192 lines
20 KiB
XML
192 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="6DE02C2211F1AEE6A1A2984C2478B558" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3985.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0a09b779-2166-4305-9d3e-53effb06f108" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="253532" ID-ZooBank="46DE9DD6-55E3-4BF5-A2AF-A058A0294A72" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461257984528" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W., Congdon, T. Colin E. & Collins, Steve C." docDate="2015" docId="F37C6616FFDAFFD5A0B6FE00D890FDF8" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03985p348.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3985 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Artitropa cama Evans 1937" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="313" masterDocId="0F451E6EFFD1FFD9A021FFF2DB4CFFC5" masterDocTitle="Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 8. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dracaena Feeders" masterLastPageNumber="348" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="312" updateTime="1698608568688" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="4D91320558BD84E7854F5CF3C426E06A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="2037824A235B7BAE046853ACEF3100CE">
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<mods:title id="BEDF870F0CABECA5414E7A0E1409B6FA">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 8. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dracaena Feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9B882022592B10A78CA6F733AFEA1345">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A2C51C99E2B9CC04B3F9F17E2A5F957B">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E51E46602E155E293CAD18CF9063A995">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2F7337FFF5EEFC8384D5B2E4978BD040">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="BE2375706D37EC886121397867CA34BE">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="5DD04BEDD1919EE6AFD6EF933FB35DC3">
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<mods:date id="C527B032B4B8F60FDF566E1B9545E61B">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="499C2EB8318A814A6E78A73A0B1B8D1F">2015-07-13</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="6AA13072D63528512500B95E883EE4CB">3985</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="84FF11E4DDCAA40D50961A3613EDA1E2" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3985.3.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="F37C6616FFDAFFD5A0B6FE00D890FDF8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6527928" ID-GBIF-Taxon="123200805" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6527928" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F37C6616FFDAFFD5A0B6FE00D890FDF8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F37C6616FFDAFFD5A0B6FE00D890FDF8" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="313" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
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<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFDAFFD2A0B6FE00DAA7FDC9" box="[151,491,498,524]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFDAFFD2A0B6FE00DAA7FDC9" blockId="11.[151,491,498,524]" box="[151,491,498,524]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
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<heading id="2022606CFFDAFFD2A0B6FE00DAA7FDC9" bold="true" box="[151,491,498,524]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFDAFFD2A0B6FE00DAA7FDC9" ID-CoL="H23T" authority="Evans, 1937" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[151,491,498,524]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cama">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDAFFD2A0B6FE00DAA7FDC9" bold="true" box="[151,491,498,524]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDAFFD2A0B6FE00DA02FDC9" bold="true" box="[151,334,498,524]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Artitropa cama</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFDAFFD2A174FE00DAA7FDC9" author="Evans" box="[341,491,498,524]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" refId="ref30531" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans, 1937</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFDAFFD2A0B6FDCBD9FBFC8B" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFDAFFD2A0B6FDCBD9FBFC8B" blockId="11.[151,1436,569,846]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
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This is a rare species in collections.
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFDAFFD2A20CFDC8D98EFD94" author="Evans" box="[557,706,569,593]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" refId="ref30531" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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described it from three specimens from Bitye (= Bitje), southern
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFDAFFD2A0B6FDACDA43FDB3" box="[151,271,606,630]" name="Cameroon" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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, and it is reported from
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFDAFFD2A23AFDACD9DFFDB3" box="[539,659,606,630]" name="Cameroon" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFDAFFD2A2BFFDACD818FDB3" box="[670,852,605,630]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Congo Republic</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFDAFFD2A342FDAFDF7AFDB3" author="Ackery" box="[867,1078,605,630]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ackery" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" refId="ref29534" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (Eds.) (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDAFFD2A39FFDACD8A3FDB3" box="[958,1007,605,630]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">et al</emphasis>
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. 1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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) and north-west
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFDAFFD2A4D2FDAFDE04FDB3" box="[1267,1352,605,630]" name="Zambia" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFDAFFD2A576FDAFDA5AFD5F" author="Heath" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Heath" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" refId="ref30712" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, 137 pp. + CD." type="book" year="2002">
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Heath
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDAFFD2A0B6FD70DB86FD5F" box="[151,202,641,666]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">et al</emphasis>
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. 2002
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</bibRefCitation>
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). There are also specimens from
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFDAFFD2A2B1FD73D8E3FD5F" box="[656,943,641,666]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
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and western
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFDAFFD2A469FD70DF8EFD5F" box="[1096,1218,642,666]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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in ABRI.
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFDAFFD2A51DFD73DBADFD7B" author="Kielland" firstAuthor="Kielland" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" refId="ref31481" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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reported two specimens taken in the early 1970s from the now destroyed Kemfu forest in Kigoma, western
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFDAFFD2A0B6FD3BDA4CFD27" box="[151,256,713,738]" name="Tanzania" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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. He therefore suggested that the species was extinct in
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFDAFFD2A383FD3BDF46FD27" box="[930,1034,713,738]" name="Tanzania" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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, but TCEC has found a breeding population in Ntakatta Forest, Mpanda. The disjunct distribution suggests
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFDAFFD2A3F8FD1CDF7AFCC0" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[985,1078,750,773]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cama">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDAFFD2A3F8FD1CDF7AFCC0" box="[985,1078,750,773]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">A. cama</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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may have been overlooked in a substantial part of its range, but it may also indicate separate disjunct populations requiring subspecies status. We have information on the eastern population only.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFDAFFD2A0B6F886DED8F823" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" type="multiple">
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<caption id="2FAA8788FFDAFFD2A0B6F886DED8F823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253542/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" targetBox="[151,1436,889,1889]" targetPageId="11">
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFDAFFD2A0B6F886DED8F823" blockId="11.[151,1436,1908,2022]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDAFFD2A0B6F886DA58F84F" bold="true" box="[151,276,1908,1930]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
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Early stages of
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFDAFFD2A19CF887D915F84F" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[445,601,1909,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cama">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDAFFD2A19CF887D915F84F" box="[445,601,1909,1930]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Artitropa cama</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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[TCEC].
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDAFFD2A2E1F886D981F84F" bold="true" box="[704,717,1908,1930]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">1</emphasis>
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, ovum, dorsal view, collected on
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDAFFD2A40AF887DFA7F84F" box="[1067,1259,1909,1930]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFDAFFD2A40AF887DFDCF84F" box="[1067,1168,1909,1930]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Dracaena</taxonomicName>
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?
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFDAFFD2A480F887DFA7F84F" authority="Ntakatta Forest, Mpanda" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[1185,1259,1909,1930]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">mannii</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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, Ntakatta Forest, Mpanda, Tanzania, 20 Jun 2000;
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDAFFD2A1C8F861DABAF86C" bold="true" box="[489,502,1939,1961]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">2</emphasis>
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, ovum, lateral view, as #1;
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDAFFD2A32FF861D856F86C" bold="true" box="[782,794,1939,1961]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">3</emphasis>
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, head of final instar caterpillar, anterodorsal view, collected on
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDAFFD2A0B6F840DBFCF802" box="[151,176,1970,1991]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">D.</emphasis>
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(almost certainly)
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFDAFFD2A14EF840DAF9F802" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[367,437,1970,1991]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDAFFD2A14EF840DAF9F802" box="[367,437,1970,1991]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">mannii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Zambezi Rapids, Zambia, 25 Oct 2004;
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDAFFD2A376F843D831F802" bold="true" box="[855,893,1969,1991]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">4–5</emphasis>
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, head of final instar caterpillar, as #1, 15 Jun 2000;
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDAFFD2A5A8F843DED9F802" bold="true" box="[1417,1429,1969,1991]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">6</emphasis>
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, final instar caterpillar, dorsolateral view, as #4;
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDAFFD2A259F822D9C9F823" bold="true" box="[632,645,2000,2022]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">7</emphasis>
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, pupa, anterodorsal view, as #1, 7 Jul 2000;
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDAFFD2A466F822DF18F823" bold="true" box="[1095,1108,2000,2022]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">8</emphasis>
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, pupa, dorsolateral view, as #7.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFDDFFD5A0E6FF65DE22FF3D" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFDDFFD5A0E6FF65DE22FF3D" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,573]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDDFFD5A0E6FF65DA11FF75" bold="true" box="[199,349,151,176]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Food plants.</emphasis>
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The Zambian specimens reported by
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFDDFFD5A339FF65D8B9FF75" author="Heath" box="[792,1013,151,176]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Heath" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" refId="ref30712" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, 137 pp. + CD." type="book" year="2002">
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Heath
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDDFFD5A344FF6BD8D5FF75" box="[869,921,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">et al</emphasis>
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. (2002)
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</bibRefCitation>
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were reared by M.N. Mitchell from Lisombo Stream (= Lisombu River) on ‘
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFDDFFD5A275FF4FD98EFF11" box="[596,706,189,212]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDDFFD5A275FF4FD98EFF11" box="[596,706,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Dracaena</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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near
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFDDFFD5A2DFFF4ED8C7FF11" box="[766,907,188,212]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="afromontana">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDDFFD5A2DFFF4ED8C7FF11" box="[766,907,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">afromontana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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’, probably a reference to
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFDDFFD5A487FF4FDE5FFF11" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[1190,1299,189,212]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDDFFD5A487FF4FDE5FFF11" box="[1190,1299,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">D. mannii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. In Ntakatta Forest,
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFDDFFD5A0C8FF2DDA03FF3D" box="[233,335,223,248]" name="Tanzania" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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, and Zambezi Rapids,
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFDDFFD5A268FF2DD9ECFF3D" box="[585,672,223,248]" name="Zambia" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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, TCEC found the food plant to be
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDDFFD5A43AFF13DF7AFF3D" box="[1051,1078,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">D.</emphasis>
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sp. almost certainly
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDDFFD5A53BFF13DE22FF3D" box="[1306,1390,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFDDFFD5A53BFF13DE26FF3D" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[1306,1386,225,248]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">mannii</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFDDFFD5A0E6FEF6D890FDF8" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFDDFFD5A0E6FEF6D890FDF8" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,573]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDDFFD5A0E6FEF6DA15FED8" bold="true" box="[199,345,260,285]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Life history.</emphasis>
|
||
The ovum (Figure 9.1–2) is typical of the genus. Caterpillars were difficult to find as the early instars make shelters on the side of the leaf near the tip and feed near the apex of the leaf; if you were looking for the usual shelter of on the side of a leaf, e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFDDFFD5A284FEBED856FEA1" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1862" box="[677,794,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinnys">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFDDFFD5A284FEBED856FEA1" box="[677,794,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">A. erinnys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFDDFFD5A30BFEBED8D1FEA0" box="[810,925,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1662,1684]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,844,1637]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1436,844,1639]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 25. Ovum and leaf shelters of Artitropa erinnys vansomereni, on Dracaena steudneri. 1, ovum, dorsal view, Nairobi, 17 Jan 2006 [TCEC]; 2, ovum, dorsolateral view, Thika, Kenya, 89 / 58 E 1 (parasitized; possibly this is ovum of A. milleri coryndon); 3, early instar caterpillar and shelter, Nairobi, Jun 1991; 4, shelter of medium-grown (instar 3 or 4) caterpillar, Nairobi, 2 Sep 2011." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253558/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Figure 25</figureCitation>
|
||
), you would overlook them. The final instar caterpillar (Figure 9.3–6) has the head orange-brown, with a black central spot across the dorsal adfrontals and adjacent epicranium; this is surrounded by an irregular yellow halo, which is absent along the epicranial suture and on the frons, but extends alongside the epicranial suture, and ventrally on the adfrontals and then laterally to the stemmata, which are not dark. The caterpillar is unique in the genus, as far as we know, in that the anal segments carry a pair of dark spots (Figure 9.6), possibly false eye spots to deter predators. The pupa (Figure 9.7–8) is pale, with dark markings on the eyes and dorsally on the head between the eyes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |