1486 lines
217 KiB
XML
1486 lines
217 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="297080" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7316535" ID-GBIF-Dataset="01ae4d87-f291-428c-815f-5de8dfef3300" ID-ISBN="0-8018-8221-4" checkinTime="1670905090661" checkinUser="guido" docAuthor="Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn" docDate="2005" docId="C3E68FC954B4782B06C0989EE0B89FB8" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpeciesofTheWorld.2005.Aplodontiidae.753-753.xml" docOrigin="Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 2, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press" docTitle="Rodentia Bowdich 1821" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="5FD41B42E57D903BEDD76B5CCBBC1CEA" lastPageNumber="745" masterDocId="5FD41B42E57D903BEDD76B5CCBBC1CEA" masterDocTitle="Order Rodentia - Family Aplodontiidae" masterLastPageNumber="753" masterPageNumber="753" pageNumber="745" updateTime="1716776954516" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="C38993899E25A578898EBBAE619E8232">
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<mods:title id="481CDEBCDD4D07C291395A0861B75760">Order Rodentia - Family Aplodontiidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:namePart id="E9EE23A2E5C86EF694C650E221889C55">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="D9551FE1B2CE5F392F34325C0639C2EC" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4959915CE1584B27E4ADCF14257D4F47">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="765B9D3CC950BD457626ACC6DA7A09F0">Reeder, DeeAnn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="402554335CB8712927626AA168B12932">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="09E56402DC978D31864207774F6959A8">2005</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="0971D3D4D43EB1FFFFE5863307DDDBE2">The Johns Hopkins University Press</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="36B530C42AE4280DFD3737F971201B0E">Baltimore</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="34D39E78149A306D55CC6B57DAF74A42">
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<mods:title id="4D7BD9A9876405EF208729253588C179">Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 2</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="7007CF0FE61003FD4DCFB72CF5E476EB">
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<mods:extent id="343AACED56284AA00B4A7F9E24E10111" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="CB1743CD719ED84959CE5E3150269D64">753</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="2F55089D66906B190B5B66440ED8B499">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="2F257F9453A943E6CCD751EB58648AEA" type="ISBN">0-8018-8221-4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F13ED7846F2ADF2A9D2F74F12FF34625" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.7316535</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="C3E68FC954B4782B06C0989EE0B89FB8" ID-GBIF-Taxon="231536533" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C3E68FC954B4782B06C0989EE0B89FB8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C3E68FC954B4782B06C0989EE0B89FB8" lastPageNumber="745" pageNumber="745" sourceUrl="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=12200001">
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<subSubSection id="CE85BE7FD08E60F39E32B59DC177B88C" pageNumber="745" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph id="B36CAF69EFC8669348C308587539FA0A" pageNumber="745">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="60B5C7D34257836926FE15B845B07A0E" ID-CoL="3Z5" authority="Bowdich 1821" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia Bowdich 1821</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1C6CF26149BAAE0100F2017FD9ED8D96" pageNumber="745" type="child_taxa">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA0483FCF508572C7910C041E5F6B8D8" pageNumber="745">
|
||
<emphasis id="C7743F036C8F33978B97D0A0DF422A21" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="745">Families:</emphasis>
|
||
33 families with 481 genera and 2277 species in 5 suborders and 2 infraorders:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="115AAB1B50D3E2B526E531230C454A52" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC4D70245B18AE693066365BB84D9627" authority="Brandt 1855" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="SCIUROMORPHA">
|
||
SCIUROMORPHA
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="14CF68E0B5035F3077134222B9B44B8B" author="Brandt, J. F." refId="ref40003" refString="Brandt, J. F. 1855. Beitrage zur nahern Kenntniss der Saugethiere Russland's. Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Saint Petersburg, Memoires Mathematiques, Physiques et Naturelles, 7: 1 - 365." year="1855">Brandt 1855</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E469E4609B4F4915F56D6CA64B42E5E" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="195A20E426A577B3D9A065FD3182F748" authority="Brandt 1855" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" family="Aplodontiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Aplodontiidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D7E8A5B8633DF5D1BCC4CDAF1A700A8" author="Brandt, J. F." refId="ref40003" refString="Brandt, J. F. 1855. Beitrage zur nahern Kenntniss der Saugethiere Russland's. Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Saint Petersburg, Memoires Mathematiques, Physiques et Naturelles, 7: 1 - 365." year="1855">Brandt 1855</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1 genus with 1 species and 7 subspecies)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0176827DB65BB6BAD3AF38E1EEAF2B6C" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2B2661B07E9E340E41EE254A47D55430" authority="Fischer de Waldheim 1817" authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1817" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sciuridae Fischer de Waldheim 1817</taxonomicName>
|
||
(51 genera with 278 species and 879 subspecies)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="31D1B28E167C9ACBE28C94378D1574F3" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="56EB5A6D45D7A9C6C82832EB10B28119" authority="Muirhead 1819" authorityName="Muirhead" authorityYear="1819" class="Mammalia" family="Gliridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Gliridae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8AB6AE4BA930DAB068003E141D751C72" author="Muirhead, L." refId="ref249579" refString="Muirhead, L. 1819. Mazology. Pp. 393 - 486 [pls. 353 - 358], in The Edinburgh encyclopaedia, (D. Brewster, ed.). Fourth ed. William Blackwood, Edinburgh, 13: 1 - 744, pls. 347 - 371, 1830." year="1819">Muirhead 1819</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(9 genera with 28 species)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3164649378B9492CBD8B95074209D16E" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FD52032D0006D050642BE896BFB121F3" authority="A. E. Wood 1955" authorityName="A. E. Wood" authorityYear="1955" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="CASTORIMORPHA">
|
||
CASTORIMORPHA A. E.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A3E580F134017D543056C55A7500E0EF" author="Wood, A. E." refId="ref393289" refString="Wood, A. E. 1955. A revised classification of the rodents. Journal of Mammalogy, 36: 165 - 187." year="1955">Wood 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="98A3F26BBA74EE50957A6F6D3EE96B9F" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6F6DFB0818C23CC3B041EFFA37FBDCAB" authority="Hemprich 1820" authorityName="Hemprich" authorityYear="1820" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Castoridae Hemprich 1820</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1 genus with 2 species)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="40DB6A22228D9306760D4B1C1963CC35" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F39698A0521BFE641B203C4CF73E1DD" authority="Gray 1868" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Heteromyidae Gray 1868</taxonomicName>
|
||
(6 genera with 60 species and 303 subspecies)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="56FF4B4D97F56CDDBA1A373AB6B0B8BA" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBFB5999B5A8D7C8E3F6F05A31455386" authority="Bonaparte 1845" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1845" class="Mammalia" family="Geomyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Geomyidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B4A683D66F568283C37C668C92CCD6EC" author="Bonaparte, C. - L. J. L." refId="ref35525" refString="Bonaparte, C. - L. J. L. 1845. Catalogo methodico dei mammiferi Europei. L. di Giacomo Pirola, Milano, 36 pp." year="1845">Bonaparte 1845</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(6 genera with 40 species and 351 subspecies)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DFA2965CF53353A341551B79BDFBF4DB" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1314301120671C1E86382F0883F3AA89" authority="Brandt 1855" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="MYOMORPHA">
|
||
MYOMORPHA
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F0E317302C97A63A17A69837CBBDA510" author="Brandt, J. F." refId="ref40003" refString="Brandt, J. F. 1855. Beitrage zur nahern Kenntniss der Saugethiere Russland's. Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Saint Petersburg, Memoires Mathematiques, Physiques et Naturelles, 7: 1 - 365." year="1855">Brandt 1855</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="854392E079C4C8EDD08E5B63A2DB2305" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0E0B3B6B0567B9E42F1745B0B51ABD3A" authority="Fischer de Waldheim 1817" authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1817" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dipodidae Fischer de Waldheim 1817</taxonomicName>
|
||
(16 genera with 51 species)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C9DFF1C49A633EBC457F20D29904414F" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8EF6DD2271C367F816DC8C4513717225" authority="Alston 1876" authorityName="Alston" authorityYear="1876" class="Mammalia" family="Platacanthomyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Platacanthomyidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="602EE131835F4FB44382D59516DE45AC" author="Alston, E. R." refId="ref6239" refString="Alston, E. R. 1876. On the classification of the order Glires. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1876: 61 - 98." year="1876">Alston 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2 genera with 2 species)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F4B7307AB1338A35870E82AC020D7FC3" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5C7D78C6F01BFBA51C9D18952DC27BD2" authority="Gray 1821" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Spalacidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EBE34C83892F0ADE555885F4243A1B16" author="Gray, J. E." refId="ref127912" refString="Gray, J. E. 1821. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals. London Medical Repository, 15 (1): 296 - 310." year="1821">Gray 1821</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(6 genera with 36 species)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="556F621B4ED1AF635B1CFCBF26636CF0" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A71E27DBC739E96126EC583E43E6B33A" authority="Vorontsov and Potapova 1979" authorityName="Vorontsov and Potapova" authorityYear="1979" class="Mammalia" family="Calomyscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Calomyscidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4BDE1247509834467F444AA15FFEC3BA" author="Vorontsov, N. N. & E. G. Potapova" refId="ref377234" refString="Vorontsov, N. N., and E. G. Potapova. 1979. [Taxonomy of the genus Calomyscus (Cricetidae). 2. Status of Calomyscus in the system of Cricetinae.] Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 58: 1391 - 1397 (in Russian)." year="1979">Vorontsov and Potapova 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1 genus with 8 species)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B560C3822D43731E8AD9EDE44A5DB5D6" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="51702CF622118B34A51A4FBD74FFC827" authority="Major 1897" authorityName="Major" authorityYear="1897" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Nesomyidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="05DF27523F217040BBB69B8A4576D82D" author="Major, C. I. F." refId="ref222613" refString="Major, C. I. F. 1897. On the Malagasy rodent genus Brachyuromys; and on the mutual relations of some groups of the Muridae (Hesperomyinae, Microtinae, Murinae, and " Spalacidae ") with each other and with the Malagasy Nesomyinae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897: 695 - 720." year="1897">Major 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(21 genera with 61 species)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1036BF4C05D15FF7FE9A11487074F627" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5D8B43C07E77FB7B52338CFE3C7407C2" authority="Fischer 1817" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1817" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cricetidae Fischer 1817</taxonomicName>
|
||
(130 genera with 681 species)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="ECD146DDCAC32B40BA2E27EF599C55D6" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="41D736C64A31B00E8F259ADBBD71EAFB" authority="Illiger 1811" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Muridae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="63ECEF8593A2233281B79A389399EEE5" author="Illiger, C. D." refId="ref165267" refString="Illiger, C. D. 1811. Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium additis terminis zoographicis uttriusque classis. Salfeld, Berlin, 301 pp." year="1811">Illiger 1811</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(150 genera with 730 species and 5 subspecies)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF6CA55005FAA725E2BF476C94CAF102" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FD797492848C6F925CD2A70D2F4F792" authority="Bugge 1974" authorityName="Bugge" authorityYear="1974" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="ANOMALUROMORPHA">
|
||
ANOMALUROMORPHA
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BE414D6DC8E62647DC98A9D5AB315A65" author="Bugge, J." refId="ref46053" refString="Bugge, J. 1974. The cephalic arteries of hystricomorph rodents. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 34: 61 - 78." year="1974">Bugge 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7E0031585D79AEDA373582CCAE92472D" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D7D20E6CF2BB23480ACF3633D8993FF0" authority="Gervais 1849" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1849" class="Mammalia" family="Anomaluridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Anomaluridae Gervais 1849</taxonomicName>
|
||
(3 genera with 7 species and 2 subspecies)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8FF6831F7EC6B9DDA417E2B0D1F32ECD" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BC4E82722EEC0D96C07B1A2FA6B77719" authority="Gray 1825" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Pedetidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Pedetidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B59FFF9D5AC461053F0CAA5D9CD31809" author="Gray, J. E." refId="ref127941" refString="Gray, J. E. 1825. Outline of an attempt at the disposition of the Mammalia into tribes and families with a list of the genera apparently appertaining to each tribe. Annals of Philosophy, n. s., ser. 2, 10: 337 - 344." year="1825">Gray 1825</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1 genus with 2 species)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0215130FF23B034CDBF8E1A46B410A2E" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="38D035F35579096C511DFBE34A871F55" authority="Brandt 1855" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="HYSTRICOMORPHA">
|
||
HYSTRICOMORPHA
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0313C0605600C57AB5C9AC3233394EB7" author="Brandt, J. F." refId="ref40003" refString="Brandt, J. F. 1855. Beitrage zur nahern Kenntniss der Saugethiere Russland's. Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Saint Petersburg, Memoires Mathematiques, Physiques et Naturelles, 7: 1 - 365." year="1855">Brandt 1855</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="07B566959733724E1D64E1A39E373AAA" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Infraorder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="17551A350052F595737EE38A995BD373" authority="Chaline and Mein 1979" authorityName="Chaline and Mein" authorityYear="1979" class="Mammalia" infraOrder="CTENODACTYLOMORPHI" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraOrder">
|
||
CTENODACTYLOMORPHI
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="527EC7B605A96A04B23D90A794B98E24" author="Chaline, J. & P. Mein" refId="ref57043" refString="Chaline, J., and P. Mein. 1979. Les rongeurs et l'evolution. Doin Editeurs, Paris, 235 pp." year="1979">Chaline and Mein 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="923D2FD7CA1AB0938F504FD2A0290F33" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3070C90CCC425AEB507D97E1DC250BB9" authority="Gervais 1853" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Ctenodactylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ctenodactylidae Gervais 1853</taxonomicName>
|
||
(4 genera with 5 species)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C7D7055D75681BE1DD136B6D475EAB30" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Infraorder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A0BFDFA7D36025D8CF1A4B476CF08D2" authority="Brandt 1855" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" infraOrder="HYSTRICOGNATHI" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraOrder">
|
||
HYSTRICOGNATHI
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3572A2C302C420DB81F05350ECD2B86F" author="Brandt, J. F." refId="ref40003" refString="Brandt, J. F. 1855. Beitrage zur nahern Kenntniss der Saugethiere Russland's. Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Saint Petersburg, Memoires Mathematiques, Physiques et Naturelles, 7: 1 - 365." year="1855">Brandt 1855</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E27B96AE8E7C7FC1FADCE4EC6089A2B4" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1927F15EBEF5881BAF4CF3A99D2BC068" authority="Waterhouse 1841" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Bathyergidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bathyergidae Waterhouse 1841</taxonomicName>
|
||
(5 genera with 16 species and 16 subspecies)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="102A82DFBF56C4313BB0CA569B6E4901" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9331ABFFAE26A72AB4AF0636DD74C033" authority="G. Fischer 1817" authorityName="G. Fischer" authorityYear="1817" class="Mammalia" family="Hystricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hystricidae G. Fischer 1817</taxonomicName>
|
||
(3 genera with 11 species and 7 subspecies)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2D7D361D3E43FE7821ED75CE1FA1EE64" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BAB44402FC665D7AD592EA286B2FDA4" authority="Wood 1955" authorityName="Wood" authorityYear="1955" class="Mammalia" family="Petromuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Petromuridae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C41CF17E578FAF3AB98A70DED262147" author="Wood, A. E." refId="ref393289" refString="Wood, A. E. 1955. A revised classification of the rodents. Journal of Mammalogy, 36: 165 - 187." year="1955">Wood 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1 genus with 1 species and 15 subspecies)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="736F7323145A9106935173511A708A64" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8358F9B1FF6A20C884B51D87B7697174" authority="Pocock 1922" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1922" class="Mammalia" family="Thryonomyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Thryonomyidae Pocock 1922</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1 genus with 2 species and 2 subspecies)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="716C6DA853EF4766597F92A6D6F28F46" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9E204EF246FCAFA1AD67B8362F742FC8" authority="Bonaparte 1845" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1845" class="Mammalia" family="Erethizontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Erethizontidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6B3C2B7DD90A98D0D7012939DB4AF6DF" author="Bonaparte, C. - L. J. L." refId="ref35525" refString="Bonaparte, C. - L. J. L. 1845. Catalogo methodico dei mammiferi Europei. L. di Giacomo Pirola, Milano, 36 pp." year="1845">Bonaparte 1845</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(5 genera with 16 species and 14 subspecies)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="ECA99AC0FFDD9B4E18109A863132E3E1" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8D5394F984CA8370460F73E5D5F366B1" authority="Bennett 1833" authorityName="Bennett" authorityYear="1833" class="Mammalia" family="Chinchillidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Chinchillidae Bennett 1833</taxonomicName>
|
||
(3 genera with 7 species and 25 subspecies)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7DBB9C34A4BD8FB8212351F8758640CC" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7C0FD6427F0BAC6C6FBF60A042A24E2E" authority="Peters 1873" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1873" class="Mammalia" family="Dinomyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dinomyidae Peters 1873</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1 genus with 1 species)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0574EBC6E4F9CF19D176D4DDFD056DDA" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C3E8B37B064329AEFB42A654800E9DFF" authority="Fischer de Waldheim 1817" authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1817" class="Mammalia" family="Caviidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Caviidae Fischer de Waldheim 1817</taxonomicName>
|
||
(6 genera with 18 species and 27 subspecies)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="52002B7478CAF99E5CFA68B118291CEF" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E0178EA65219C2E946BB756BAA6F8EF1" authority="Bonaparte 1838" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Dasyproctidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Dasyproctidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B28A1B3D5E5A0965994CAC654F437A55" author="Bonaparte, C. L. J. L." refId="ref35495" refString="Bonaparte, C. L. J. L. 1838. Synopsis vertebratorum systematis. Nuovi Annali delle Scienze Naturali, Bologna, 1: 105 - 133." year="1838">Bonaparte 1838</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2 genera with 13 species and 29 subspecies)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8D513FA56318509134F3468518855F25" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4DCB54CFD697F15D213F53DC0526C672" authority="Miller and Gidley 1918" authorityName="Miller and Gidley" authorityYear="1918" class="Mammalia" family="Cuniculidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Cuniculidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C7102BF49ABE3C1F7B2A038ABCA8E66B" author="Miller, G. S., Jr. & J. W. Gidley" refId="ref242298" refString="Miller, G. S., Jr., and J. W. Gidley. 1918. Synopsis of the supergeneric groups of rodents. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 8: 431 - 448." year="1918">Miller and Gidley 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1 genus with 2 species and 5 subspecies)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4DC098515C392BBD709D0F278AB3F149" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="986B51CD89DE0A70CE5F3EA49F2DCC86" authority="Lesson 1842" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1842" class="Mammalia" family="Ctenomyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ctenomyidae Lesson 1842</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1 genus with 60 species and 27 subspecies)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="61FD4E19B39AE5F6E14DDE81F155DCA6" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="18DBBCA9B4C5F3BDCFDA4EF9A4E6D582" authority="Waterhouse 1839" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1839" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Octodontidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FB5D2970AB5AB8A5D302459B5EAA2498" author="Waterhouse, G. R." refId="ref383234" refString="Waterhouse, G. R. 1839. Observations on the Rodentia with a view to point out groups as indicated by the structure of the crania in this order of mammals. Magazine of Natural History, ser. 2, 3: 90 - 96." year="1839">Waterhouse 1839</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(8 genera with 13 species and 3 subspecies)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B142F854294D2DACBB1A332B9246292E" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF1216A292F1257EEFE871C80C1FBA1E" authority="Miller and Gidley 1918" authorityName="Miller and Gidley" authorityYear="1918" class="Mammalia" family="Abrocomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Abrocomidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF85CE3C975B6403994CB8E2258A99E7" author="Miller, G. S., Jr. & J. W. Gidley" refId="ref242298" refString="Miller, G. S., Jr., and J. W. Gidley. 1918. Synopsis of the supergeneric groups of rodents. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 8: 431 - 448." year="1918">Miller and Gidley 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2 genera with 10 species and 2 subspecies)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C8C161148073E695FB0F1F3126E69DEA" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="15A009F33962A59822C3473A5D3DF1B9" authority="Gray 1825" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Echimyidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF61AAC2A5B39833316E7496D2356627" author="Gray, J. E." refId="ref127941" refString="Gray, J. E. 1825. Outline of an attempt at the disposition of the Mammalia into tribes and families with a list of the genera apparently appertaining to each tribe. Annals of Philosophy, n. s., ser. 2, 10: 337 - 344." year="1825">Gray 1825</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(21 genera with 90 species and 33 subspecies)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF647C14CB93096EF3DB770F8091CCCA" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4EE430C27474F2C23A716F5BFAE243EA" authority="Ameghino 1904" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1904" class="Mammalia" family="Myocastoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Myocastoridae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6EAC70310D42B84E3DF34E85831B694D" author="Ameghino, F." refId="ref7402" refString="Ameghino, F. 1904. Myocastoridae. Annales de la Sociedad Cientifica de Argentina, 56 - 58: 103." year="1904">Ameghino 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1 genus with 1 species and 4 subspecies)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D8C345A8B3CF2EC6AA03F3DD7236E6BF" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94120FE590DC8C7913FF60196F78AFBB" authority="Smith 1842" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1842" class="Mammalia" family="Capromyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Capromyidae Smith 1842</taxonomicName>
|
||
(8 genera with 20 species and 7 subspecies)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="506A6E983C00B1ECE8A07DB290121534" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E559C694D24E1C3D98C603BF680B825" authority="Anthony 1917" authorityName="Anthony" authorityYear="1917" class="Mammalia" family="Heptaxodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Heptaxodontidae Anthony 1917</taxonomicName>
|
||
(4 genera with 4 species)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7659F9F1C0B498E3379C133B969355CF" pageNumber="745" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="032C8F16692B0B53D50F85A9FDC2058B" pageNumber="745">
|
||
<emphasis id="65D131C93613AE701C6F038689581590" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="745">Discussion:</emphasis>
|
||
<paragraph id="6A21056FB3F64765165D525D0D70F973" pageNumber="745">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD44C5966775F503C0A7FD535FBA2B9C" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the largest order of living
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC77B6E1235BECD50E92F2FA84365169" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Mammalia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, encompassing 2277 species as recognized herein, or approximately 42% of worldwide mammalian biodiversity. Following the mid-1900s era of uncritical application of the biological species concept and consequent obscuration of species richness, views on the size of the Order continue to appreciate substantially (1591 species—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="12E0878B307AB8CFFAEED9D79368442A" author="Corbet, G. B. & J. E. Hill" refId="ref67843" refString="Corbet, G. B., and J. E. Hill. 1980. A world list of mammalian species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp." year="1980">Corbet and Hill, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; 1719—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42D8C08BD7FBC8A745D41331D43A52BF" author="Honacki, J. H. & K. E. Kinman & J. W. Koeppl" refId="ref157366" refString="Honacki, J. H., K. E. Kinman and J. W. Koeppl (eds.). 1982. Mammal species of the world, a taxonomic and geographic reference. Allen Press, Inc. and The Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas, 694 pp." year="1982">Honacki et al., 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; 1738—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8491EF4D29AE65246E2BD5C9D5854FE1" author="Corbet, G. B. & J. E. Hill" refId="ref67878" refString="Corbet, G. B., and J. E. Hill. 1986. A world list of mammalian species. Second ed. British Museum (Natural History), London, 254 pp." year="1986">Corbet and Hill, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; 2015—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4B1D7A1B01B28AF973B7DEC255421994" author="Wilson, D. E. & D. M. Reeder" refId="ref390925" refString="Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (eds.). 1993. Mammal species of the world, a taxonomic and geographic reference, Second ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., xviii + 1207 pp." year="1993">Wilson and Reeder, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; 2277—this volume). Thus, "a checklist of species" considered valid is an appropriate taxonomic focus in the current work, as emphasized by its title and that of its predecessors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0E319F9A637C361F3C72D97545BD599C" author="Honacki, J. H. & K. E. Kinman & J. W. Koeppl" refId="ref157366" refString="Honacki, J. H., K. E. Kinman and J. W. Koeppl (eds.). 1982. Mammal species of the world, a taxonomic and geographic reference. Allen Press, Inc. and The Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas, 694 pp." year="1982">Honacki et al., 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A75A0695A1F22013FBEA0C232236640" author="Wilson, D. E. & D. M. Reeder" refId="ref390925" refString="Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (eds.). 1993. Mammal species of the world, a taxonomic and geographic reference, Second ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., xviii + 1207 pp." year="1993">Wilson and Reeder, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In contrast to the period covered by the second edition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C3DD64F315C607C88107B64FD6651FF6" author="Wilson, D. E. & D. M. Reeder" refId="ref390925" refString="Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (eds.). 1993. Mammal species of the world, a taxonomic and geographic reference, Second ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., xviii + 1207 pp." year="1993">Wilson and Reeder, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), however, systematic research on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FA01078BE6AC9B63D28DF1EA61B0FE2B" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia</taxonomicName>
|
||
since 1993 has been equally as prolific, multifaceted, and informative at taxonomic levels above the species and requires introductory comment. Issues of monophyly, phyletic relationship, and corresponding classification at the genus- and family-group ranks are addressed to varying depths in the following chapters. This brief foreword offers remarks on the Order as a whole, particularly evidence that bears on its monophyly and on suprafamilial relationships. Although 20 years old, the 1984 Paris symposium on rodent evolutionary relationships, edited by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="89DE0E514D091D3BECA6BBD71276852F" author="Luckett, W. P. & J. - L. Hartenberger" refId="ref217149" refString="Luckett, W. P., and J. - L. Hartenberger (eds.). 1985 a. Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis. Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">
|
||
Luckett and Hartenberger (1985
|
||
<emphasis id="5F5C97FDE4A37B404E6C6EFFDB5D083B" italics="true" pageNumber="745">a</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, today remains an excellent and invaluable primer to these same issues.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="480B1764A67B00E38A20C5BA65884B78" pageNumber="745">
|
||
<emphasis id="CF21B7D825F70B1BC78444A13144F921" italics="true" pageNumber="745">Rodent monophyly and ordinal relationships</emphasis>
|
||
.—The evolution of living rodents from some Paleocene common ancestor and their acceptance as a monophyletic order of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B0D929059BC6AF216993D6817D6425" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Mammalia</taxonomicName>
|
||
have not been seriously challenged until recently. The provocative inquiry "Is the guinea-pig a rodent?" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B5F11DC7069E1492DC1EFAD03F5BA493" author="Graur, D. & W. A. Hide & W. - H. Li" refId="ref127727" refString="Graur, D., W. A. Hide, and W. - H. Li. 1991. Is the guinea-pig a rodent? Nature, 351: 649 - 651." year="1991">Graur et al., 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) leapt precipitously to the conclusions that "The guinea-pig is not a rodent" (D’Erchia et al., 1996), that, by extension, hystricognaths represent a separate mammalian order, and that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4D8A95F36AE9A9625CA37CE8EB9B993" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia</taxonomicName>
|
||
as conventionally viewed is polyphyletic (also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="73CA97533D99B3E157C8364682FA6250" author="Frye, M. S. & S. B. Hedges" refId="ref110143" refString="Frye, M. S., and S. B. Hedges. 1995. Monophyly of the order Rodentia inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences of the genes for 12 S rRNA, 16 S rRNA, and tRNA-Valine. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 12: 168 - 176." year="1995">Frye and Hedges, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F5C8636F222E9D606FA0E3C6E0B9C34D" author="Graur, D. & W. A. Hide & A. Zharkikh & W. - H. Li" refId="ref127762" refString="Graur, D., W. A. Hide, A. Zharkikh, and W. - H. Li. 1992. The biochemical phylogeny of guinea-pigs and gundis, and the paraphyly of the order Rodentia. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 101 B: 495 - 498." year="1992">Graur et al., 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7875CF8053170EF8C920F756C31F3270" author="Li, W. - H. & W. A. Hide & D. Graur" refId="ref211622" refString="Li, W. - H., W. A. Hide, and D. Graur. 1992. Origin of rodents and guinea-pigs. Nature, 359: 277 - 278." year="1992">Li et al., 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Attention in molecular investigations just as swiftly turned to, foremost, the adequacy of taxon sampling persuant to the taxonomic question posed, to the appropriateness of models that account among-site rate heterogeneity, and to a preference for nuclear over mitchondrial genes (and for multiple over single) in illuminating deeper divisions of mammalian phylogenesis (e.g., see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="402FCF890DF2F4E88C6425C540FFDD34" author="Adkins, R. M. & E. L. Gelke & D. Rowe & R. L. Honeycutt" refId="ref1350" refString="Adkins, R. M., E. L. Gelke, D. Rowe, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2001. Molecular phylogeny and divergence time estimates for major rodent groups: Evidence from multiple genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 18 (5): 777 - 791." year="2001">Adkins et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EC3F8F20FF4FA8632F01DFE26EF5D643" author="Cao, Y. & N. Okada & M. Hasegawa" refId="ref50288" refString="Cao, Y., N. Okada, and M. Hasegawa. 1997. Phylogenetic position of guinea pigs revisited. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 14 (4): 461 - 464." year="1997">Cao et al., 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D300F2BA0D36187537485065A42C25E1" author="Corneli, P. S." refId="ref68237" refString="Corneli, P. S. 2002. Complete mitochondrial genomes and eutherian evolution. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 9: 281 - 305." year="2002">Corneli, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Lin et al., 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3AD3E5CB3162E899F6D9558DB7B85140" author="Luckett, W. P. & J. - L. Hartenberger" refId="ref217258" refString="Luckett, W. P., and J. - L. Hartenberger. 1993. Monophyly or polyphyly of the Order Rodentia: Possible conflict between morphological and molecular interpretations. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 1: 127 - 147." year="1993">Luckett and Hartenberger, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2C09B5583A7845C567D1C6BFE2002B20" author="Philippe, H." refId="ref285317" refString="Philippe, H. 1997. Rodent monophyly: Pitfalls of molecular phylogenies. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 45: 712 - 715." year="1997">Philippe, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="480841EE15F5CFE5CBE955B71C00F151" author="Sullivan, J. & D. L. Swofford" refId="ref343654" refString="Sullivan, J., and D. L. Swofford. 1997. Are guinea pigs rodents? The importance of adequate models in molecular phylogenetics. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 4 (2): 77 - 86." year="1997">Sullivan and Swofford, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The subsequent wave of sleeves-up research, characterized by wider sampling of taxa and genes, has made the case for rodent monophyly vastly more secure (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A36871616A5FAF5694B02108C5FD3E8" author="Adkins, R. M. & E. L. Gelke & D. Rowe & R. L. Honeycutt" refId="ref1350" refString="Adkins, R. M., E. L. Gelke, D. Rowe, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2001. Molecular phylogeny and divergence time estimates for major rodent groups: Evidence from multiple genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 18 (5): 777 - 791." year="2001">Adkins et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1792D1CF85C6B842C50B6522D09C0458" author="Adkins, R. M. & A. H. Walton & R. L. Honeycutt" refId="ref1406" refString="Adkins, R. M., A. H. Walton, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2003. High-level systematics of rodents and divergence time estimates based on two congruent nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 26 (3): 409 - 420." year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
|
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="49F90298AF450D82076D139CB6DA53AB" author="Amrine-Madsen, H. & K. - P. Koepfli & R. K. Wayne & M. S. Springer" refId="ref7796" refString="Amrine-Madsen, H., K. - P. Koepfli, R. K. Wayne, and M. S. Springer. 2003. A new phylogenetic marker, apolipoprotein B, provides compelling evidence for eutherian relationships. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 28: 225 - 240." year="2003">Amrine-Madsen et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="F46D630383A57CC3CA7AF1454B07388C" author="Debry, R. W." refId="ref77075" refString="Debry, R. W. 2003. Identifying conflicting signal in a multigene analysis reveals a highly resolved tree: The phylogeny of Rodentia (Mammalia). Systematic Biology, 52: 604 - 617." year="2003">Debry, 2003</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="75FFEA03DC85C5616F859AC1F05DCEF6" author="Debry, R. W. & R. M. Sagel" refId="ref77113" refString="Debry, R. W., and R. M. Sagel. 2001. Phylogeny of Rodentia (Mammalia) inferred from the nuclear-encolded gene IRBP. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 19: 290 - 301." year="2001">Debry and Sagel, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9110454D6AD393933C9EF85E9E8B049D" author="Huchon, D. & F. M. Catzeflis & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160679" refString="Huchon, D., F. M. Catzeflis, and E. J. P. Douzery. 1999. Molecular evolution of the nuclear Willebrand factor gene in mammals and the phylogeny of rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 16: 577 - 589." year="1999">Huchon et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="2522A18058242927EF24A4383FFAAE6D" author="Huchon, D. & O. Madsen & M. J. J. B. Sibbald & K. Ament & M. J. Stanhope & F. Catzeflis & W. W. de Jong & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160779" refString="Huchon, D., O. Madsen, M. J. J. B. Sibbald, K. Ament, M. J. Stanhope, F. Catzeflis, W. W. de Jong, and E. J. P. Douzery. 2002. Rodent phylogeny and a timescale for the evolution of Glires: Evidence from an extensive taxon sampling using three nuclear genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19 (7): 1053 - 1065." year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
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; Lin et al., 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D963F602AEBFE78B24DC0D309CFDB4BE" author="Nedbal, M. A. & R. L. Honeycutt & D. A. Schlitter" refId="ref257271" refString="Nedbal, M. A., R. L. Honeycutt, and D. A. Schlitter. 1996. Higher-level systematics of rodents (Mammalia, Rodentia): Evidence from the mitochondrial 12 S rRNA gene. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 3: 201 - 237." year="1996">Nedbal et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="7EA48CAEAE49E846F951279635E1DD11" author="Waddell, P. J. & S. Shelley" refId="ref379733" refString="Waddell, P. J., and S. Shelley. 2003. Evaluating placental inter-ordinal phylogenies with novel sequences including RAG 1, gamma-fibrinogen, ND 6, and mt-tRNA, plus MCMC-driven nucleotide, amino acid, and codon models. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 28: 197 - 224." year="2003">Waddell and Shelley, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). And in those molecular studies that have focused on hystricognaths in general or cavioids in particular (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F7A98D14D307E5B79650B77EC2AF973" author="Huchon, D. & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160631" refString="Huchon, D., and E. J. P. Douzery. 2001. From the Old World to the New World: A molecular chronicle of the phylogeny and biogeography of hystricognath rodents. Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution, 20: 238 - 251." year="2001">Huchon and Douzery, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7DA8F40B493890621B3E17F461776EE1" author="Kramerov, D. & N. Vassetzky" refId="ref196792" refString="Kramerov, D., and N. Vassetzky. 2001. Structure and origin of a novel dimeric retroposon B 1 - dID. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 52: 137 - 143." year="2001">Kramerov and Vassetzky, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C15830D53CB383F3D15121180DA1541" author="Lara, M. C. & J. L. Patton & M. N. F. da Silva" refId="ref204173" refString="Lara, M. C., J. L. Patton, and M. N. F. da Silva. 1996. The simultaneous diversification of South American echimyid rodents (Hystricognathi) based on complete cytochrome b sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 5 (2): 403 - 413." year="1996">Lara et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CCF5575618EDFAB5C9813CD8BD926CCF" author="Leite, Y. L. R. & J. L. Patton" refId="ref209860" refString="Leite, Y. L. R., and J. L. Patton. 2002. Evolution of South American spiny rats (Rodentia, Echimyidae): The star-phylogeny hypothesis revisited. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 25: 455 - 464." year="2002">Leite and Patton, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3BE15E6019FE3657844797D930840621" author="Marivaux, L. & M. Vianey-Liaud & J. - L. Welcomme & J. - J. Jaeger" refId="ref225424" refString="Marivaux, L., M. Vianey-Liaud, J. - L. Welcomme, and J. - J. Jaeger. 2002. The role of Asia in the origin and diversication of hystricognathous rodents. Zoologica Scripta, 31 (3): 225 - 239." year="2002">Marivaux et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="53FC51DB979D1E882ED14845E3DAC301" author="Mouchaty, S. K. & F. Catzeflis & A. Janke & U. Arnason" refId="ref249281" refString="Mouchaty, S. K., F. Catzeflis, A. Janke, and U. Arnason. 2001. Molecular evidence of an African Phiomorpha-South American Caviomorpha clade and support for Hystricognathi based on the complete mitochondrial genome of the cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 18: 127 - 135." year="2001">Mouchaty et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="327EA7F51059B486A7BCB03A4A9E47D9" author="Rowe, D. L. & R. L. Honeycutt" refId="ref311252" refString="Rowe, D. L., and R. L. Honeycutt. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships, ecological correlates, and molecular evolution within the Cavioidea (Mammalia, Rodentia). Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19: 263 - 277." year="2002">Rowe and Honeycutt, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; and see references under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="104E5B82ECCCE0737417DFDEBC1EE4EB" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" infraOrder="Hystricognathi" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraOrder">Hystricognathi</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the guinea pig nests unremarkably within the kinship web so long predicated by so many past studies and classifications.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27C546B48C446B3846BF06C1EFCF51" pageNumber="745">
|
||
An implicit but faulty premise in these early molecular studies perhaps engendered the over-eager acceptance of rodent polyphyly: that is, the evolution of large, chisel-like incisors in other mammalian groups (e.g., the primate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F985DC95513463C021B176657280B5AE" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1795" class="Mammalia" family="Daubentoniidae" genus="Daubentonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C878FDB9E23BAB2DDA9630618EC89233" italics="true" pageNumber="745">Daubentonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and diprotodont marsupials) underscores the likelihood for the independent acquisition of enlarged incisors in other distantly related lineages, including and especially those that had been mistakenly lumped under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1DA211B114AF6DF1AC936D8992E611DE" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on this single, homoplasious trait. The point is that the hypertrophied incisors in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7D182078631E1D90D501C9CF306FD1CA" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia</taxonomicName>
|
||
represent retained deciduous second incisors (dI2/2), whereas the gliriform teeth in those other orders consist of permanent first incisors (I1/1). The embryogenesis of rodent incisors from the dI2 was appreciated by the late 1800s and constitutes a persuasive synapomorphy for the Order (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E1D75BC2C15B5C16548DF08184A8E70" author="Landry, S. O., Jr." refId="ref203501" refString="Landry, S. O., Jr. 1999. A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the Glires (Lagomorpha and Rodentia). Mitteilungen des Museums fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75: 283 - 316." year="1999">Landry, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Luckett, 1985, and references therein). To demonstrate that the adult incisors in one or more other rodent groups develop from an anlage other than the dI2 would more severely cripple the case for monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BD6D8E13ED278D88FE0D1019D57609A3" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The morphological character information historically used to argue the common ancestry of rodents is wonderfully richer than this single feature, however, as anyone who peruses the plates of Tullberg’s (1899) monograph will readily appreciate. See Carleton (1984) for general morphological characterization of the Order;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC4B911E463863EB2E78D4706A910C20" author="Hartenberger, J. - L." refId="ref141743" refString="Hartenberger, J. - L. 1985. The Order Rodentia: Major questions on their evolutionary origin, relationships and suprafamilial systematics. Pp. 1 - 34, in Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">Hartenberger (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0535C3272B096087C32D88377DDD46D9" author="Landry, S. O., Jr." refId="ref203501" refString="Landry, S. O., Jr. 1999. A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the Glires (Lagomorpha and Rodentia). Mitteilungen des Museums fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75: 283 - 316." year="1999">Landry (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="17F5866006E792EC37ACC683F3540591" author="Luckett, W. P. & J. - L. Hartenberger" refId="ref217258" refString="Luckett, W. P., and J. - L. Hartenberger. 1993. Monophyly or polyphyly of the Order Rodentia: Possible conflict between morphological and molecular interpretations. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 1: 127 - 147." year="1993">Luckett and Hartenberger (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provide phylogenetic interpretation of derived characters and integrated character suites that support monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B11A3F9D453574270FD16F985154E984" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In retrospect, we are fortunate that Tullberg based his phylogenetic study on more than a single species each of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C3AE4321C36AE99758F9047C0DAD1A" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1766" class="Mammalia" family="Caviidae" genus="Cavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E7F91D914188FA1B85302C350356DDCE" italics="true" pageNumber="745">Cavia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ABB4FB459F2F6DDFA9AA4233CBE41F80" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFC1F9A8CFA80E65B8432FC1004D566C" italics="true" pageNumber="745">Mus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2C0297B78373EF3CC2C7C583933C710" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1803" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E5A01EE59515E9DC492D997A514103D2" italics="true" pageNumber="745">Rattus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B80B1DBB4DB84E70B3FC1A6119D4C92" pageNumber="745">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3159E7FE71DD03435850F0C7A31758A" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Lagomorpha have long been advocated as sister taxa, with the two groups initially placed in the same order,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6413145F78C51D7453D80F4629F0BBE0" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DC6A17702B2F9AEFD85E9F4CCB748B3" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="superOrder" superOrder="Glires">Glires</taxonomicName>
|
||
, usually as the suborders Simplicidentata and Duplicidentata (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8870A087F83534F52434B8E3055481F7" author="Alston, E. R." refId="ref6239" refString="Alston, E. R. 1876. On the classification of the order Glires. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1876: 61 - 98." year="1876">Alston, 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="80C6E1FE2F17AFD96DA462F3E5AF227F" author="Brandt, J. F." refId="ref40003" refString="Brandt, J. F. 1855. Beitrage zur nahern Kenntniss der Saugethiere Russland's. Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Saint Petersburg, Memoires Mathematiques, Physiques et Naturelles, 7: 1 - 365." year="1855">Brandt, 1855</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F85A78A20872E7E7585670FDE72D4D26" author="Gregory, W. K." refId="ref129471" refString="Gregory, W. K. 1910. The orders of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 37: 1 - 524." year="1910">Gregory, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Thomas, 1897
|
||
<emphasis id="09FD345ECB51A13BEBEC0E9609B09817" italics="true" pageNumber="745">c</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F2C28EF31BC2F31CCAB276150214D490" author="Tullberg, T." refId="ref360768" refString="Tullberg, T. 1899. Uber das system der Nagetiere. Eine phylogenetische studie. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarium Upsaliensis, Ser. 3, 18: 1 - 514." year="1899">Tullberg, 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). After elevation to separate orders (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="413E63B1C5ABFBD2211A1E73B9B15A43" author="Gidley, J. M." refId="ref120521" refString="Gidley, J. M. 1912. The Lagomorpha as an independent order. Science, 36: 285 - 286." year="1912">Gidley, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="517BA16453723E00B927EA2D672EC236" author="Miller, G. S., Jr. & J. W. Gidley" refId="ref242298" refString="Miller, G. S., Jr., and J. W. Gidley. 1918. Synopsis of the supergeneric groups of rodents. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 8: 431 - 448." year="1918">Miller and Gidley, 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), indication of cognate affinity was still conveyed, e.g., as the Cohort or Superorder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="847BC5B6A921C73589DF5FCF58D94475" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="superOrder" superOrder="Glires">Glires</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5CBB806895AEA2BE6671BB7B74307CF2" author="Landry, S. O., Jr." refId="ref203462" refString="Landry, S. O., Jr. 1974. The fundamental relationship of the Lagomorpha and Rodentia (abstract). Transactions of the First International Theriological Congress, Moscow, 2: 202 - 203." year="1974">Landry, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DAB2297F4AE67B145745E3301E04FEF6" author="Landry, S. O., Jr." refId="ref203501" refString="Landry, S. O., Jr. 1999. A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the Glires (Lagomorpha and Rodentia). Mitteilungen des Museums fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75: 283 - 316." year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="73A9E1F384EB40458C0B5D16F059352B" author="Luckett, W. P. & J. - L. Hartenberger" refId="ref217189" refString="Luckett, W. P., and J. - L. Hartenberger. 1985 b. Evolutionary relationships among rodents: Comments and conclusions. Pp. 685 - 712, in Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">
|
||
Luckett and Hartenberger, 1985
|
||
<emphasis id="35C3EA392F113392952EE656A2C01748" italics="true" pageNumber="745">b</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CDBCC5D5E6220D12E83E9D4744CC2784" author="Simpson, G. G." refId="ref328876" refString="Simpson, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85: 1 - 350." year="1945">Simpson, 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For some time, a paleontological foundation for their supposed shared ancestry proved disconcertingly elusive (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="793E37E75612B8B01037A6CABAC04427" author="Gregory, W. K." refId="ref129471" refString="Gregory, W. K. 1910. The orders of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 37: 1 - 524." year="1910">Gregory, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F0A3BA2896E01969BB3322FAC959FEB6" author="Simpson, G. G." refId="ref328876" refString="Simpson, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85: 1 - 350." year="1945">Simpson, 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1873952AF798FA24DD45D887437D8896" author="Simpson, G. G." refId="ref328909" refString="Simpson, G. G. 1961. Principles of Animal Taxonomy. Columbia University, New York, 246 pp." year="1961">1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but such hard fossil evidence has proliferated rapidly in the later 1900s (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EC198FA13964BB5011353015E4376847" author="Bryant, J. D. & M. C. McKenna" refId="ref45314" refString="Bryant, J. D., and M. C. McKenna. 1995. Cranial anatomy and phylogenetic position of Tsaganomys altaicus (Mammalia: Rodentia) from the Hsanda Gol Formation (Oligocene), Mongolia. American Museum Novitates, 3156: 1 - 42." year="1995">Bryant and McKenna, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0CB3FAC8A01A6CE3F6686BC8BFF49F30" author="Dashzeveg, D. & J. - L. Hartenberger & T. Martin & S. Legendre" refId="ref74139" refString="Dashzeveg, D., J. - L. Hartenberger, T. Martin, and S. Legendre. 1998. A peculiar minute Glires (Mammalia) from the early Eocene of Mongolia. Pp. 194 - 209, in Dawn of the Age of Mammals in Asia (K. C. Beard and M. R. Dawson, eds.). Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 34: 348 pp." year="1998">Dashzeveg et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B71C839010B46C76CB53D644C55DDE71" author="Li, C. - K. & S. - Y. Ting" refId="ref211291" refString="Li, C. - K., and S. - Y. Ting. 1985. Possible phylogenetic relationships of eurymylids and rodents, with comments on mimotonids. Pp. 35 - 58, in Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">Li and Ting, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1993; Li et al., 1987). The current picture of earliest gliriform radiation and classification is complex, and the cladistic position of various groups, notably eurymylids in the broad sense, as basal to or subtended by the crown-clade
|
||
<taxonomicName id="68A507DFBE7E52E2BAAF7D6F17A295B4" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been variously interpreted (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3ECF8BC512AB37A5692574E84EC70498" author="Meng, J. & A. R. Wyss" refId="ref237194" refString="Meng, J., and A. R. Wyss. 2001. The morphology of Tribosphenomys (Rodentiaformes, Mammalia): Phylogenetic implications for basal Glires. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 8: 1 - 71." year="2001">Meng and Wyss, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B73498983393041E99EB85A2392BF57" author="Meng, J. & Y. Hu & C. Li" refId="ref237235" refString="Meng, J., Y. Hu, and C. Li. 2003. The osteology of Rhombomylus (Mammalia, Glires): Implication for phylogeny and evolution of Glires. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 275: 247 pp." year="2003">Meng et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, for phylogenetic analysis, review, and discussion). Sister-group stature of Lagomorpha and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C43B19D29A5FEB56BD680541B91A457B" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia</taxonomicName>
|
||
is decisively sustained in modern phylogenetic studies, both those drawing on morphological (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F298EDACC0384FEAC3C3DA12EDDB58F" author="Ade, M." refId="ref1306" refString="Ade, M. 1999. External morphology and evolution of the rhinarium of Lagomorpha with special reference to the Glires hypothesis. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75 (2): 191 - 216." year="1999">Ade, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1BDCE60478BA4E9F243DF1589F6B0F4B" author="Frahnert, S." refId="ref107882" refString="Frahnert, S. 1999. Morphology and evolution of the Glires rostral cranium. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75: 229 - 246." year="1999">Frahnert, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F637A32D199336DCD51BCDCE1AA08A87" author="Giere, P. & C. Freyer & U. Zeller" refId="ref120544" refString="Giere, P., C. Freyer, and U. Zeller. 1999. Opening of the mammalian vomeronasal organ with respect to the Glires hypotheses: A cladistic reconstruction of the therian morphotype. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75 (2): 247 - 255." year="1999">Giere et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="050BA66B7AC8AB71277FFC182AF48CDF" author="Landry, S. O., Jr." refId="ref203501" refString="Landry, S. O., Jr. 1999. A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the Glires (Lagomorpha and Rodentia). Mitteilungen des Museums fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75: 283 - 316." year="1999">Landry, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A439CCFB5B77B51E4CD45756184BCB79" author="Luckett, W. P. & J. - L. Hartenberger" refId="ref217258" refString="Luckett, W. P., and J. - L. Hartenberger. 1993. Monophyly or polyphyly of the Order Rodentia: Possible conflict between morphological and molecular interpretations. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 1: 127 - 147." year="1993">Luckett and Hartenberger, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="B26A7B9FF88207863BF430C0E6F833CD" author="Martin, T." refId="ref227643" refString="Martin, T. 1999. Phylogenetic implications of Glires (Eurymylidae, Mimotonidae, Rodentia, Lagomorpha) incisor enamel microstructure. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75 (2): 257 - 273." year="1999">Martin, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="893C3F32F258C432ED98BA4B506FB91C" author="Meng, J. & A. R. Wyss" refId="ref237194" refString="Meng, J., and A. R. Wyss. 2001. The morphology of Tribosphenomys (Rodentiaformes, Mammalia): Phylogenetic implications for basal Glires. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 8: 1 - 71." year="2001">Meng and Wyss, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2F973BED4EC4B8286387ACD726EE8BB7" author="Meng, J. & Y. Hu & C. Li" refId="ref237235" refString="Meng, J., Y. Hu, and C. Li. 2003. The osteology of Rhombomylus (Mammalia, Glires): Implication for phylogeny and evolution of Glires. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 275: 247 pp." year="2003">Meng et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE5E07049A2690D5B1B09649BB8E086C" author="Mess, A." refId="ref238585" refString="Mess, A. 1999. The evolutionary differentiation of the rostral nasal skeleton within Glires. A review with new data on Lagomorph ontogeny. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75 (2): 217 - 228." year="1999">Mess, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9FAE917B75B8A245349EBB158C8F5FB6" author="Novacek, M. J." refId="ref262393" refString="Novacek, M. J. 1985. Cranial evidence for rodent affinities. Pp. 59 - 81, in Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">Novacek, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1986;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8957FE6E32BE5DDF5D039DF6B7DE8D85" author="Novacek, M. J. & A. R. Wyss" refId="ref262488" refString="Novacek, M. J., and A. R. Wyss. 1986. Higher-level relationships of the Recent eutherian orders: Morphological evidence. Cladistics, 2: 257 - 287." year="1986">Novacek and Wyss, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="53519A2774CA8623FC3E0FED6C08BBC0" author="Novacek, M. J. & A. R. Wyss & M. C. McKenna" refId="ref262523" refString="Novacek, M. J., A. R. Wyss, and M. C. McKenna. 1988. The major groups of eutherian mammals. Pp. 31 - 71, in The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume 2 (M. J. Benton, ed.). Clarendon Press, Oxford, x + 329 pp." year="1988">Novacek et al., 1988</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="F345AAB0376D8123CA1A21C8D83592D0" author="Shoshani, J. & M. C. McKenna" refId="ref326685" refString="Shoshani, J., and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Higher taxonomic relationships among extant mammals based on morphology, with selected comparisons of results from molecular data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 9: 572 - 584." year="1998">Shoshani and McKenna, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and molecular data sources (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B67B7DD8FE02E8ACF0336FC1E9D64CDE" author="Amrine-Madsen, H. & K. - P. Koepfli & R. K. Wayne & M. S. Springer" refId="ref7796" refString="Amrine-Madsen, H., K. - P. Koepfli, R. K. Wayne, and M. S. Springer. 2003. A new phylogenetic marker, apolipoprotein B, provides compelling evidence for eutherian relationships. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 28: 225 - 240." year="2003">Amrine-Madsen et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2BBEEBB966629C66C3AB06F57D159987" author="Delsuc, F. & M. Scally & O. Madsen & M. J. Stanhope & W. W. de Jong & F. M. Catzeflis & M. S. Springer & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref80210" refString="Delsuc, F., M. Scally, O. Madsen, M. J. Stanhope, W. W. de Jong, F. M. Catzeflis, M. S. Springer, and E. J. P. Douzery. 2002. Molecular phylogeny of living xenarthrans and the impact of character and taxon sampling on the placental tree rooting. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19: 1656 - 1671." year="2002">Delsuc et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8F0C804AD1C227507A3993CE8345813C" author="Eizirik, E. & W. J. Murphy & S. J. O'Brien" refId="ref92405" refString="Eizirik, E., W. J. Murphy, and S. J. O'Brien. 2001. Molecular dating and biogeography of the early placental mammal radiation. Journal of Heredity, 92: 212 - 219." year="2001">Eizirik et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2120A18A58F73F6B93A29F9708D8808C" author="Huchon, D. & O. Madsen & M. J. J. B. Sibbald & K. Ament & M. J. Stanhope & F. Catzeflis & W. W. de Jong & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160779" refString="Huchon, D., O. Madsen, M. J. J. B. Sibbald, K. Ament, M. J. Stanhope, F. Catzeflis, W. W. de Jong, and E. J. P. Douzery. 2002. Rodent phylogeny and a timescale for the evolution of Glires: Evidence from an extensive taxon sampling using three nuclear genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19 (7): 1053 - 1065." year="2002">Huchon et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Lin et al., 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="45265345CBE58377E52F62CFF2900508" author="Murphy, W. J. & E. Eizirik & W. E. Johnson & Ya Ping Zhang, O. A. & Ryder & S. O'Brien" refId="ref250371" refString="Murphy, W. J., E. Eizirik, W. E. Johnson, Ya Ping Zhang, O. A. Ryder and S. O'Brien. 2001 a. Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals. Nature, 409: 614 - 618." year="2001">
|
||
Murphy et al., 2001
|
||
<emphasis id="9B8CD173615BC7DA8CF80ECF2F7194D0" italics="true" pageNumber="745">a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="E6BF85C7BD447898F4FF64AFEBFF7776" italics="true" pageNumber="745">b</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7731AC8B0DE4600DB0B81909C0064E92" author="Waddell, P. J. & S. Shelley" refId="ref379733" refString="Waddell, P. J., and S. Shelley. 2003. Evaluating placental inter-ordinal phylogenies with novel sequences including RAG 1, gamma-fibrinogen, ND 6, and mt-tRNA, plus MCMC-driven nucleotide, amino acid, and codon models. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 28: 197 - 224." year="2003">Waddell and Shelley, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Other orders besides Lagomorpha have been identified as closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5D69EDC9384CD6A5512132DC86437608" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in particular
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AFF77C355A9436588CAABAE8AE5F376F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Primates</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2E43AE4FBB463288F548D2519FA87929" author="Patterson, B. & A. E. Wood" refId="ref274402" refString="Patterson, B., and A. E. Wood. 1982. Rodents from the Deseadan Oligocene of Bolivia and the relationships of the Caviomorpha. Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, 149: 371 - 543." year="1982">Patterson and Wood, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="84F5EDD3A65C557533857576A6D01C9F" author="Wood, A. E." refId="ref393338" refString="Wood, A. E. 1962. The early Tertiary rodents of the Family Paramyidae. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s., 52: 1 - 261." year="1962">Wood, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Such proposals merit some vindication, albeit phyletically more remote, in the emerging recognition of the superorder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A81BD572F49D12E1D1328BD911FF2914" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="superOrder" superOrder="Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Dermoptera-Scandentia-Primates + Lagomorpha-Rodentia—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="141670CC64A7BF89344605B60E9E80C2" author="Archibald, J. D." refId="ref13075" refString="Archibald, J. D. 2003. Timing and biogeography of the eutherian radiation: Fossils and molecules compared. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 28: 350 - 359." year="2003">Archibald, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C2D12C68D702435AFC1C4597ECA7DDDC" author="Delsuc, F. & M. Scally & O. Madsen & M. J. Stanhope & W. W. de Jong & F. M. Catzeflis & M. S. Springer & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref80210" refString="Delsuc, F., M. Scally, O. Madsen, M. J. Stanhope, W. W. de Jong, F. M. Catzeflis, M. S. Springer, and E. J. P. Douzery. 2002. Molecular phylogeny of living xenarthrans and the impact of character and taxon sampling on the placental tree rooting. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19: 1656 - 1671." year="2002">Delsuc et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="702CD39B51FF4B48FAAF7FFAFCB18299" author="Helgen, K. M." refId="ref145995" refString="Helgen, K. M. 2003 a. Major mammalian clades: A review under consideration of molecular and palaeontological evidence. Mammalian Biology, 68: 1 - 15." year="2003">
|
||
Helgen, 2003
|
||
<emphasis id="E713F23F3F46AF73823AD0A1480C5213" italics="true" pageNumber="745">a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41F2046DCDC92260B12797B0B70101BE" author="Huchon, D. & O. Madsen & M. J. J. B. Sibbald & K. Ament & M. J. Stanhope & F. Catzeflis & W. W. de Jong & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160779" refString="Huchon, D., O. Madsen, M. J. J. B. Sibbald, K. Ament, M. J. Stanhope, F. Catzeflis, W. W. de Jong, and E. J. P. Douzery. 2002. Rodent phylogeny and a timescale for the evolution of Glires: Evidence from an extensive taxon sampling using three nuclear genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19 (7): 1053 - 1065." year="2002">Huchon et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Lin et al., 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="15566F1B4F2E78267F147D1D1D01BB3C" author="Murphy, W. J. & E. Eizirik & W. E. Johnson & Ya Ping Zhang, O. A. & Ryder & S. O'Brien" refId="ref250371" refString="Murphy, W. J., E. Eizirik, W. E. Johnson, Ya Ping Zhang, O. A. Ryder and S. O'Brien. 2001 a. Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals. Nature, 409: 614 - 618." year="2001">
|
||
Murphy et al., 2001
|
||
<emphasis id="11BE6711112FEA2DFFD20992C2047601" italics="true" pageNumber="745">a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="9B06853F606D2C73B57A0224DA5CFE24" italics="true" pageNumber="745">b</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="05F0454B8DBCD2860189D0B25C382D7E" author="Scally, M. & O. Madsen & C. J. Douady & W. W. de Jong & M. J. Stanhope & M. S. Springer" refId="ref318378" refString="Scally, M., O. Madsen, C. J. Douady, W. W. de Jong, M. J. Stanhope, and M. S. Springer. 2001. Molecular evidence for the major clades of placental mammals. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 8: 239 - 277." year="2001">Scally et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3FCE1AAFB50C0E6A7450C848A5E27D0F" author="Waddell, P. J. & S. Shelley" refId="ref379733" refString="Waddell, P. J., and S. Shelley. 2003. Evaluating placental inter-ordinal phylogenies with novel sequences including RAG 1, gamma-fibrinogen, ND 6, and mt-tRNA, plus MCMC-driven nucleotide, amino acid, and codon models. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 28: 197 - 224." year="2003">Waddell and Shelley, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Zalambdalestids from the late Cretaceous of Asia have also been claimed as sister-group to Rodentia-Lagomorpha (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="59C163C8019EE4A4D18264A25F9889EC" author="Archibald, J. D." refId="ref13075" refString="Archibald, J. D. 2003. Timing and biogeography of the eutherian radiation: Fossils and molecules compared. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 28: 350 - 359." year="2003">Archibald, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="452AEAAFE3E7A62FFFD1A3A91FDCBB21" author="Archibald, J. D. & A. O. Averlanov & E. G. Ekdale" refId="ref13107" refString="Archibald, J. D., A. O. Averlanov, and E. G. Ekdale. 2001. Late Cretaceous relatives of rabbits, rodents, and other extant eutherian mammals. Nature, 414: 62 - 65." year="2001">Archibald et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but their close link is unsupported by analyses employing a greater range of relevant taxa and characters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="78E3E513467A08013C5DA324BF84628C" author="Ji, Q. & Z. - X. Luo & C. - X. Yuan & J. R. Wible & J. - P. Zhang & J. A. Beorgi" refId="ref173969" refString="Ji, Q., Z. - X. Luo, C. - X. Yuan, J. R. Wible, J. - P. Zhang, and J. A. Beorgi. 2002. The earliest known eutherian mammal. Nature, 416: 816 - 822." year="2002">Ji et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D0CD1CF8E5FE3E210E396FB27413BD8" author="Meng, J. & Y. Hu & C. Li" refId="ref237235" refString="Meng, J., Y. Hu, and C. Li. 2003. The osteology of Rhombomylus (Mammalia, Glires): Implication for phylogeny and evolution of Glires. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 275: 247 pp." year="2003">Meng et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="25D7E7C8EF0F490393970D4766CD1313" author="Wible, J. R. & M. J. Novacek & G. W. Rougier" refId="ref388570" refString="Wible, J. R., M. J. Novacek, and G. W. Rougier. 2004. New data on the skull and dentition in the Mongolian late Cretaceous eutherian mammal Zalambdalestes. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 281: 1 - 144." year="2004">Wible et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CD487481E7389C4C5557D67F6B28B1DC" pageNumber="745">
|
||
If
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F592D7B3BAA9FC8CD877DF92A55C226" class="Mammalia" family="Eurymylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Eurymylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C6D120F5BB1A24317C2BAC1ACBD556E4" authorityName="Li" authorityYear="1977" class="Mammalia" family="Rhizospalacidae" genus="Heomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="12BC03887B2B0420A9EAAF23FECDF08A" italics="true" pageNumber="745">Heomys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is considered a family of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7197C7779531368FEA1D8F1C8D5297B2" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B9CAAFCB5A41459620039C811781074" author="Li, C. - K. & S. - Y. Ting" refId="ref211364" refString="Li, C. - K., and S. - Y. Ting. 1993. New cranial and postcranial evidence for the affinities of the eurymylids (Rodentia) and mimotonids (Lagomorpha). Pp. 151 - 158, in Mammal Phylogeny-Placentals (F. S. Szalay, M. J. Novacek, and M. C. McKenna, eds.). Springer-Verlag, New York, xi + 321 pp." year="1993">Li and Ting, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), then the geological range of the Order extends from the early-middle Paleocene. If not (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="06D32FE541268DE5C499E97BD222802E" author="Meng, J. & A. R. Wyss" refId="ref237194" refString="Meng, J., and A. R. Wyss. 2001. The morphology of Tribosphenomys (Rodentiaformes, Mammalia): Phylogenetic implications for basal Glires. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 8: 1 - 71." year="2001">Meng and Wyss, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="76BCB0AA78203576AD244E60A6DA2E63" author="Wyss, A. R. & J. Meng" refId="ref396354" refString="Wyss, A. R., and J. Meng. 1996. Application of phylogenetic taxonomy to poorly resolved crown clades: A stem-modified node-based definition of Rodentia. Systematic Biology, 45: 559 - 568." year="1996">Wyss and Meng, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), then several ischyromyid genera from the late Paleocene appear to be the earliest true rodents yet recorded (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E1C65AB2ADC8FE8CCDE40AC13AA798A0" author="Hartenberger, J. - L." refId="ref141911" refString="Hartenberger, J. - L. 1998. Description de la radiation des Rodentia (Mammalia) du Paleocene superieur au Miocene; incidence phylogenetiques. Comptes Rendus Academie des Sciences Paris, Sciences de la terre et des planetes, 326: 439 - 444." year="1998">Hartenberger, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF10A698137DB868DC24C27A62434769" author="McKenna, M. C. & S. K. Bell" refId="ref233772" refString="McKenna, M. C., and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of mammals above the species level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp." year="1997">McKenna and Bell, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Explosive diversification into principal lineages (suborders) transpired in the early Eocene, and examples of most modern families are encountered by the middle to late Oligocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="10911F9E055844702CD2000ED6B79BBB" author="Hartenberger, J. - L." refId="ref141874" refString="Hartenberger, J. - L. 1996. Les debuts de la radiation adaptative des Rodentia (Mammalia). Comptes Rendus Academie des Sciences Paris, serie IIa, 323: 631 - 637." year="1996">Hartenberger, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1998; Wood, 1959). Based on the earliest fossils so far discovered and their cladistically basal stature within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8D27C57316EDC63D4E4CC8453CA3EE6E" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="superOrder" superOrder="Glires">Glires</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F645D08B282228B776457C71F58A5EA2" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, "Asia" (a vast and diverse region to be sure) is presently accepted as the area of origin for the Order (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B5B73B08BB128A773E096A99E73D3D9E" author="Beard, K. C." refId="ref25218" refString="Beard, K. C. 1998. East of Eden: Asia as an important center of taxonomic origination in mammalian evolution. Pp. 5 - 39, in Dawn of the Age of Mammals in Asia (K. C. Beard and M. R. Dawson, eds). Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 34: 348 pp." year="1998">Beard, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C692C3132891CF8F6CD020E101BE221D" author="Bryant, J. D. & M. C. McKenna" refId="ref45314" refString="Bryant, J. D., and M. C. McKenna. 1995. Cranial anatomy and phylogenetic position of Tsaganomys altaicus (Mammalia: Rodentia) from the Hsanda Gol Formation (Oligocene), Mongolia. American Museum Novitates, 3156: 1 - 42." year="1995">Bryant and McKenna, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="27D9646723B7316A0A708D179FD4D03E" author="Hartenberger, J. - L." refId="ref141874" refString="Hartenberger, J. - L. 1996. Les debuts de la radiation adaptative des Rodentia (Mammalia). Comptes Rendus Academie des Sciences Paris, serie IIa, 323: 631 - 637." year="1996">Hartenberger, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="00672037376D8D8241202C0C5C3D25D4" author="Meng, J. & A. R. Wyss" refId="ref237194" refString="Meng, J., and A. R. Wyss. 2001. The morphology of Tribosphenomys (Rodentiaformes, Mammalia): Phylogenetic implications for basal Glires. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 8: 1 - 71." year="2001">Meng and Wyss, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BF99A5AAE6359A8618BC546B96DA8F6C" pageNumber="745">
|
||
<emphasis id="0A5BBC6B48FC7D5F32AD1DE9B2333500" italics="true" pageNumber="745">Rodent suborders</emphasis>
|
||
?—The now classical and familiar rodent suborders—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B3D2B69DB900727FBB07CEE84C420D7F" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDEB2B5DBEAB6763C3A20C9E0227A499" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FECF89185BF0759D0FA7AAE76E55B65C" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Hystricomorpha">Hystricomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
—issue from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="38EDC071E5F4087FBBEF91EAB3085E4E" author="Brandt, J. F." refId="ref40003" refString="Brandt, J. F. 1855. Beitrage zur nahern Kenntniss der Saugethiere Russland's. Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Saint Petersburg, Memoires Mathematiques, Physiques et Naturelles, 7: 1 - 365." year="1855">Brandt (1855)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who eponomously based his names on Waterhouse’s (1839) characterizations of sciuromorphous, myomorphous, and hystricomorphous zygomasseteric morphologies. Thereafter, the question of rodent suborders has become a century and a half long work-in-progress. The most important conceptual landmark since Brandt is Tullberg’s (1899)
|
||
<emphasis id="C84D3E8F4821C2F1F71C7FC54830463A" italics="true" pageNumber="745">Eine Phylogenetische Studie</emphasis>
|
||
, in which he integrated mandibular conformation (sciurognathy versus hystricognathy) and Brandtian zygomasseteric criteria to delineate two major rodent groups (each called a Tribus), the Sciurognathi (Sciuromorphi and Myomorphi) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00F842E47AD8CDF088B0E34974757571" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" infraOrder="Hystricognathi" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraOrder">Hystricognathi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Bathyergomorphi and Hystricomorphi). Subsequently, most mammalian classifiers and rodent systematists have adopted either the Brantian tri-subordinal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="36FFEEAC7EEABF99D2226DB534F886C8" author="Alston, E. R." refId="ref6239" refString="Alston, E. R. 1876. On the classification of the order Glires. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1876: 61 - 98." year="1876">Alston, 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="24C839C217A2EAF20A7A6C1FC4ECDC15" author="Lavocat, R." refId="ref205553" refString="Lavocat, R. 1978. Rodentia and Lagomorpha. Pp. 69 - 89, in Evolution of African mammals (V. J. Maglio and H. B. S. Cooke, eds.). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 641 pp." year="1978">Lavocat, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2EE92935A6B3DD152715A184CC3CC87E" author="Miller, G. S., Jr. & R. Kellogg" refId="ref242339" refString="Miller, G. S., Jr., and R. Kellogg. 1955. List of North American Recent mammals. Bulletin of United States National Museum, 205: 1 - 954." year="1955">Miller and Kellogg, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="027278DABDE0D9258ED1920231615869" author="Simpson, G. G." refId="ref328876" refString="Simpson, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85: 1 - 350." year="1945">Simpson, 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7CE7BA5EDFB3AE6ED571060F42530630" author="Wilson, R. W." refId="ref391294" refString="Wilson, R. W. 1949. Early Tertiary rodents of North America. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publications, Contributions to Paleontology, 584 (- IV): 67 - 164." year="1949">Wilson, 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F0BCE5A1F87C654D57EE9902B279AECF" author="Wood, A. E." refId="ref393373" refString="Wood, A. E. 1965. Grades and clades among rodents. Evolution, 19: 115 - 130." year="1965">Wood, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or Tullbergian dual subordinal themes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="98CAD40D14850EB45EAB566E42145A38" author="Chaline, J. & P. Mein" refId="ref57043" refString="Chaline, J., and P. Mein. 1979. Les rongeurs et l'evolution. Doin Editeurs, Paris, 235 pp." year="1979">
|
||
Chaline and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7A61554DEC5DC8CCAABDC5D5C17666CB" country="United States of America" name="Maine">Mein</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 1979
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5983E4D07B0F4BDFB77CA43A37C4371" author="Ellerman, J. R." refId="ref92817" refString="Ellerman, J. R. 1940. The families and genera of living rodents. Vol. 1. Rodents other than Muridae. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 689 pp." year="1940">Ellerman, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9789970F5CCC0001E5969F10B8A035CE" author="Landry, S. O., Jr." refId="ref203501" refString="Landry, S. O., Jr. 1999. A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the Glires (Lagomorpha and Rodentia). Mitteilungen des Museums fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75: 283 - 316." year="1999">Landry, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E93908C98D5322C1EA3C44E85196E5E6" author="Lavocat, R." refId="ref205495" refString="Lavocat, R. 1973. Les rongeurs du Miocene d'Afrique Orientale. Memoires et Travaux de l'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Institut de Montpellier, 1: 1 - 284." year="1973">Lavocat, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E5A9EF92346EFFFC243622B72B3B661B" author="Patterson, B. & A. E. Wood" refId="ref274402" refString="Patterson, B., and A. E. Wood. 1982. Rodents from the Deseadan Oligocene of Bolivia and the relationships of the Caviomorpha. Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, 149: 371 - 543." year="1982">Patterson and Wood, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="85F96390AA60D20E11A9830E0B1F37CF" author="Woods, C. A." refId="ref394218" refString="Woods, C. A. 1972. Comparative mycology of jaw, hyoid, and pectoral appendicular regions of New and Old World hystricomorph rodents. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 147: 115 - 198." year="1972">Woods, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), some in more or less their orthodox forms and others with due amendment of lesser ranks and reallocation of taxa among them. Other variations have recognized more primary divisions within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D1BCD34213784319AE54AF82B14B4584" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whether or not called a suborder per se, anywhere from five to 16 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9ADBCB9837B5C974CB1FC4B37C4BC3A0" author="Hartenberger, J. - L." refId="ref141743" refString="Hartenberger, J. - L. 1985. The Order Rodentia: Major questions on their evolutionary origin, relationships and suprafamilial systematics. Pp. 1 - 34, in Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">Hartenberger, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1998;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F5F8FAF1D9E9B9C6134F567DDE913447" author="McKenna, M. C. & S. K. Bell" refId="ref233772" refString="McKenna, M. C., and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of mammals above the species level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp." year="1997">McKenna and Bell, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3FE9105D654EF00FB359AD49307FC8F0" author="Miller, G. S., Jr. & J. W. Gidley" refId="ref242298" refString="Miller, G. S., Jr., and J. W. Gidley. 1918. Synopsis of the supergeneric groups of rodents. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 8: 431 - 448." year="1918">Miller and Gidley, 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="378E27D6AA6D7B0E9B60B20C3A1EB529" author="Thaler, L." refId="ref350726" refString="Thaler, L. 1966. Les rongeurs fossiles du Bas-Languedoc dans leur rapports avec l'histoire des faunes et la stratigraphie du Tertiaire d'Europe. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Serie C, 17: 1 - 295." year="1966">Thaler, 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Thomas, 1897
|
||
<emphasis id="749499944FFAE103236AB7C2DC51EB2F" italics="true" pageNumber="745">c</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1FDFF3AD2733030A8BC01D5485168DC0" author="Weber, M." refId="ref385811" refString="Weber, M. 1904. Die saugetiere. Einfuhrung in die anatomie und systematik der recenten und fossilen Mammalia. G. Fischer, Jena, xi + 866 pp." year="1904">Weber, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F1767CEFB6918C3E9F3DD4BADCE8132A" author="Wood, A. E." refId="ref393289" refString="Wood, A. E. 1955. A revised classification of the rodents. Journal of Mammalogy, 36: 165 - 187." year="1955">Wood, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1959). Within each of these classifications, problematic and-or poorly understood groups have been regularly acknowledged through the time-honored qualifiers of ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="C0629DD44CAC6F25E46C02ACC49F0A03" italics="true" pageNumber="745">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
’ or ‘suborder indeterminate,’ some to an extent that little sense of higher-level relationship within the Order is conveyed (e.g., Carleton, 1984). See Carleton (1984),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7D7E9E38A3752411EAF5A616E84AE34B" author="Ellerman, J. R." refId="ref92817" refString="Ellerman, J. R. 1940. The families and genera of living rodents. Vol. 1. Rodents other than Muridae. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 689 pp." year="1940">Ellerman (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0FC047637E3B869B8CFAAB79CAE23DC1" author="Hartenberger, J. - L." refId="ref141743" refString="Hartenberger, J. - L. 1985. The Order Rodentia: Major questions on their evolutionary origin, relationships and suprafamilial systematics. Pp. 1 - 34, in Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">Hartenberger (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="45F13BC915EF3F26EEC53A3EA4E28F03" author="Landry, S. O., Jr." refId="ref203501" refString="Landry, S. O., Jr. 1999. A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the Glires (Lagomorpha and Rodentia). Mitteilungen des Museums fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75: 283 - 316." year="1999">Landry (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C28AC7E20116A3B1B4F77EB0344EE7EE" author="Simpson, G. G." refId="ref328876" refString="Simpson, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85: 1 - 350." year="1945">Simpson (1945)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="19C3DE8733D050A3D21ECD23D1E3E0A4" author="Wilson, R. W." refId="ref391294" refString="Wilson, R. W. 1949. Early Tertiary rodents of North America. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publications, Contributions to Paleontology, 584 (- IV): 67 - 164." year="1949">Wilson (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D779293A3B757735766A406E81E8A6CB" author="Wood, A. E." refId="ref393289" refString="Wood, A. E. 1955. A revised classification of the rodents. Journal of Mammalogy, 36: 165 - 187." year="1955">Wood (1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1959, 1965) for additional review and commentary on rodent classifications, in particular the historical treatment of rodent suborders.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6B1860974EC4F6B783DE522E3AFB5849" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Compared with the vacillation and disagreement over suborders, the number of families of living rodents considered valid has remained fairly stable over the past half-century, around 30 to 35 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C51DDA15DA1B664522847531D76C208D" author="Anderson, S. & J. K. Jones, Jr." refId="ref9413" refString="Anderson, S., and J. K. Jones, Jr. (eds.). 1967. Recent mammals of the world, a synopsis of families. Ronald Press Co., New York, 453 pp." year="1967">Anderson and Jones, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1984;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A6F67959E69C3286F7FE1052F6AD1EF4" author="Corbet, G. B. & J. E. Hill" refId="ref67878" refString="Corbet, G. B., and J. E. Hill. 1986. A world list of mammalian species. Second ed. British Museum (Natural History), London, 254 pp." year="1986">Corbet and Hill, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Grassé and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0E3529C41D6EFEB9756ACA2998489DC8" author="Dekeyser, P. L." refId="ref79448" refString="Dekeyser, P. L. 1955. Les mammiferes de l'Afrique noire francaise. Second ed. Institut francais d'Afrique noire, Dakar, 426 pp." year="1955">Dekeyser, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="916E44556613F7F502CF5AF09B131070" author="Hartenberger, J. - L." refId="ref141743" refString="Hartenberger, J. - L. 1985. The Order Rodentia: Major questions on their evolutionary origin, relationships and suprafamilial systematics. Pp. 1 - 34, in Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">Hartenberger, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2EF7DC81C67F3A3F6B13B43D4F27BB76" author="Honacki, J. H. & K. E. Kinman & J. W. Koeppl" refId="ref157366" refString="Honacki, J. H., K. E. Kinman and J. W. Koeppl (eds.). 1982. Mammal species of the world, a taxonomic and geographic reference. Allen Press, Inc. and The Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas, 694 pp." year="1982">Honacki et al., 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28A60999DB7F6F3DD904BBA2A676664D" author="Simpson, G. G." refId="ref328876" refString="Simpson, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85: 1 - 350." year="1945">Simpson, 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE18827AE486A71A28AFA25A6F2FE2E3" author="Wilson, D. E. & D. M. Reeder" refId="ref390925" refString="Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (eds.). 1993. Mammal species of the world, a taxonomic and geographic reference, Second ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., xviii + 1207 pp." year="1993">Wilson and Reeder, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Variation among these, and other, works pivots on the authors’ decisions concerning the rank of certain groups as subfamily versus family. Thirty-three families are acknowledged herein (Table 1), and recent molecular investigations have generally sustained the monophyletic status of most of these, where the taxonomic sampling is suitably robust and critically focussed (see various family-group Comments). Moreover, certain kinship hypotheses linking these families recur in the proliferation of gene-sequencing investigations over the past decade. The stability of these genetic clades, superposed upon the morphological evidence mustered and classifications promulgated over the past 150 years, lends some empirical confidence that agreement about rodent suborders will be eventually realized, perhaps in less than a decade. Five family-group phyletic associations are briefly reviewed below as a basis for the provisional subordinal groupings observed here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="696C42E9B6B2984C37F3B267D7CDCC15" pageNumber="745">
|
||
(1). Aplodontidae-Sciuridae +
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2242F3D2064C7C17BC54E75F3D6F0D4" authorityName="Muirhead" authorityYear="1819" class="Mammalia" family="Gliridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gliridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Aplodontids and sciurids form the core of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DC0816E8AEC9DB5529F1484B0F73102" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as reflected in classifications generated from the late 1800s to the present (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8F40A2D1F1FE50D1806922C7D2960D43" author="Alston, E. R." refId="ref6239" refString="Alston, E. R. 1876. On the classification of the order Glires. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1876: 61 - 98." year="1876">Alston, 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Hartenberg, 1998;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="69DB104D2E39D6AE93EC22841A17DC63" author="Landry, S. O., Jr." refId="ref203501" refString="Landry, S. O., Jr. 1999. A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the Glires (Lagomorpha and Rodentia). Mitteilungen des Museums fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75: 283 - 316." year="1999">Landry, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035406E509CB733CCA5EC8D0EF9FE1F3" author="McKenna, M. C. & S. K. Bell" refId="ref233772" refString="McKenna, M. C., and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of mammals above the species level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp." year="1997">McKenna and Bell, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E0FC4E938E88601B241A88692C68B847" author="Simpson, G. G." refId="ref328876" refString="Simpson, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85: 1 - 350." year="1945">Simpson, 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Thomas, 1897
|
||
<emphasis id="72DEB6F3ABC6CB7C0F766DC8A2E6C771" italics="true" pageNumber="745">c</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D896003C9E70757DA970B319AFD8E6BF" author="Tullberg, T." refId="ref360768" refString="Tullberg, T. 1899. Uber das system der Nagetiere. Eine phylogenetische studie. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarium Upsaliensis, Ser. 3, 18: 1 - 514." year="1899">Tullberg, 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Their common evolutionary origin has been historically postulated (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C38D8A9F6E40AE365FE0EC7BA618B63A" author="Wilson, R. W." refId="ref391294" refString="Wilson, R. W. 1949. Early Tertiary rodents of North America. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publications, Contributions to Paleontology, 584 (- IV): 67 - 164." year="1949">Wilson, 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and this phyletic link has been reinforced by a suite of morphological traits (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B772DB8B1D7AC9AA3F6638CB1C794877" author="Landry, S. O., Jr." refId="ref203501" refString="Landry, S. O., Jr. 1999. A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the Glires (Lagomorpha and Rodentia). Mitteilungen des Museums fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75: 283 - 316." year="1999">Landry, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E6862CAAE80F720B65E973C6BFDA067A" author="Luckett, W. P. & J. - L. Hartenberger" refId="ref217189" refString="Luckett, W. P., and J. - L. Hartenberger. 1985 b. Evolutionary relationships among rodents: Comments and conclusions. Pp. 685 - 712, in Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">
|
||
Luckett and Hartenberger, 1985
|
||
<emphasis id="E51DF126D596634B114284FBFD915201" italics="true" pageNumber="745">b</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1366B6A4100EE29CD2DAB2E627A22354" author="Tullberg, T." refId="ref360714" refString="Tullberg, T. 1896. Zur anatomie des Haplodon rufus. Pp. 233 - 251, in Zoologiska Studier; Festskrift Wilhelm Lilljeborg Tillegnad pa Understod af Hans Majestt Konung Oscar II. Letterstedtska Foreningen och Enskilda Mecenater, 233 - 251. Almqvist and Wiksells, Upsala, 360 pp." year="1896">Tullberg, 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="132D787647ED06FE499F757C1E0081E0" author="Tullberg, T." refId="ref360768" refString="Tullberg, T. 1899. Uber das system der Nagetiere. Eine phylogenetische studie. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarium Upsaliensis, Ser. 3, 18: 1 - 514." year="1899">1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), in particular craniodental features (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="31A2542D186571B895538C86EC79C551" author="Vianey-Liaud, M." refId="ref371732" refString="Vianey-Liaud, M. 1985. Possible evolutionary relationships among Eocene and Lower Oligocene rodents of Asia, Europe and North America. Pp. 277 - 309, in Evolutionary Relationships Among Rodents. A multidisciplinary analysis. W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds. Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">Vianey-Liaud, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), cranial foramina (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6B34FD6876E955794CE9532DD20CB5B9" author="Wahlert, J. H." refId="ref380046" refString="Wahlert, J. H. 1985. Skull morphology and relationships of geomyoid rodents. American Museum Novitates, 2812: 1 - 20." year="1985">Wahlert, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), middle ear anatomy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="58EF9957842DE1CB62DE28576E666ACA" author="Lavocat, R. & J. - P. Parent" refId="ref205672" refString="Lavocat, R., and J. - P. Parent. 1985. Phylogenetic analysis of middle ear features in fossil and living rodents. Pp. 333 - 354, in Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">Lavocat and Parent, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5AA07B11345901313FE318B81BE6E07E" author="Meng, J." refId="ref237167" refString="Meng, J. 1990. The auditory region of Reithroparamys delicatissimus and its systematic implications. American Museum Novitates, 2972: 1 - 35." year="1990">Meng, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and fetal membrane development (Luckett, 1985). That
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6BA7E83322052309968EAAEA9FFD2A0B" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1897" family="Aplodontidae" rank="family">Aplodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4940208C0EDD41715E361954E58F5748" authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1817" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sciuridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are each others closest relative (among living rodents) is also overwhelmingly indicated by albumin immunology (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="03D51A8074C87BF1E4385043E87DB27C" author="Sarich, V. M." refId="ref317247" refString="Sarich, V. M. 1985. Rodent macromolecular systematics. Pp. 423 - 452, in Evolutionary relationships among rodents, a multidisciplinary analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">Sarich, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and by phylogenetic comparisons of several mitochondrial and nuclear genes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="10743F303D73EFF98FAA38F31BA8BC50" author="Adkins, R. M. & E. L. Gelke & D. Rowe & R. L. Honeycutt" refId="ref1350" refString="Adkins, R. M., E. L. Gelke, D. Rowe, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2001. Molecular phylogeny and divergence time estimates for major rodent groups: Evidence from multiple genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 18 (5): 777 - 791." year="2001">Adkins et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
|
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<bibRefCitation id="2E0A5BCFDE77E39EBC6A244AFE0045D3" author="Adkins, R. M. & A. H. Walton & R. L. Honeycutt" refId="ref1406" refString="Adkins, R. M., A. H. Walton, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2003. High-level systematics of rodents and divergence time estimates based on two congruent nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 26 (3): 409 - 420." year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="B7204222C4427633CD1EFBFDE5243459" author="Debry, R. W." refId="ref77075" refString="Debry, R. W. 2003. Identifying conflicting signal in a multigene analysis reveals a highly resolved tree: The phylogeny of Rodentia (Mammalia). Systematic Biology, 52: 604 - 617." year="2003">DeBry, 2003</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="1621AABDDF62D6AFAAF9BD9C5D0E728C" author="Debry, R. W. & R. M. Sagel" refId="ref77113" refString="Debry, R. W., and R. M. Sagel. 2001. Phylogeny of Rodentia (Mammalia) inferred from the nuclear-encolded gene IRBP. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 19: 290 - 301." year="2001">DeBry and Sagel, 2001</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E5B286CAD704B5D1B4B0744FA5F961F4" author="Huchon, D. & F. M. Catzeflis & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160679" refString="Huchon, D., F. M. Catzeflis, and E. J. P. Douzery. 1999. Molecular evolution of the nuclear Willebrand factor gene in mammals and the phylogeny of rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 16: 577 - 589." year="1999">Huchon et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C7DB59B2F8B5E96CB93FAD8A475B2AB" author="Huchon, D. & F. Catzeflis & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160728" refString="Huchon, D., F. Catzeflis, and E. J. P. Douzery. 2000. Variance of molecular datings, evolution of rodents and the phylogenetic affinities between Ctenodactylidae and Hystricognathi. Proceedings of the Royal Societyof London B, 267: 393 - 402." year="2000">2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="02CF82EF98ECFCE000310F7DCF596EAF" author="Huchon, D. & O. Madsen & M. J. J. B. Sibbald & K. Ament & M. J. Stanhope & F. Catzeflis & W. W. de Jong & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160779" refString="Huchon, D., O. Madsen, M. J. J. B. Sibbald, K. Ament, M. J. Stanhope, F. Catzeflis, W. W. de Jong, and E. J. P. Douzery. 2002. Rodent phylogeny and a timescale for the evolution of Glires: Evidence from an extensive taxon sampling using three nuclear genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19 (7): 1053 - 1065." year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="288F4606AA9BDF985C3C2A8D9DA25FCA" author="Montgelard, C. & S. Bentz & C. Tirard & O. Verneau & F. M. Catzeflis" refId="ref245631" refString="Montgelard, C., S. Bentz, C. Tirard, O. Verneau, and F. M. Catzeflis. 2002. Molecular systematics of Sciurognathi (Rodentia): The mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12 S rRNA genes support the Anomaluroidea (Pedetidae and Anomaluridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 22: 220 - 233." year="2002">Montgelard et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="926C95086D4630BC8BA417A67470381F" author="Nedbal, M. A. & R. L. Honeycutt & D. A. Schlitter" refId="ref257271" refString="Nedbal, M. A., R. L. Honeycutt, and D. A. Schlitter. 1996. Higher-level systematics of rodents (Mammalia, Rodentia): Evidence from the mitochondrial 12 S rRNA gene. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 3: 201 - 237." year="1996">Nedbal et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="FD4BC34D34A0B31EB30B88E31BBB0EB2" author="Waddell, P. J. & S. Shelley" refId="ref379733" refString="Waddell, P. J., and S. Shelley. 2003. Evaluating placental inter-ordinal phylogenies with novel sequences including RAG 1, gamma-fibrinogen, ND 6, and mt-tRNA, plus MCMC-driven nucleotide, amino acid, and codon models. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 28: 197 - 224." year="2003">Waddell and Shelley, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8D1E6D8A88E74EB209E63FE5471195F5" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Association of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEBB7B8BD15BD4D0D8095E50E072A8FC" authorityName="Muirhead" authorityYear="1819" class="Mammalia" family="Gliridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gliridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with aplodontids and sciurids is not novel, but their union in an expanded clade (Sciuroidea or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A5F5416B5A811429E59F51D4CB7A53A7" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
) has recently garnered additional confidence. Most classifications and phylogenetic reconstructions have allied dormice with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7C31994FEE2BEA315A1B3D74CEDD3024" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
because the zygomasseteric structure of extant glirids (excluding graphiurines) was characterized as myomorphous (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A74BCC82760292C29619BA9F4E6AD28B" author="Alston, E. R." refId="ref6239" refString="Alston, E. R. 1876. On the classification of the order Glires. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1876: 61 - 98." year="1876">Alston, 1876</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A5F061D27AA23A1B4C5AC57E10DD5050" author="Chaline, J. & P. Mein" refId="ref57043" refString="Chaline, J., and P. Mein. 1979. Les rongeurs et l'evolution. Doin Editeurs, Paris, 235 pp." year="1979">
|
||
Chaline and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A17FD7F4E8648D3F1A5B5563F7CAD514" country="United States of America" name="Maine">Mein</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 1979
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F1438975069E6BA327876BD117264767" author="Ellerman, J. R." refId="ref92817" refString="Ellerman, J. R. 1940. The families and genera of living rodents. Vol. 1. Rodents other than Muridae. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 689 pp." year="1940">Ellerman, 1940</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C407245B502794841A8D069AAA77D500" author="Landry, S. O., Jr." refId="ref203501" refString="Landry, S. O., Jr. 1999. A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the Glires (Lagomorpha and Rodentia). Mitteilungen des Museums fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75: 283 - 316." year="1999">Landry, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Simpson; 1945; Thomas, 1897
|
||
<emphasis id="4E0314E0DB8441F62EB7740C43139EA2" italics="true" pageNumber="745">c</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="213FB8D2EC7B6A4BE4A8B5C52B832CA5" author="Wahlert, J. H. & S. L. Sawitzke & M. E. Holden" refId="ref380160" refString="Wahlert, J. H., S. L. Sawitzke, and M. E. Holden. 1993. Cranial anatomy and relationships of dormice (Rodentia, Myoxidae). American Museum Novitates, 3061: 1 - 32." year="1993">Wahlert et al., 1993</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="47AE1457AA916AE3804F1E4D85D42F20" author="Wilson, R. W." refId="ref391294" refString="Wilson, R. W. 1949. Early Tertiary rodents of North America. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publications, Contributions to Paleontology, 584 (- IV): 67 - 164." year="1949">Wilson, 1949</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C0FB1FEAD8DC353D9E3D06CA65CF1DA" author="Wood, A. E." refId="ref393373" refString="Wood, A. E. 1965. Grades and clades among rodents. Evolution, 19: 115 - 130." year="1965">Wood, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the "myomorphy" common to most living dormice is now recognized as convergent to the zygomasseteric configuration in true
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2638225B50D43940B111EF6EDDEA88F" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Dipodidae-Muroidea): i.e., "pseudomyomorphy" as per
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B2656147B6B76F29E56E70C4DC0B206" author="Maier, W. & P. Klingler & I. Ruf" refId="ref222421" refString="Maier, W., P. Klingler, and I. Ruf. 2002. Ontogeny of the medial masseter muscle, pseudo-myomorphy, and the systematic position of the Gliridae (Rodentia, Mammalia). Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 9: 253 - 269." year="2002">Maier et al. (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B4F3FAEA1E795E12062F9115651D0038" author="Vianey-Liaud, M." refId="ref371732" refString="Vianey-Liaud, M. 1985. Possible evolutionary relationships among Eocene and Lower Oligocene rodents of Asia, Europe and North America. Pp. 277 - 309, in Evolutionary Relationships Among Rodents. A multidisciplinary analysis. W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds. Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">Vianey-Liaud (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
or "pseudosciuromorphy" as per
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A9FFDF3EA8EB857DDB0FC5852512A3E" author="Landry, S. O., Jr." refId="ref203501" refString="Landry, S. O., Jr. 1999. A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the Glires (Lagomorpha and Rodentia). Mitteilungen des Museums fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75: 283 - 316." year="1999">Landry (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE1CD88D5C9B92C5B1CB9BE6F7D8085F" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Exclusion of dormice from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="340752C1EADCE5E90F88ED43712DF5B7" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
is further bolstered by certain morphological traits, especially middle ear anatomy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E8EE7799F10F9C39AF00891CA7010A58" author="Lavocat, R. & J. - P. Parent" refId="ref205672" refString="Lavocat, R., and J. - P. Parent. 1985. Phylogenetic analysis of middle ear features in fossil and living rodents. Pp. 333 - 354, in Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">Lavocat and Parent, 1985</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="8151CB82B1368268DF9044A9EBDF6C24" author="Meng, J." refId="ref237167" refString="Meng, J. 1990. The auditory region of Reithroparamys delicatissimus and its systematic implications. American Museum Novitates, 2972: 1 - 35." year="1990">Meng, 1990</bibRefCitation>
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||
) and the cephalic arterial pattern (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D3DFCA181C2D890AC636684637FA28DE" author="Bugge, J." refId="ref45960" refString="Bugge, J. 1971 a. The cephalic arterial system in mole-rats (Spalacidae) bamboo-rats (Rhizomyidae), jumping mice and jerboas (Dipodoidea) and dormice (Gliroidea) with special reference to the systematic classification of rodents. Acta Anatomica, 79: 165 - 180." year="1971">
|
||
Bugge, 1971
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F4D42F9796EFD0103B9D0185BA11F5CD" author="Wolman, A. A." refId="ref393014" refString="Wolman, A. A. 1985. Gray whale- - Eschrichtus robustus. Pp. 67 - 90, in Handbook of marine mammals: The sirenians and baleen whales (S. H. Ridgway and R. Harrison, eds.). Academic Press, London, 3: 1 - 362." year="1985">
|
||
<emphasis id="4A97CF67818F16669E7701E2F00EEA78" italics="true" pageNumber="745">a</emphasis>
|
||
, 1985
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and notably by the rich fossil record that traces glirids back to the early Eocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D859E7F33E027D1EEB11F7DA582FA0ED" author="Hartenberger, J. - L." refId="ref141709" refString="Hartenberger, J. - L. 1971. Contribution a l'etude des genres Gliravus et Microparamys (Rodentia) de l " eocene d'Europe. Paleovertebrata, 4: 97 - 135." year="1971">Hartenberger, 1971</bibRefCitation>
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, 1994, 1998;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="17B9425751728ABAB5C95AD210162145" author="Vianey-Liaud, M." refId="ref371711" refString="Vianey-Liaud, M. 1974. Les rongeurs de loligocene inferieur d'Escamps. Paleovertebrata, 6: 197 - 241." year="1974">Vianey-Liaud, 1974</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation id="B3402A1359B783C0CF294367D12D716C" author="Vianey-Liaud, M." refId="ref371732" refString="Vianey-Liaud, M. 1985. Possible evolutionary relationships among Eocene and Lower Oligocene rodents of Asia, Europe and North America. Pp. 277 - 309, in Evolutionary Relationships Among Rodents. A multidisciplinary analysis. W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds. Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2C6E8E32485AB159D4AD9A521F06A425" author="Vianey-Liaud, M." refId="ref371795" refString="Vianey-Liaud, M. 1989. Parallelism among Gliridae (Rodentia): The genus Gliravus Stehlin and Schaub. Historical Biology, 2: 213 - 226." year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
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, 1994;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="74325C1891810EDF086AC440E9B10429" author="Vianey-Liaud, M. & J. - J. Jaeger & J. - L. Hartenberger & M. Mahboubi" refId="ref371898" refString="Vianey-Liaud, M., J. - J. Jaeger, J. - L. Hartenberger and M. Mahboubi. 1994. Les rongeurs de l'Eocene d'Afrique nord-occidentale [Glib Zegdou (Algerie) et Chambi (Tunisie)] et l'origine des Anomaluridae. Paleovertebrata, 23 (1 - 4): 93 - 118." year="1994">Vianey-Liaud et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1163D4D7FDC98C8301638C60AF5D5977" author="Vianey-Liaud, M. & J. J. Jaeger" refId="ref371861" refString="Vianey-Liaud, M., and J. J. Jaeger. 1996. A new hypothesis for the origin of African Anomaluridae and Graphiuridae (Rodentia). Paleovertebrata, 25: 349 - 358." year="1996">Vianey-Liaud and Jaeger, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These inquiries identify glirids as sciuromorph rodents, not myomorphs. Sequence analyses based on both mitochondrial and nuclear genes similarly represent dormice as sister-group to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4578B32F2EDCB2CC4F645355DD527A95" authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1817" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sciuridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
or to a sciurid-aplodontid clade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="93A69024BE0BC6909911A4AC29199FC6" author="Adkins, R. M. & E. L. Gelke & D. Rowe & R. L. Honeycutt" refId="ref1350" refString="Adkins, R. M., E. L. Gelke, D. Rowe, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2001. Molecular phylogeny and divergence time estimates for major rodent groups: Evidence from multiple genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 18 (5): 777 - 791." year="2001">Adkins et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DF6F33181CE85C9F99E8BAD77AA092F1" author="Adkins, R. M. & A. H. Walton & R. L. Honeycutt" refId="ref1406" refString="Adkins, R. M., A. H. Walton, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2003. High-level systematics of rodents and divergence time estimates based on two congruent nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 26 (3): 409 - 420." year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1FDBBC1C044E8126B6B26FCD1B81777D" author="Bentz, S. & C. Montgelard" refId="ref27807" refString="Bentz, S., and C. Montgelard. 1999. Systematic position of the African Dormouse Graphiurus (Rodentia, Gliridae) assessed from cytochrome b and 12 S rRNA mitochondrial genes. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 6 (1): 67 - 83." year="1999">Bentz and Montgelard, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="338148C26F4B2F259F05772F76266E86" author="Debry, R. W. & R. M. Sagel" refId="ref77113" refString="Debry, R. W., and R. M. Sagel. 2001. Phylogeny of Rodentia (Mammalia) inferred from the nuclear-encolded gene IRBP. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 19: 290 - 301." year="2001">DeBry and Sagel, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="39876556CACEB0E1993EC335877375BE" author="Huchon, D. & F. M. Catzeflis & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160679" refString="Huchon, D., F. M. Catzeflis, and E. J. P. Douzery. 1999. Molecular evolution of the nuclear Willebrand factor gene in mammals and the phylogeny of rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 16: 577 - 589." year="1999">Huchon et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7C8D496D3A45C7F5E6B4E8D5A005ED47" author="Huchon, D. & O. Madsen & M. J. J. B. Sibbald & K. Ament & M. J. Stanhope & F. Catzeflis & W. W. de Jong & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160779" refString="Huchon, D., O. Madsen, M. J. J. B. Sibbald, K. Ament, M. J. Stanhope, F. Catzeflis, W. W. de Jong, and E. J. P. Douzery. 2002. Rodent phylogeny and a timescale for the evolution of Glires: Evidence from an extensive taxon sampling using three nuclear genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19 (7): 1053 - 1065." year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Kramerov, 1999;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5945DFC7AF2FD4275B11D735C64F1E94" author="Kramerov, D. & N. Vassetzky" refId="ref196792" refString="Kramerov, D., and N. Vassetzky. 2001. Structure and origin of a novel dimeric retroposon B 1 - dID. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 52: 137 - 143." year="2001">Kramerov and Vassetzky, 2001</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E6C11B3DC50CCBC1FC1094AA1F1FC898" author="Kramerov, D. & N. Vassetzky & I. Serdobova" refId="ref196828" refString="Kramerov, D., N. Vassetzky and I. Serdobova. 1999. The evolutionary position of dormice (Gliridae) in Rodentia determined by a novel short retroposon. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 16 (5): 715 - 717." year="1999">Kramerov et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
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; Lin et al., 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="16D2E59A5D3EB56132FFF2DB304526ED" author="Montgelard, C. & S. Bentz & C. Douady & J. Lauquin & F. M. Catzeflis" refId="ref245546" refString="Montgelard, C., S. Bentz, C. Douady, J. Lauquin, and F. M. Catzeflis. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of the sciurognath rodent families Gliridae, Anomaluridae and Pedetidae. Morphological and paleontological implications. Pp. 293 - 307, in African Small Mammals (C. Denys, L. Granjon, and A. Poulet, eds.). IRD Editions, Collection colloques et seminaires, Paris, 570 pp." year="2001">Montgelard et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD01E89308D5988915C712C2C75A42C0" author="Montgelard, C. & S. Bentz & C. Tirard & O. Verneau & F. M. Catzeflis" refId="ref245631" refString="Montgelard, C., S. Bentz, C. Tirard, O. Verneau, and F. M. Catzeflis. 2002. Molecular systematics of Sciurognathi (Rodentia): The mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12 S rRNA genes support the Anomaluroidea (Pedetidae and Anomaluridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 22: 220 - 233." year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6B018C3F68518758916720A7CCFF9DAA" author="Murphy, W. J. & E. Eizirik & W. E. Johnson & Ya Ping Zhang, O. A. & Ryder & S. O'Brien" refId="ref250371" refString="Murphy, W. J., E. Eizirik, W. E. Johnson, Ya Ping Zhang, O. A. Ryder and S. O'Brien. 2001 a. Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals. Nature, 409: 614 - 618." year="2001">
|
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Murphy et al., 2001
|
||
<emphasis id="72B338DA3154BE5DDA5211358AACC55D" italics="true" pageNumber="745">a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="599EC9BDCBC7792FCC0FE75052F56FC3" author="Nedbal, M. A. & R. L. Honeycutt & D. A. Schlitter" refId="ref257271" refString="Nedbal, M. A., R. L. Honeycutt, and D. A. Schlitter. 1996. Higher-level systematics of rodents (Mammalia, Rodentia): Evidence from the mitochondrial 12 S rRNA gene. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 3: 201 - 237." year="1996">Nedbal et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A580DBF388102B3BE950B8F6B9EDC38C" author="Reyes, A. & G. Pesole & C. Saccone" refId="ref303003" refString="Reyes, A., G. Pesole, and C. Saccone. 1998. Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the Fat Dormouse, Glis glis: Further evidence of rodent paraphyly. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 15 (5): 499 - 505." year="1998">Reyes et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). See
|
||
<taxonomicName id="739FC4174CD2B5429C61A3108F82355B" authorityName="Muirhead" authorityYear="1819" class="Mammalia" family="Gliridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gliridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
for expansion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B3844F083ABE0554F2F755A8493AA859" pageNumber="745">
|
||
(2).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FD634750F9A1681DF13C9A36E2A41292" authorityName="Hemprich" authorityYear="1820" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Castoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ Heteromyidae-Geomyidae: Castorids have been traditionally allied with groups placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26EE17A272B64E9EB00B73386A42F5EE" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
or Sciurognathi, whether in a Brantian or Tullbergian scheme (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF5C6B8EA7D6211D771DB3CBE204B396" author="Alston, E. R." refId="ref6239" refString="Alston, E. R. 1876. On the classification of the order Glires. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1876: 61 - 98." year="1876">Alston, 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8F568EB1D9A82D2A2E7C9719F72EEEEC" author="Chaline, J. & P. Mein" refId="ref57043" refString="Chaline, J., and P. Mein. 1979. Les rongeurs et l'evolution. Doin Editeurs, Paris, 235 pp." year="1979">
|
||
Chaline and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="057BC06C3352E8DFD037DE688C0B4104" country="United States of America" name="Maine">Mein</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 1979
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33B3D7F2BE829CFD5F283542911372A9" author="Ellerman, J. R." refId="ref92817" refString="Ellerman, J. R. 1940. The families and genera of living rodents. Vol. 1. Rodents other than Muridae. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 689 pp." year="1940">Ellerman, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7329BBA106544457518F0E2C8C25184F" author="Hartenberger, J. - L." refId="ref141743" refString="Hartenberger, J. - L. 1985. The Order Rodentia: Major questions on their evolutionary origin, relationships and suprafamilial systematics. Pp. 1 - 34, in Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">Hartenberger, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1998;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7359C5711A7E258626E5C4E737E731BC" author="Landry, S. O., Jr." refId="ref203501" refString="Landry, S. O., Jr. 1999. A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the Glires (Lagomorpha and Rodentia). Mitteilungen des Museums fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75: 283 - 316." year="1999">Landry, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="044E73F8705763C54330F29334AFECCC" author="McKenna, M. C. & S. K. Bell" refId="ref233772" refString="McKenna, M. C., and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of mammals above the species level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp." year="1997">McKenna and Bell, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A0E12AD002F816219914FCDA167A213" author="Miller, G. S., Jr. & J. W. Gidley" refId="ref242298" refString="Miller, G. S., Jr., and J. W. Gidley. 1918. Synopsis of the supergeneric groups of rodents. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 8: 431 - 448." year="1918">Miller and Gidley, 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D91964AC755A88D472E4D3707FF833F" author="Miller, G. S., Jr. & R. Kellogg" refId="ref242339" refString="Miller, G. S., Jr., and R. Kellogg. 1955. List of North American Recent mammals. Bulletin of United States National Museum, 205: 1 - 954." year="1955">Miller and Kellogg, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="96AC52C9AE20E3204576FADBCDAA56F7" author="Simpson, G. G." refId="ref328876" refString="Simpson, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85: 1 - 350." year="1945">Simpson, 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Thomas, 1897
|
||
<emphasis id="AD9F7BD2EC62FB2D74DAD306DB6A1378" italics="true" pageNumber="745">c</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="90CC5D50A50CB2C2A0AF8D74CA15115E" author="Wilson, R. W." refId="ref391294" refString="Wilson, R. W. 1949. Early Tertiary rodents of North America. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publications, Contributions to Paleontology, 584 (- IV): 67 - 164." year="1949">Wilson, 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, their sciuromorphous zygomasseteric anatomy, sciurognathus mandible, primitive cranial morphology but highly derived dentition, and deep and rich fossil history beginning in the late Eocene of North America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="447F8FCE4E4C703E8BFEE7F10F23218B" author="Korth, W. W." refId="ref194766" refString="Korth, W. W. 2001. Comments on the systematics and classification of the beavers (Rodentia, Castoridae). Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 8: 279 - 296." year="2001">Korth, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) have spawned other views that conflict with the traditional arrangement. Some have divorced beavers from any close phyletic link with sciurids (Schaub, 1953;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="803C6F24137C35E4E0604EB2D8E93D93" author="Wood, A. E." refId="ref393289" refString="Wood, A. E. 1955. A revised classification of the rodents. Journal of Mammalogy, 36: 165 - 187." year="1955">Wood, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), or frustratingly viewed their affinities as intractable (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="82D8A8031951DE4B1040D14513F94FFA" author="Bugge, J." refId="ref46113" refString="Bugge, J. 1985. Systematic value of the carotid arterial pattern in rodents. Pp. 355 - 379, in Evolutionary relationships among rodents: A multidisciplinary analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, xiii + 721 pp." year="1985">Bugge, 1985:347</bibRefCitation>
|
||
—"one of the most isolated groups, near to no other Recent family";
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA9C71F41D65CDE55DA506C2E62CEAB3" author="Lavocat, R. & J. - P. Parent" refId="ref205672" refString="Lavocat, R., and J. - P. Parent. 1985. Phylogenetic analysis of middle ear features in fossil and living rodents. Pp. 333 - 354, in Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">Lavocat and Parent, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Wood, 1959, 1965).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="63EFEB2FEC88D313AD186FEF2C7E4CF3" author="Meng, J." refId="ref237167" refString="Meng, J. 1990. The auditory region of Reithroparamys delicatissimus and its systematic implications. American Museum Novitates, 2972: 1 - 35." year="1990">Meng (1990:27)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also emphasized the uncertain kinship of castorids and instead speculated that they are "derived from an ancestral stock giving rise to muroids than [
|
||
<emphasis id="A63A57F576F1E491E40723DFFCD7536E" italics="true" pageNumber="745">sic</emphasis>
|
||
] to sciurids."Origin of Geomyoidea (Heteromyidae-Geomyidae) is documented by fossils from the North American Eocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="53036B20CA3365C9A3D231DFEEB29A89" author="McKenna, M. C. & S. K. Bell" refId="ref233772" refString="McKenna, M. C., and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of mammals above the species level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp." year="1997">McKenna and Bell, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the subsequent evolutionary diversification of the group has unfolded in the New World. Although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8BFEDCDCD401F4E85BC0E2AB5FC95C7F" author="Thaler, L." refId="ref350726" refString="Thaler, L. 1966. Les rongeurs fossiles du Bas-Languedoc dans leur rapports avec l'histoire des faunes et la stratigraphie du Tertiaire d'Europe. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Serie C, 17: 1 - 295." year="1966">Thaler (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
isolated geomyoids as a separate suborder, the Geomorpha, their sciuromorphous and sciurognathus crania have influenced many researchers to retain them within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14981545F83826F3E95FCD3C2C767384" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e. g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ED866DD4264EBCD4DC6AD1702082C430" author="Ellerman, J. R." refId="ref92817" refString="Ellerman, J. R. 1940. The families and genera of living rodents. Vol. 1. Rodents other than Muridae. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 689 pp." year="1940">Ellerman, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="19AC40874962D7FBB3EB89D01F787323" author="Hartenberger, J. - L." refId="ref141911" refString="Hartenberger, J. - L. 1998. Description de la radiation des Rodentia (Mammalia) du Paleocene superieur au Miocene; incidence phylogenetiques. Comptes Rendus Academie des Sciences Paris, Sciences de la terre et des planetes, 326: 439 - 444." year="1998">Hartenberger, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="79A15E1238C7D74C7F595276A087BB45" author="Miller, G. S., Jr. & J. W. Gidley" refId="ref242298" refString="Miller, G. S., Jr., and J. W. Gidley. 1918. Synopsis of the supergeneric groups of rodents. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 8: 431 - 448." year="1918">Miller and Gidley, 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0B1D4C628A835CCEE6C0D7CAB956460" author="Simpson, G. G." refId="ref328876" refString="Simpson, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85: 1 - 350." year="1945">Simpson, 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and others to suggest, based on different morphological traits, a closer phylogenetic link with myomorph rodents (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D360CD35076C67D4D23C30AD60E604EA" author="Alston, E. R." refId="ref6239" refString="Alston, E. R. 1876. On the classification of the order Glires. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1876: 61 - 98." year="1876">Alston, 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BFC1625E9BD01BA7135882EF779AE57F" author="Hill, J. E. & T. D. Carter" refId="ref152532" refString="Hill, J. E., and T. D. Carter. 1937. Ten new rodents from Angola, Africa. American Museum Novitates, 913: 9 pp." year="1937">Hill, 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C44B34DD0A467E57FFA5EB6A78F937A4" author="Landry, S. O., Jr." refId="ref203501" refString="Landry, S. O., Jr. 1999. A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the Glires (Lagomorpha and Rodentia). Mitteilungen des Museums fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75: 283 - 316." year="1999">Landry, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5AC404537E60FD3F3CAFE62221A421B4" author="McKenna, M. C. & S. K. Bell" refId="ref233772" refString="McKenna, M. C., and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of mammals above the species level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp." year="1997">McKenna and Bell, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1D1D1560AF730985CF6A2125AFEAC301" author="Wahlert, J. H." refId="ref380046" refString="Wahlert, J. H. 1985. Skull morphology and relationships of geomyoid rodents. American Museum Novitates, 2812: 1 - 20." year="1985">Wahlert, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4242CDECF9D9D855168B5C86CCBADC95" author="Wilson, R. W." refId="ref391294" refString="Wilson, R. W. 1949. Early Tertiary rodents of North America. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publications, Contributions to Paleontology, 584 (- IV): 67 - 164." year="1949">Wilson, 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E13ABC9DD068F7EA48F1E6B72AFB3C1D" author="Wood, A. E." refId="ref393289" refString="Wood, A. E. 1955. A revised classification of the rodents. Journal of Mammalogy, 36: 165 - 187." year="1955">Wood, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nevertheless, affiliation with myomorphs, cautioned
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F12233A25C09D67705D0F607EF4A5FE5" author="Fahlbusch, V." refId="ref97802" refString="Fahlbusch, V. 1985. Origin and evolutionary relationships among geomyoids. Pp. 617 - 629, in Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">Fahlbusch (1985:627)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, is not strongly supported by morphology, and as "long as zygomasseteric structure is not replaced by a more reliable feature in classification, there is scarcely any reason to transfer the Geomyoidea from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E860DC4AE6BF1C741EA3D567C21C49A" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FF55E99672947DB376BA7FD9BEFF19" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
." Recent phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences regularly disclose a castorid-geomyoid clade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7CE5BA4D39930595C889AF5470650BF6" author="Adkins, R. M. & E. L. Gelke & D. Rowe & R. L. Honeycutt" refId="ref1350" refString="Adkins, R. M., E. L. Gelke, D. Rowe, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2001. Molecular phylogeny and divergence time estimates for major rodent groups: Evidence from multiple genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 18 (5): 777 - 791." year="2001">Adkins et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C9A3DC0E684019CE9E67E135E6BBB1B4" author="Adkins, R. M. & A. H. Walton & R. L. Honeycutt" refId="ref1406" refString="Adkins, R. M., A. H. Walton, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2003. High-level systematics of rodents and divergence time estimates based on two congruent nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 26 (3): 409 - 420." year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F4446CDA56A835450B95A2C2FE99C95" author="Debry, R. W." refId="ref77075" refString="Debry, R. W. 2003. Identifying conflicting signal in a multigene analysis reveals a highly resolved tree: The phylogeny of Rodentia (Mammalia). Systematic Biology, 52: 604 - 617." year="2003">DeBry, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BA9EBDC5A46EA20C51EE47A4E12BCFCE" author="Huchon, D. & O. Madsen & M. J. J. B. Sibbald & K. Ament & M. J. Stanhope & F. Catzeflis & W. W. de Jong & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160779" refString="Huchon, D., O. Madsen, M. J. J. B. Sibbald, K. Ament, M. J. Stanhope, F. Catzeflis, W. W. de Jong, and E. J. P. Douzery. 2002. Rodent phylogeny and a timescale for the evolution of Glires: Evidence from an extensive taxon sampling using three nuclear genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19 (7): 1053 - 1065." year="2002">Huchon et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9120214ACBD2A48220A63ACC81F76209" author="Montgelard, C. & S. Bentz & C. Tirard & O. Verneau & F. M. Catzeflis" refId="ref245631" refString="Montgelard, C., S. Bentz, C. Tirard, O. Verneau, and F. M. Catzeflis. 2002. Molecular systematics of Sciurognathi (Rodentia): The mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12 S rRNA genes support the Anomaluroidea (Pedetidae and Anomaluridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 22: 220 - 233." year="2002">Montgelard et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F608AF28631F765D7FFE478BEE4FED87" author="Murphy, W. J. & E. Eizirik & W. E. Johnson & Ya Ping Zhang, O. A. & Ryder & S. O'Brien" refId="ref250371" refString="Murphy, W. J., E. Eizirik, W. E. Johnson, Ya Ping Zhang, O. A. Ryder and S. O'Brien. 2001 a. Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals. Nature, 409: 614 - 618." year="2001">
|
||
Murphy et al., 2001
|
||
<emphasis id="A595D69D3D27EF5413A03EBC185C369F" italics="true" pageNumber="745">a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A16CAA7866F5206DD869312F8E865C3C" author="Waddell, P. J. & S. Shelley" refId="ref379733" refString="Waddell, P. J., and S. Shelley. 2003. Evaluating placental inter-ordinal phylogenies with novel sequences including RAG 1, gamma-fibrinogen, ND 6, and mt-tRNA, plus MCMC-driven nucleotide, amino acid, and codon models. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 28: 197 - 224." year="2003">Waddell and Shelley, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These results, while surprising in view of the usual subordinal separation of castorids (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="60346130D21489722F4FAF544D57BCF2" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and geomyoids (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DFBB2F50288E1FBF4ED713529CBE1600" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
), mirror the evolutionary tree developed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91BFCD2C8B61817950E8BF864879F0D2" author="Tullberg, T." refId="ref360768" refString="Tullberg, T. 1899. Uber das system der Nagetiere. Eine phylogenetische studie. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarium Upsaliensis, Ser. 3, 18: 1 - 514." year="1899">Tullberg (1899:481)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who more than a century ago depicted the common ancestry of "Castoroidei" (fossil and extant beavers) and "Geomyoidei" (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EC70717D1D9791130E3753789E8F3C56" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1817" class="Mammalia" family="Geomyidae" genus="Geomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CC22325B6B47291855ED8020A5D0393" italics="true" pageNumber="745">Geomys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6911BD6E6FF057402EE94F3CF0E4DBC3" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1817" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D1601E415C18E4EAE75160F49DB8A8B" italics="true" pageNumber="745">Heteromys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53C877C46394274B1557B153392A7740" authorityName="Wied-Neuwied" authorityYear="1839" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Perognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="63DAF83070F2C4077BAAB465365104F7" italics="true" pageNumber="745">Perognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="630C168E804B9FBB01F461D29DF26721" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7D0C1B08CE094E7E326AC1DE469236F2" italics="true" pageNumber="745">Dipodomys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) within his Sciuromorphi.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="084927110B8A949AD92BDD3F5B3CF023" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Molecular data generally support inclusion of the castorid-geomyoid clade in a larger group that variously contains muroids, dipodoids, anomalurids, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FB551628DD06F5BE88CDFFB45C07AD75" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" class="Mammalia" family="Pedetidae" genus="Pedetes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3B256FBD5200104AA58A32B4856B9A90" italics="true" pageNumber="745">Pedetes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e. g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="808F40A64E73344EB479267FCC87EE93" author="Adkins, R. M. & A. H. Walton & R. L. Honeycutt" refId="ref1406" refString="Adkins, R. M., A. H. Walton, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2003. High-level systematics of rodents and divergence time estimates based on two congruent nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 26 (3): 409 - 420." year="2003">Adkins et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2B955E115F8CCCC803FFE19626BCABB0" author="Debry, R. W." refId="ref77075" refString="Debry, R. W. 2003. Identifying conflicting signal in a multigene analysis reveals a highly resolved tree: The phylogeny of Rodentia (Mammalia). Systematic Biology, 52: 604 - 617." year="2003">DeBry, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E373225D09FE52D2A90F83904B002A68" author="Eizirik, E. & W. J. Murphy & S. J. O'Brien" refId="ref92405" refString="Eizirik, E., W. J. Murphy, and S. J. O'Brien. 2001. Molecular dating and biogeography of the early placental mammal radiation. Journal of Heredity, 92: 212 - 219." year="2001">Eizirik et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E99D1511C3E607929A5AC258A93C8EF6" author="Huchon, D. & O. Madsen & M. J. J. B. Sibbald & K. Ament & M. J. Stanhope & F. Catzeflis & W. W. de Jong & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160779" refString="Huchon, D., O. Madsen, M. J. J. B. Sibbald, K. Ament, M. J. Stanhope, F. Catzeflis, W. W. de Jong, and E. J. P. Douzery. 2002. Rodent phylogeny and a timescale for the evolution of Glires: Evidence from an extensive taxon sampling using three nuclear genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19 (7): 1053 - 1065." year="2002">Huchon et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="07585C5C7C550E3C6694760AB4CAE95B" author="Montgelard, C. & S. Bentz & C. Tirard & O. Verneau & F. M. Catzeflis" refId="ref245631" refString="Montgelard, C., S. Bentz, C. Tirard, O. Verneau, and F. M. Catzeflis. 2002. Molecular systematics of Sciurognathi (Rodentia): The mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12 S rRNA genes support the Anomaluroidea (Pedetidae and Anomaluridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 22: 220 - 233." year="2002">Montgelard et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Integrity of such an assemblage requires further testing, as urged especially by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6FC5DC00C63B874E07295966B09BD360" author="Adkins, R. M. & A. H. Walton & R. L. Honeycutt" refId="ref1406" refString="Adkins, R. M., A. H. Walton, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2003. High-level systematics of rodents and divergence time estimates based on two congruent nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 26 (3): 409 - 420." year="2003">Adkins et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. They considered this large clade to be poorly resolved based on their sampled genes and suggested that "the base of the rodent phylogeny may be resolved by a much larger amount of sequence data … or a unique class of molecular characters." Further paleontological study may also clarify the reputed alliance between the castorid-geomyoid and dipodoid-muroid (Myodonta) clusters. For example, North American Eocene
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62C582ED40DDD07923DDFA5287CF8E5B" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuravidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sciuravidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been suggested as ancestral to both geomyoids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F69881C87A70A1B900F194BFFF1546C" author="Vianey-Liaud, M." refId="ref371732" refString="Vianey-Liaud, M. 1985. Possible evolutionary relationships among Eocene and Lower Oligocene rodents of Asia, Europe and North America. Pp. 277 - 309, in Evolutionary Relationships Among Rodents. A multidisciplinary analysis. W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds. Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">Vianey-Liaud, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A3AA87E1674A2DFD4E84A7F3B18F55FF" author="Wilson, R. W." refId="ref391294" refString="Wilson, R. W. 1949. Early Tertiary rodents of North America. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publications, Contributions to Paleontology, 584 (- IV): 67 - 164." year="1949">Wilson, 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and myodonts (see
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4432D9864BE5E6BE5512359D43F3655" authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1817" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dipodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
for discussion and references), and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="751B5FBACC56018BAC98D7FDF9BFB4F7" author="Walton, A. H." refId="ref381214" refString="Walton, A. H. 1993. A new genus of eutypomyid (Mammalia: Rodentia) from the middle Eocene of the Texas Gulf Coast. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13 (2): 262 - 266." year="1993">Walton (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
identified a basic occlusal pattern shared by some Eocene
|
||
<taxonomicName id="99647C93F0FE47CD1D0CF81385CF3FF2" class="Mammalia" family="Eutypomyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Eutypomyidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(extinct sister-group to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8C23D6B33D6D1FE2AA30989487BFFBF4" authorityName="Hemprich" authorityYear="1820" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Castoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="57B71D72E720E39E3BBFFA9AD59AA4F4" author="Korth, W. W." refId="ref194766" refString="Korth, W. W. 2001. Comments on the systematics and classification of the beavers (Rodentia, Castoridae). Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 8: 279 - 296." year="2001">Korth, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E4446C5EE3232F199CD39B582062AC75" author="Wahlert, J. H." refId="ref379981" refString="Wahlert, J. H. 1977. Cranial foramina and relationships of Eutypomys (Rodentia, Eutypomyidae). American Museum Novitates, 2626: 1 - 8." year="1977">Wahlert, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Eocene
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C90726760F17CAE21496D6DE07CCDA2" class="Mammalia" family="Eomyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Eomyidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(extinct sister-family to geomyoids—Falbusch, 1985;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="36858AA5154F8FB198457B60F9E5F986" author="Wahlert, J. H." refId="ref380046" refString="Wahlert, J. H. 1985. Skull morphology and relationships of geomyoid rodents. American Museum Novitates, 2812: 1 - 20." year="1985">Wahlert, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and early sciuravids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="148B46E767CC67A68AC483EF28C8FF4B" pageNumber="745">
|
||
(3).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A83837D147CAE05DB93605338787C592" authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1817" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dipodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7CC1F1378E3F293B171D6947E54D0620" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Muroidea">Muroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11257B735A38EA157E2AF596009D611A" authorityName="Alston" authorityYear="1876" class="Mammalia" family="Platacanthomyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Platacanthomyidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
through
|
||
<taxonomicName id="68888912E2F507020DF4482C3FBD38CF" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Muridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
): Close phylogenetic affinity between Dipodoidea and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="918E4EB43220DD02521734A4283BEF5A" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Muroidea">Muroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
has long been recognized, notably as developed by the insightful arguments of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1C045410B3B7A32C9D659D287B393020" author="Tullberg, T." refId="ref360768" refString="Tullberg, T. 1899. Uber das system der Nagetiere. Eine phylogenetische studie. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarium Upsaliensis, Ser. 3, 18: 1 - 514." year="1899">Tullberg (1899)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8782FA166610BFD30BF688EB5D401C8A" author="Wilson, R. W." refId="ref391294" refString="Wilson, R. W. 1949. Early Tertiary rodents of North America. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publications, Contributions to Paleontology, 584 (- IV): 67 - 164." year="1949">Wilson (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6D6A8C04C897560E1F7DF17262CBE561" author="Klingener, D." refId="ref189284" refString="Klingener, D. 1964. The comparative myology of four dipodoid rodents (genera Zapus, Napaeozapus, Sicista, and Jaculus). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 124: 1 - 100." year="1964">Klingener (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A5D3256DCD46686A100787EA0E487218" author="Schaub, S." refId="ref319004" refString="Schaub, S. 1958. Simplicidentata (Rodentia), pp. 659 - 818, in Traite de Paleontologie, VI (2) (J. Piveteav, ed.). Masson, Paris, 957 pp." year="1958">Schaub (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
formalized their cognate relationship as Myodonta, used as a suborder or infraorder, and a very substantial body of recent paleontological, morphological, and molecular results also ratifies this phyletic union (see
|
||
<taxonomicName id="316781B72F0D7989950BFA8F87BA99A1" authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1817" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dipodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9110F1234E2681EBE47326D176C1493D" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Muroidea">Muroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
for references).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D4FAB925FC9843C8E797340C7E1CCA05" pageNumber="745">
|
||
The clade Dipodidae-Muroidea corresponds to the nucleus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ADA45AD3B9E6A9BAB3399CC0118AD7BF" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the usually accepted sense, and their joint kinship with Geomyoidea (Heteromyidae-Geomyidae), and sometimes with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37CEC2F5331291EA800AC08FAB6D1D79" authorityName="Muirhead" authorityYear="1819" class="Mammalia" family="Gliridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gliridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has been commonly affirmed by classifications advanced in the middle to late 1900s (e.g., Carleton, 1984;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0DD7457C17A027F004E1CE26958BC12" author="Chaline, J. & P. Mein" refId="ref57043" refString="Chaline, J., and P. Mein. 1979. Les rongeurs et l'evolution. Doin Editeurs, Paris, 235 pp." year="1979">
|
||
Chaline and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="7A633350E60923C7C844600ECFB64BA9" country="United States of America" name="Maine">Mein</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 1979
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42884BB8A0656C6B9D6B23B56AADA9A1" author="McKenna, M. C. & S. K. Bell" refId="ref233772" refString="McKenna, M. C., and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of mammals above the species level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp." year="1997">McKenna and Bell, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4B4B224744FD15E6E89C4CDFD517E39B" author="Simpson, G. G." refId="ref328876" refString="Simpson, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85: 1 - 350." year="1945">Simpson, 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CB07B0B90039D9287FB6332040A0CF4B" author="Wood, A. E." refId="ref393289" refString="Wood, A. E. 1955. A revised classification of the rodents. Journal of Mammalogy, 36: 165 - 187." year="1955">Wood, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1C1E5DD812C6430DDD4706575D1277DE" author="Wood, A. E." refId="ref393373" refString="Wood, A. E. 1965. Grades and clades among rodents. Evolution, 19: 115 - 130." year="1965">1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The purported relationship to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="396FE8EC5BB460B45989868857B5595F" authorityName="Muirhead" authorityYear="1819" class="Mammalia" family="Gliridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gliridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
finds no support in recent phylogenetic studies, but the evolutionary connection to Geomyoidea receives moderate corroboration, particularly in certain molecular results (see above commentary under 1 and 2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B7ABDEA6C3D6A6187EA2A77022009DF1" pageNumber="745">
|
||
(4).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A4A97FA5123100E69891291FD2D6A0A2" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1849" class="Mammalia" family="Anomaluridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Anomaluridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="035CA3B56738D492B80E76F8EBFCAD75" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Pedetidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pedetidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Along with ctenodactylids, the hystricomorphous and sciurognathus anomalurids and pedetids have been often treated as
|
||
<emphasis id="58F38B5CFFE81A0458CB473A8959BF82" italics="true" pageNumber="745">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
, whether either one or both families, in past classifications (e.g., Carleton, 1984;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8CC6CA288B9B03437591B680635FBBAD" author="Chaline, J. & P. Mein" refId="ref57043" refString="Chaline, J., and P. Mein. 1979. Les rongeurs et l'evolution. Doin Editeurs, Paris, 235 pp." year="1979">
|
||
Chaline and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="9010755C66461932397E576D866B34E1" country="United States of America" name="Maine">Mein</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 1979
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0CEE97EE1703847549D9604119A782F6" author="Hartenberger, J. - L." refId="ref141911" refString="Hartenberger, J. - L. 1998. Description de la radiation des Rodentia (Mammalia) du Paleocene superieur au Miocene; incidence phylogenetiques. Comptes Rendus Academie des Sciences Paris, Sciences de la terre et des planetes, 326: 439 - 444." year="1998">Hartenberger, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F3D7FE55C03F1A587ABA3E6C3EE1EDA" author="Simpson, G. G." refId="ref328876" refString="Simpson, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85: 1 - 350." year="1945">Simpson, 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3C02DDDEA04C9B400E1C1ECED9B130CC" author="Wood, A. E." refId="ref393373" refString="Wood, A. E. 1965. Grades and clades among rodents. Evolution, 19: 115 - 130." year="1965">Wood, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although recent molecular studies have credited
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D2924258CFBC3933F29768C5EEEA3B8" author="Simpson, G. G." refId="ref328876" refString="Simpson, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85: 1 - 350." year="1945">Simpson (1945)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for perception of their cognate affinity (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA860F6F18F157AB57AF44564D515183" author="Montgelard, C. & S. Bentz & C. Tirard & O. Verneau & F. M. Catzeflis" refId="ref245631" refString="Montgelard, C., S. Bentz, C. Tirard, O. Verneau, and F. M. Catzeflis. 2002. Molecular systematics of Sciurognathi (Rodentia): The mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12 S rRNA genes support the Anomaluroidea (Pedetidae and Anomaluridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 22: 220 - 233." year="2002">Montgelard et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the idea properly dates at least to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B606088FCF7EFED2A4A6B67A9096E8BF" author="Winge, H." refId="ref391444" refString="Winge, H. 1887. Jordfunde og nulevende Gnavere (Rodentia) fra Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, Brasilien: Med udsigt over gnavernes indbyrdes slagtskab. E Museo Lundii, 1 (3): 1 - 178." year="1887">Winge (1887)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1796DC57E4A3382050A2ECF2B75887B1" author="Tullberg, T." refId="ref360768" refString="Tullberg, T. 1899. Uber das system der Nagetiere. Eine phylogenetische studie. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarium Upsaliensis, Ser. 3, 18: 1 - 514." year="1899">Tullberg (1899)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, both of whom provided characters and arranged the two groups in the same family or superfamily. This phyletic association has earned recent support based on arterial patterns (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="60DBD54BCA34F2E330ADED599FD64AF6" author="Bugge, J." refId="ref46053" refString="Bugge, J. 1974. The cephalic arteries of hystricomorph rodents. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 34: 61 - 78." year="1974">Bugge, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="31004E1E43882BD5EC1689CC1662BF71" author="Bugge, J." refId="ref46113" refString="Bugge, J. 1985. Systematic value of the carotid arterial pattern in rodents. Pp. 355 - 379, in Evolutionary relationships among rodents: A multidisciplinary analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, xiii + 721 pp." year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; George, 1981), middle ear anatomy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="593C070847999E5016BCBD819199C050" author="Lavocat, R. & J. - P. Parent" refId="ref205672" refString="Lavocat, R., and J. - P. Parent. 1985. Phylogenetic analysis of middle ear features in fossil and living rodents. Pp. 333 - 354, in Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">Lavocat and Parent, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="02CFE3845BAF860A59E4D123F682CB48" author="Meng, J." refId="ref237167" refString="Meng, J. 1990. The auditory region of Reithroparamys delicatissimus and its systematic implications. American Museum Novitates, 2972: 1 - 35." year="1990">Meng, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and mitochondrial genes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF9A38F77300C30A93C7103395313E5F" author="Montgelard, C. & S. Bentz & C. Douady & J. Lauquin & F. M. Catzeflis" refId="ref245546" refString="Montgelard, C., S. Bentz, C. Douady, J. Lauquin, and F. M. Catzeflis. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of the sciurognath rodent families Gliridae, Anomaluridae and Pedetidae. Morphological and paleontological implications. Pp. 293 - 307, in African Small Mammals (C. Denys, L. Granjon, and A. Poulet, eds.). IRD Editions, Collection colloques et seminaires, Paris, 570 pp." year="2001">Montgelard et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE998252C9E76ED0EA3DF8045CA443E0" author="Montgelard, C. & S. Bentz & C. Tirard & O. Verneau & F. M. Catzeflis" refId="ref245631" refString="Montgelard, C., S. Bentz, C. Tirard, O. Verneau, and F. M. Catzeflis. 2002. Molecular systematics of Sciurognathi (Rodentia): The mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12 S rRNA genes support the Anomaluroidea (Pedetidae and Anomaluridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 22: 220 - 233." year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="35D41FB7A58316E82946900F9ADF6A53" author="McKenna, M. C. & S. K. Bell" refId="ref233772" refString="McKenna, M. C., and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of mammals above the species level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp." year="1997">McKenna and Bell (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
acknowledged their possible sister-group affinity as the Suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37C9A360ADDBBD97D81FE47194465973" authorityName="Bugge" authorityYear="1974" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Anomaluromorpha">Anomaluromorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Not all investigators agree and some specifically dispute any special relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3F0E2553491CB458CC02D825ABD0B900" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1849" class="Mammalia" family="Anomaluridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Anomaluridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F3C48A4871F2CED5AE669B5732DE7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Pedetidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pedetidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3396C4A15AFF5E6C6A5C0AB77C860790" author="Jaeger, J. - J." refId="ref171453" refString="Jaeger, J. - J. 1988 b. Rodent phylogeny: New data and old problems. Pp. 177 - 199, in The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume 2 (M. J. Benton, ed.). Clarendon Press, Oxford, x + 329 pp." year="1988">
|
||
Jaeger, 1988
|
||
<emphasis id="AE73DCBDF1D9265EED551F05EBB36FE6" italics="true" pageNumber="745">b</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1085A3583CABD25EDC0E4BAE5828F4F" author="Landry, S. O., Jr." refId="ref203501" refString="Landry, S. O., Jr. 1999. A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the Glires (Lagomorpha and Rodentia). Mitteilungen des Museums fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75: 283 - 316." year="1999">Landry, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), especially given fundamental microstructural differences in their incisor enamel (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="90706696CE687048433478DF2A5DF6C1" author="Martin, T." refId="ref227518" refString="Martin, T. 1993. Early rodent incisor enamel evolution: Phylogenetic implications. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 1: 227 - 254." year="1993">Martin, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1995).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B5F0FE747BC1CED9EF955B1271AB1855" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Evidence for close relationship to any of the other four suprafamilial groups is similarly mixed. In molecular studies that have sampled only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EA9B8CF5F3C47856524ED19F447036C0" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1843" class="Mammalia" family="Anomaluridae" genus="Anomalurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07D582AD263FCB666E7BE4163BFC4C93" italics="true" pageNumber="745">Anomalurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BD229A6AB215CBF372049631AC594B9F" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" class="Mammalia" family="Pedetidae" genus="Pedetes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4ABDD5EDA3A6585B8667F54225E77D38" italics="true" pageNumber="745">Pedetes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the represented family usually emerges basally in a large clade encompassing Castoridae-Geomyoidea and-or Dipodidae-Muroidea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A9B17D846DC876095BDA64B4A870181B" author="Adkins, R. M. & E. L. Gelke & D. Rowe & R. L. Honeycutt" refId="ref1350" refString="Adkins, R. M., E. L. Gelke, D. Rowe, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2001. Molecular phylogeny and divergence time estimates for major rodent groups: Evidence from multiple genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 18 (5): 777 - 791." year="2001">Adkins et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="47E1D990C3359A7EE3212A4D3918CA22" author="Adkins, R. M. & A. H. Walton & R. L. Honeycutt" refId="ref1406" refString="Adkins, R. M., A. H. Walton, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2003. High-level systematics of rodents and divergence time estimates based on two congruent nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 26 (3): 409 - 420." year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F2FD00A7814A319248F3326D026C091A" author="Debry, R. W." refId="ref77075" refString="Debry, R. W. 2003. Identifying conflicting signal in a multigene analysis reveals a highly resolved tree: The phylogeny of Rodentia (Mammalia). Systematic Biology, 52: 604 - 617." year="2003">Debry, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C11341CE308916F13BA3B189364E1FAD" author="Huchon, D. & O. Madsen & M. J. J. B. Sibbald & K. Ament & M. J. Stanhope & F. Catzeflis & W. W. de Jong & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160779" refString="Huchon, D., O. Madsen, M. J. J. B. Sibbald, K. Ament, M. J. Stanhope, F. Catzeflis, W. W. de Jong, and E. J. P. Douzery. 2002. Rodent phylogeny and a timescale for the evolution of Glires: Evidence from an extensive taxon sampling using three nuclear genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19 (7): 1053 - 1065." year="2002">Huchon et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4274ED48B077F23FEC38F981E6C037A4" author="Nedbal, M. A. & R. L. Honeycutt & D. A. Schlitter" refId="ref257271" refString="Nedbal, M. A., R. L. Honeycutt, and D. A. Schlitter. 1996. Higher-level systematics of rodents (Mammalia, Rodentia): Evidence from the mitochondrial 12 S rRNA gene. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 3: 201 - 237." year="1996">Nedbal et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); in those that have sampled both, using two mitochondrial genes, Anomaluridae-Pedetidae is depicted as sister group to Sciuromorpha-Hystricognathi (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3CBF63820A618AFD5C18710F34CB1B8C" author="Montgelard, C. & S. Bentz & C. Douady & J. Lauquin & F. M. Catzeflis" refId="ref245546" refString="Montgelard, C., S. Bentz, C. Douady, J. Lauquin, and F. M. Catzeflis. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of the sciurognath rodent families Gliridae, Anomaluridae and Pedetidae. Morphological and paleontological implications. Pp. 293 - 307, in African Small Mammals (C. Denys, L. Granjon, and A. Poulet, eds.). IRD Editions, Collection colloques et seminaires, Paris, 570 pp." year="2001">Montgelard et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="30D87A72AD2B2CE81F42C134C57F3BA8" author="Montgelard, C. & S. Bentz & C. Tirard & O. Verneau & F. M. Catzeflis" refId="ref245631" refString="Montgelard, C., S. Bentz, C. Tirard, O. Verneau, and F. M. Catzeflis. 2002. Molecular systematics of Sciurognathi (Rodentia): The mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12 S rRNA genes support the Anomaluroidea (Pedetidae and Anomaluridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 22: 220 - 233." year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The possible link with Dipodidae-Muroidea recalls the older and broader notion of "Myomorphi" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="58174461F3C7BABE727CC83E96BE39BF" author="Ellerman, J. R." refId="ref92817" refString="Ellerman, J. R. 1940. The families and genera of living rodents. Vol. 1. Rodents other than Muridae. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 689 pp." year="1940">Ellerman, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3D4FF630AA3E12AD413C891803E858A9" author="Tullberg, T." refId="ref360768" refString="Tullberg, T. 1899. Uber das system der Nagetiere. Eine phylogenetische studie. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarium Upsaliensis, Ser. 3, 18: 1 - 514." year="1899">Tullberg, 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On the other hand, some morphological interpretations have implicated early genealogical ties with Ctenodactylidae-Hystricognathi (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="566E869F1F66D4E4BB2B9D0008952DAC" author="Bryant, J. D. & M. C. McKenna" refId="ref45314" refString="Bryant, J. D., and M. C. McKenna. 1995. Cranial anatomy and phylogenetic position of Tsaganomys altaicus (Mammalia: Rodentia) from the Hsanda Gol Formation (Oligocene), Mongolia. American Museum Novitates, 3156: 1 - 42." year="1995">Bryant and McKenna, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0BD2A32833A971F66582A4EC95F1DB0F" author="Meng, J." refId="ref237167" refString="Meng, J. 1990. The auditory region of Reithroparamys delicatissimus and its systematic implications. American Museum Novitates, 2972: 1 - 35." year="1990">Meng, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6AA8C265BF84A42028AAD71C1D72EC70" author="George, W." refId="ref119085" refString="George, W. 1985. Reproductive and chromosomal characters of ctenodactylids as a key to their evolutionary relationships. Pp. 453 - 474, in Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">George (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="57D96F299E931B8AB6D20CB049EEA6C3" author="Landry, S. O., Jr." refId="ref203501" refString="Landry, S. O., Jr. 1999. A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the Glires (Lagomorpha and Rodentia). Mitteilungen des Museums fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75: 283 - 316." year="1999">Landry (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="796B62B5A65E3325CC74A2473E4D3F0C" author="Martin, T." refId="ref227518" refString="Martin, T. 1993. Early rodent incisor enamel evolution: Phylogenetic implications. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 1: 227 - 254." year="1993">Martin (1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1995), and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3452A7ADD23AF8B837F315EB9766F42E" author="Thomas, O." refId="ref352089" refString="Thomas, O. 1896 [1897]. On the genera of rodents: An attempt to bring up to date the current arrangement of the order. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896: 1012 - 1028." year="1896">Thomas (1896)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
cautiously endorsed this kinship hypothesis for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2F77E6BD101ED1641A6D87B2D5FA9A5" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Pedetidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pedetidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
but not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5ADA9585B4F2E4F31816E1FA69E97260" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1849" class="Mammalia" family="Anomaluridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Anomaluridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This alternative association recalls the formative views of "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="864B9E0B092862F720A8044FFD40F53D" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Hystricomorpha">Hystricomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
" before the character weighting accorded to mandibular morphology, a feature emphasized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D18CAC8F7E9B03B49C78BE3DCB5796C" author="Tullberg, T." refId="ref360768" refString="Tullberg, T. 1899. Uber das system der Nagetiere. Eine phylogenetische studie. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarium Upsaliensis, Ser. 3, 18: 1 - 514." year="1899">Tullberg (1899)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1D9BA998DDB827B5C1EAD045FBF1EB9E" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Although researchers are again probing into the relationships of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B96424D31F07DA6D918590BDA769E006" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1849" class="Mammalia" family="Anomaluridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Anomaluridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0113698BED11A6A28D64BF94784A78C8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Pedetidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pedetidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, resolution of their phylogenetic placement has improved little since the summary of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71DB114D6AD03F974AE94B240203787D" author="Luckett, W. P. & J. - L. Hartenberger" refId="ref217189" refString="Luckett, W. P., and J. - L. Hartenberger. 1985 b. Evolutionary relationships among rodents: Comments and conclusions. Pp. 685 - 712, in Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">
|
||
Luckett and Hartenberger (1985
|
||
<emphasis id="6E3FAB98952908D66A80A25C3E501288" italics="true" pageNumber="745">b</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Two interrelated and systematically critical questions remain at issue: do anomalurids and pedetids constitute a natural clade and where does this putative sister-group cladistically fit among the other major rodent associations listed here, in particular
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A6FA39D7D24DCCB2E407683C442F947D" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
versus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E8C83E0E9299E49D0453B0C15B37A0B8" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Hystricomorpha">Hystricomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
?
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A5F84C39C265190765A44B16C6F3FE5" pageNumber="745">
|
||
(5).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8906510BAC9633221DDEDC4AF89AA60" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Ctenodactylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ctenodactylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C70BDB2F88DA3D4F0A021E13E6A94B26" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" infraOrder="Hystricognathi" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraOrder">Hystricognathi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3137CABAFD11CCB9B979A9CE125E1AA8" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Bathyergidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bathyergidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
through
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C777E64A0A996E40D1C453C34118367" authorityName="Anthony" authorityYear="1917" class="Mammalia" family="Heptaxodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Heptaxodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
): The African gundis,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9FFB2C257D5AC9959536368D7D43EE6A" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Ctenodactylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ctenodactylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, represent another group whose phylogenetic placement has perplexed systematists: early placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8EBEAE0AC8FC878C1050215F69AEA67F" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Hystricomorpha">Hystricomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Thomas, 1897
|
||
<emphasis id="A96BE2F6BFADF06474BBC19745598D3F" italics="true" pageNumber="745">c</emphasis>
|
||
); arranged with Sciurognathi after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7484C8DD0DF89D66DB77D1751A323336" author="Tullberg, T." refId="ref360768" refString="Tullberg, T. 1899. Uber das system der Nagetiere. Eine phylogenetische studie. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarium Upsaliensis, Ser. 3, 18: 1 - 514." year="1899">Tullberg (1899)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stressed the cardinal importance of sciurognathy and hystricognathy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="443B072977297253A7AD569161AF7645" author="Chaline, J. & P. Mein & F. Petter" refId="ref57068" refString="Chaline, J., P. Mein, and F. Petter. 1977. Les grandes lignes d'une classification evolutive des Muroidea. Mammalia, 41: 245 - 252." year="1977">Chaline et al., 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="45769B7BEFC69A23B5C874CA55571F75" author="Ellerman, J. R." refId="ref92817" refString="Ellerman, J. R. 1940. The families and genera of living rodents. Vol. 1. Rodents other than Muridae. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 689 pp." year="1940">Ellerman, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); isolated (among living families) in its own suborder (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="80278749525A169AAB6234FAA0CA7372" author="Hartenberger, J. - L." refId="ref141911" refString="Hartenberger, J. - L. 1998. Description de la radiation des Rodentia (Mammalia) du Paleocene superieur au Miocene; incidence phylogenetiques. Comptes Rendus Academie des Sciences Paris, Sciences de la terre et des planetes, 326: 439 - 444." year="1998">Hartenberger, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BBEB0E2AFDE053B9CD4BEAD54D696014" author="McKenna, M. C. & S. K. Bell" refId="ref233772" refString="McKenna, M. C., and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of mammals above the species level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp." year="1997">McKenna and Bell, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); or left as infraorder or suborder
|
||
<emphasis id="A5C047098571553BD6976F715F10BDBF" italics="true" pageNumber="745">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
(Carleton, 1984;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A4150EB5A3A520F291525CFC18E9191" author="Simpson, G. G." refId="ref328876" refString="Simpson, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85: 1 - 350." year="1945">Simpson, 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AF1C729BB37769184BB87A3FCDB4F233" author="Wood, A. E." refId="ref393289" refString="Wood, A. E. 1955. A revised classification of the rodents. Journal of Mammalogy, 36: 165 - 187." year="1955">Wood, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="506779C983BFD8DC25010D703B94C568" author="Wood, A. E." refId="ref393373" refString="Wood, A. E. 1965. Grades and clades among rodents. Evolution, 19: 115 - 130." year="1965">1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Of these prior interpretations of relationship, or concessions to indeterminate relationship, a substantive and jointly impressive body of information supplies support for Thomas’ association of ctenodactylids with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BE6A5ABD737EE73AC1FFFA415DAA71" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Hystricomorpha">Hystricomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9C076A04FE8B0B1235600144F506C9CB" italics="true" pageNumber="745">sensu lato</emphasis>
|
||
(He actually arranged gundis as a subfamily of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B09464DD3118F3EBB95D65818626F04B" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1839" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Octodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a family assignment contraindicated by this same literature). Such corroborative studies broadly draw upon morphology, both individual character systems and multicharacter cladistic analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="15487B4D9E174F563BD59EAE11801047" author="Bryant, J. D. & M. C. McKenna" refId="ref45314" refString="Bryant, J. D., and M. C. McKenna. 1995. Cranial anatomy and phylogenetic position of Tsaganomys altaicus (Mammalia: Rodentia) from the Hsanda Gol Formation (Oligocene), Mongolia. American Museum Novitates, 3156: 1 - 42." year="1995">Bryant and McKenna, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E63A1F560E4DDB5123503EAE02776AE5" author="Bugge, J." refId="ref46012" refString="Bugge, J. 1971 b. The cephalic arterial system in New and Old World hystricomorphs, and in bathyergoids, with special reference to the systematic classification of rodents. Acta Anatomica, 80: 516 - 536." year="1971">
|
||
Bugge, 1971
|
||
<emphasis id="8FE050451140F24AC6392446D44409A7" italics="true" pageNumber="745">b, 1985</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4F443C9BECC183B9355F05B951AEA715" author="Flynn, L. J. & L. L. Jacobs & I. U. Cheema" refId="ref105785" refString="Flynn, L. J., L. L. Jacobs, and I. U. Cheema. 1986. Baluchimyinae, a new ctenodactyloid rodent subfamily from the Miocene of Balucistan. American Museum Novitates, 2841: 1 - 58." year="1986">Flynn et al., 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9DF118E3D6DBDF9DF366E080C6A6F265" author="George, W." refId="ref119085" refString="George, W. 1985. Reproductive and chromosomal characters of ctenodactylids as a key to their evolutionary relationships. Pp. 453 - 474, in Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">George, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B4CAD9453762985611F3FA962CF23A80" author="Jaeger, J. - J." refId="ref171453" refString="Jaeger, J. - J. 1988 b. Rodent phylogeny: New data and old problems. Pp. 177 - 199, in The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume 2 (M. J. Benton, ed.). Clarendon Press, Oxford, x + 329 pp." year="1988">
|
||
Jaeger, 1988
|
||
<emphasis id="C51E8C7FC69988A0FC0020F5D9FC01B5" italics="true" pageNumber="745">b</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B66FCFCB0C03B49420B064E0414FA444" author="Landry, S. O." refId="ref203430" refString="Landry, S. O. 1957. The interrelationships of the New and Old World hystricognath rodents. University of California Publications in Zoology, 56: 1 - 118." year="1957">Landry, 1957</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation id="1A969F6D5FBAE845F3FE557CDBB7D727" author="Landry, S. O., Jr." refId="ref203501" refString="Landry, S. O., Jr. 1999. A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the Glires (Lagomorpha and Rodentia). Mitteilungen des Museums fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75: 283 - 316." year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F797A27E43F7EA9171F5C5F19C79B7CE" author="Lavocat, R. & J. - P. Parent" refId="ref205672" refString="Lavocat, R., and J. - P. Parent. 1985. Phylogenetic analysis of middle ear features in fossil and living rodents. Pp. 333 - 354, in Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">Lavocat and Parent, 1985</bibRefCitation>
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; Luckett, 1985;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4B3A9B04AC9F006A28B243B460A5EDDE" author="Luckett, W. P. & J. - L. Hartenberger" refId="ref217189" refString="Luckett, W. P., and J. - L. Hartenberger. 1985 b. Evolutionary relationships among rodents: Comments and conclusions. Pp. 685 - 712, in Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">
|
||
Luckett and Hartenberger, 1985
|
||
<emphasis id="9526C7B35A92910676DD7D778F8BCC23" italics="true" pageNumber="745">b</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5EF779335577F65202C7E4348353A7A" author="Martin, T." refId="ref227518" refString="Martin, T. 1993. Early rodent incisor enamel evolution: Phylogenetic implications. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 1: 227 - 254." year="1993">Martin, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ABBFE2AE80A709D1ADFC7D6626CC35F0" author="Martin, T." refId="ref227544" refString="Martin, T. 1994 a. African origin of caviomorph rodents is indicated by incisor enamel microstructure. Paleobiology, 20: 5 - 13." year="1994">
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1994
|
||
<emphasis id="A84D5E9E081BBACEC44ECE5A0D2CFD24" italics="true" pageNumber="745">a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F67B65BF93EDAA5CADD2715DCDFF847E" author="Meng, J." refId="ref237167" refString="Meng, J. 1990. The auditory region of Reithroparamys delicatissimus and its systematic implications. American Museum Novitates, 2972: 1 - 35." year="1990">Meng, 1990</bibRefCitation>
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), paleontology (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="850B241C4D32C29C657FBE0FBE70F344" author="Flynn, L. J. & L. L. Jacobs & I. U. Cheema" refId="ref105785" refString="Flynn, L. J., L. L. Jacobs, and I. U. Cheema. 1986. Baluchimyinae, a new ctenodactyloid rodent subfamily from the Miocene of Balucistan. American Museum Novitates, 2841: 1 - 58." year="1986">Flynn et al., 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ABE495C9D24AF55A87CE396F733C37B8" author="Hussain, S. T. & H. de Bruijn & J. M. Leinders" refId="ref161867" refString="Hussain, S. T., H. de Bruijn, and J. M. Leinders. 1978. Middle Eocene rodents from the Kala Chitta Range (Punjab, Pakistan) (III). Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, ser. B, 81: 101 - 112." year="1978">Hussain et al., 1978</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="AB0034D1A2DFD2863D9794B8A97D3D47" author="Marivaux, L. & M. Vianey-Liaud & J. - L. Welcomme & J. - J. Jaeger" refId="ref225424" refString="Marivaux, L., M. Vianey-Liaud, J. - L. Welcomme, and J. - J. Jaeger. 2002. The role of Asia in the origin and diversication of hystricognathous rodents. Zoologica Scripta, 31 (3): 225 - 239." year="2002">Marivaux et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="45E0C370C94B1008D8CB8F3DBBE105E3" author="Marivaux, L. & J. - L. Welcomme" refId="ref225373" refString="Marivaux, L., and J. - L. Welcomme. 2003. New diatomyid and baluchimyine rodents from the Oligocene of Pakistan (Bugti Hills, Balochistan): Systematic and paleobiogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23 (2): 420 - 434." year="2003">Marivaux and Welcomme, 2003</bibRefCitation>
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), and mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A6FAC69805F87FFD958E0D6689C23B5" author="Adkins, R. M. & E. L. Gelke & D. Rowe & R. L. Honeycutt" refId="ref1350" refString="Adkins, R. M., E. L. Gelke, D. Rowe, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2001. Molecular phylogeny and divergence time estimates for major rodent groups: Evidence from multiple genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 18 (5): 777 - 791." year="2001">Adkins et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4BDE0242867F0A113826C13F1E35BB2D" author="Adkins, R. M. & A. H. Walton & R. L. Honeycutt" refId="ref1406" refString="Adkins, R. M., A. H. Walton, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2003. High-level systematics of rodents and divergence time estimates based on two congruent nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 26 (3): 409 - 420." year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="66C0CD4540AE4AD4809A90E339ECCE30" author="Huchon, D. & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160631" refString="Huchon, D., and E. J. P. Douzery. 2001. From the Old World to the New World: A molecular chronicle of the phylogeny and biogeography of hystricognath rodents. Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution, 20: 238 - 251." year="2001">Huchon and Douzery, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FBFAAB6DC272E1801D506EF178C34A15" author="Huchon, D. & F. Catzeflis & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160728" refString="Huchon, D., F. Catzeflis, and E. J. P. Douzery. 2000. Variance of molecular datings, evolution of rodents and the phylogenetic affinities between Ctenodactylidae and Hystricognathi. Proceedings of the Royal Societyof London B, 267: 393 - 402." year="2000">Huchon et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="906740B9C9B05171610077AB3A63F3AE" author="Huchon, D. & O. Madsen & M. J. J. B. Sibbald & K. Ament & M. J. Stanhope & F. Catzeflis & W. W. de Jong & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160779" refString="Huchon, D., O. Madsen, M. J. J. B. Sibbald, K. Ament, M. J. Stanhope, F. Catzeflis, W. W. de Jong, and E. J. P. Douzery. 2002. Rodent phylogeny and a timescale for the evolution of Glires: Evidence from an extensive taxon sampling using three nuclear genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19 (7): 1053 - 1065." year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
|
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A72C997CBFDE922440BEFD5A1B68D5A1" author="Montgelard, C. & S. Bentz & C. Tirard & O. Verneau & F. M. Catzeflis" refId="ref245631" refString="Montgelard, C., S. Bentz, C. Tirard, O. Verneau, and F. M. Catzeflis. 2002. Molecular systematics of Sciurognathi (Rodentia): The mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12 S rRNA genes support the Anomaluroidea (Pedetidae and Anomaluridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 22: 220 - 233." year="2002">Montgelard et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Certain of these analyses posit southern Asia as the continental area of origin of the common ancestor of Ctenodactylidae-Hystricognathi (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1D1D6BA2DC3465B4690B4D4DDACE46B7" author="Huchon, D. & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160631" refString="Huchon, D., and E. J. P. Douzery. 2001. From the Old World to the New World: A molecular chronicle of the phylogeny and biogeography of hystricognath rodents. Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution, 20: 238 - 251." year="2001">Huchon and Douzery, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C3C5170D94BB130E535E79C97487F6EF" author="Marivaux, L. & M. Vianey-Liaud & J. - L. Welcomme & J. - J. Jaeger" refId="ref225424" refString="Marivaux, L., M. Vianey-Liaud, J. - L. Welcomme, and J. - J. Jaeger. 2002. The role of Asia in the origin and diversication of hystricognathous rodents. Zoologica Scripta, 31 (3): 225 - 239." year="2002">Marivaux et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4AD76078A657C654462D30ECD977B37F" author="Landry, S. O., Jr." refId="ref203501" refString="Landry, S. O., Jr. 1999. A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the Glires (Lagomorpha and Rodentia). Mitteilungen des Museums fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75: 283 - 316." year="1999">Landry (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
introduced the name Entodacrya (reflecting the internal course of the nasolacrimal duct) to identify the Ctenodactylidae-Hystricognathi clade, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF2925801E39EF27B588DFC0B360BB0D" author="Huchon, D. & F. Catzeflis & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160728" refString="Huchon, D., F. Catzeflis, and E. J. P. Douzery. 2000. Variance of molecular datings, evolution of rodents and the phylogenetic affinities between Ctenodactylidae and Hystricognathi. Proceedings of the Royal Societyof London B, 267: 393 - 402." year="2000">Huchon et al. (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
soon after coined Ctenohystrica, a contraction whose taxonomic meaning is self evident.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="133FC83ACC3E9CEB1EE1B9ED72D8A815" pageNumber="745">
|
||
The story of the hystricognathus and hystricomorphous rodents is a suspenseful and exciting read in systematic mammalogy. Ever since
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7683B3D1F94D71DD4EDF401D31708CC8" author="Tullberg, T." refId="ref360768" refString="Tullberg, T. 1899. Uber das system der Nagetiere. Eine phylogenetische studie. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarium Upsaliensis, Ser. 3, 18: 1 - 514." year="1899">Tullberg (1899)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
defined the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="87B102BD45A0D72537CD9BE8AAA75A08" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" infraOrder="Hystricognathi" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraOrder">Hystricognathi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the explicit union of New and Old World groups, respectively neo- and paleotropical in principal distribution, has sparked lively debate over issues of monophyly and polyphyly, character homology and homoplasy, biogeography and areas of origin, evolutionary and phylogenetic criteria for classification. It would be pretentious to encapsulate the details and nuanced conclusions of these exchanges in a brief foreword (see summaries in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="57D2008B209765CF167AF716F08D162F" author="Huchon, D. & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160631" refString="Huchon, D., and E. J. P. Douzery. 2001. From the Old World to the New World: A molecular chronicle of the phylogeny and biogeography of hystricognath rodents. Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution, 20: 238 - 251." year="2001">Huchon and Douzery, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8F93B858C38F684261BF18FDB08004A5" author="Jaeger, J. - J." refId="ref171453" refString="Jaeger, J. - J. 1988 b. Rodent phylogeny: New data and old problems. Pp. 177 - 199, in The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume 2 (M. J. Benton, ed.). Clarendon Press, Oxford, x + 329 pp." year="1988">
|
||
Jaeger, 1988
|
||
<emphasis id="08C2843BA610773E5101B1D1F525DD24" italics="true" pageNumber="745">b</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C89103D453E8409F25553F50ADA3C935" author="Landry, S. O., Jr." refId="ref203501" refString="Landry, S. O., Jr. 1999. A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the Glires (Lagomorpha and Rodentia). Mitteilungen des Museums fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75: 283 - 316." year="1999">Landry, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B138E739B06BAFFF02AD5C0724B78E09" author="Martin, T." refId="ref227518" refString="Martin, T. 1993. Early rodent incisor enamel evolution: Phylogenetic implications. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 1: 227 - 254." year="1993">Martin, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as well as remarks and references under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3EA10FABA28D3D27E5E853E678A75173" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" infraOrder="Hystricognathi" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraOrder">Hystricognathi</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Important bookmarks in the long dialogue include
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE1B57715EB1CB31BC9C9D29BCF6F688" author="Wood, A. E." refId="ref393267" refString="Wood, A. E. 1950. Porcupines, paleogeography and parallelism. Evolution, 4: 87 - 98." year="1950">Wood (1950</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation id="DA7879FF0DFC2BCF3EF0829452A00427" author="Wood, A. E." refId="ref393373" refString="Wood, A. E. 1965. Grades and clades among rodents. Evolution, 19: 115 - 130." year="1965">1965</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="6FD20863FF739A023140BF54E27EE346" author="Wood, A. E." refId="ref393395" refString="Wood, A. E. 1974. The evolution of the Old World and New World hystricomorphs. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 34: 21 - 60." year="1974">1974</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="FDF27AE75A7F8DFD215E9F152521B4B4" author="Wood, A. E." refId="ref393456" refString="Wood, A. E. 1980. The origin of the caviomorph rodents from a source in Middle America: A clue to the area of origin of the platyrrhine primates. Pp. 79 - 91, in Evolutionary Biology of the New World Monkeys and Continental Drift (R. L. Ciochon and A. B. Chiarelli, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, xvi + 528 pp." year="1980">1980</bibRefCitation>
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),
|
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<bibRefCitation id="34D77202E6130D6BAE236F68BEE6A1C4" author="Landry, S. O." refId="ref203430" refString="Landry, S. O. 1957. The interrelationships of the New and Old World hystricognath rodents. University of California Publications in Zoology, 56: 1 - 118." year="1957">Landry (1957)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="E278D0AB1A12F63EBF86DBFFC7F4A9EC" author="Wood, A. E. & B. Patterson" refId="ref393595" refString="Wood, A. E., and B. Patterson. 1959. The rodents of the Deseadan Oligocene of Patagonia and the beginnings of South American rodent evolution. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 120: 281 - 428." year="1959">Wood and Patterson (1959)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EE5E1D61FE2CBDA8C529440DD5BDA26A" author="Lavocat, R." refId="ref205423" refString="Lavocat, R. 1969. La systematique des rongeurs hystricomorphes et la derive des continents. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris D, 269: 1496 - 1497." year="1969">Lavocat (1969</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="8D650AB8D5D6072928E0CE6E9DCAD174" author="Lavocat, R." refId="ref205459" refString="Lavocat, R. 1971. Affinities systematiques des caviomorphes et des phiomorphes et l'origine Africaine des caviomorphes. Anais da Academia Brasiliera de Ciencias, 43 (suppl.): 515 - 522." year="1971">1971</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="00477BA22B413CF99EC86951BFC767D7" author="Lavocat, R." refId="ref205528" refString="Lavocat, R. 1974. What is an hystricomorph? Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 34: 7 - 20." year="1974">1974</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="2FB1F2E06572803DC102F1734315DD15" author="Lavocat, R." refId="ref205604" refString="Lavocat, R. 1980. The implications of rodent paleontology and biogeography to the geographic sources and origin of platyrrhine primates. Pp. 93 - 102, in Evolutionary Biology of the New World Monkeys and Continental Drift (R. L. Ciochon and A. B. Chiarelli, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, xvi + 528 pp." year="1980">1980</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<bibRefCitation id="40FC203EB7D6DCCE711F7439DA75DB67" author="Hoffstetter, R. & R. Lavocat" refId="ref156119" refString="Hoffstetter, R., and R. Lavocat. 1970. Decouverte dans le Deseadien de Bolivie de genres Pentalophodontes appuyant les affinities Africaines des rongeurs caviomorphes. Comptes Rendus des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, (D), 271: 172 - 175." year="1970">Hoffstetter and Lavocat (1970</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="CEDA2981E3FFA97CCDD6DF240E6DFA3B" author="Hoffstetter, R." refId="ref156043" refString="Hoffstetter, R. 1975. El origen de los Caviomorpha y el problema de los Hystricognathi (Rodentia). Actas del Primer Congreso Argentino de Paleontologia y Bioestratigrafia, Tucuman, Argentina, 2: 505 - 528." year="1975">Hoffstetter, 1975</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<bibRefCitation id="C98E6044F8656313278F76840587FEFE" author="Woods, C. A." refId="ref394218" refString="Woods, C. A. 1972. Comparative mycology of jaw, hyoid, and pectoral appendicular regions of New and Old World hystricomorph rodents. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 147: 115 - 198." year="1972">Woods (1972</bibRefCitation>
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, 1982),
|
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<bibRefCitation id="227B5114F1501D9C42D71C52BF9FBD5A" author="Patterson, B. & A. E. Wood" refId="ref274402" refString="Patterson, B., and A. E. Wood. 1982. Rodents from the Deseadan Oligocene of Bolivia and the relationships of the Caviomorpha. Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, 149: 371 - 543." year="1982">Patterson and Wood (1982)</bibRefCitation>
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, and many thoughtful papers in
|
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<bibRefCitation id="4F1D7B89E346DC8863D8C79F3FC3F936" author="Luckett, W. P. & J. - L. Hartenberger" refId="ref217149" refString="Luckett, W. P., and J. - L. Hartenberger (eds.). 1985 a. Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis. Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">
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Luckett and Hartenberger (1985
|
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<emphasis id="C86B83B92B55B12D1AA60D7AB211904D" italics="true" pageNumber="745">a</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
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. As summarized by
|
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<bibRefCitation id="5FBD8E3E20AABFCE124F8BFD4E63DE1C" author="Luckett, W. P. & J. - L. Hartenberger" refId="ref217189" refString="Luckett, W. P., and J. - L. Hartenberger. 1985 b. Evolutionary relationships among rodents: Comments and conclusions. Pp. 685 - 712, in Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">
|
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Luckett and Hartenberger (1985
|
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<emphasis id="330C5971A3EAF9F1FDB3FFAD400C5BD3" italics="true" pageNumber="745">b</emphasis>
|
||
:691)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
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, a wealth and heterogeneity of data provide "overwhelming support for hystricognath monophyly, and all indicate that it is virtually impossible to distinguish between Old and New World hystricognaths as separate taxa." As fitting denouement to their assessment, ensuing hypothesis-testing using a variety of mitochondrial and nuclear genes has only reinforced the phylogenetic perspective for monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DAE02666DA35B4FE4592CA08F1D70B5" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" infraOrder="Hystricognathi" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraOrder">Hystricognathi</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="F604023C406A4466215858582FBAF980" italics="true" pageNumber="745">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
Tullberg (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE7EB4D09E69F92C41BA37D133DFB8D6" author="Adkins, R. M. & E. L. Gelke & D. Rowe & R. L. Honeycutt" refId="ref1350" refString="Adkins, R. M., E. L. Gelke, D. Rowe, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2001. Molecular phylogeny and divergence time estimates for major rodent groups: Evidence from multiple genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 18 (5): 777 - 791." year="2001">Adkins et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EB7B6151B5D2EA0D8D9BDF7709ACA164" author="Adkins, R. M. & A. H. Walton & R. L. Honeycutt" refId="ref1406" refString="Adkins, R. M., A. H. Walton, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2003. High-level systematics of rodents and divergence time estimates based on two congruent nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 26 (3): 409 - 420." year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="132AFDDF44049FC2861DA29A068BACA0" author="Catzeflis, F. M. & C. Hanni & P. Sourrouille & E. Douzery" refId="ref55244" refString="Catzeflis, F. M., C. Hanni, P. Sourrouille, and E. Douzery. 1995. Re: Molecular systematics of hystricognath rodents: The contribution of sciurognath mitochondrial 12 S rRNA sequences (Letter to the Editor). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 4 (3): 357 - 360." year="1995">Catzeflis et al., 1995</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2C331E39118C21149D73983C78A80E2A" author="Huchon, D. & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160631" refString="Huchon, D., and E. J. P. Douzery. 2001. From the Old World to the New World: A molecular chronicle of the phylogeny and biogeography of hystricognath rodents. Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution, 20: 238 - 251." year="2001">Huchon and Douzery, 2001</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="226D1C905F1BA56622B81541F6944C78" author="Huchon, D. & F. M. Catzeflis & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160679" refString="Huchon, D., F. M. Catzeflis, and E. J. P. Douzery. 1999. Molecular evolution of the nuclear Willebrand factor gene in mammals and the phylogeny of rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 16: 577 - 589." year="1999">Huchon et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="F4B787E96E73DAD7DB35707FAE5B4A24" author="Huchon, D. & F. Catzeflis & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160728" refString="Huchon, D., F. Catzeflis, and E. J. P. Douzery. 2000. Variance of molecular datings, evolution of rodents and the phylogenetic affinities between Ctenodactylidae and Hystricognathi. Proceedings of the Royal Societyof London B, 267: 393 - 402." year="2000">2000</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="53D96DD1E0EFD6353741FEA1A03F70D4" author="Huchon, D. & O. Madsen & M. J. J. B. Sibbald & K. Ament & M. J. Stanhope & F. Catzeflis & W. W. de Jong & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160779" refString="Huchon, D., O. Madsen, M. J. J. B. Sibbald, K. Ament, M. J. Stanhope, F. Catzeflis, W. W. de Jong, and E. J. P. Douzery. 2002. Rodent phylogeny and a timescale for the evolution of Glires: Evidence from an extensive taxon sampling using three nuclear genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19 (7): 1053 - 1065." year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
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;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="40A75434CF3F249AD4353F6A00DFBB4C" author="Murphy, W. J. & E. Eizirik & W. E. Johnson & Ya Ping Zhang, O. A. & Ryder & S. O'Brien" refId="ref250371" refString="Murphy, W. J., E. Eizirik, W. E. Johnson, Ya Ping Zhang, O. A. Ryder and S. O'Brien. 2001 a. Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals. Nature, 409: 614 - 618." year="2001">
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Murphy et al., 2001
|
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<emphasis id="8EA5C1B36AA4954E10CD232A87339F58" italics="true" pageNumber="745">a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C005AB989051BC0FF91C1D1DF4B6B590" author="Nedbal, M. A. & M. W. Allard & R. L. Honeycutt" refId="ref257220" refString="Nedbal, M. A., M. W. Allard, and R. L. Honeycutt. 1994. Molecular systematics of hystricognath rodents: Evidence from the mitochondrial 12 S rRNA gene. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 3 (3): 206 - 220." year="1994">Nedbal et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3BA69D1A3F6635960012AE14554FCB2F" author="Nedbal, M. A. & R. L. Honeycutt & D. A. Schlitter" refId="ref257271" refString="Nedbal, M. A., R. L. Honeycutt, and D. A. Schlitter. 1996. Higher-level systematics of rodents (Mammalia, Rodentia): Evidence from the mitochondrial 12 S rRNA gene. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 3: 201 - 237." year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7F576228A0BFC0407633FADC93C0A584" pageNumber="745">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0472251C643BCC39670581A4D5AFCAB" italics="true" pageNumber="745">Provisional subordinal classification</emphasis>
|
||
.—Although this systematic compendium is aimed at the species, a higher level classification is an obvious, and natural, means to collate and convey such alpha-level information. With regard to suborders, we provisionally use the names
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C59A3FDE7421697D5915BC32B09B229" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="71427BD40555E6E05CF6DD0681B07CE2" authorityName="A. E. Wood" authorityYear="1955" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Castorimorpha">Castorimorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5367FC5CCC4742256E4AF069448CEC56" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="393ABFE4A7008F965933403D26E997D3" authorityName="Bugge" authorityYear="1974" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Anomaluromorpha">Anomaluromorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4521B2A5A4C5FCD01786F4B798335DB7" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Hystricomorpha">Hystricomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively, to designate suborders for the five clades reviewed above (Table 1). Based on our impressionistic consensus, that research indicates that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EF26C281BE1ADCAAC9492A24842C976B" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Myomopha, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63FD9013841AEC5EF5A415EF10A1E48A" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Hystricomorpha">Hystricomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as arranged, receive good to excellent support as monophyletic taxa. The evidence for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="519EA806E7D0F8F11C33A62BFE486CC5" authorityName="A. E. Wood" authorityYear="1955" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Castorimorpha">Castorimorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B215FEC8197EE42D5E668E3D88DC1167" authorityName="Bugge" authorityYear="1974" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Anomaluromorpha">Anomaluromorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
in this regard is overall less persuasive. Future phylogenetic investigation of these groups must address both the question of their naturalness and the possibility that they belong within one of the other three suborders. Ranks between the suborder and family were avoided,
|
||
<emphasis id="9DADBE62584F32473F553A5DED6B04EB" italics="true" pageNumber="745">except where</emphasis>
|
||
already assigned authorship at certain higher levels (namely the Superfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBF68E4A1C0C16F694F3BBB0682AE9E6" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Muroidea">Muroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Infraorder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7413E18B50C23761AAA42C7519A9D402" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" infraOrder="Hystricognathi" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraOrder">Hystricognathi</taxonomicName>
|
||
) required coordinate groupings for consistency and balance of classificatory arrangement. Proper exposition of the nomenclatural and taxonomic background and of phylogenetic and biogeographic issues that bear on these intermediate ranks (superfamily to infraorder) is beyond the scope of a species checklist (and would certainly overtax the patience of our editors, whose kind indulgence to add this chapter we much appreciate). See
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6E7F5AD033DBD0632A921FD336A06504" author="McKenna, M. C. & S. K. Bell" refId="ref233772" refString="McKenna, M. C., and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of mammals above the species level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp." year="1997">McKenna and Bell (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for one classificatory view of those ranks, their past usage, and allocation of synonyms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66024D737CB436FC0D66484A4891473C" pageNumber="745">
|
||
We retain Brandt’s (1855) names for three of the five suborders (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E54DC423D9FEF5948CDC82D760AE888F" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2F52744FA86B913B100DE769E32C572" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1DC24F31318A6A603F3E06F75E4A624C" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Hystricomorpha">Hystricomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
), whereas some foremost rodent authorities have pointedly advised against continued employment of these Brantian epithets, especially at the subordinal rank (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC5E8490C7273B38330B5224714E691A" author="Landry, S. O., Jr." refId="ref203501" refString="Landry, S. O., Jr. 1999. A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the Glires (Lagomorpha and Rodentia). Mitteilungen des Museums fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75: 283 - 316." year="1999">Landry, 1999:283</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2C18C631F808061C0A8B2FFB8CE3A87C" author="Wood, A. E." refId="ref393534" refString="Wood, A. E. 1985. The relationships, origin and dispersal of the hystricognathous rodents. Pp. 475 - 513, in Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents: A Multidisciplinary Analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">Wood, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). They have argued that the descriptive meaning of the terms does not strictly concord with the morphologies of included members, and that this contradiction will only continue to engender confusion. That the logical connotation of a taxon’s name should uniformly correspond to its taxonomic intention strikes us as puzzling. Not all members of the Superorder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8D5C6D35691E2FABD21AC61B470759DF" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="superOrder" superOrder="Afrotheria">Afrotheria</taxonomicName>
|
||
live in Africa, nor are all species of the Order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF2C43AAFDCD1EA6900C95D3AC1FFB0" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" order="Carnivora" rank="order">Carnivora</taxonomicName>
|
||
carnivorous. The species- to family-group ranks are rife with valid names whose logical meaning, as intended by the original descriptor, is partially inconsistent or actually misleading in terms of the currently accepted contents of the taxon, whether in strict morphological accuracy, indication of distribution, or implication of phylogenetic alliance. In reviewing 150 years of rodent classifications, we are impressed that few of our predecessors applied the features of infraorbital configuration and jaw shape in an overridingly typological touchstone of all rodent classification. Most made the distinction between, e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09AF9ED2DD9011547A9BB40A0C49F9D8" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its taxic sense and myomorphy as a morphological condition and routinely consulted additional traits. Thus, the hystricomorphous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C44B68440A71F09F9CC1D539972316B" authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1817" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dipodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been nearly always included within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="96FF56F4C91C00A03692A5923D027F5B" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in retrospect, correctly it would seem), and the sciuromorphous Geomyoidea have been considered by many to also fit within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C27CBEE85155DAD1068702E644DADAE" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in retrospect, perhaps incorrectly). And while Brandt’s taxonomic names qua morphological descriptors may not perfectly correspond to all members, they nonetheless do conform very well. The core family members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="18D2AFDC7945B5956D7DC58A9CD996D9" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="34B665935CD96870082C053030443716" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5CEDEBB262FFE17A9948F1EC8BB4AF58" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Hystricomorpha">Hystricomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
have remained largely the same, and most, not all, do exhibit those fundamental zygomasseteric structures. More importantly, these core assemblages have survived recent scrutiny using ever more explicit principles for systematic classification and sophisticated methods for inferring phylogenetic relationship and assessing descent from a common ancestor.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="02AF1F5F75C602C26B0DEC4CF16E6BEC" pageNumber="745">
|
||
Brandt’s names, intended as a suprafamilial rank, do not merit any special consideration as far as the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Int. Comm. Zool. Nom., 1999) is concerned. Aside from requirements of formal publication and availability, the Code does not prescribe standard suffices to denote relative rank or stipulate strict adherence to priority for taxa recognized above the family-group. Such novel names for recently apprehended clades are beginning to appear within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB6C2526F1F80D76A885C2F9744DBC64" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1C418FB6B3F6EBF0955A03350335A816" author="Bryant, J. D. & M. C. McKenna" refId="ref45314" refString="Bryant, J. D., and M. C. McKenna. 1995. Cranial anatomy and phylogenetic position of Tsaganomys altaicus (Mammalia: Rodentia) from the Hsanda Gol Formation (Oligocene), Mongolia. American Museum Novitates, 3156: 1 - 42." year="1995">Bryant and McKenna, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B260AB17D238D892E5C9D77FFC7DFAFD" author="Huchon, D. & F. Catzeflis & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref160728" refString="Huchon, D., F. Catzeflis, and E. J. P. Douzery. 2000. Variance of molecular datings, evolution of rodents and the phylogenetic affinities between Ctenodactylidae and Hystricognathi. Proceedings of the Royal Societyof London B, 267: 393 - 402." year="2000">Huchon et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D50C7E80164FAD9268987FE151E615B8" author="Landry, S. O., Jr." refId="ref203501" refString="Landry, S. O., Jr. 1999. A proposal for a new classification and nomenclature for the Glires (Lagomorpha and Rodentia). Mitteilungen des Museums fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 75: 283 - 316." year="1999">Landry, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F971FD42E18B4CA1B2AEF9C6DA8D1B61" author="McKenna, M. C. & S. K. Bell" refId="ref233772" refString="McKenna, M. C., and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of mammals above the species level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp." year="1997">McKenna and Bell, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Criteria such as familiarity, historical usage, and nomenclatural priority, however, persuaded us to retain Brandt’s terms, particularly when recent evidence for monophyly has not substantively altered their earlier taxonomic meaning. Perhaps an argument could be developed for a new subordinal name to contain the apparent clade Castoridae-Geomyoidea; however, the case for common ancestry is still tenuous, and in the meanwhile, we conventionally applied nomenclatural priority in adopting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DAFEB28B0A0327B7385A1F0AD38674BC" authorityName="A. E. Wood" authorityYear="1955" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Castorimorpha">Castorimorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D18A4D595EA5C52241BB784C541A6C5" author="Wood, A. E." refId="ref393289" refString="Wood, A. E. 1955. A revised classification of the rodents. Journal of Mammalogy, 36: 165 - 187." year="1955">Wood, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, over Geomorpha
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD0066940EB190C4607ED3AF0777FAC4" author="Thaler, L." refId="ref350726" refString="Thaler, L. 1966. Les rongeurs fossiles du Bas-Languedoc dans leur rapports avec l'histoire des faunes et la stratigraphie du Tertiaire d'Europe. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Serie C, 17: 1 - 295." year="1966">Thaler, 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. For other viewpoints on naming, or the need to rename, order-level taxa, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B620A28FD52FF4DB1634DBCB84056AC" author="Archibald, J. D." refId="ref13075" refString="Archibald, J. D. 2003. Timing and biogeography of the eutherian radiation: Fossils and molecules compared. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 28: 350 - 359." year="2003">Archibald (2003:356-357)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FDA667BC6B8E294EC32937C984366448" author="Bryant, J. D. & M. C. McKenna" refId="ref45314" refString="Bryant, J. D., and M. C. McKenna. 1995. Cranial anatomy and phylogenetic position of Tsaganomys altaicus (Mammalia: Rodentia) from the Hsanda Gol Formation (Oligocene), Mongolia. American Museum Novitates, 3156: 1 - 42." year="1995">Bryant and McKenna (1995:32-34)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC63D4771DE6F7ABD1802C8C45B3D6D5" author="McKenna, M. C. & S. K. Bell" refId="ref233772" refString="McKenna, M. C., and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of mammals above the species level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp." year="1997">McKenna and Bell (1997:513-514)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |