treatments-xml/data/C5/65/7B/C5657B52FF23B3D344D1FA55C9720AD8.xml
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<document id="B42F2335BCBE8676A02D8EA9496D0E3B" ID-ISSN="1175­5334" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629793332550" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Wicksten, Mary K." docDate="2012" docId="C5657B52FF23B3D344D1FA55C9720AD8" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03371p307.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3371" docStyle="DocumentStyle:D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleId="D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Pagurus samuelis" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="193" masterDocId="395C032AFF9CB3134446FFC9C8060B2C" masterDocTitle="Decapod Crustacea of the Californian and Oregonian Zoogeographic Provinces 3371" masterLastPageNumber="307" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="192" updateTime="1699112702828" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="113876312DA4E328ACEAF91965479B39">Decapod Crustacea of the Californian and Oregonian Zoogeographic Provinces 3371</mods:title>
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<heading id="163B7D28FF23B3AC44D1FA55CA400E99" bold="true" box="[151,582,1435,1462]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="8ACCB1C7FF23B3AC44D1FA55CA400E99" ID-CoL="2f5b94b8-fc27-49d2-b7b3-1a8440a7d1e5" authority="(Stimpson, 1857)" baseAuthorityName="Stimpson" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[151,582,1435,1462]" class="Malacostraca" family="Paguridae" genus="Pagurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samuelis">
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<emphasis id="7FB81656FF23B3AC44D1FA55C9680E9A" bold="true" box="[151,366,1436,1462]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Pagurus samuelis</emphasis>
(Stimpson, 1857)
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<paragraph id="4D73CA44FF23B3AC44D1FA77C9880EFA" blockId="191.[151,582,1435,1494]" box="[151,398,1470,1494]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
(
<figureCitation id="D5F7D6C1FF23B3AC44D9FA77C9220EFA" box="[159,292,1470,1494]" captionStart="FIGURE 45" captionStartId="194.[151,250,1837,1860]" captionTargetBox="[180,1418,183,1821]" captionTargetId="figure-130@194.[151,1436,163,1845]" captionTargetPageId="194" captionText="FIGURE 45. Family Paguridae. A, B, Pagurus venturensis Coffin, 1957; A, carapace and frontal region in dorsal view; B, major chela. CG, Pagurus samuelis (Stimpson, 1857); C, pereopod 2; D, carapace and frontal region in dorsal view; E, major chela; F, detail of merus of minor cheliped; G, minor chela. H, Pagurus setosus (Benedict, 1892). IM, Pagurus spilocarpus Haig, 1977; I, carapace and frontal region in dorsal view; J, minor chela; K, major chela; L, pereopod 2; M, pereopod 4. N, Pagurus tanneri (Benedict, 1892). Scales: CE, G = 1 mm; A, B = 3 mm; HL, N = 10 mm. AG from McLaughlin 1974, H, N from Schmitt 1921, IM from Haig 1977." pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Fig. 45CG</figureCitation>
, Pl. 10A)
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="05D699CFFF23B3AC44D1F9C9C9F90DA6" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="4D73CA44FF23B3AC44D1F9C9CB790D38" blockId="191.[151,1436,1535,1674]" box="[151,895,1535,1557]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
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<treatmentCitation id="CC6DEC55FF23B3AC44D1F9C9CA2E0D38" author="Stimpson, W." box="[151,552,1535,1557]" page="86" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" year="1857">
<taxonomicName id="8ACCB1C7FF23B3AC44D1F9C9CA2E0D38" ID-CoL="9bcd9fd3-fb43-465c-8b69-9a5430583cc9" authority="Stimpson, 1857 a: 86" authorityName="Stimpson" authorityPageNumber="86" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,552,1535,1557]" class="Malacostraca" family="Paguridae" genus="Eupagurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samuelis">
<emphasis id="7FB81656FF23B3AC44D1F9C9C95C0D39" box="[151,346,1536,1557]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Eupagurus samuelis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="295DB7B5FF23B3AC4526FA36CA2E0D38" author="Stimpson, W." box="[352,552,1535,1556]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="84 - 89" refId="ref237135" refString="Stimpson, W. (1857 a) Notices of new species of Crustacea in western North America being an abstract from a paper to be published in the Journal of the Society. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 6, 84 - 89." type="journal article" year="1857">Stimpson, 1857a: 86</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
. — Stimpson 1860: 90, pl. 1, fig. 8.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4D73CA44FF23B3AC44D1F9D4C9F90DA6" blockId="191.[151,1436,1535,1674]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="6DDCED6AFF23B3AC44D1F9D4C9F90DA6" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
<emphasis id="7FB81656FF23B3AC44D1F9D4C94C0D1E" box="[151,330,1565,1586]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
<taxonomicName id="8ACCB1C7FF23B3AC44D1F9D4C9400D1E" ID-CoL="2f5b94b8-fc27-49d2-b7b3-1a8440a7d1e5" baseAuthorityName="Stimpson" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[151,326,1565,1586]" class="Malacostraca" family="Paguridae" genus="Pagurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samuelis">Pagurus samuelis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="CC6DEC55FF23B3AC4536F9D4CA190D1E" author="Holmes, S. J." box="[368,543,1565,1586]" page="144" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" year="1900">
<bibRefCitation id="295DB7B5FF23B3AC4536F9D4CA190D1E" author="Holmes, S. J." box="[368,543,1565,1586]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="12 - 62" refId="ref226245" refString="Holmes, S. J. (1900) Synopsis of California stalk-eyed Crustacea. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 7, 12 - 62." type="journal article" year="1900">Holmes 1900:144</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. —
<treatmentCitation id="CC6DEC55FF23B3AC460FF9D4CB030D1E" author="Rathbun, M. J." box="[585,773,1565,1586]" page="160" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" year="1904">
<bibRefCitation id="295DB7B5FF23B3AC460FF9D4CB030D1E" author="Rathbun, M. J." box="[585,773,1565,1586]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="1 - 219" refId="ref234490" refString="Rathbun, M. J. (1904) Decapod crustaceans of the northwest coast of North America. Harriman Alaska Expedition, 10, 1 - 219." type="journal article" year="1904">Rathbun 1904: 160</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 5, fig. 7. —
<treatmentCitation id="CC6DEC55FF23B3AC47ECF9D4CC660D1E" author="Schmitt, W. L." box="[938,1120,1565,1586]" page="139" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" year="1921">
<bibRefCitation id="295DB7B5FF23B3AC47ECF9D4CC660D1E" author="Schmitt, W. L." box="[938,1120,1565,1586]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="1 - 470" refId="ref236092" refString="Schmitt, W. L. (1921) The marine decapod Crustacea of California. University of California Publications in Zoology, 23, 1 - 470." type="journal article" year="1921">Schmitt 1921: 139</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 16, figs. 2, 3. —
<treatmentCitation id="CC6DEC55FF23B3AC4175F9D4C9680D63" author="Johnson, M. E. &amp; Snook, H. J." page="334" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" year="1927">
<bibRefCitation id="295DB7B5FF23B3AC4175F9D4C9680D63" author="Johnson, M. E. &amp; Snook, H. J." pageId="191" pageNumber="192" refId="ref227400" refString="Johnson, M. E. &amp; Snook, H. J. (1927) Seashore Animals of the Pacific Coast. Dover Publications, New York, reprint 1967, 659 pp." type="book" year="1927">Johnson &amp; Snook 1927: 334</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. 281, 284a. —
<treatmentCitation id="CC6DEC55FF23B3AC4674F9F3CB140D63" author="McLaughlin, P. A." box="[562,786,1594,1615]" page="166" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" year="1974">
<bibRefCitation id="295DB7B5FF23B3AC4674F9F3CB140D63" author="McLaughlin, P. A." box="[562,786,1594,1615]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="1 - 396" refId="ref230210" refString="McLaughlin, P. A. (1974) The hermit crabs (Crustacea Decapoda, Paguridea) of northwestern North America. Zoologische Verhandelingen Uitgegeven door het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden, 130, 1 - 396." type="journal article" year="1974">McLaughlin 1974: 166</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. 41, 42; 1976: 24. —
<treatmentCitation id="CC6DEC55FF23B3AC4050F9F3CD160D63" author="Haig, J. &amp; Abbott, D." box="[1046,1296,1594,1615]" page="584" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" year="1980">
<bibRefCitation id="295DB7B5FF23B3AC4050F9F3CD160D63" author="Haig, J. &amp; Abbott, D." box="[1046,1296,1594,1615]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="577 - 593" refId="ref223942" refString="Haig, J. &amp; Abbott, D. (1980) Macrura and Anomura: the ghost shrimps, hermit crabs, and allies. In: Morris, R., Abbott, D. &amp; E. Haderlie, E. (Eds.) Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, pp. 577 - 593." type="book chapter" year="1980">Haig &amp; Abbott 1980: 584</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 24.10. —
<treatmentCitation id="CC6DEC55FF23B3AC4481F99EC95A0D40" author="Hart, J. F. L." box="[199,348,1623,1644]" page="132" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" year="1982">
<bibRefCitation id="295DB7B5FF23B3AC4481F99EC95A0D40" author="Hart, J. F. L." box="[199,348,1623,1644]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" refId="ref224534" refString="Hart, J. F. L. (1982) Crabs and their Relatives of British Columbia. British Columbia Provincial Museum Handbook 40, Victoria, 267 pp." type="book" year="1982">Hart 1982: 132</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 48. —
<treatmentCitation id="CC6DEC55FF23B3AC4592F99ECABC0D40" author="Ricketts, E. F. &amp; Calvin, J. &amp; Hedgpeth, J. W. &amp; Phillips, D. W." box="[468,698,1623,1645]" page="37" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" year="1985">
<bibRefCitation id="295DB7B5FF23B3AC4592F99ECABC0D40" author="Ricketts, E. F. &amp; Calvin, J. &amp; Hedgpeth, J. W. &amp; Phillips, D. W." box="[468,698,1623,1645]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" refId="ref234966" refString="Ricketts, E. F., Calvin, J., Hedgpeth, J. W. &amp; Phillips, D. W. (1985) Between Pacific Tides. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 5 th ed., 652 pp." type="book" year="1985">
Ricketts
<emphasis id="7FB81656FF23B3AC466CF991CA500D41" box="[554,598,1624,1645]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">et al</emphasis>
. 1985: 37
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 22. —
<treatmentCitation id="CC6DEC55FF23B3AC4774F99ECBD70D40" author="Jensen, G. C." box="[818,977,1623,1644]" page="65" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="295DB7B5FF23B3AC4774F99ECBD70D40" author="Jensen, G. C." box="[818,977,1623,1644]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" refId="ref227177" refString="Jensen, G. C. (1995) Pacific Coast Crabs and Shrimps. Sea Challengers, Monterey, California, 87 pp." type="book" year="1995">Jensen 1995: 65</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 120. —
<treatmentCitation id="CC6DEC55FF23B3AC4012F99ECD7C0D40" author="Lemaitre, R. &amp; Castano, C." box="[1108,1402,1623,1644]" page="79" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" year="2004">
<bibRefCitation id="295DB7B5FF23B3AC4012F99ECD7C0D40" author="Lemaitre, R. &amp; Castano, C." box="[1108,1402,1623,1644]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="71 - 82" refId="ref229625" refString="Lemaitre, R. &amp; Castano, C. (2004) A new species of Pagurus Fabricius, 1775 from the Pacific coast of Colombia, with a checklist of eastern Pacific species of the genus. Nauplius, 12, 71 - 82." type="journal article" year="2004">Lemaitre &amp; Castaño 2004: 79</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. —
<treatmentCitation id="CC6DEC55FF23B3AC4481F9BCC99C0DA6" author="Kuris, A. M. &amp; Sadeghian, P. &amp; Carlton, J. T." box="[199,410,1653,1674]" page="649" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" year="2007">
<bibRefCitation id="295DB7B5FF23B3AC4481F9BCC99C0DA6" author="Kuris, A. M. &amp; Sadeghian, P. &amp; Carlton, J. T." box="[199,410,1653,1674]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="636 - 656" refId="ref228858" refString="Kuris, A. M., Sadeghian, P. &amp; Carlton, J. T. (2007) Keys to Decapod Crustacea. In: Carlton, J. T. (Ed.) The Light and Smith Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates Central California to Oregon. University of California Press, Berkeley, 4 th ed., pp. 636 - 656." type="book chapter" year="2007">
Kuris
<emphasis id="7FB81656FF23B3AC4544F9BCC92A0DA6" box="[258,300,1653,1674]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">et al</emphasis>
. 2007: 649
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl.
<specimenCount id="5BCA01CDFF23B3AC4585F9BCC9F90DA6" box="[451,511,1653,1674]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" type="generic">326 F.</specimenCount>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="05D699CFFF23B3D344D1F966C9690A48" lastPageId="192" lastPageNumber="193" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="4D73CA44FF23B3AC44D1F966C8EB0CB3" blockId="191.[151,1436,1711,2024]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
<emphasis id="7FB81656FF23B3AC44D1F966C9170DE4" bold="true" box="[151,273,1711,1736]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" reason="1">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Rostrum triangular and low, longer than lateral projections of carapace. Eyestalk stout, cornea not dilated; ocular scale pointed. Major cheliped shorter than pereopods 2, 3; carpus, hand with granules, lateral margins beaded; fingers broad. Minor cheliped barely longer than carpus of major cheliped, ventral margin of merus with strong teeth; carpus, chela with granules. Pereopods 2, 3 stout, dorsal margins with stiff setae, dactyls stout, curved; propodus, dactyl of left pereopod 3 with spines, granules ventrally. Telson asymmetrical proximal to left lateral groove, terminal margin with very shallow concavity, teeth. Uropods asymmetrical. Carapace length to
<quantity id="8A3467A1FF23B3AC44D1F84EC8EF0CB3" box="[151,233,1927,1951]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" unit="mm" value="19.0">19 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4D73CA44FF23B3D34481F862C9190BF8" blockId="191.[151,1436,1711,2024]" lastBlockId="192.[151,1436,151,500]" lastPageId="192" lastPageNumber="193" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
<emphasis id="7FB81656FF23B3AC4481F862C9580CE8" bold="true" box="[199,350,1963,1988]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" reason="1">Color in life.</emphasis>
Greenish brown to olive with red granules. Fingers of chelae with orange apices. Pereopods 2, 3 with prominent blue band in adult, bands of blue and white in juvenile. Antennal flagellum red, carapace with white stripes. Crabs close to molting may be colored blue.
<bibRefCitation id="295DB7B5FF5CB3D34701FF51CBCB0B83" author="Hart, J. F. L." box="[839,973,151,175]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" refId="ref224534" refString="Hart, J. F. L. (1982) Crabs and their Relatives of British Columbia. British Columbia Provincial Museum Handbook 40, Victoria, 267 pp." type="book" year="1982">Hart (1982)</bibRefCitation>
gave a more detailed description of the living color.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4D73CA44FF5CB3D34481FF16CBDC0BDB" blockId="192.[151,1436,151,500]" box="[199,986,223,248]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">
<emphasis id="7FB81656FF5CB3D34481FF16C9AF0BD4" bold="true" box="[199,425,223,248]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" reason="1">Habitat and depth.</emphasis>
Rocks, tide pools and jetties, high intertidal zone.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4D73CA44FF5CB3D34481FECDC9690A48" blockId="192.[151,1436,151,500]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">
<emphasis id="7FB81656FF5CB3D34481FECDC91C0A30" bold="true" box="[199,282,260,284]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" reason="1">Range.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="FDA4C019FF5CB3D34562FECDC96C0A48" country="Mexico" location="Tomales Bay" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Baja California">
Nootka Sound, British Columbia to Point Eugenia,
<collectingRegion id="8F0804A6FF5CB3D3473EFECDCC2F0A30" box="[888,1065,260,284]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Baja California</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="35DB8AD4FF5CB3D3407EFECDCC970A30" box="[1080,1169,260,284]" name="Mexico" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Mexico</collectingCountry>
.
<typeStatus id="927774E6FF5CB3D340D8FECDCCD00A30" box="[1182,1238,260,284]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Type</typeStatus>
locality
<location id="48139C9FFF5CB3D3417BFECDC8C30A6C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C5657B52FF23B3D344D1FA55C9720AD8:48139C9FFF5CB3D3417BFECDC8C30A6C" country="Mexico" name="Tomales Bay" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" stateProvince="Baja California">Tomales Bay</location>
, California. Reports from
<collectingCountry id="35DB8AD4FF5CB3D3464FFEE1CA4F0A13" box="[521,585,296,319]" name="Japan" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Japan</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="35DB8AD4FF5CB3D346C8FEEECADF0A13" box="[654,729,295,319]" name="Russia" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Russia</collectingCountry>
should be referred to a sibling species,
<taxonomicName id="8ACCB1C7FF5CB3D34097FEE0C96C0A48" authority="McLaughlin, 1976" authorityName="McLaughlin" authorityYear="1976" class="Malacostraca" family="Paguridae" genus="Pagurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geminus">
<emphasis id="7FB81656FF5CB3D34097FEE0CD9D0A13" box="[1233,1435,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Pagurus geminus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="295DB7B5FF5CB3D344D1FE85C96C0A48" author="McLaughlin, P. A." box="[151,362,332,356]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="13 - 26" refId="ref230251" refString="McLaughlin, P. A. (1976) A new Japanese hermit crab (Decapoda, Paguridae) resembling Pagurus samuelis (Stimpson). Crustaceana, 30, 13 - 26." type="journal article" year="1976">McLaughlin, 1976</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="05D699CFFF5CB3D34481FEB9C9720AD8" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="4D73CA44FF5CB3D34481FEB9C9720AD8" blockId="192.[151,1436,151,500]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">
<emphasis id="7FB81656FF5CB3D34481FEB9C93D0AA4" bold="true" box="[199,315,368,392]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" reason="1">Remarks.</emphasis>
This is the best-known intertidal hermit crab of
<collectingRegion id="8F0804A6FF5CB3D34733FEA6CBE00AAB" box="[885,998,367,391]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">California</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="8F0804A6FF5CB3D34065FEA6CC7D0AAB" box="[1059,1147,367,391]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Oregon</collectingRegion>
. It is abundant along the outer coastline and just inside the mouths of larger bays and harbors, such as San Francisco Bay and Los
<collectingRegion id="8F0804A6FF5CB3D34106FE5DCD9A0A80" box="[1344,1436,404,428]" country="Philippines" name="Angeles" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Angeles</collectingRegion>
Harbor. It usually inhabits shells of
<taxonomicName id="8ACCB1C7FF5CB3D34677FE71CAB50AE3" box="[561,691,440,464]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tegulidae" genus="Tegula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="7FB81656FF5CB3D34677FE71CA7A0AFC" box="[561,636,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Tegula</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
Slipper shells (
<taxonomicName id="8ACCB1C7FF5CB3D34723FE7ECC020AE3" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1809" box="[869,1028,439,463]" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Calyptraeidae</taxonomicName>
) may live inside the aperture of the shell or on top of it.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>