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<document id="E2B3A3E99DDDEB43229939DC1DAEF78A" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3985.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0a09b779-2166-4305-9d3e-53effb06f108" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="253532" ID-ZooBank="46DE9DD6-55E3-4BF5-A2AF-A058A0294A72" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461257984528" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W., Congdon, T. Colin E. &amp; Collins, Steve C." docDate="2015" docId="F37C6616FFD6FFD0A0B6F882DE47FDF3" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03985p348.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3985 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Artitropa Holland 1896" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="310" masterDocId="0F451E6EFFD1FFD9A021FFF2DB4CFFC5" masterDocTitle="Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 8. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dracaena Feeders" masterLastPageNumber="348" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="308" updateTime="1698608568688" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="014720B684B84D8F9B9DFECDE8AB3C23">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 8. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dracaena Feeders</mods:title>
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<treatment id="F37C6616FFD6FFD0A0B6F882DE47FDF3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6527924" ID-GBIF-Taxon="123200800" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6527924" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F37C6616FFD6FFD0A0B6F882DE47FDF3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F37C6616FFD6FFD0A0B6F882DE47FDF3" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="310" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFD6FFDEA0B6F882DAF7F84E" box="[151,443,1904,1931]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFD6FFDEA0B6F882DAF7F84E" blockId="7.[151,443,1904,1931]" box="[151,443,1904,1931]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
<heading id="2022606CFFD6FFDEA0B6F882DAF7F84E" bold="true" box="[151,443,1904,1931]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD6FFDEA0B6F882DAF7F84E" ID-CoL="922ZV" authority="Holland, 1896" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,443,1904,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD6FFDEA0B6F882DAF7F84E" bold="true" box="[151,443,1904,1931]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD6FFDEA0B6F882DA4AF84F" bold="true" box="[151,262,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Artitropa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD6FFDEA12CF883DAF7F84E" author="Holland" box="[269,443,1905,1931]" firstAuthor="Holland" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="2 - 107" refId="ref30880" refString="Holland, W. J. (1896) A preliminary revision and synonymic catalogue of the Hesperiidae of Africa and the adjacent islands, with descriptions of some apparently new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896, 2 - 107, plates I - V." type="proceedings paper" year="1896">
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD6FFDEA12CF883DA38F84E" box="[269,372,1905,1931]" name="Netherlands" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Holland</collectingCountry>
, 1896
</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFD6FFD1A0B6F845DBAFFE85" blockId="7.[151,1436,1975,2036]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,716]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="309" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
This genus is restricted to the Afrotropical Region, including the
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD6FFDEA399F84ADF3DF815" box="[952,1137,1975,2000]" name="Comoros" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Comoro Islands</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD6FFDEA496F845DE0CF815" box="[1207,1344,1975,2000]" name="Madagascar" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
. It was established by
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD6FFDEA11DF829DAA4F831" author="Holland" box="[316,488,2011,2036]" firstAuthor="Holland" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="2 - 107" refId="ref30880" refString="Holland, W. J. (1896) A preliminary revision and synonymic catalogue of the Hesperiidae of Africa and the adjacent islands, with descriptions of some apparently new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896, 2 - 107, plates I - V." type="proceedings paper" year="1896">
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD6FFDEA11DF829DADAF831" box="[316,406,2011,2036]" name="Netherlands" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Holland</collectingCountry>
(1896)
</bibRefCitation>
with
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD6FFDEA207F82ED99DF831" authority="Trimen" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1862" box="[550,721,2011,2036]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinnys">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD6FFDEA207F82ED935F836" box="[550,633,2012,2035]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">erinnys</emphasis>
Trimen
</taxonomicName>
as
<typeStatus id="A46E69A2FFD6FFDEA2D4F82ED869F831" box="[757,805,2012,2036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">type</typeStatus>
species.
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD6FFDEA3AAF829DF54F831" author="Riley" box="[907,1048,2011,2036]" firstAuthor="Riley" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="281" refId="ref32184" refString="Riley, N. D. (1925) A revision of the continental African species of the genus Artitropa (Lep. Hesperiidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1925, 281 - 288, plate 35. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1925. tb 02864. x" type="journal article" year="1925">Riley (1925)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD6FFDEA46FF82EDFAFF831" author="Evans" box="[1102,1251,2012,2036]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" refId="ref30531" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
both revised the genus, and by the time
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD9FFD1A1BFFF65D9CEFF75" author="Ackery" box="[414,642,151,176]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ackery" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" refId="ref29534" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. &amp; Vane-Wright, R. I. (Eds.) (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Ackery
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A1D9FF6BD966FF75" box="[504,554,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">et al</emphasis>
. (1995)
</bibRefCitation>
published Carcasson’s catalogue, eight species were recognised, three from
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD9FFD1A0F4FF4EDA10FF10" box="[213,348,188,213]" name="Madagascar" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
and five from mainland Africa. Further species have since been described from the Eastern Arc Mountains of
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD9FFD1A119FF2DDAD1FF3D" box="[312,413,223,248]" name="Tanzania" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
and from
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD9FFD1A237FF12D868FF3D" box="[534,804,223,248]" name="Sao Tome and Principe" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">São Tomé and Principe</collectingCountry>
. In view of subsequent observations and collections by ABRI, the genus is overdue for a further revision, for which the life history information reported here should be useful.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFD9FFD1A0E6FEBED9AEFDA5" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,716]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD9FFD1A0E6FEBEDA1AFEA0" author="Riley" box="[199,342,332,357]" firstAuthor="Riley" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" pagination="281" refId="ref32184" refString="Riley, N. D. (1925) A revision of the continental African species of the genus Artitropa (Lep. Hesperiidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1925, 281 - 288, plate 35. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1925. tb 02864. x" type="journal article" year="1925">Riley (1925)</bibRefCitation>
commented on the ‘preponderance’ of females in his material. Of the 86
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD9FFD1A4B7FEBEDE00FEA0" authority="(Stoll)" authorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" box="[1174,1356,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A4B7FEBEDFB1FEA1" box="[1174,1277,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">A. comus</emphasis>
(Stoll)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD9FFD1A5A5FEBEDA08FE4D" authority="Trimen" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1862" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinnys">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A5A5FEBEDBA6FE4D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">A. erinnys</emphasis>
Trimen
</taxonomicName>
he examined, there were
<specimenCount id="6DD31C89FFD9FFD1A250FE9DD9A1FE4D" box="[625,749,367,392]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" type="female">52 females</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="6DD31C89FFD9FFD1A308FE82D8D8FE4D" box="[809,916,367,392]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" type="male">34 males</specimenCount>
. Reared material of
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD9FFD1A45EFE82DE7DFE4D" authority="Riley" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[1151,1329,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="milleri">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A45EFE82DFA0FE4D" box="[1151,1260,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">A. milleri</emphasis>
Riley
</taxonomicName>
at ABRI suggests if anything a preponderance of males. It is likely that the caterpillars and pupae of females are slightly larger than those of the males and so may take slightly longer to complete development; in which case, where a brood of caterpillars develop from ova laid on one occasion by one female, it is possible to make a collection after the male pupae have emerged and obtain a preponderance of females.
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD9FFD1A397FE0DDF09FDDD" author="Riley" box="[950,1093,511,536]" firstAuthor="Riley" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" pagination="281" refId="ref32184" refString="Riley, N. D. (1925) A revision of the continental African species of the genus Artitropa (Lep. Hesperiidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1925, 281 - 288, plate 35. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1925. tb 02864. x" type="journal article" year="1925">Riley (1925)</bibRefCitation>
illustrates the pupae and final instar caterpillar skins of
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD9FFD1A19BFDD6D845FDF8" authority="Riley" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[442,777,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A19BFDD6D98FFDF9" box="[442,707,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">A. erinnys vansomereni</emphasis>
Riley
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD9FFD1A362FDD6D8E7FDF9" box="[835,939,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A362FDD6D8E7FDF9" box="[835,939,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">A. comus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD9FFD1A40EFDD6DFA2FDF8" authority="Riley" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[1071,1262,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A40EFDD6DFE9FDF8" box="[1071,1189,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">A. reducta</emphasis>
Riley
</taxonomicName>
), and discusses the differences in the markings of the head capsules.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFD9FFD0A0E6FD9EDE47FDF3" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="310" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" type="description">
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFD9FFD1A0E6FD9EDA60FD09" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,716]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">
The ova of all
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD9FFD1A149FD9EDA83FD46" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[360,463,620,643]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A149FD9EDA83FD46" box="[360,463,620,643]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Artitropa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. treated here are similar, and we have not documented any specific differences. All species seem to have ova of a similar size, but we have only documented the size for collections of
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD9FFD1A506FD62DA69FD09" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A506FD62DA69FD09" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">A. erinnys vansomereni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="2FAA8788FFD9FFD1A0B6F8E8DA08F86F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253538/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" targetBox="[151,1436,772,1793]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFD9FFD1A0B6F8E8DA08F86F" blockId="8.[151,1437,1818,1962]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A0B6F8E8DA5EF8F5" bold="true" box="[151,274,1818,1840]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Heads of
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD9FFD1A158F8E8DAF2F8EA" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[377,446,1818,1839]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A158F8E8DAF2F8EA" box="[377,446,1818,1839]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Gamia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD9FFD1A1CEF8E8D900F8EA" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[495,588,1818,1839]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A1CEF8E8D900F8EA" box="[495,588,1818,1839]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Artitropa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. caterpillars.
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A2DEF8E8D847F8F5" bold="true" box="[767,779,1818,1840]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">1</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD9FFD1A339F8E8D8DAF8F5" authorityName="Plotz" authorityYear="1879" box="[792,918,1818,1840]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buchholzi">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A339F8E8D8DAF8F5" box="[792,918,1818,1840]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">G. buchholzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(cf. Figure 3.1);
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A463F8E8DF03F8F5" bold="true" box="[1090,1103,1818,1840]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">2</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD9FFD1A47DF8E8DFF5F8EA" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[1116,1209,1818,1839]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A47DF8E8DFF5F8EA" box="[1116,1209,1818,1839]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Artitropa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. SCC01 (cf. Figure 8.6);
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A0EEF8CADB97F88B" bold="true" box="[207,219,1848,1870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">3</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD9FFD1A0CDF8CBDA0EF88A" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[236,322,1849,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cama">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A0CDF8CBDA0EF88A" box="[236,322,1849,1871]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">A. cama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(cf. Figure 9.4);
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A1DDF8CAD944F88B" bold="true" box="[508,520,1848,1870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">4</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD9FFD1A239F8CBD984F88B" authority="milleri" authorityName="milleri Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[536,712,1848,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="milleri" subSpecies="milleri">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A239F8CBD984F88B" box="[536,712,1848,1870]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">A. milleri milleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(cf. Figure 10.5);
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A3AFF8CAD8D6F88B" bold="true" box="[910,922,1848,1870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">5</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD9FFD1A38AF8CBDF03F88B" authorityName="Collins &amp; Larsen" authorityYear="2013" box="[939,1103,1849,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="principetome">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A38AF8CBDF03F88B" box="[939,1103,1849,1870]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">A. principetome</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(cf. Figure 19.2);
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A534F8CADE6EF88B" bold="true" box="[1301,1314,1848,1870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">6</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD9FFD1A513F8CBDA5CF8A8" authorityName="Oberthur" authorityYear="1916" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="comoranum">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A513F8CBDA5CF8A8" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">A. erinnys comoranum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(cf. Figure 34.2);
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A1FCF8A5DAA6F8A8" bold="true" box="[477,490,1879,1901]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">7</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD9FFD1A1DDF8AAD9FBF8A8" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1896" box="[508,695,1879,1901]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="ehlersi">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A1DDF8AAD9FBF8A8" box="[508,695,1879,1901]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">A. erinnys ehlersi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(cf. Figure 28.1);
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A3A4F8A5D8DDF8A8" bold="true" box="[901,913,1879,1901]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">8</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD9FFD1A382F8AADFD6F8A8" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[931,1178,1880,1901]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A382F8AADFD6F8A8" box="[931,1178,1880,1901]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">A. erinnys vansomereni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(cf. Figure 26.2);
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A549F8A5DE39F8A8" bold="true" box="[1384,1397,1879,1901]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">9</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD9FFD1A5A7F8AADA44F849" authorityName="Congdon, Kielland &amp; Collins" authorityYear="1998" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="usambarae">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A5A7F8AADA44F849" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">A. usambarae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(cf. Figure 35.4);
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A19EF884DA94F849" bold="true" box="[447,472,1910,1932]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">10</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD9FFD1A1C5F885D90DF849" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[484,577,1911,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A1C5F885D90DF849" box="[484,577,1911,1932]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Artitropa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. SCC04 (cf. Figure 37.1);
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A34BF884D8CCF849" bold="true" box="[874,896,1910,1932]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">11</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD9FFD1A3AFF885D8BCF849" box="[910,1008,1910,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boseae">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A3AFF885D8BCF849" box="[910,1008,1910,1932]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">A. boseae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(cf. Figure 38.3);
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A489F884DF8DF849" bold="true" box="[1192,1217,1910,1932]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">12</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD9FFD1A4ECF885DE66F849" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[1229,1322,1911,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD9FFD1A4ECF885DE66F849" box="[1229,1322,1911,1932]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Artitropa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. SCC03 (cf. Figure 40.1).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFD8FFD0A0E6FF6AD963FEA7" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,566]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD8FFD0A0E6FF6ADA2FFF75" author="Larsen" box="[199,355,152,176]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" refId="ref31559" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD8FFD0A155FF65DAE2FF75" author="Larsen" box="[372,430,151,176]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" refId="ref31586" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
) anticipates that all species of the genus feed on
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD8FFD0A427FF6BDF3AFF75" box="[1030,1142,153,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD8FFD0A427FF6BDF3AFF75" box="[1030,1142,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Dracaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. and our experience suggests he is correct.
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD8FFD0A1B3FF4ED963FF11" author="Larsen" box="[402,559,188,212]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" refId="ref31559" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
also generalises that they fly in the morning, evening and on dull days. Adults are rarely seen on the wing, although the early stages are easy to find, once the food plant is located. Thus, the only member of the genus that TCEC has knowingly seen on the wing is
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD8FFD0A3B6FEF1DF1FFEDE" authority="milleri" authorityName="milleri Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[919,1107,258,283]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="milleri" subSpecies="milleri">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD8FFD0A3B6FEF1DF1FFEDE" box="[919,1107,258,283]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">A. milleri milleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and that only because it flies at dusk in his garden at Mufindi,
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD8FFD0A229FED7D93CFEFB" box="[520,624,293,318]" name="Tanzania" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
. Similarly MJWC has seen only
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD8FFD0A3FCFED4DFAEFEFB" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[989,1250,294,318]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD8FFD0A3FCFED4DFAEFEFB" box="[989,1250,294,318]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">A. erinnys vansomereni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the wing in a Nairobi garden late in the afternoon.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFD8FFD0A0E6FE9EDE47FDF3" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,566]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
The species are presented below in a sequence based on the final instar caterpillar head markings, showing the transition from those with a single spot on the face (
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD8FFD0A2CBFE63D81DFE6D" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[746,849,401,424]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD8FFD0A2CBFE63D81DFE6D" box="[746,849,401,424]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Artitropa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. SCC01,
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD8FFD0A3C3FE63DF05FE6D" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[994,1097,401,424]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD8FFD0A3C3FE63DF05FE6D" box="[994,1097,401,424]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Artitropa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. SCC02 and
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD8FFD0A522FE63DE2CFE6D" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[1283,1376,401,424]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cama">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD8FFD0A522FE63DE2CFE6D" box="[1283,1376,401,424]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">A. cama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) like
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD8FFD0A0B6FE46DBA8FE0E" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,228,436,459]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD8FFD0A0B6FE46DBA8FE0E" box="[151,228,436,459]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Gamia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., to those with a strongly bilobed spot or rounded V-shape (
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD8FFD0A3FCFE46DF07FE09" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[989,1099,435,460]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="milleri">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD8FFD0A3FCFE46DF07FE09" box="[989,1099,435,460]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">A. milleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) to those with two spots (
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD8FFD0A5A5FE46DAB5FE2A" authority="Collins &amp; Larsen" authorityName="Collins &amp; Larsen" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="principetome">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD8FFD0A5A5FE46DA67FE2A" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">A. principetome</emphasis>
Collins &amp; Larsen
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD8FFD0A224FE2AD920FE2A" box="[517,620,472,495]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD8FFD0A224FE2AD920FE2A" box="[517,620,472,495]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">A. comus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD8FFD0A284FE2AD856FE35" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[677,794,471,496]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD8FFD0A284FE2AD856FE35" box="[677,794,471,496]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">A. reducta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), four or six spots (variable,
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD8FFD0A447FE2ADF94FE2A" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1862" box="[1126,1240,472,495]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinnys">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD8FFD0A447FE2ADF94FE2A" box="[1126,1240,472,495]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">A. erinnys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), seven spots (
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD8FFD0A5A5FE2AD92BFDD6" authority="Congdon, Kielland &amp; Collins" authorityName="Congdon, Kielland &amp; Collins" authorityYear="1998" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="usambarae">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD8FFD0A5A5FE2ADA58FDD6" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">A. usambarae</emphasis>
Congdon, Kielland &amp; Collins
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD8FFD0A250FE09D994FDD7" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[625,728,507,530]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD8FFD0A250FE09D994FDD7" box="[625,728,507,530]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Artitropa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. SCC04), nine spots (
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD8FFD0A3CEFE09DF10FDD6" box="[1007,1116,506,531]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boseae">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD8FFD0A3CEFE09DF10FDD6" box="[1007,1116,506,531]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">A. boseae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and 11 spots (
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD8FFD0A52FFE09DE39FDD7" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[1294,1397,507,530]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD8FFD0A52FFE09DE39FDD7" box="[1294,1397,507,530]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Artitropa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. SCC03). We do not assume that this represents a phylogenetic sequence, although this is a possibility.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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