152 lines
17 KiB
XML
152 lines
17 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="69B41C80F5274767336142FF3078BF77">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 8. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dracaena Feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="01CD2EA67D8363152588AA0E4DEFE033">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1866BF9F5B091A2EA8B8AE0EF61DB2A4">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="014427B9D00EBD2C99763A16EB5EC0D9">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="FE9C1D54C28D5CF4DDF404BC39238605">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="CB304D8B22D73F9C019CBB6066D9E7ED">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4CBD684428DF3212425FD798724DD6D9">2015-07-13</mods:number>
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<treatment id="F37C6616FFD4FFDCA0B6FD25DA89FACE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6527918" ID-GBIF-Taxon="123200806" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6527918" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F37C6616FFD4FFDCA0B6FD25DA89FACE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F37C6616FFD4FFDCA0B6FD25DA89FACE" lastPageNumber="306" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
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<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFD4FFDCA0B6FD25DAD2FD37" box="[151,414,727,754]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFD4FFDCA0B6FD25DAD2FD37" blockId="5.[151,414,727,754]" box="[151,414,727,754]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
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<heading id="2022606CFFD4FFDCA0B6FD25DAD2FD37" bold="true" box="[151,414,727,754]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA0B6FD25DAD2FD37" ID-CoL="929HG" authority="Holland, 1896" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,414,727,754]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA0B6FD25DAD2FD37" bold="true" box="[151,414,727,754]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA0B6FD25DBA5FD34" bold="true" box="[151,233,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Gamia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD4FFDCA0CEFD2ADAD2FD37" author="Holland" box="[239,414,728,754]" firstAuthor="Holland" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="2 - 107" refId="ref30880" refString="Holland, W. J. (1896) A preliminary revision and synonymic catalogue of the Hesperiidae of Africa and the adjacent islands, with descriptions of some apparently new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896, 2 - 107, plates I - V." type="proceedings paper" year="1896">
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD4FFDCA0CEFD2ADA1AFD37" box="[239,342,728,754]" name="Netherlands" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Holland</collectingCountry>
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, 1896
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</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFD4FFDCA0B6FCECD900FBF6" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFD4FFDCA0B6FCECD900FBF6" blockId="5.[151,1437,798,1291]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD4FFDCA0B6FCECDA09FCF2" author="Holland" box="[151,325,798,823]" firstAuthor="Holland" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="2 - 107" refId="ref30880" refString="Holland, W. J. (1896) A preliminary revision and synonymic catalogue of the Hesperiidae of Africa and the adjacent islands, with descriptions of some apparently new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896, 2 - 107, plates I - V." type="proceedings paper" year="1896">
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD4FFDCA0B6FCECDBBDFCF2" box="[151,241,798,823]" name="Netherlands" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Holland</collectingCountry>
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(1896)
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</bibRefCitation>
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established this genus, with
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA2B5FCECD80EFCF2" authority="Sharpe" authorityName="Sharpe" authorityYear="1890" box="[660,834,798,823]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shelleyi">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA2B5FCECD9A5FCF2" box="[660,745,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">shelleyi</emphasis>
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Sharpe
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</taxonomicName>
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(under its synonym
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA412FCECDF3FFCF2" box="[1075,1139,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">galua</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD4FFDCA45DFCECDF94FCF2" box="[1148,1240,798,823]" name="Netherlands" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Holland</collectingCountry>
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) as
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<typeStatus id="A46E69A2FFD4FFDCA52BFCEDDE76FCF2" box="[1290,1338,799,823]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">type</typeStatus>
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species. This is a purely Afrotropical genus of three large,
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA2FDFCB6D800FC9E" box="[732,844,836,859]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA2FDFCB6D800FC9E" box="[732,844,836,859]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Dracaena</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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-feeding skippers, which was reviewed by
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD4FFDCA516FCB0DA71FCBA" author="Miller & Collins" firstAuthor="Miller" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="147 - 159" refId="ref31841" refString="Miller, L. D. & Collins, S. C. (1997) A review of the genus Gamia Holland, 1896 (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae), with the description of a new species. Metamorphosis, 8 (4), 147 - 159." type="journal article" year="1997">Miller & Collins (1997)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD4FFDCA16AFC94D96FFCBA" author="Aurivillius" box="[331,547,870,895]" firstAuthor="Aurivillius" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="505 - 588" refId="ref29586" refString="Aurivillius, C. (1925 a) 9. Familie: Hesperidae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Eine systematische Bearbeitung der bis jetzt bekannten Gross-schmetterlinge. In: Verbindung mit namhaftesten Fachmannern herausgegeben. Die Africanischen Tagfelter. Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart, 505 - 588." type="book chapter" year="1925" yearSuffix="a">Aurivillius (1925a)</bibRefCitation>
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did not follow Holland’s treatment, and included
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA440FC95DFE2FCBB" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[1121,1198,871,894]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA440FC95DFE2FCBB" box="[1121,1198,871,894]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Gamia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species in
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA50FFC95DED9FCBB" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[1326,1429,871,894]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA50FFC95DED9FCBB" box="[1326,1429,871,894]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Artitropa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD4FFDCA0E4FC79DA13FC66" author="Evans" box="[197,351,907,931]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" refId="ref30531" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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kept the two genera separate, noting that the adults of each genus have a distinct consistent appearance, and while in
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA199FC5DD953FC03" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[440,543,943,966]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA199FC5DD953FC03" box="[440,543,943,966]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Artitropa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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the antennae are plain and the palpi are short, stout and nearly erect, in
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA570FC5CDED0FC02" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[1361,1436,942,967]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gamia</taxonomicName>
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the antennae are achreous above and the palpi are very long, porrect and convergent (as can be seen in the figures of adults below). The early stages and common food plant genus reported here confirm the close relationship between the two genera (
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD4FFDCA18FFBE9D90DFBF6" author="Larsen" box="[430,577,1050,1075]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" refId="ref31586" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFD4FFDCA0E6FBCDDA89FACE" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="description">
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFD4FFDCA0E6FBCDDA89FACE" blockId="5.[151,1437,798,1291]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD4FFDCA0E6FBCDDBAAFB92" box="[199,230,1087,1111]" name="American Samoa" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">As</collectingCountry>
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discussed by
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD4FFDCA1A4FBCDD96FFB92" author="Larsen" box="[389,547,1086,1111]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" refId="ref31586" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD4FFDCA27DFBCCD834FB92" author="Cock & Congdon" box="[604,888,1086,1111]" firstAuthor="Cock" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="301 - 354" refId="ref30165" refString="Cock, M. J. W.; Congdon, T. C. E. (2014) Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders. Zootaxa, 3872 (4), 301 - 354. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3872.4.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Cock & Congdon (2014)</bibRefCitation>
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, early reports of
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA419FBCDDFC8FB93" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[1080,1156,1087,1110]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA419FBCDDFC8FB93" box="[1080,1156,1087,1110]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Gamia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp. as palm feeders are based on
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD4FFDCA12AFB91D95CFBBE" author="Van Someren's" box="[267,528,1123,1147]" firstAuthor="Van Someren's" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="315" refId="ref33112" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1974) List of foodplants of some East African Rhopalocera, with notes on the early stages of some Lycaenidae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 28, 315 - 331." type="journal article" year="1974">Van Someren’s (1974)</bibRefCitation>
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list of the food plants of East African butterflies, and should be considered incorrect, perhaps due to a transcription error as Larsen suggests. We report here the life histories of
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA52EFB75DBAFFB06" authority="(Plotz)" authorityName="Plotz" baseAuthorityName="Plotz" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buchholzi">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA52EFB75DED0FB5A" box="[1295,1436,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">G. buchholzi</emphasis>
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(Plötz)
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA101FB59D94AFB06" authority="(Sharpe)" authorityName="Sharpe" baseAuthorityName="Sharpe" box="[288,518,1194,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shelleyi">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA101FB59DAD4FB06" box="[288,408,1194,1219]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">G. shelleyi</emphasis>
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(Sharpe)
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</taxonomicName>
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. The early stages and food plant of the third species,
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA45EFB59DBADFB22" authority="Miller & Collins (1997)" authorityName="Miller & Collins" authorityYear="1997" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abri">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA45EFB59DF9CFB06" box="[1151,1232,1194,1219]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">G. abri</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD4FFDCA4FBFB58DBADFB22" author="Miller & Collins" firstAuthor="Miller" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="147 - 159" refId="ref31841" refString="Miller, L. D. & Collins, S. C. (1997) A review of the genus Gamia Holland, 1896 (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae), with the description of a new species. Metamorphosis, 8 (4), 147 - 159." type="journal article" year="1997">Miller & Collins (1997)</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD4FFDCA107FB3CD909FB22" box="[294,581,1230,1255]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
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, are not known to us although almost certainly the caterpillars will be found to feed on
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA12FFB06DA32FACE" box="[270,382,1268,1291]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA12FFB06DA32FACE" box="[270,382,1268,1291]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Dracaena</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp(p).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |