162 lines
22 KiB
XML
162 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document id="B7D0DAC5F8A24377ABE83E4C9FE6FFE1" ID-CLB-Dataset="21500" ID-DOI="10.1038/387357a0" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2d048e59-b20d-4f30-9b4b-1f18303f318b" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943065" IM.bibliography_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1594410925650" checkinUser="jeremy" docAuthor="Bruce M. Rothschild, Darren Tanke & Ken Carpenter" docDate="1997" docId="9C5837635853782F81F00F9EAFD8F730" docLanguage="en" docName="Rothschildetal1997.pdf" docOrigin="Nature 387" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="357" masterDocId="60614F1B5853782F81500E06A732FFB4" masterDocTitle="Tyrannosaurs suffered from gout" masterLastPageNumber="357" masterPageNumber="357" pageNumber="357" updateTime="1698843281762" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7F67CE2B5517A84E1FA9BB048C9795E0">
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<mods:title id="8EB41F0896BB6D0A799791259FD90F34">Tyrannosaurs suffered from gout</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="29FC9D34480C5D81212E91131DF7B09C" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0EC6D507E800B328AE3818CCF47A3517">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="58DDA9BDA0BDD5324751DC0149CA8C95">Bruce M. Rothschild</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3E0DA1BB8F8BFFA906E84C1CE36031CD">Arthritis Center of Northeast Ohio, Youngstown, Ohio 44512, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E190D6C9CD40E56881EB3C7A3EEA1F19">Darren Tanke</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="755981B142869C0FE81428E6BB8A6AA0">Royal Tyrrell Museum, Drumhelle 1; Alberta TOY 0 Y 0, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7FD6AB6EA9C56388DCD8B167F7B03EAF">Ken Carpenter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3E393742B712CC7D22DE882C29643032">Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, Colorado 80205, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="890BA33CFFECEB6DB3CF7C91EBB97812">Nature</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="8285A862D04ABECC1B3A411105A13692">
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<mods:date id="2874FCF042BCC389EEE0D38ECF5B8405">1997</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="161C954F1351F8BAD947DEE93BFE133F">1997-05-22</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="303A5211CED5B54339B41583016C675B">387</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="CEDAC017861FEEFDA1CCF847743486D5" type="DOI">10.1038/387357a0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="6A339FE1EBFF4240CE6E9DB1B0A6126C" type="Zenodo-Dep">3943065</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="9C5837635853782F81F00F9EAFD8F730" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4323690" ID-GBIF-Taxon="165074902" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4323690" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9C5837635853782F81F00F9EAFD8F730" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C5837635853782F81F00F9EAFD8F730" lastPageNumber="357" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">
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<subSubSection id="5CEBD5FE5853782F81F00F9EA5F5FC35" pageId="0" pageNumber="357" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="144E86755853782F81F00F9EA5F5FC35" blockId="0.[155,897,408,1847]" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">
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Gout is a metabolic disorder in which urate crystals accumulate as spaceoccupying masses, producing monarticular spheroidal erosions in bone, often associated with new bone growth at their borders1- 3 We now report the first identification of such lesions in dinosaurs. Caricatures of the agony and ill-temper of those afflicted with go ut are magnified by its recognition in
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<emphasis id="26855A675853782F80C50D5BA5F5FC35" box="[405,711,861,897]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">
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<taxonomicName id="D3F1FDF65853782F80C50D5BA5F3FC35" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[405,705,861,897]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="357" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="408ED6FD5853782F868E0FB2AE32F9F3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943067" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943067" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943067/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="357" startId="0.[2014,2112,436,466]" targetBox="[941,1975,436,1837]" targetPageId="0">
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<paragraph id="144E86755853782F868E0FB2AE32F9F3" blockId="0.[2012,2472,435,1607]" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">
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<emphasis id="26855A675853782F868E0FB2AF72FE66" bold="true" box="[2014,2112,436,466]" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">Figure</emphasis>
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1 Dorsolatera l
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<emphasis id="26855A675853782F88000FB5AE91FE66" box="[2384,2467,435,466]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">views</emphasis>
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an d X-ray of gouty lesions.
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<emphasis id="26855A675853782F88D50FE4AE90FDB0" bold="true" box="[2437,2466,482,516]" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">a,</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="A4998C285853782F868C0C12AF87FD87" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2813101302" box="[2012,2229,532,563]" collectingCountry="United States" collectionCode="DMNH" formation="Hell Creek" location="South Dakota" pageId="0" pageNumber="357" preparations="cast of the right forearm" specimenCode="DMNH 30665" stateProvince="South Dakota">DMNH 30665</materialsCitation>
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metacarpal I. Erosion (arrow) with ove rhanging edge.
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<emphasis id="26855A675853782F89CC0C74AF8BFD3B" bold="true" box="[2204,2233,626,655]" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">b,</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="A4998C285853782F89870C77AE91FD24" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2813101303" box="[2263,2467,625,656]" collectingCountry="United States" collectionCode="DMNH" formation="Hell Creek" location="South Dakota" pageId="0" pageNumber="357" preparations="cast of the right forearm" specimenCode="DMNH 30665" stateProvince="South Dakota">DMNH 30665</materialsCitation>
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metacarpal II. Spheroida l character of erosion
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<emphasis id="26855A675853782F899E0CD6AFD7FD5B" box="[2254,2277,720,751]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">is</emphasis>
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prom inent at its base (deli neated by a black line). Slightly overhanging edge (arrow) noted at lower margin of erosion. A second spheroidal erosion
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<emphasis id="26855A675853782F899C0DB8AFD1FC69" box="[2252,2275,958,989]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">is</emphasis>
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present to th e left and slightly above the first lesion.
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<emphasis id="26855A675853782F89CB0A1AAF85FB89" bold="true" box="[2203,2231,1052,1085]" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">c,</emphasis>
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TMP 92.36.328 phalanx 1-1. Oblong erosive process (arrow) consisting of two confluent spheroid
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<emphasis id="26855A675853782F883C0AAAAF1FFB4F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">erosions</emphasis>
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. Black area at the bottom of the erosion
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<emphasis id="26855A675853782F89E80B0CAFFDFA9D" box="[2232,2255,1290,1321]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">is</emphasis>
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an optical illusion. Arrow points to a slightly built-up adjacent bone.
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<emphasis id="26855A675853782F88D50B6CAE96FA3D" bold="true" box="[2437,2468,1386,1417]" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">d,</emphasis>
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Oblique radiological view of TMP 92.36.328, illustrated
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<emphasis id="26855A675853782F88330BCFAE4FFA5C" box="[2403,2429,1481,1512]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">in</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="26855A675853782F88DA0BCFAE95FA5C" bold="true" box="[2442,2471,1481,1512]" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">c.</emphasis>
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Two spheroidal erosions
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<emphasis id="26855A675853782F88370BFFAE96F9AC" box="[2407,2468,1529,1560]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">with</emphasis>
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overhanging edges.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="5CEBD5FE5853782F81840D8BAFD8F730" pageId="0" pageNumber="357" type="description">
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<paragraph id="144E86755853782F81840D8BA5DEFA58" blockId="0.[155,897,408,1847]" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">
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In a cast of the right forearm of the
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<taxonomicName id="D3F1FDF65853782F81F00DBDA633FC6B" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[160,257,955,991]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="357" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis id="26855A675853782F81F00DBDA633FC6B" box="[160,257,955,991]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">T. rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<materialsCitation id="A4998C285853782F80250DBDA5A0FBDA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2813101301" collectingCountry="United States" collectionCode="DMNH" formation="Hell Creek" location="South Dakota" pageId="0" pageNumber="357" preparations="cast of the right forearm" specimenCode="DMNH 30665" stateProvince="South Dakota">
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Hell Creek Formation,
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<collectingRegion id="D63548975853782F82440DBDA62FFBBB" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
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, popularly known as 'Sue'4 (specimen
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<specimenCode id="44572E0E5853782F805D0A1DA510FB8B" box="[269,546,1051,1087]" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">DMNH 30665</specimenCode>
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; held at Denver Museum of Natural History)
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</materialsCitation>
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, we observed that metacarpal I had a lesion of 11.5 x 9 mm with a slight rim (
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<figureCitation id="8CCA9AF05853782F831F0AACA5FBFB7A" box="[591,713,1194,1230]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="0.[2014,2112,436,466]" captionTargetBox="[941,1975,436,1837]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Figure 1 Dorsolateral views and X-ray of gouty lesions. a, DMNH 30665 metaca rpal I. Erosion (arrow) with overhanging edge. b, DMNH 30665 metacarpal II. Spheroidal character of erosion is prominent at its base (delineated by a black line). Slightly overhanging edge (arrow) noted at lower margin of erosion. A second spher oidal erosion is present to the left and slightly above the first lesion. c, TMP 92.36.328 phalanx 1-1. Oblong erosive process (arrow) consisting of two confluent spheroid erosions. Black area at the bottom of the erosion is an optical illusion. Arrow points to a slightly bui lt-up adjacent bone. d, Oblique radiological view of TMP 92.36.328, illustrated in c. Two spheroidal erosions with overhanging edges." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943067" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943067/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">Fig. 1a</figureCitation>
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). In addition, metacarpal II has a dorsal lesion of 7.1 x 5 mm, surrounded by an overhanging rim ofbone (Fig. lb), and a second medial surface erosion, 3 mm deep. This serendipitous observation led us to study other tyrannosaurids for erosive diseases.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="144E86755853782F81840BF0A5ACF666" blockId="0.[155,897,408,1847]" lastBlockId="0.[154,2471,1859,3416]" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">
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Of 83 tyrannosaurid phalanges at the Royal Tyrrell Museum, only one specimen (TMP 92.36.328) has erosive lesions. The specimen is a partial tyrannosaurid pedal proximal phalanx (1-1) from Bonebed 149 (Upper Cretaceous), Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. It has a defect (
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<figureCitation id="8CCA9AF05853782F81F80942A611F8DC" box="[168,291,1860,1896]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="0.[2014,2112,436,466]" captionTargetBox="[941,1975,436,1837]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Figure 1 Dorsolateral views and X-ray of gouty lesions. a, DMNH 30665 metaca rpal I. Erosion (arrow) with overhanging edge. b, DMNH 30665 metacarpal II. Spheroidal character of erosion is prominent at its base (delineated by a black line). Slightly overhanging edge (arrow) noted at lower margin of erosion. A second spher oidal erosion is present to the left and slightly above the first lesion. c, TMP 92.36.328 phalanx 1-1. Oblong erosive process (arrow) consisting of two confluent spheroid erosions. Black area at the bottom of the erosion is an optical illusion. Arrow points to a slightly bui lt-up adjacent bone. d, Oblique radiological view of TMP 92.36.328, illustrated in c. Two spheroidal erosions with overhanging edges." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943067" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943067/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">Fig. 1e</figureCitation>
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) at the distal articular junction of subchondral and marginal bone. Slightly built-up bone forms an overhanging edge, overlying a smoothly excavated area of 4 x 9 mm, formed by the coalescence of two adjacent masses, as confirmed by radiological evaluation (
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<figureCitation id="8CCA9AF05853782F80CC0666A526F730" box="[412,532,2144,2180]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="0.[2014,2112,436,466]" captionTargetBox="[941,1975,436,1837]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Figure 1 Dorsolateral views and X-ray of gouty lesions. a, DMNH 30665 metaca rpal I. Erosion (arrow) with overhanging edge. b, DMNH 30665 metacarpal II. Spheroidal character of erosion is prominent at its base (delineated by a black line). Slightly overhanging edge (arrow) noted at lower margin of erosion. A second spher oidal erosion is present to the left and slightly above the first lesion. c, TMP 92.36.328 phalanx 1-1. Oblong erosive process (arrow) consisting of two confluent spheroid erosions. Black area at the bottom of the erosion is an optical illusion. Arrow points to a slightly bui lt-up adjacent bone. d, Oblique radiological view of TMP 92.36.328, illustrated in c. Two spheroidal erosions with overhanging edges." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943067" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943067/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">Fig. 1d</figureCitation>
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). There are no internal fronts or zones of bone resorption (
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<figureCitation id="8CCA9AF05853782F81F906B9A638F757" box="[169,266,2239,2275]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="0.[2014,2112,436,466]" captionTargetBox="[941,1975,436,1837]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Figure 1 Dorsolateral views and X-ray of gouty lesions. a, DMNH 30665 metaca rpal I. Erosion (arrow) with overhanging edge. b, DMNH 30665 metacarpal II. Spheroidal character of erosion is prominent at its base (delineated by a black line). Slightly overhanging edge (arrow) noted at lower margin of erosion. A second spher oidal erosion is present to the left and slightly above the first lesion. c, TMP 92.36.328 phalanx 1-1. Oblong erosive process (arrow) consisting of two confluent spheroid erosions. Black area at the bottom of the erosion is an optical illusion. Arrow points to a slightly bui lt-up adjacent bone. d, Oblique radiological view of TMP 92.36.328, illustrated in c. Two spheroidal erosions with overhanging edges." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943067" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943067/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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) and there is no loss of perilesional bone density. Minimal filigree periosteal reaction is also present. Epi-illumination microscopy of the intact specimen, using polarizing optics, failed to reveal birefringent urate crystal preservation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="144E86755853782F818307DAA57BF340" blockId="0.[154,2471,1859,3416]" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">Gout is recognized clinically by documentation of urate crystal accumulation or by the recognition of characteristic radiological findings1- 3, 5. Identification of the alkali-soluble crystals is usually not possible in archaeological, let alone palaeontological, specimens1-3, and was not possible in this case. Thus, macroscopic and radiological appearance must form the basis for recognition of gout in prehistory. The uniformly excavated nature of the erosions in these specimens is characteristic of gout. Spheroid lesions with overhanging edges, common in gout, are only rarely reported in other diseases, such as multicentric reticulohistiocytosis, amyloidosis and type IIA hyperlipoproteinaemia1-3.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="144E86755853782F81820302A24FF615" blockId="0.[154,2471,1859,3416]" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">
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The
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<taxonomicName id="D3F1FDF65853782F807D0302A513F29C" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[301,545,3332,3368]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="357" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="26855A675853782F807D0302A513F29C" box="[301,545,3332,3368]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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erosions are quite distinct from the 'bite-like' erosions characterized by the fronts of resorption seen in rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthropathy2·6; the ill-defined lesions of calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease7; osteoarthritis (which does not produce bone erosions)1-3; the draining sinuses and disorganized underlying osseous structure of infectious arthritis and osteomyelitis i-3; and from osteosarcoma (which does not afflict joints)1- 3 A concurrent superficial bone infection in TMP 92.36.328 probably resulted from perforation of overlying skin by the gouty accumulation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="144E86755853782F82B607AAA2D2F553" blockId="0.[154,2471,1859,3416]" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">The apparent localization of erosion to the metacarpals and phalanges in tyrannosaurids may be the result ofspecies variation. Only 15 per cent of human gout afflicts such joints, whereas first metatarsal phalangeal joints are more commonly affected (45 per cent of cases) 1- 3,5_</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="144E86755853782F82B704FCA325F375" blockId="0.[154,2471,1859,3416]" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">
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Urate deposition in extant reptiles has been reported in both visceral and articular forms8• The latter has been reported in the monitor lizard (
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<emphasis id="26855A675853782F85820580A25EF41E" box="[1234,1388,2950,2986]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">
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<taxonomicName id="D3F1FDF65853782F85820580A268F41E" box="[1234,1370,2950,2986]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="357" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Varanus</taxonomicName>
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),
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</emphasis>
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turtles (
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<taxonomicName id="D3F1FDF65853782F87440580A1BFF41E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1556,1677,2950,2986]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Testudo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="0" pageNumber="357" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="26855A675853782F87440580A1BFF41E" box="[1556,1677,2950,2986]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">Testudo</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<emphasis id="26855A675853782F855905B0A3ABF46E" box="[1033,1177,2998,3034]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3F1FDF65853782F855905B0A3BAF46E" authorityName="Bell" authorityYear="1827" box="[1033,1160,2998,3034]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Kinixys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="0" pageNumber="357" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Kinixys</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
crocodilians
|
||
<emphasis id="26855A675853782F84CA05B0A10BF46E" box="[1434,1593,2998,3034]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">(Alligator</emphasis>
|
||
and Crocodilus
|
||
<emphasis id="26855A675853782F850E05E0A35BF3BE" box="[1118,1129,3046,3082]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">)</emphasis>
|
||
and in teguexin lizards
|
||
<emphasis id="26855A675853782F82E20210A3A9F38E" box="[946,1179,3094,3130]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">(Tupinambis).</emphasis>
|
||
These two occurrences in tyrannosaurids indicate that go ut may have had a frequency similar to that observed in birds9.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="144E86755853782F82B602D2AFD8F730" blockId="0.[154,2471,1859,3416]" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">
|
||
Although dehydration (reported in reptiles)8 and renal failure (reported in birds)9 10 could be contributing factors in
|
||
<emphasis id="26855A675853782F87990945AF23F8D3" box="[1737,2065,1859,1895]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="357">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3F1FDF65853782F87990945AF38F8D3" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1737,2058,1859,1895]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="357" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
a factor in humans is diet, by the ingestion of foods with a high purine content. One such dietary component is red meat, no stranger to this denizen from the Cretaceous. This tyrant king seems to have shared with subsequent tyrants the susceptibility to gout.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |