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<document id="7A05673743174CCB9368CD21FC2E9159" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.772.25288" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d19b557b-d2e3-4706-b122-947d62d13b67" ID-PMC="PMC6045682" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-772-47" ID-PubMed="30018508" ID-ZooBank="05B37CE0CEE741A8904568C28C91332E" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-772-47" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 772" ModsDocTitle="Updated list of the insect parasitoids (Insecta, Hymenoptera) associated with Lobesiabotrana (Denis &amp; Schiffermüller, 1775) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in Italy. 2. Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Anomaloninae and Campopleginae" checkinTime="1530897028880" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Scaramozzino, Pier Luigi, Giovanni, Filippo Di, Loni, Augusto, Ricciardi, Renato &amp; Lucchi, Andrea" docDate="2018" docId="C32D4A07AB5DBFB49D2138933BF3B5BA" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 772: 47-95" docOrigin="ZooKeys 772" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.772.25288" docTitle="Trichomma enecator Rossi 1790" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="47" masterDocId="FFB2C354FFB18054FF87FFC162070E72" masterDocTitle="Updated list of the insect parasitoids (Insecta, Hymenoptera) associated with Lobesiabotrana (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller, 1775) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in Italy. 2. Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Anomaloninae and Campopleginae" masterLastPageNumber="95" masterPageNumber="47" pageNumber="47" updateTime="1701315097240" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="137546738085C055C789E2531431C07C">Updated list of the insect parasitoids (Insecta, Hymenoptera) associated with Lobesiabotrana (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller, 1775) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in Italy. 2. Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Anomaloninae and Campopleginae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="2C185EA8919A015C19080A9B6960A8FB" type="personal">
<mods:role id="B4A658F8DE25F1891CA98E248C251209">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="4FE4CFED04F60D40B67CF2C9B1A67914">Scaramozzino, Pier Luigi</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="164ACBF7E281D8642D417B705A7CB17F" type="personal">
<mods:role id="4DDB0C4CCC1A1E1D22DA41EEACAE37E0">
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<mods:namePart id="9F73D1E3F483C84580EA3F9080CBE95A">Giovanni, Filippo Di</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="12F03981FE195DCCE70761B44FD5B886" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="C7213D4F03E97535984A71F34A555426">Loni, Augusto</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="A0FD76D4C10A075299D9CF7B921D9367" type="personal">
<mods:role id="2A6568A947617F99ACD328D5BC4A790F">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="26A493F015541A92F5104848C0885F1B">Ricciardi, Renato</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="46F025BC259471A535D5BA804DCC93E6" type="personal">
<mods:role id="AB162DE17C0CDBBE41BCB9F35272D6C9">
<mods:roleTerm id="0CA3F9D9970CEC8EA97280577ED79326">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="F81FF3134C64926B5F8743529162571B">Lucchi, Andrea</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="56C6944E15CF328018C82CD3077D21EE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="D7E424C3BEAEBC7E62D1BAF3DB62627C" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="1F15BB5168B30A25372DA441DA69A59D">
<mods:title id="50D04B594B2D5037899D50B031B539C4">ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="92EF63F386F3BFC2D0401280E954BA50">
<mods:date id="5B2FD998E744B7C4CCD18DD828548A43">2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="F1CEC98E6E051096EE2A28FE464BC362" type="volume">
<mods:number id="62C3458918381BAC79B7F248E14A03EC">772</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="D816A794D800FBAC3425FE8F90DCB60F">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="838046317903EF31C03C2C52B82B8B23" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.772.25288</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="C32D4A07AB5DBFB49D2138933BF3B5BA" ID-GBIF-Taxon="146053559" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C32D4A07AB5DBFB49D2138933BF3B5BA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C32D4A07AB5DBFB49D2138933BF3B5BA" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<subSubSection id="FDFDEC2F8285D30DD6DCB0D78A9A5C99" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="144E3E754817A1E039F733D9D2220775" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="1CDC8D457E8B153F114DA1F677BF9E8E" ID-CoL="58FBG" authority="Rossi, 1790" authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1790" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Trichomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trichomma enecator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="enecator">Trichomma enecator (Rossi, 1790)</taxonomicName>
Figure 2
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F1752CE77705920E184D965F262A8C4A" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="9873B8589A81C1A21E43B7384B0CF6AD" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="B5AAA8689695C551512C31008082CA1A" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Trichomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trichomma enecator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="enecator">Trichomma enecator</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="5D6F611696E6B23C1B04FE114D4AB781" author="Colombera, S" journalOrPublisher="IOBC / WPRS Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="91 - 96" title="Comparison between the parasitoids of Lobesiabotrana and Eupoeciliaambiguella in conventional and integrated vineyards." volume="24" year="2001">Colombera et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
: 94;
<bibRefCitation id="D2188CD2FA41E90AC3579DE711096490" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Scaramozzino et al. 2017b</bibRefCitation>
: 133.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="733446F64754A32CC2FA26CE34459155" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="C51F1B3E52AD4B017BD0AB0934A30274" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Italian distribution of reared parasitoids.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C113509B8AF5267B7015046ABF23F315" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
Piedmont:
<bibRefCitation id="876AA01B42CE35CC6461F5CE63DA3543" author="Colombera, S" journalOrPublisher="IOBC / WPRS Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="91 - 96" title="Comparison between the parasitoids of Lobesiabotrana and Eupoeciliaambiguella in conventional and integrated vineyards." volume="24" year="2001">Colombera et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="67A8C13D68AC59B84BF0EA81F4356A77" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
Tuscany:
<bibRefCitation id="3742ECA935C1F28D1832948534BDA536" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Scaramozzino et al. 2017b</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="302FB6429CDD68BCC494EABDCB6204E5" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D038DFA9825F5015379E47FA93481CB7" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7212041C062116ADD244ABF3BF1936C0" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
Palaearctic species occurring throughout Europe, Canary Islands, Near East (Turkey and Syria), Northern and Central Russia, Kazakhstan, Russian Far East, Korea and Japan (
<bibRefCitation id="99353EB9686E7060C6875F1872DAC42B" author="Yu, DSK" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" url="http://www.taxapad.com" year="2012">Yu et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="297E2C2D52F8EFFF8E537A4DBE468B9D" author="Zwakhals, K" journalOrPublisher="Redia" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" url="http://fauna-eu.org" year="2017">Zwakhals and van Achterberg 2017</bibRefCitation>
). In 1931, it was released in North America (New Jersey, USA) to control the Oriental fruit moth, without becoming established (
<bibRefCitation id="038FE8B88ED47F1B1BA5138C20A966AC" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Carlson 1979</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BEF6EBA9707AA5779AF41065FF429F8B" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="host">
<paragraph id="7B19E12982C8D122E0DCDF67B72D3FCD" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Host range.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FFE3E37A3A0B102CDC10996A33C5E154" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
Females lay eggs on young larvae that live hidden in the vegetation.
<bibRefCitation id="A736B493B807ED08A48C4BBE3299D25F" author="Yu, DSK" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" url="http://www.taxapad.com" year="2012">Yu et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
list 28 host species, many of which belong to the family
<taxonomicName id="C825D920EA0B5E8A01126C419DD89DBF" family="Tortricidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Tortricidae</taxonomicName>
, including the fruit crop pests
<taxonomicName id="DCA91090CB89EA525FBDFFAA85C7D3D3" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cydia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cydia pomonella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pomonella">Cydia pomonella</taxonomicName>
(Linnaeus, 1758),
<taxonomicName id="20BBCD4F06A755C4A125BF315F6AC549" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archips rosana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosana">Archips rosana</taxonomicName>
(Linnaeus, 1758) and
<taxonomicName id="86856DDF316513F3BDA7013BAA861D4E" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Grapholita" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Grapholita molesta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molesta">Grapholita molesta</taxonomicName>
(Busck, 1916). The following species need to be added to the list:
<taxonomicName id="69DC3C3617B2E79B6F24272ED015CA0A" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Aphelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphelia (Zelotherses) peramplana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peramplana" subGenus="Zelotherses">Aphelia (Zelotherses) peramplana</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken id="577D4170BB4D8CB1A66583344E23D668" originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
, 1825) (=
<taxonomicName id="6DABBE6644E67AD4592F38FBE2675BC8" lsidName="A. amplana" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="amplana">A. amplana</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="C5D131E902B04C0EB484138F61DAFBE0" originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
, 1813) (
<bibRefCitation id="979E9689F031C5EAFE2BC3288779EFF9" author="Vas, Z" journalOrPublisher="Bullettin of the Entomological Society of Malta" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="139 - 142" title="New records of ichneumon wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) from Malta." volume="7" year="2015">Vas et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="7A3883B0AEA9B4FAC5CD59D8EC1130A2" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archips crataegana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crataegana">Archips crataegana</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken id="0C3DD5F409EABB51C960384B22E3DE28" originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
, 1799) (
<bibRefCitation id="6D6AADEAC4896F7499B4B5B40A8EB35A" author="Lungu-Constantineanu, CS" journalOrPublisher="Buletinul de informare entomologic ӑ, Societatea Lepidopterologic ӑ Roman ӑ" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="39 - 42" title="Parasitoid ichneumonids (Hymenoptera) of some defoliator Tortricidae moths in Barnova forest massif, Iasi county." volume="20" year="2009">Lungu-Constantineanu 2009</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="6CDB1F0D7400573F71558EDD0E886A0F" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cacoecimorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacoecimorpha pronubana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pronubana">Cacoecimorpha pronubana</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken id="8573A0D643EB2C412402A566F07FE900" originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
, 1799) (
<bibRefCitation id="D5E5E7D7641D7B6DB7C4560EB8A2317A" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Scaramozzino et al. 2017b</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="1163A54929ACC789C5606EFEC444D6BF" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cydia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cydia pactolana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pactolana">Cydia pactolana</taxonomicName>
(Zeller, 1840) (
<bibRefCitation id="16346685F015EDEE9F9DCBD62C4B88E2" author="Jansons, A" journalOrPublisher="Biocontrol Science and Technology" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" url="http://www.lvm.lv/images/lvm/Petijumi_un_publikacijas/Petijumi/MS_pielagosana_klimata_izmainam_2013.pdf" year="2013">Jansons 2013</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="F45A6941906A50B6B30627451F03FAE3" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Eudemis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eudemis profundana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="profundana">Eudemis profundana</taxonomicName>
(Denis &amp;
<normalizedToken id="91BC47F0385F5DB59DDFEA84B16A7E75" originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
, 1775) (
<bibRefCitation id="5BE3B168A8451A388DB2B1F730150DCC" author="Zaemdzhikova, GI" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Bulgarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="123 - 129" title="Ichneumon wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) reared from tortrix moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in oak forests in Sofia region, Bulgaria." volume="8" year="2017">Zaemdzhikova 2017</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="7540F8278B34A2D8CD1FBF1C4606586A" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Sparganothis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sparganothis pilleriana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilleriana">Sparganothis pilleriana</taxonomicName>
(Denis &amp;
<normalizedToken id="263C4852F6CFEF22C66B1399155CE4AD" originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
, 1775) (
<bibRefCitation id="FF286179116FD2F0FDE50AE66CBE425F" author="Habermehl, H" journalOrPublisher="Konowia" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="77 - 86" title="Beitraege zur Kenntnis der palaearktischen Ichneumonidenfauna." volume="1" year="1922">Habermehl 1922</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="18CF55BC557F937AA2839C823454F740" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Spilonota" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spilonota ocellana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocellana">Spilonota ocellana</taxonomicName>
(Denis &amp;
<normalizedToken id="FB0132ADD0C11CD231DBF8687A106CCB" originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
, 1775) (
<bibRefCitation id="05200D725B7EDA6435C974E157780EF2" author="Nuzhna, AD" journalOrPublisher="Optimization and Protection of Ecosystems, Simferopol," pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="76 - 81" title="Ichneumonidae of the subfamily Anomaloninae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in the Crimean fauna." volume="22" year="2010">Nuzhna 2010</bibRefCitation>
) among the
<taxonomicName id="1B397895F97E1DDC584D4853B6F52D93" family="Tortricidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Tortricidae</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="CF6701F39C62BA88B66B752C30681F14" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Anacampsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anacampsis populella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="populella">Anacampsis populella</taxonomicName>
(Clerck, 1759) (
<bibRefCitation id="3D1EEAA724D4E707C583A5FFBA1AEDF2" author="Hassanein, FA" journalOrPublisher="Anzeiger fuer Schaedlingskunde, Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="20 - 23" title="Zur Morphologie, Biologie und Oekologie von Anacampsispopulella (Clerck) (Lep., Gelechiidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01903247" volume="51" year="1978">Hassanein 1978</bibRefCitation>
) among
<taxonomicName id="2575493BDA8ABAFE59E199AD30563966" family="Gelechiidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Gelechiidae</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="F0385002868D6AEE463536697CF4B20D" class="Insecta" family="Lasiocampidae" genus="Macrothylacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrothylacia rubi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubi">Macrothylacia rubi</taxonomicName>
(Linnaeus, 1758) (
<bibRefCitation id="6B3A1BB3C929A01B6BEDB1AC4621B1F2" author="Nuzhna, AD" journalOrPublisher="Optimization and Protection of Ecosystems, Simferopol," pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="76 - 81" title="Ichneumonidae of the subfamily Anomaloninae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in the Crimean fauna." volume="22" year="2010">Nuzhna 2010</bibRefCitation>
) among
<taxonomicName id="74CB8E1B35EF62EDA4069EE8E4BABE02" family="Lasiocampidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Lasiocampidae</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="3F75D993835C9F229341BA4A2FD0F999" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Acrobasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acrobasis suavella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suavella">Acrobasis suavella</taxonomicName>
(Zincken, 1818) (
<bibRefCitation id="9865945C7F8EC33678759550BD522041" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Morley 1915</bibRefCitation>
) among
<taxonomicName id="D91E8A6FA2DDBC1268EE3500462264D4" family="Pyralidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
; and
<taxonomicName id="973279268ED41D169EA410E30E1C59D5" class="Insecta" family="Endromidae" genus="Prismosticta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prismosticta fenestrata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fenestrata">Prismosticta fenestrata</taxonomicName>
Butler, 1880 among
<taxonomicName id="3159ACA16D57EFFDFA8C91196AB24ECF" family="Endromidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Endromidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="15BB11846F62671D82B274CCA2F9F06C" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Morley 1915</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="8577FD1ADB18939C33FF4E0DAE7075AA" author="Habermehl, H" journalOrPublisher="Konowia" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="77 - 86" title="Beitraege zur Kenntnis der palaearktischen Ichneumonidenfauna." volume="1" year="1922">Habermehl (1922)</bibRefCitation>
reports as host also
<taxonomicName id="8E21488AA6A295F75AAF3C2BF024D867" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Gelechia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gelechia boticella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boticella">Gelechia boticella</taxonomicName>
, but the identity of this species still remains unclear.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7BAF00A4521122BCCFA9851BF44B8F14" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
Ultimately, 40 host species of
<taxonomicName id="5530837DC0746E7159E3D0B1BB99792D" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Trichomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trichomma enecator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="enecator">Trichomma enecator</taxonomicName>
have been reported: 25 species belonging to
<taxonomicName id="C47180DEEC0D16AED8614F1E16F0BACE" family="Tortricidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Tortricidae</taxonomicName>
, three each to
<taxonomicName id="6A62375C8E13DF62D53792C792F6051D" family="Gelechiidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Gelechiidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="951B7823F4F1696E3FDC2802434A65CC" family="Pyralidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
, and one each to
<taxonomicName id="B4073C425260015FB74748410677B1CA" family="Elachistidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Elachistidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F227C4417901954CF9AE1330FDE659DD" family="Endromidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Endromidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E32548850890C95861DE29594E53CD5A" family="Erebidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Erebidae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="216482B49B1A753275893FC7013965F1" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Lymantria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lymantria dispar" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dispar">Lymantria dispar</taxonomicName>
(Linnaeus, 1758)),
<taxonomicName id="6C7A74F5A3E8CE26A1261C34406B0363" family="Gracillariidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Gracillariidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="25AFE55DBFDD9A885478B4CBEE80862C" family="Lasiocampidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Lasiocampidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="402C503F7590EF83851DD870754F23B6" family="Noctuidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D188A64A0A83703C7DD982B1A9716604" family="Nolidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Nolidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A752ABE560FB128E2AF9CA75A2157AF5" family="Psychidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Psychidae</taxonomicName>
. The record by
<bibRefCitation id="33ABB515DBAF771347257822A0F0CA8E" author="Starke, H" journalOrPublisher="Natura Lusatica (Bautzen)" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="17 - 92" title="Ichneumonidenfauna der saechsischen Oberlausitz." volume="3" year="1956">Starke (1956</bibRefCitation>
in
<bibRefCitation id="954B1A7BFBDCCEDE03BE46B566A23C23" author="Yu, DSK" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" url="http://www.taxapad.com" year="2012">Yu et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
) of
<taxonomicName id="2AD1FA5C027C6A1C593154B9DB31D639" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Plioreocepta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plioreocepta poeciloptera" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="poeciloptera">Plioreocepta poeciloptera</taxonomicName>
(Schrank, 1776) (
<taxonomicName id="9FE4C7C6FEBC6D25D2E6FE830A740090" lsidName="Symphyta" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="839A48906EE2975A214EB1F572210AF9" family="Tephritidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Tephritidae</taxonomicName>
) seems unlikely and is probably wrong.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83BF481EEF651097E1C18600051012CD" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
In Italy,
<taxonomicName id="DED9D53D62CA6535C8E269A85066BD04" lsidName="T. enecator" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="enecator">T. enecator</taxonomicName>
is reported on:
<taxonomicName id="1440A3A05E068606EEADF020BC8D0C24" class="Insecta" family="Nolidae" genus="Earias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Earias clorana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clorana">Earias clorana</taxonomicName>
(Linnaeus, 1761) (
<taxonomicName id="388CD7EEC6565F97E3DC8122DFCE6A2A" lsidName="Symphyta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="9493CEB73785277518ABBDB7B0AA1388" family="Nolidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Nolidae</taxonomicName>
) on goat willow (
<taxonomicName id="9F78350278BA4A331C1A8E217ADF08F0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Salix caprea" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caprea">Salix caprea</taxonomicName>
Linnaeus, 1753) (
<bibRefCitation id="35E7FFEE2350F5274504BC2F5B51EA8B" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Leonardi 1925</bibRefCitation>
);
<taxonomicName id="6AD2C44B4C24BD92B7DF319592D82539" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cydia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cydia pomonella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pomonella">Cydia pomonella</taxonomicName>
in Campania (
<bibRefCitation id="5B6C6FE2C2BAB8FFF15D69E8D15B2CDD" author="Sciarra, G" journalOrPublisher="Scuola d'Agricoltura in Portici" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="32 - 50" title="Contribuzione alla conoscenza della Carpocapsapomonella (L.). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della R." volume="10" year="1915">Sciarra 1915</bibRefCitation>
) and Emilia Romagna (
<bibRefCitation id="34EB6674338D038BF3251060A4280693" author="Faggioli, D" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia della Universita degli Studi di Bologna" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="19 - 40" title="Appunti entomologici. V." volume="11" year="1938">Faggioli 1938</bibRefCitation>
);
<taxonomicName id="D5ADA9D1AB17A350109FD5673B25807A" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tortrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tortrix viridana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridana">Tortrix viridana</taxonomicName>
Linnaeus, 1758 and
<taxonomicName id="F8C033ACFCDC6B5A3F541CEB5F76687D" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Aleimma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleimma loeflingiana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="loeflingiana">Aleimma loeflingiana</taxonomicName>
(Linnaeus, 1758) (
<taxonomicName id="7718DBD4237554CFF283F4D1EA11921C" lsidName="Symphyta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="D26D22FA9BF5539D11AE270F00FA1A96" family="Tortricidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Tortricidae</taxonomicName>
) on oak in Calabria and Campania, respectively (
<bibRefCitation id="86BFF17810061B83BA1FA3B3BD2FA51D" author="Silvestri, F" journalOrPublisher="Scuola d'Agricoltura in Portici" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="41 - 107" title="Contribuzioni alla conoscenza dei Tortricidi delle Querce (I - II). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della R." volume="17" year="1923">Silvestri 1923</bibRefCitation>
);
<taxonomicName id="8A538F0958E5D9E958BF86247120711B" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Grapholita" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Grapholita molesta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molesta">Grapholita molesta</taxonomicName>
in Emilia Romagna (
<bibRefCitation id="F32E027C74E8B88CB4D5633751EA469C" author="Grandi, G" journalOrPublisher="Bolletino dell'Istituto di Entomologia della Reale Universita di Bologna" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="250 - 252" title="Parassiti della Cydiamolesta Busck riscontrati nell'Emilia." volume="9" year="1937">Grandi 1937</bibRefCitation>
);
<taxonomicName id="0590F156A64ACC60303E619ACE0B0CB1" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Rhyacionia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhyacionia buoliana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buoliana">Rhyacionia buoliana</taxonomicName>
(Denis &amp;
<normalizedToken id="90CC1EB023E235C15440BBF45CCD63FE" originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
, 1775) in Tuscany (
<bibRefCitation id="646125CE3622CD9FE63CF068B9177050" author="Zocchi, R" journalOrPublisher="Redia" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="346 - 369" title="Contributi alla conoscenza degli insetti delle piante forestali. II. Note biologiche sull'Evetriabuoliana Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." volume="37" year="1952">Zocchi 1952</bibRefCitation>
);
<taxonomicName id="1A073F80576BD89D81AC10E1FE91C31B" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cacoecimorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacoecimorpha pronubana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pronubana">Cacoecimorpha pronubana</taxonomicName>
feeding on spurge flax (
<taxonomicName id="E7AD7612B258610A720D780B1D6AA50B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Thymelaeaceae" genus="Daphne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Daphne gnidium" order="Malvales" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gnidium">Daphne gnidium</taxonomicName>
Linnaeus, 1753) in Tuscany (
<bibRefCitation id="7210A5366153F961AC69593CA627A93E" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Scaramozzino et al. 2017b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A1FDADDD5908FDEC565F7AE0E1C1D8FE" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="ecological role">
<paragraph id="3CDE36502E5C9D3A1EA9496A11C8316B" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Ecological role.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF136F03302CC298641C5CCB1E0EFB14" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="198203080BD5D240BCEEC0AC533F0EE4" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Trichomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trichomma enecator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="enecator">Trichomma enecator</taxonomicName>
is a solitary, koinobiont, larval-pupal endoparasitoid on fruit-mining or other concealed lepidopterous larvae. It is one of the most common parasitoids of the codling moth in Europe (
<bibRefCitation id="04ADD396E18551C2CAEA6A7CCA452285" author="Franck, P" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Molecular Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 16" title="Molecular tools for the detection and the identification of Hymenoptera parasitoids in tortricid fruit pests." url="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18102031" volume="18" year="2017">Franck et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
). Although quite common, its control action on the codling moth is limited, with parasitization rates rarely exceeding 5% (Table 4), being inexplicably absent in some apple orchards (
<bibRefCitation id="829A469495062B0F746237113905BDCD" author="Maalouly, M" journalOrPublisher="Agriculture Ecosystems &amp; Environment" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="33 - 42" title="Codling moth parasitism is affected by semi-natural habitats and agricultural practices at orchard and landscape levels." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.02.008" volume="169" year="2013">Maalouly et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="6A5F74DE1A6CCBE5C3472CA8500AE5DB" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<paragraph id="B2D947957DA19A538249B282A41977AC" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
Table 4.
<taxonomicName id="701964CC695E4C87209EF4087B45BD4A" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Trichomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trichomma enecator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="enecator">Trichomma enecator</taxonomicName>
(Rossi): parasitization rates recorded on
<taxonomicName id="3A219C5DD668D8745A24739965A03E2B" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cydia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cydia pomonella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pomonella">Cydia pomonella</taxonomicName>
and other hosts.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="CBBD38097E9CE622CFC0CE57B74E02C2" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<table id="449394B127117F297A1EB02BC1DD6920" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<tr id="5A49B53DBD59B07AA77AECCB93CBA5CE" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<th id="3A53FBCC65C0542B9AAC291799010318" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">Species</th>
<th id="406CC1219EF23B2784F0A237C0249DF4" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">Place</th>
<th id="78650476385B84D81B2EB8F9D24AB5CD" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">Parasitization rate</th>
<th id="ABA765C426672C46B0DC9668DC8E2A00" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">Reference</th>
<th id="2AF8D372D46B820BDA8E550EE4D3568B" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">Notes</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E0084F76F6864FF40CC74A249B0CAAD1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<td id="1FCC6CCCE4935739D0092F9E3010CB93" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="F68C6659C7121A5F63353020BAE750FC" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cydia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cydia pomonella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pomonella">Cydia pomonella</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="10D82B4A2447317B44F32C576BA5C1DD" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="CF098380C46D515E509371212AF288C8" author="Rosenberg, HT" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Entomological Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="201 - 256" title="The biology and distribution in France of the larval parasites of Cydiapomonella, L." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300012657" volume="25" year="1934">Rosenberg (1934)</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="605A052C5D457424BC81A4F8D05D7D37" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<td id="0BD106FE89CB5D994BE0796A02A7096D" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="69DA42A95CA0F1F6AC0CED4A9E70E594" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cydia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cydia pomonella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pomonella">Cydia pomonella</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="BB420E8DCC4DF9BE35EB5A8200CF2463" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="F61E59F38F01E637F33934F9B15CCB62" author="Athanassov, AZ" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="153 - 162" title="Parasitoids of codling moth and other leafrollers (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in apple orchards and forests in south-west Switzerland." volume="71" year="1998">Athanassov et al. (1998)</bibRefCitation>
</td>
<td id="39C2E783038201CF591C01C3150204ED" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="953AD7B525252FE755697C0BBFE8B6DC" lsidName="T. enecator" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="enecator">T. enecator</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="5B8C4E127C22A6928BB1B893D6681019" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<td id="4A15838B7431555F85490B40E1A46086" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="E4FABD1EB2A5330F4D5FA5251D9DB7CA" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cydia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cydia pomonella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pomonella">Cydia pomonella</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="D470FCB22DC99E31931E7FE263B48171" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="A5386C4989957CADE4F1EE6D89B2F1C7" author="Ismail, M" journalOrPublisher="Biocontrol Science and Technology" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="72 - 85" title="Mortality factors affecting immature stages of codling moth, Cydiapomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and the impact of parasitoid complex." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2015.1076378" volume="26" year="2016">Ismail and Albittar (2016)</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="612D77C86AFB0A967B8B27FFC81EF951" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<td id="BBBD954DA9A566622EBBAA1C30DBFD9E" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="A8B167CBC55C8B2088A48126038C1E57" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cydia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cydia pomonella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pomonella">Cydia pomonella</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="F0A33DBB09F8D8267A3CD840FD83C95F" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="525A54EB36B42545B978C5BB9E42A0D1" author="Ismail, M" journalOrPublisher="Biocontrol Science and Technology" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="72 - 85" title="Mortality factors affecting immature stages of codling moth, Cydiapomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and the impact of parasitoid complex." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2015.1076378" volume="26" year="2016">Ismail and Albittar (2016)</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DD8EEE61D9ECB4B58B39250ABF95AAF4" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<td id="46EC3989CDEC56CBC03860326BD0A853" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="018AA819E3DE3BABF6DC16888DE979A8" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cydia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cydia pomonella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pomonella">Cydia pomonella</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="85AD1DA85A5451ACC8F7501963478D9E" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="0BC780FCF7D0F6BAE6292C71C3CDFFF0" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Lashkari-Bod and Zebitz (2014)</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4DA784B852CB0C7AA555A774C5926BE" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<td id="CBA725E445B686C80692E2B640C9EFE5" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="EEE5D0F84E135E20D900772238C8536C" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cydia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cydia pomonella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pomonella">Cydia pomonella</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="632F3A9E778D21D4CE7F5E3726677BF5" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="469E96172D6F4C686D3A53A01260F559" author="Mills, NJ" journalOrPublisher="Biological Control" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="274 - 282" title="Selecting effective parasitoids for biological control introductions: codling moth as a case study." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.02.012" volume="34" year="2005">Mills (2005)</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9C3FBC9763A8A205F195633A45744065" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<td id="5B553DE2AC3CB9C42D98CA9D0D057ADC" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="1B29B5575FC72A2C82AFC97DACB1C18B" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cydia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cydia pomonella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pomonella">Cydia pomonella</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="C2521073596C33C4F4321B409B5C7514" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="BA3D0735FC9EF74A4FC1FEB114A437A7" author="Mills, NJ" journalOrPublisher="Biological Control" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="274 - 282" title="Selecting effective parasitoids for biological control introductions: codling moth as a case study." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.02.012" volume="34" year="2005">Mills (2005)</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3A24A948CCC306FF380DBF88E722DE2C" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<td id="96D3F06DB8A60958F2B5AC60918F5A19" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="A6B443E454B24EA73925AA56099462B2" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cydia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cydia pomonella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pomonella">Cydia pomonella</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="F153792A30A59B9A7BB0EA6D60EF8F95" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="B4A56F69C36054E3B42C91E5613FD661" author="Minarro, M" journalOrPublisher="Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="507 - 517" title="Parasitoids of the codling moth Cydiapomonella in Asturian apple orchards." volume="30" year="2004">
<normalizedToken id="87AAE6C13D307C1881D23CCC81709FAC" originalValue="Miñarro">Minarro</normalizedToken>
and Dapena (2004)
</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="1264AF46A663897870FA30093D4A5DE2" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<td id="E18C1C0BC4B0A529C91A66F7ADCF614C" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="10D09A8186B418696CC1D64D3077814B" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cydia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cydia pomonella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pomonella">Cydia pomonella</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="7803F81385EF3C34526C1D6F513C2461" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="30DAA839EB60B7FC8B2A2CE896F5ECD6" author="Wildbolz, T" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="199 - 204" title="Der Schluepfverlauf maennlicher und weiblicher Apfelwicklerfalter (Cydiapomonella) und der Raupenparasiten im Insektarium." volume="58" year="1985">Wildbolz and Staub (1985)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="BD91EAFB0A40E12A31106E3129BC853E" author="Athanassov, AZ" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="153 - 162" title="Parasitoids of codling moth and other leafrollers (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in apple orchards and forests in south-west Switzerland." volume="71" year="1998">Athanassov et al. (1998)</bibRefCitation>
</td>
<td id="A89550AF2397A69C0E6560E22EE6ABD2" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="3DA72851155E6E032C0E92B5DAEC43D0" author="Hoehn, H" journalOrPublisher="IOBC / WPRS Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="87 - 93" title="Codling moth (Cydiapomonella L.): investigations on diapause and hibernation." volume="22" year="1999">
<normalizedToken id="FF440D219E2B614FED8E77413804B5CE" originalValue="Höhn">Hoehn</normalizedToken>
et al. (1999)
</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="88073EF94A807F4F57F8D60EEBCB5720" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<td id="675A9DABE9E170CE56C95F5EBEEA091C" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="F45CA6930D6004DE19CC4A6FEB810B7D" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archips crataegana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crataegana">Archips crataegana</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="3CCB8636B8457F80AECFAA6702C9B4ED" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="D842B57125BDE75CEF438C858F491184" author="Lungu-Constantineanu, CS" journalOrPublisher="Buletinul de informare entomologic ӑ, Societatea Lepidopterologic ӑ Roman ӑ" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="39 - 42" title="Parasitoid ichneumonids (Hymenoptera) of some defoliator Tortricidae moths in Barnova forest massif, Iasi county." volume="20" year="2009">Lungu-Constantineanu (2009)</bibRefCitation>
</td>
<td id="16C90533FAB4D40D209889305344FEB1" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="2ACDF022357CBA8A699A4F55966FF19E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus petraea" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="petraea">Quercus petraea</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E71D32C4B56701A32D4EEB4A9A10D33D" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<td id="FEFC9E8679C6CA8AD7DF3BEB5E25AA6E" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="8F8A674E296A88311B5C246FC0A59295" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archips rosana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosana">Archips rosana</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="1FFAD66AF5DF1AFB5BED1C78D486E3B3" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation id="CC67360FEE7C667DFAC1E3B13423CC0E" author="Piekarska-Boniecka, H" journalOrPublisher="Wiadomosci Entomologiczne" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="185 - 190" title="[Contribution to the knowledge of the leaf-rollers (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) and their parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) occurring on the red currant in the environs of Poznan.] (in Polish with English summary)." volume="13" year="1994">Piekarska-Boniecka (1994)</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B5A1BB8BF4BBCCE0BF271826B7F86BA1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
What we know about its biology is mainly due to
<bibRefCitation id="DD094A48D4FE84C3989FC773A3FFE0B6" author="Rosenberg, HT" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Entomological Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="201 - 256" title="The biology and distribution in France of the larval parasites of Cydiapomonella, L." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300012657" volume="25" year="1934">Rosenberg (1934)</bibRefCitation>
, who studied the codling moth in French apple orchards. This parasitoid attacks the host larvae, hibernating in the larval stage inside the host; the adult emerges from the pupa, some weeks before the host; the emergence period, in outdoor insectary, lasts 10-24 days, from the second half of May to the beginning of June. In captivity both genders may live approximately a month. Females start to oviposit one or two days after emergence, and their eggs hatch in approximately eight days (
<bibRefCitation id="ED4818A2DBDDE479DBA55F1FA99BF29D" author="Rosenberg, HT" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Entomological Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="201 - 256" title="The biology and distribution in France of the larval parasites of Cydiapomonella, L." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300012657" volume="25" year="1934">Rosenberg 1934</bibRefCitation>
). Despite its presence in most of the areas in
<normalizedToken id="FBD70D9618EB6D1798C3D16A57025B00" originalValue="Rosenberg’s">Rosenberg's</normalizedToken>
survey, the parasitism rate never surpassed 3.11%.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="588A5F9653710CED56AF25D5C5D14D3F" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="BA7A7DC13CB55A33DF6BB07F580012DE" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Trichomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trichomma enecator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="enecator">Trichomma enecator</taxonomicName>
females parasitize all the larval instars of the codling moth inside the fruits. The females are attracted by exudates that accumulate on the surface of the fruits infested by the codling moth larvae; in the absence of these exudates, the parasitization behavior is disrupted (
<bibRefCitation id="E2F62D1BABD92C0012C5DB2D5F0B2FA5" author="Mills, NJ" journalOrPublisher="Walnut Research Reports" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="242 - 249" title="Increasing parasitism of codling moth in walnuts." volume="1992" year="1993">Mills and Dixon 1993</bibRefCitation>
). To breed this species in insectarium is very difficult (
<bibRefCitation id="5F1527551AA6F6D48E57D4441E208F22" author="Mills, NJ" journalOrPublisher="Biological Control" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="274 - 282" title="Selecting effective parasitoids for biological control introductions: codling moth as a case study." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.02.012" volume="34" year="2005">Mills 2005</bibRefCitation>
), even if
<bibRefCitation id="C6309C1CE500B5AD30D2F097B0CA4C87" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Russ and Faber (1978)</bibRefCitation>
were able to rear it until F6 generation by the same method used to rear
<taxonomicName id="97B9A789981B3CABAE6BCDA1AC9E7A6E" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Ascogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ascogaster quadridentatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadridentatus">Ascogaster quadridentatus</taxonomicName>
Wesmael, 1845 (
<taxonomicName id="FC61A377664A613858E3F1EC6B892DBA" lsidName="Symphyta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3B62FBD6888D531FCC91BAED5443BD9" family="Braconidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Braconidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9C35A4565983DDBD82A653E0752A2449" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
At our latitude,
<taxonomicName id="4D71DE027F9F99FB31FFFD62E1805008" lsidName="T. enecator" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="enecator">T. enecator</taxonomicName>
is a multivoltine species, while in Central-Northern Europe (
<bibRefCitation id="0B3C4878F8B530E0F9013C6C1DFD29B5" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Gauld and Mitchell 1977</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EA27D073BD045E36F0F75DF618067E01" author="Sedivy, J" journalOrPublisher="Klapalekiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="59 - 69" title="Contribution to the taxonomy and knowledge of hosts of ichneumonids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)." volume="37" year="2001">Sedivy 2001</bibRefCitation>
) and Spain (
<bibRefCitation id="BA2D2E2445B4663BD0D04ED767F8276F" author="Minarro, M" journalOrPublisher="Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="507 - 517" title="Parasitoids of the codling moth Cydiapomonella in Asturian apple orchards." volume="30" year="2004">
<normalizedToken id="5E04D9107B1A1754271F00C12DAB51B3" originalValue="Miñarro">Minarro</normalizedToken>
and Dapena 2004
</bibRefCitation>
) it is presumably bivoltine. According to our personal observations, in Italy it shows three generations per year, and can attack all three generations of EGVM.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FDECCB047DE72AACD5C02FA32987CAE0" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="643FC02F666595B992DD401F1A1ACD7A" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Trichomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trichomma enecator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="enecator">Trichomma enecator</taxonomicName>
has a secondary importance on EGVM;
<bibRefCitation id="0DF1BFAB70DA6706382FD84C67221EBE" author="Telenga, NA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Pest Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="101 - 106" title="Parasiten und ihre Bedeutung in der Dynamik des Traubenwicklers (Polychrosisbotrana Schiff.)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02336199" volume="10" year="1934">Telenga (1934)</bibRefCitation>
obtained it in early June in Crimea. In Piedmont (Italy), a single specimen emerged from pupae of the overwintering generation of
<taxonomicName id="097F3EA023D57D184D6426657F99FD53" lsidName="L. botrana" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="botrana">L. botrana</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="5D5EA257DBE5BFC1CCA3D5DEE5117224" author="Colombera, S" journalOrPublisher="IOBC / WPRS Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="91 - 96" title="Comparison between the parasitoids of Lobesiabotrana and Eupoeciliaambiguella in conventional and integrated vineyards." volume="24" year="2001">Colombera et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
). In the Natural Reserve of San Rossore (Pisa, Tuscany), we obtained 13 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="76F8B603C743CDC5263FEDC504DA0D79" lsidName="T. enecator" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="enecator">T. enecator</taxonomicName>
from EGVM pupae in July 2012 and from EGVM and
<taxonomicName id="73F1E2982B1D38C5DEE0357E813FD613" lsidName="C. pronubana" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="pronubana">C. pronubana</taxonomicName>
pupae in May and July 2014. Pupae of both tortricids were collected into the nests formed by the larva on the apical buds of the spurge flax
<taxonomicName id="A5E88AB45AFF8373050121F3E2CF9543" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Thymelaeaceae" genus="Daphne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Daphne gnidium" order="Malvales" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gnidium">Daphne gnidium</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="CD620ADA6893DB10F2ECF713E97AD659" lsidName="Symphyta" order="Malvales" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="order">Malvales</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="EA0AC2E0324A1D8F90366E65BE4C6682" family="Thymelaeaceae" lsidName="Symphyta" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="family">Thymelaeaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="51FC35BC5DDB85858F7153B029853B35" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Scaramozzino et al. 2017b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="99CC0CF1A24762E9DB429B66809CBA7E" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<paragraph id="F455CF8F4106A4258A065DA75808F0AC" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
Figure 2.
<taxonomicName id="30B486C5CA4A63A159B02F481E1D76DF" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Trichomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trichomma enecator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="enecator">Trichomma enecator</taxonomicName>
(Rossi, 1790) (IT, San Rossore Pisa, ex
<taxonomicName id="DFD0ABA36E0021278B90036B9E3B7738" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Lobesia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lobesia botrana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botrana">Lobesia botrana</taxonomicName>
) A female habitus lateral view B male habitus lateral view C female head frontal view D female head and mesosoma dorsal view E female head and mesosoma lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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