with many flowers in unusual many-branched inflorescences) clustered near the tips (umbelliform to sub-umbelliform), sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those on stems; peduncle (0.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–)1.0–">-)1.0-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.8 cm long, delicate; pedicels 3-9 mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm in diameter at the base and 0.4-0.5 mm at the apex, stout, straight and spreading, articulated at the base; pedicel scars spaced 0-0.5 mm apart, clustered at the tip of the
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="33" pageNumber="34" start="start">inflorescence</pageBreakToken>
|
||
. Buds broadly ellipsoid, the corolla exserted 1/3 beyond the calyx lobe tips before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, all perfect. Calyx tube 0.8-1.3 mm long, the lobes 0.3-0.5 mm long, 0.5-0.6 mm wide, broadly triangular with obtuse apices, sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stem. Corolla 3-6 mm in diameter, stellate, white with a yellow-green central portion near the base, lobed 1/2-2/3 of the way to the base, the lobes 2.0-3.2 mm long, 1.0-2.5 mm wide, strongly reflexed at anthesis, later spreading, densely papillate abaxially with 1-4-celled simple uniseriate trichomes, these denser on the tips and margins. Stamens equal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments 0.5-0.8 mm long, adaxially pubescent with tangled uniseriate trichomes; anthers 0.7-1.5 mm long, 0.5-0.6 mm wide, ellipsoid to almost globose and very plump-looking, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age and drying. Ovary globose, glabrous; style 2.2-2.6 mm long, densely pubescent with 2-3-celled simple uniseriate trichomes 2/3 from the base where included in the anther cone, almost included to exserted 0.5(-1.0) mm beyond the anther cone; stigma minutely capitate, the surface minutely papillate, green in live plants. Fruit a globose berry, 4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–9(–">-9(-</normalizedToken>
|
||
12) mm in diameter, purplish-black at maturity, opaque, the surface of the pericarp markedly shiny; fruiting pedicels 13-18 mm long, ca. 0.7-1.0 mm in diameter at the base and 0.8-1.0 mm in diameter at the apex, stout, straight and spreading, spaced ca. 1(-3) mm apart or tightly clustered, not falling with the fruit, remaining on the plant and persistent on older inflorescences; fruiting calyx lobes not accrescent, the tube less than 1 mm long, the lobes 1(-2) mm long, strongly reflexed at fruit maturity. Seeds 30-50 per berry, 1.0-1.5 mm long, 0.8-1.3 mm wide, flattened and tear-drop shaped with a subapical hilum, pale yellow, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells pentagonal in outline. Stone cells mostly absent (Australia, South Pacific, and South America), but if present (North America, Mexico, Caribbean, Eurasia and Africa) 2-4(6) per berry, 2-4 larger ones>0.5 mm, and two smaller ones <0.5 mm in diameter. Chromosome number:
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">2n</emphasis>
|
||
=2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
=24 (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for vouchers).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240804" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305302" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mill.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A</emphasis>
|
||
Habit
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">B</emphasis>
|
||
detail of abaxial leaf surface
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C</emphasis>
|
||
detail of adaxial leaf surface
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">D</emphasis>
|
||
branch with inflorescence
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">E</emphasis>
|
||
leaf
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">F</emphasis>
|
||
dissected flower
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">G</emphasis>
|
||
fruit (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
|
||
, F-G
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Cremers 8084</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">E</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Farrugia 2773</emphasis>
|
||
). Drawing by R. Wise (previously published in "PhytoKeys 106").
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240826" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305303" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mill.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A</emphasis>
|
||
Habit
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">B</emphasis>
|
||
leaves and young inflorescence
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C</emphasis>
|
||
buds and flowers
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">D</emphasis>
|
||
mature, shiny black fruits with reflexed calyx lobes (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A, D</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Knapp et al. 10210</emphasis>
|
||
; B
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Knapp et al. 10205</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Knapp et al. 10360</emphasis>
|
||
). Photos by S. Knapp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
(Figure
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Distribution of Solanum americanum Mill. (points in northern South America included to show continuous distribution)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305304" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">5</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a globally distributed weed found throughout the tropics and subtropics; it is not clear where it is native, or if this circumtropical distribution is its native range. In the region treated in this monograph it is commonest in Central America and the Caribbean, but is found around the coasts in North America, especially around the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240848" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305304" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mill. (points in northern South America included to show continuous distribution).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a weedy species that colonises disturbed soil and it is found in open areas, along roads, treefall gaps and at the back of beaches from sea level to 2,000 m elevation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="common names">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Common names.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
United States of America. American nightshade (many sources), American black nightshade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, ML" journalOrPublisher="American Naturalist" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refId="B34" refString="Brown, ML, Brown, RG, 1984. Herbaceous plants of Maryland, The Book Center, University of Maryland, College Park." title="Herbaceous plants of Maryland, The Book Center, University of Maryland, College Park." year="1984">Brown and Brown 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="NatureServe" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Botany" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" publicationUrl="http://explorer.matureserve.org" refId="B169" refString="NatureServe, 2017. NatureServe Explorer. An online encyclopedia of life [web application] Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington [available http://explorer.matureserve.org" title="NatureServe Explorer. An online encyclopedia of life [web application] Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington [available" url="http://explorer.matureserve.org" year="2017">NatureServe 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Hierba mora negra (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Correll, DS" journalOrPublisher="CABI International, Wallingford and New York" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refId="B47" refString="Correll, DS, Johnston, MC, 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. Texas Research Foundation, Renner." title="Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. Texas Research Foundation, Renner." year="1970">Correll and Johnston 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mexico and Central America. Hierba (yerba) mora (many sources). Mexico [Guerrero] Saltonchis (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Ignacio 4</emphasis>
|
||
), [Oaxaca] Moo-jo-chi (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hernández">Hernandez</normalizedToken>
|
||
Ortega 62
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), [Puebla]
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pchfux-yáas">Pchfux-yaas</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Zapotec,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Hunn OAX-205</emphasis>
|
||
), [Quintana Roo] Ik kootz (Maya,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ucán">Ucan</normalizedToken>
|
||
Ek 4390
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), [Sonora] Chichiquelite (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Gentry 1269</emphasis>
|
||
), [Veracruz] Tomatequelite (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Balvanera L. 259</emphasis>
|
||
), Wal
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ts’ok">ts'ok</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Huastec,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Alcorn 2347</emphasis>
|
||
). Guatemala. [Alta Verapaz]
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="macúy">macuy</normalizedToken>
|
||
, [Santa Rosa] quilete (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gentry, JL" editor="Gentry, JL" journalOrPublisher="Fieldiana, Botany" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="1 - 151" refId="B93" refString="Gentry, JL, Standley, PC, 1974. Solanaceae. In: Gentry, JL, Standley, PC, Eds., Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana, Botany 24: 1 - 151" title="Solanaceae." volume="24" volumeTitle="Flora of Guatemala." year="1974">Gentry and Standley 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Belize. Bo
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="34" pageNumber="35" start="start">cano</pageBreakToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gentry, JL" editor="Gentry, JL" journalOrPublisher="Fieldiana, Botany" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="1 - 151" refId="B93" refString="Gentry, JL, Standley, PC, 1974. Solanaceae. In: Gentry, JL, Standley, PC, Eds., Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana, Botany 24: 1 - 151" title="Solanaceae." volume="24" volumeTitle="Flora of Guatemala." year="1974">Gentry and Standley 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Bahamas. Gooma bush, Ink berry (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Correll, DS" journalOrPublisher="CABI International, Wallingford and New York" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refId="B46" refString="Correll, DS, Correll, HB, 1982. Flora of the Bahama archipelago (including the Turks and Caicos Islands). J Cramer in A.R. Gantner Verlag, Vaduz." title="Flora of the Bahama archipelago (including the Turks and Caicos Islands). J Cramer in A. R. Gantner Verlag, Vaduz." year="1982">Correll and Correll 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); gumma bush (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Richey 99-712</emphasis>
|
||
). French Antilles. Agouman, Herbe
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="amère">amere</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sastre, C" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" refId="B205" refString="Sastre, C, Breuil, A, 2007. Plants, mileux et paysages des Antilles francaises. Biotope, Meze." title="Plants, mileux et paysages des Antilles francaises. Biotope, Meze." year="2007">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sastré">Sastre</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Breuil 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). British West Indies [St. Lucia] Agouma (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Proctor 17826</emphasis>
|
||
). Trinidad and Tobago [Trinidad]. Agouma (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Broadway s.n.</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="uses">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Uses.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
The leaves are widely used as a potherb in Mexico (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“quelite”">"quelite"</normalizedToken>
|
||
) and the countries around the Caribbean.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gentry, JL" editor="Gentry, JL" journalOrPublisher="Fieldiana, Botany" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="1 - 151" refId="B93" refString="Gentry, JL, Standley, PC, 1974. Solanaceae. In: Gentry, JL, Standley, PC, Eds., Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana, Botany 24: 1 - 151" title="Solanaceae." volume="24" volumeTitle="Flora of Guatemala." year="1974">Gentry and Standley (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
state that in Guatemala the "foliage is used as one of the common pot herbs and is consumed in large quantities. It is found in most of the markets."
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="preliminary conservation status (iucn 2017)">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
Preliminary conservation status (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Alaska Park Science" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B115" refString="IUCN, 2017. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2017">IUCN 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
LC (Least Concern).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a cosmopolitan weed of the tropics and subtropics (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For EOO see Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="T6" captionText="Table 6. Preliminary conservation assessments for morelloid species from the Caribbean and North and Central America. For details see Materials and Methods and individual species treatments. Preliminary assessments are based on EOO only (see Materials and Methods) and have been calculated for worldwide ranges for each species. The EOO and conservation status of species known to be solely cultivated, introduced or adventive in the region has been assessed in Saerkinen et al. (2018)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C3922CEBD29B29D2373D9CB546F06573" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" tableUuid="C3922CEBD29B29D2373D9CB546F06573">6</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the most widespread and common species of the morelloid solanums (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and quite possibly the most widely distributed species in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Solanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It has been implicated as the diploid parent in the polyploid events that gave rise to the species of the Old World (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01482.x" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" pagination="141 - 178" refId="B76" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1977. Taxonomic studies on Solanum L. section Solanum (Maurella). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 75 (2): 141 - 178, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01482.x" title="Taxonomic studies on Solanum L. section Solanum (Maurella)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01482.x" volume="75" year="1977">Edmonds 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" author="Poczai, P" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" refId="B182" refString="Poczai, P, Hyvoenen, J, 2011. On the origin of Solanumnigrum: Can networks help? Molecular Biology Reports 38(2): 1171-1185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" title="On the origin of Solanumnigrum: Can networks help? Molecular Biology Reports 38 (2): 1171 - 1185." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" year="2011">
|
||
Poczai and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hyvönen">Hyvoenen</normalizedToken>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although this has been disputed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ma, Q" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refId="B149" refString="Ma, Q, 1995. Systematic and population studies of Asian and American black nightshades (Solanaceae). PhD dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville." title="Systematic and population studies of Asian and American black nightshades (Solanaceae). PhD dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville." year="1995">Ma 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The name
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been in common use in North America (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stebbins, GL" journalOrPublisher="Madrono" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" pagination="70 - 81" refId="B228" refString="Stebbins, GL, Paddock, EF, 1949. The Solanum nigrum complex in Pacific North America. Madrono 10: 70 - 81" title="The Solanum nigrum complex in Pacific North America." volume="10" year="1949">Stebbins and Paddock 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) for what is now known as
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="emulans">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. emulans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but more recently (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2418547" author="Schilling, EE" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" pagination="172 - 185" refId="B207" refString="Schilling, EE, 1981. Systematics of Solanum sect. Solanum (Solanaceae) in North America. Systematic Botany 6 (2): 172 - 185, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2418547" title="Systematics of Solanum sect. Solanum (Solanaceae) in North America." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2418547" volume="6" year="1981">Schilling 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) the two taxa have been distinguished and the name
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ptychanthum" order="Solanales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="ptychanthum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. ptychanthum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been used for the taxon for which the oldest name is
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="emulans">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. emulans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The type specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ptychanthum" order="Solanales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="ptychanthum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. ptychanthum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, falls within the variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, so is treated as a synonym here. The application of the name
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to any morelloid species with small anthers from northeastern North America should be viewed with caution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be easily recognised in fruit by its shiny black berries with small, strongly reflexed calyx lobes that are held on erect or spreading pedicels.
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="35" pageNumber="36" start="start">In</pageBreakToken>
|
||
flower, the species has tiny almost globose anthers 0.8-1.5 mm long and short filaments usually less than 1 mm long. It has been often confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="emulans">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. emulans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emulans">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Solanum emulans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has equally short plump anthers but longer filaments (0.6-1 mm versus ca. 0.5 mm long), matte black or green fruits on deflexed pedicels and calyx lobes that are not markedly reflexed in fruit. Ripe berries of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are shiny black (but that can be difficult to see in herbarium specimens) and in North and Central America and the Caribbean usually have four stone cells in each. Berries of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="emulans">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. emulans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have more than five stone cells. When berries ripen in
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
they fall from the plant leaving the stout, spreading pedicels behind, while berries drop off with the pedicels in
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="emulans">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. emulans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaving only the peduncles behind in herbarium specimens. This can, however, be difficult to see in specimens with only very old inflorescences.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Solanum nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having larger anthers always more than 2 mm long, matte black or green fruits that are held on spreading or deflexed pedicels that drop with the berry, and calyx lobes appressed to the berry base in fruit. Berries of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have more than 5 (usually 5-6 large and several smaller) stone cells, while plants of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from this region have 2(-4). Inflorescences of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tend to be more sub-umbelliform in appearance than those of S.
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and calyx lobes of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are strongly reflexed and smaller relative to berry size in fruit.
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B54" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" year="1974 a">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1974a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395032" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="819 - 867" refId="B55" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974b. Solanum and its close relatives in Florida. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 61 (3): 819 - 867, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395032" title="Solanum and its close relatives in Florida." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395032" volume="61" year="1974 b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
hybridizes with other diploid species (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and that intermediates are common, but did not cite vouchers. Our observations (but see below) are that the two species are usually distinguishable using the characters above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Some geographical trends in the morphological variation within the species can be observed, where populations along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico appear more hairy with duller grey-green leaf coloration, with more narrow, lanceolate rather than ovate leaves, with racemose inflorescences rather than strict umbels, with more rounded calyx lobes that do not always strongly reflex in fruit, and with generally larger fruits. The small anthers combined with stout and spreading pedicels in fruit that remain on the plant after fruits drop off are strong indications that these populations belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and do not represent a distinct species. Variation appears continuous and could be caused by local introgression from the sympatric diploid species
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. pseudogracile" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="pseudogracile">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. pseudogracile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Collections with forked inflorescences (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Nee & McClelland 60259</emphasis>
|
||
from Florida;
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Dancer s.n.</emphasis>
|
||
from Jamaica) are likely to be isolated aberrant individuals; in other parts of the world populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with highly branched inflorescences occur (e.g., China, type of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. merrillianum" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="merrillianum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. merrillianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
T.N.Liou) indicating that plasticity in this character is not unusual. It may also be that plants from cultivated populations in Asia have been brought with rice cultivation to North America. Plants collected as weeds of rice fields in Louisiana (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ma, Q" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refId="B149" refString="Ma, Q, 1995. Systematic and population studies of Asian and American black nightshades (Solanaceae). PhD dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville." title="Systematic and population studies of Asian and American black nightshades (Solanaceae). PhD dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville." year="1995">Ma 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; E. Shilling, pers. comm.) and identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. merrillianum" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="merrillianum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. merrillianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are somewhat intermediate between
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and could represent recent homoploid hybrids; preliminary data indicate they are members of the clade containing both those taxa. Further studies using molecular markers and carefully comparing Asian and American populations will be necessary to unravel this enigma.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" author="Manoko, MLK" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 11" refId="B152" refString="Manoko, MLK, van den Berg, RG, Feron, RMC, van der Weerden, GM, Mariani, C, 2007. AFLP markers support separation of Solanum nodiflorum from Solanum americanum sensu stricto (Solanaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 267 (1-4): 1 - 11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" title="AFLP markers support separation of Solanum nodiflorum from Solanum americanum sensu stricto (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" volume="267" year="2007">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="36" pageNumber="37" start="start">Manoko</pageBreakToken>
|
||
et al. (2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
distinguished
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. nodiflorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using AFLP markers; we re-examined the material they used and consider the plants they called
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. nodiflorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as defined here, and plants they called
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represent specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 61).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Typification details for the many synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be found in
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. (2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">See Suppl. materials 1 and 3.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |