418 lines
41 KiB
XML
418 lines
41 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e91486" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-10-e91486" ID-Pensoft-UUID="69F97AF9A80B56CBBA6322BE30460C04" ID-ZooBank="DFAE5416C2F74312B718D7FE9A59F1D4" ModsDocID="1314-2828-10-e91486" checkinTime="1666820873986" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Saeaeksjaervi, Ilari E., Kaunisto, Kari M., Sharkey, Michael, Stedenfeld, Shelby, Smith, M. Alex, Hallwachs, Winnie & Janzen, Daniel" docDate="2022" docId="E411FA51F4105C7B898928B7310CB76A" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 10: e91486" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 10" docPubDate="2022-10-26" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e91486" docTitle="Creagrura Townes 1971" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="69F97AF9A80B56CBBA6322BE30460C04" lastPageNumber="91486" masterDocId="69F97AF9A80B56CBBA6322BE30460C04" masterDocTitle="Cryptic biodiversity of tropical hesperiid caterpillar-attacking parasitoid wasps: three new species of Creagrura Townes (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cremastinae) from Costa Rica and Peru" masterLastPageNumber="91486" masterPageNumber="91486" pageNumber="91486" updateTime="1666820873986" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Cryptic biodiversity of tropical hesperiid caterpillar-attacking parasitoid wasps: three new species of Creagrura Townes (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cremastinae) from Costa Rica and Peru</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Saeaeksjaervi, Ilari E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ilari.saaksjarvi@utu.fi</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kaunisto, Kari M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6665-0047</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">kkauni@utu.fi</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sharkey, Michael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6201-7340</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Stedenfeld, Shelby</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Kentucky, Department of Entomology, Kentucky, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Smith, M. Alex</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8650-2575</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hallwachs, Winnie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Janzen, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7335-5107</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-10-26</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>91486</mods:start>
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<mods:end>91486</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e91486</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e91486</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828-10-e91486</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">DFAE5416C2F74312B718D7FE9A59F1D4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">69F97AF9A80B56CBBA6322BE30460C04</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E411FA51F4105C7B898928B7310CB76A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E411FA51F4105C7B898928B7310CB76A" lastPageNumber="91486" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">
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<taxonomicName LSID="E411FA51-F410-5C7B-8989-28B7310CB76A" authority="Townes, 1971" authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Cannaceae" genus="Creagrura" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Creagrura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Creagrura Townes, 1971</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Cannaceae" genus="Creagrura" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Creagrura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Creagrura</taxonomicName>
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Townes, 1971: 6. Type-species:
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Cannaceae" genus="Creagrura" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Creagrura nigripes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripes">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Creagrura nigripes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Townes, by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Cannaceae" genus="Creagrura" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Creagrura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Creagrura</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Cannaceae" genus="Creagrura" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Creagrura nigripes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripes">Creagrura nigripes</taxonomicName>
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Townes, 1971
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Description</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">
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Modified from
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<bibRefCitation author="Gauld, I. D." journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" pagination="1 - 453" refId="B7965372" refString="Gauld, I. D., 2007. The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica, 3. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 63: 1 - 453" title="The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica, 3" volume="63" year="2007">Gauld (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Moderately large species, mainly yellowish-orange or orange-blackish, variously infuscate dorsally, front wings with a dark spot apically. Fore-wing length 8.0 to 9.8 mm. Clypeus separated from face by a suture. Mandibles with a broad ventral flange. Upper tooth of mandible longer and broader than lower tooth. Palpae formula 5:4. Frons slightly biconcave, polished. Antennae hirsute, flagellomeres infuscate, pedicel and scape variable in colouration. Occipital carina broadly interrupted mediodorsally, laterally strong, joining hypostomal carina at base of mandible. Pronotum unspecialised, with epomia slightly raised parallel to anterior margin, upper end detached and angled towards upper margin of pronotum. Mesoscutum with notauli present, broadly, but shallowly, depressed. Scutellum moderately convex, with strong lateral carinae reaching the posterior end. Mesopleuron smooth, punctuated on lower part. Epicnemial carina complete. Metapleuron punctated, separated from propodeum by a strong pleural carina. Propodeum with anterior and posterior transverse carinae present and complete. Lateral longitudinal carinae of propodeum present or rarely absent. Lateromedian longitudinal carinae present or rarely absent. Area superomedia more or less coffin-shaped or very rarely absent. Lateromedian longitudinal carina forming a V- or Y-shaped area basalis. Legs with tarsal claws small, pectinated to apices. Mid-tibia with two apical spurs. Hind femur smooth, without ventral tooth. Fore-wing with an enclosed oblique areolet. Pterostigma slender, blackish, narrower than first subdiscal cell. Distal abscissa of M complete to wing margin. Hind-wing with distal abscissae of M, Cu1 and 1A spectral distally or otherwise incomplete. Metasoma laterally strongly compressed. First tergite elongate, without glymma, ventral margins enclosing most of the sternite. Second tergite slender, varying in length, with a large thyridium. Laterotergite of the second tergite membranous, pendant. Ovipositor short and stout, orange-brownish in colouration and strongly decurved (hook-shaped), without subapical dorsal notch. Male claspers unspecialised, aedeagus slender, decurved, subapical bristles present.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Diagnosis</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Cannaceae" genus="Creagrura" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Creagrura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Creagrura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is easy to distinguish from all other genera of the subfamily
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1869" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cremastinae">Cremastinae</taxonomicName>
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by the following set of characters: 1) ovipositor short and strongly down-curved, hook-shaped, 2) scutellum with strong lateral carinae, 3) mandible with broad ventral flange, 4) first tergite of metasoma ventrally almost completely enclosing the sternite and 5) second tergite of metasoma with a large thyridium.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" type="biology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Biology</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">
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In ACG, the two new species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Cannaceae" genus="Creagrura" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Creagrura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Creagrura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are middle to late instar koinobiont endoparasitoids of caterpillars that are diurnally concealed in longitudinally folded grass, sedge, ginger, palm or marantaceous leaves (
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<bibRefCitation author="Gauld, I. D." journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" pagination="1 - 453" refId="B7965372" refString="Gauld, I. D., 2007. The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica, 3. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 63: 1 - 453" title="The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica, 3" volume="63" year="2007">Gauld 2007</bibRefCitation>
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, DJ, WH, personal observation). However, this is a false impression created by the foraging habits of insect collectors. The caterpillars hide all day in a folded/rolled leaf of their food plant, but venture forth to eat that same and adjacent leaves at night. Since the wasps display all the yellow-orange colour and the behaviour of noctural adult Darwin wasps (Obs.: they do not have enlarged ocelli), we infer that the wasps find and oviposit in the caterpillar when it is exposed at night, rather than when it is concealed in a tight leaf tube during daylight hours. This hypothesis is further supported by the fact that specimens of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Cannaceae" genus="Creagrura" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Creagrura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Creagrura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are rarely collected by Malaise trapping (see above) which is the standard tropical sampling method for diurnal Darwin wasps.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Saeaeksjaervi" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Cannaceae" genus="Creagrura" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Creagrura alejandromasisi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alejandromasisi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Creagrura alejandromasisi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (BIN AAA2329) is known only from ACG, where it is exclusively a specialist at parasiting the mid- to last instars of medium-sized (2-4 cm)
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
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) caterpillars feeding on and day-time sequestering amongst the mature leaves of broad-leafed rain forest perenial monocots (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Costaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Costaceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Marantaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Marantaceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Cannaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cannaceae</taxonomicName>
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) in mostly insolated and full shade microhabitats 90-900 m elevation. It does not extend into adjacent ACG dry forest, as does
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. rogerblancoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rogerblancoi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">C. rogerblancoi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., which feeds on
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
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in both sun and shady microhabitats. It may be common elsewhere in Costa Rica, but not collected, simply because, in decades of Malaise trapping its ACG microhabitats, it has never been caught by a Malaise-trap. While there are many other genera and species of hesperiine and non-hesperiine caterpillars living and feeding in these microhabitats,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. alejandromasisi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alejandromasisi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">C. alejandromasisi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. is notable for parasitising only the following species of caterpillars (n = 634 of 155,932 ACG
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
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wild caterpillars reared between 1978 and 2021), almost never a palm-eater, grass-eater or sedge-eater and 91% of the time reared from one of eight species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1955" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Saliana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Saliana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Saliana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
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): (http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso):
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Stoll" authorityYear="1782" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Calpodes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calpodes ethlius" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ethlius">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Calpodes ethlius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(5),
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1955" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Cynea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cynea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cynea</taxonomicName>
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Burns02
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</emphasis>
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(1),
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Moschler" authorityYear="1878" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Cynea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cynea irma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="irma">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Cynea irma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(2),
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Godman" authorityYear="1900" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Cynea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cynea megalops" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megalops">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Cynea megalops</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(1),
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Decinea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Decinea decinea subsp. derisor" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="decinea" subSpecies="derisor">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Decinea decinea derisor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(1),
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<taxonomicName genus="Parphora" lsidName="Parphora decora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" rank="species" species="decora">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Parphora decora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(1),
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Godman" baseAuthorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Rhinthon" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinthon molion" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molion">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Rhinthon molion</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(1),
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Plotz" baseAuthorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Rhinthon" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinthon osca" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="osca">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Rhinthon osca</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(29),
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1824" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Saliana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Saliana antoninus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antoninus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Saliana antoninus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(70),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1955" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Saliana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Saliana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Saliana</taxonomicName>
|
|
Burns03
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
(10),
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1955" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Saliana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Saliana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Saliana</taxonomicName>
|
|
Burns06
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
(1),
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1955" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Saliana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Saliana esperi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="esperi">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Saliana esperi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(379),
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1955" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Saliana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Saliana fusta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fusta">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Saliana fusta</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(15),
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sepp" authorityYear="1848" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Saliana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Saliana longirostris" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longirostris">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Saliana longirostris</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(1),
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1874" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Saliana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Saliana placens" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placens">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Saliana placens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(3),
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Saliana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Saliana severus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="severus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Saliana severus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(85) and
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Talides Burns04</emphasis>
|
|
(1). These caterpillars show a wide range of body types and colours, in contrast to those parasitised by
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. rogerblancoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rogerblancoi">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">C. rogerblancoi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. An image of the solitary wasp cocoon with caterpillar cadaver is available at http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/Wadults/searchplaycat4apr15.lasso?Voucher==05-SRNP-43145&-search and images of all of these species of caterpillars are available at htpp://janzen.sas.upenn.edu.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">
|
|
To date,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. alejandromasisi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alejandromasisi">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">C. alejandromasisi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n. has no suggestion of being attacked by any of the many tens of species of ACG common hyperparasitoids (e.g.
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gravenhorst" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Mesochorus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesochorus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Mesochorus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ichneumonidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
;
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Perilampidae" genus="Perilampus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perilampus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Perilampus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Perilampidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perilampidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chalcididae</taxonomicName>
|
|
). Its host caterpillars are also attacked by a small array of other species of parasitoids, but those will be treated in other more cross-taxon ecological publications.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saeaeksjaervi" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Cannaceae" genus="Creagrura" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Creagrura rogerblancoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rogerblancoi">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Creagrura rogerblancoi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n. (BIN AAA5105) has a caterpillar biology quite similar to that of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saeaeksjaervi" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Cannaceae" genus="Creagrura" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Creagrura alejandromasisi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alejandromasisi">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Creagrura alejandromasisi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n. described above, except for its species of food plants and caterpillars, lesser sample size and a slight difference in sympatric microecosystems. While there are many other genera and species of hesperiine and non-hesperiine caterpillars living and feeding in its microhabitats,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. rogerblancoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rogerblancoi">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">C. rogerblancoi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n. is notable for parasitising only the caterpillars of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1821" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Orses" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orses cynisca" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cynisca">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Orses cynisca</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(257), rarely three genera of grass-eating hesperiinae
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
and six species of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Perichares" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perichares" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Perichares</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(37) as grass-eating and understorey palm-eating caterpillars (306 of 155,932 ACG
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
wild caterpillars reared between 1978 and 2021).
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1821" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Orses" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orses cynisca" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cynisca">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Orses cynisca</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is only feeding on leaves of four species of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Godman & Salvin" authorityYear="1901" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
and 34 species of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Godman & Salvin" authorityYear="1901" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
and the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Perichares" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perichares" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Perichares</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
feed only on grasses and understorey palm leaves.
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saeaeksjaervi" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Cannaceae" genus="Creagrura" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Creagrura alejandromasisi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alejandromasisi">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Creagrura alejandromasisi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
never parasitises
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Perichares" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perichares" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Perichares</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
caterpillars feeding on palms or
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1821" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Orses" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orses cynisca" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cynisca">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Orses cynisca</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, whatever plant species it is eating. Equally,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. rogerblancoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rogerblancoi">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">C. rogerblancoi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
never attacks
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1955" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Saliana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Saliana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Saliana</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
caterpillars, wherever they are feeding. As a result of their parasitisation of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Perichares" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perichares" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Perichares</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
feeding on leaves of deeply shaded rainforest understorey palms,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. rogerblancoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rogerblancoi">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">C. rogerblancoi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
wasps are more often reared from shady portions of the microhabitat than are
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. alejandromasisi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alejandromasisi">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">C. alejandromasisi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but because the parasite-host interaction presumably takes place at night, this is probably just a serendipitous outcome of the species of host caterpillars and their food preferences. The caterpillars of the four species of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Perichares" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perichares" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Perichares</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
studied intensively (Burns et al. 2008) are nearly identical in superficial appearance, but subtly different in their morphology to each other and similar to the caterpillars of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Orses" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orses cysnisca" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cysnisca">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Orses cysnisca</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso).
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. rogerblancoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rogerblancoi">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">C. rogerblancoi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is common throughout ACG lowland rainforest, but also extends into ACG lowland dry forest (parasitising hesperiine caterpillars eating grasses and sedges).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" type="taxon discussion">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Taxon discussion</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Cannaceae" genus="Creagrura" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Creagrura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Creagrura</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Townes has been viewed as a monotypic Neotropical genus ranging from Central to South America for 50 years. Small morphological intraspecific variation previously led to the recognition of only one species,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. nigripes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripes">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">C. nigripes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Townes 1971 (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Townes, H" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" pagination="1 - 372" refId="B7965553" refString="Townes, H, 1971. The genera of Ichneumonidae, 4. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 17: 1 - 372" title="The genera of Ichneumonidae, 4" volume="17" year="1971">Townes 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Gauld, I. D." journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" pagination="1 - 453" refId="B7965372" refString="Gauld, I. D., 2007. The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica, 3. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 63: 1 - 453" title="The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica, 3" volume="63" year="2007">Gauld 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Gauld, I. D." journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" pagination="1 - 453" refId="B7965372" refString="Gauld, I. D., 2007. The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica, 3. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 63: 1 - 453" title="The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica, 3" volume="63" year="2007">Gauld (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
stated that it is widespread throughout the Neotropics, but prior to more than a superficial understanding of ACG specimens and their DNA barcodes that emerged in 2004. This new understanding was not available to Gauld in 2007 because the indicative barcode data was still embedded in the gradually accumulating databases of the ACG inventory.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">
|
|
After studying a large amount of new genetic, morphological and biological data, it is now clear that there is more than one species in the genus and all previous descriptions of morphology and geographic ranges are pools of multiple species not individually recognised. All of the hundreds of the two new species, reared in the ACG biodiversity inventory, were misidentified as
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Cannaceae" genus="Creagrura" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Creagrura nigripes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripes">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Creagrura nigripes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. There is no evidence that
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. nigripes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripes">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">C. nigripes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
even occurs in Costa Rica or further north. Neither of the two new Costa Rican species have ever been captured in a Malaise trap, despite decades of Malaise trapping ACG forests where the two new species are very common. This result suggests that standard collections of tropical
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
|
are likely to not obtain
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Cannaceae" genus="Creagrura" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Creagrura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Creagrura</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, despite its being a common wasp parasitising its common host species of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
caterpillars. This note is further supported by our data from South America. Despite of collecting> 250 MTMs (Malaise trap months) in Peru (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Gomez, I. C." journalOrPublisher="Insect Conservation and Diversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" pagination="305 - 316" refId="B7965399" refString="Gomez, I. C., Saaksjarvi, I. E., Mayhew, P. J., Pollet, M., del Castillo, C. R., Nieves-Aldrey, J. L., Broad, G. R., Roininen, H., Tuomisto, H., 2018. Variation in the species richness of parasitoid wasps (Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae and Rhyssinae) across sites on different continents. Insect Conservation and Diversity 11 (3): 305 - 316" title="Variation in the species richness of parasitoid wasps (Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae and Rhyssinae) across sites on different continents" volume="11" year="2018">Gomez et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), we have found only a very few
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Cannaceae" genus="Creagrura" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Creagrura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Creagrura</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
specimens from these samples.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">
|
|
The mandibular flange and lateral carinae of the scutellum are key identifying characters of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Cannaceae" genus="Creagrura" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Creagrura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Creagrura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but they can also be found in some other Neotropical cremastines. Species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1865" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Eiphosoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eiphosoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91486">Eiphosoma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Cresson exhibit this flange and one, apparently undescribed, Amazonian species has been found to possess a raised, lateral carina on the scutellum (Stedenfeld and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Sääksjärvi">Saeaeksjaervi</normalizedToken>
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, unpublished data).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |