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<mods:title id="2C414E02D9438F8941E113BCFF62CD6C">Revision of the Malagasy Camponotus subgenus Myrmosaga (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) using qualitative and quantitative morphology</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4EA8725818993A6F9716F4C10F98413B">Rakotonirina, Jean Claude</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="71C0BF3EC0E11F0F6AADD0A7A29B34A1">Madagascar Biodiversity Center, BP 6257, Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza, Antananarivo, Madagascar &amp; Departement d'Entomologie-Culture, Elevage, Sante; Faculte des Sciences, BP 906, Universite d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="0438A6C2AFFF6F08054705033C604270" type="email">jcrakoto25@yahoo.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="28494CC117A210CE87026AAA2C54092E">Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="82521528F8E156E9A7144B00288E1701" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195190292" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:82521528F8E156E9A7144B00288E1701" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/82521528F8E156E9A7144B00288E1701" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_family="Formicidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera">
<subSubSection id="1FF93E9F1E3642989F9EE3A13BDA0B05" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="43E134CB828558075F636D9AB94D14B4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="C55DFA0A93DC8FF41F9A2A3135F695F1" ID-CoL="698HM" LSID="82521528-F8E1-56E9-A714-4B00288E1701" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus gibber" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibber">Camponotus gibber Forel</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="30D718376696CCE6480599F3C753FE6B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation id="F8153DBDD8D8EAD7B344E3504ECE6EB8" captionStart="Figure 32" captionStartId="F32" captionText="Figure 32. Head in full-face view A C. aurosus (CASENT 0064815) B C. gibber (CASENT 0188619)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1098.73223.figure32" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/678091" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 32B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="ED876ED748C966F896A9E5B151575903" captionStart="Figure 35" captionStartId="F35" captionText="Figure 35. Second and third abdominal tergites in dorsal view A C. kelimaso (CASENT 0487718) B C. quadrimaculatus (CASENT 0096044) C C. gibber (CASENT 0491497)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1098.73223.figure35" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/678094" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 35C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="0D602AA5BE8B73A48B9DD6499F527EF9" captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="F38" captionText="Figure 38. Mesosoma and petiolar node in lateral view A C. gibber (CASENT 0188619) B C. quadrimaculatus (CASENT 0096044)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1098.73223.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/678097" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 38A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="D1C75E4876ADA1A6DBFCD6F7D08E8DCC" captionStart="Figure 53" captionStartId="F53" captionText="Figure 53. Camponotus gibber A lateral view B head in full-face view C dorsal view of minor worker CASENT 0188619 D distribution map." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1098.73223.figure53" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/678112" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 53</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="28233F823E7C0D3121997EBAACC39F0C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="95E7A763DC81F485EAAFD2477611F376" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus quadrimaculatus subsp. var. var. gibber" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="quadrimaculatus" subSpecies="var." variety="gibber">Camponotus quadrimaculatus var. gibber</taxonomicName>
Forel, 1891: 59. Lectotype minor worker, by present designation, Madagascar, Andrangoloaka (Sikora) AntWeb CASENT0101513 (MHNG) [examined]. Paralectotype. 1 minor worker and 1 alate queen of same data as lectotype but with the following specimen codes: CASENT0101528, CASENT0101537 (MHNG) [examined]. Raised to species by
<bibRefCitation id="76AA8E6594A72F4AE5602B896FCB6018" author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B16" refString="Forel, A, 1891. Les Formicides. [part]. In: Grandidier A (Ed.) Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar. Volume XX. Histoire naturelle des Hymenopteres. Deuxieme partie (28e fascicule). Hachette et Compagnie, Paris, [v +] 237 pp." title="Les Formicides. [part]. In: Grandidier A (Ed.) Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar. Volume XX. Histoire naturelle des Hymenopteres. Deuxieme partie (28 e fascicule). Hachette et Compagnie, Paris, [v +] 237 pp." year="1891">Forel 1891</bibRefCitation>
: 215;
<bibRefCitation id="134AE955F08F7218AEA028733FB283CE" author="Forel, A" editor="Grandidier, A" journalOrPublisher="Volume XX. Histoire naturelle des Hymenopteres. Deuxieme partie. Supplement au 28 e fascicule. Hachette et Compagnie, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="229 - 280" refId="B17" refString="Forel, A, 1892. Les Formicides. [concl.]. In: Grandidier, A, Ed., Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar. Volume XX. Histoire naturelle des Hymenopteres. Deuxieme partie. Supplement au 28e fascicule. Hachette et Compagnie, Paris: 229 - 280" title="Les Formicides. [concl.]." volumeTitle="Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar." year="1892">1892</bibRefCitation>
: 232;
<bibRefCitation id="C7668B77D12B867B5425CBB9895DB4D0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10348" author="Dalla Torre, KW" journalOrPublisher="Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B3" refString="Dalla Torre, KW, 1893. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10348" title="Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). W." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10348" year="1893">Dalla Torre 1893</bibRefCitation>
: 232;
<bibRefCitation id="C83B0A7777F0A435FA943F39288EF7C9" author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="363 - 382" refId="B6" refString="Emery, C, 1896. Saggio di un catalogo sistematico dei generi Camponotus, Polyrhachis e affini. Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna 5 (5): 363 - 382" title="Saggio di un catalogo sistematico dei generi Camponotus, Polyrhachis e affini." volume="5" year="1896">Emery 1896</bibRefCitation>
: 374;
<bibRefCitation id="C1FD81A0EA87C0FAD35D40F6D5E85754" author="Wheeler, WM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1005 - 1055" refId="B39" refString="Wheeler, WM, 1922. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. IX. A synonymic list of the ants of the Malagasy region. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 1005 - 1055" title="Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. IX. A synonymic list of the ants of the Malagasy region." volume="45" year="1922">Wheeler 1922</bibRefCitation>
: 1054;
<bibRefCitation id="8AA6F370D5CF4D71635DD1E7E886AEBB" author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Genera Insectorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 302" refId="B11" refString="Emery, C, 1925. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Formicinae. Genera Insectorum 183: 1 - 302" title="Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Formicinae." volume="183" year="1925">Emery 1925</bibRefCitation>
: 122;
<bibRefCitation id="5DB307B6D4F2CE8552DC91263D9937C1" author="Bolton, B" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B2" refString="Bolton, B, 1995. A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts" title="A new general catalogue of the ants of the world." year="1995">Bolton 1995</bibRefCitation>
: 101. [Combination in
<taxonomicName id="140651D6A3503311F3D4B8302F7F799D" authority="" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus (Myrmosphincta)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Myrmosphincta">Camponotus (Myrmosphincta)</taxonomicName>
Forel, 1914: 273; in
<taxonomicName id="DE92607E58D6A12EAD05E92679D9F3F0" authority="" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus (Mayria)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Mayria">Camponotus (Mayria)</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1925: 122].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28024598E4BFA58AC2DD5296621684E2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="66370E65805AD38B7D116A267FCC05C7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Additional material examined.</paragraph>
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<collectingCountry id="D9D416DD85D227CFAB08FC10063AAE6F" name="Madagascar">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
:
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: [(de Diversa); Museum Paris, Grandidier 1899]; Mantasoa; Manjakandriana,
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,
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,
<quantity id="131A7E427D426A9DA3F1C482E0591D38" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.409" unit="m" value="1409.0">1409 m</quantity>
(CAS); [Madagascar central]; Ambatomanjaka; Miarinarivo,
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,
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,
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(CAS).
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<collectingRegion id="F83D09A649F284B742499F9B3564D048" country="Madagascar" name="Antsiranana">Antsiranana</collectingRegion>
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: Ambondrobe,
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175° NW Vohemar,
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,
<geoCoordinate id="9F5CD8E3E3AA13B01E77A5B04FF4A9FB" degrees="50.10167" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="50.10167">50.10167</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="5A462D461C1CE8CEF867EB59F40AFC4E" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
, littoral rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CAS); RS Manongarivo
<quantity id="8CC7A77741D7A3D71E126407C9263B83" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.73" unit="km" value="17.3">17.3 km</quantity>
218° SW Antanambao,
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,
<geoCoordinate id="09910659EFD724C7A74943EECBC12F2D" degrees="48.41833" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.41833">48.41833</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="96998E606028D816EB11C0D56CE5A44C" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.58" unit="m" value="1580.0">1580 m</quantity>
, montane rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CAS); RS Manongarivo,
<quantity id="26B8E979123170729362994C7E86F872" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" unit="km" value="14.5">14.5 km</quantity>
220° SW Antanambao,
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,
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,
<quantity id="F5CD5EC8A3F93534D8A56E9685B77D22" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.175" unit="m" value="1175.0">1175 m</quantity>
, montane rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CAS); RS Manongarivo,
<quantity id="8F9981D38C0D82EDFA03C2C9F7454BA4" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" unit="km" value="14.5">14.5 km</quantity>
220° SW Antanambao, -14.00, 48.43167,
<quantity id="EE102BFE8B16C401841CB1C9129B9ACF" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.22" unit="m" value="1220.0">1220 m</quantity>
, montane rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CAS); PN Marojejy, Antranohofa,
<quantity id="732080B907F8C1A223852359CD4D6029" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.66" unit="km" value="26.6">26.6 km</quantity>
31° NNE Andapa,
<quantity id="B3465C3BC639F73A95C44E1ABD06E1CD" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0699999999999998" unit="km" value="10.7">10.7 km</quantity>
318° NW Manantenina,
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,
<geoCoordinate id="6AD9642456A908C122243320A377054C" degrees="49.74333" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="49.74333">49.74333</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="D08B4FB443C5B186B5D1AB98D396147A" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.325" unit="m" value="1325.0">1325 m</quantity>
, montane rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CAS); RS Manongarivo,
<quantity id="DA89FA2DE259E8E16A84ADBDCBF4EB6B" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.73" unit="km" value="17.3">17.3 km</quantity>
218° SW Antanambao,
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<geoCoordinate id="4881D928D1A16B0E3BDCC78A9FFDEB39" degrees="48.41833" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.41833">48.41833</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="C580818480147485EE807E235A7411E2" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" unit="m" value="1600.0">1600 m</quantity>
, montane rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CAS); PN Marojejy,
<quantity id="0FB32B3B4A006AC2827BD0388D89E07C" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" unit="km" value="11.0">11 km</quantity>
NW Manantenina, -14.45, 49.73333,
<quantity id="19839903629F40711BFE57294FCBC2BF" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.875" unit="m" value="1875.0">1875 m</quantity>
, montane rainforest (E.L. Quinter) (CAS).
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<collectingRegion id="A497684F4661F09AEBB8FCB926EB0BE5" country="Madagascar" name="Fianarantsoa">Fianarantsoa</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: [Hte Sahandrata;
<normalizedToken id="55A0BC621F7424A8B6C09673D5D7A4BA" originalValue="Forét">Foret</normalizedToken>
prim. de Tsianovoha]; Ambohimitombo; Ambositra, -20.72, 47.45,
<quantity id="8A04F9466DC2801B0BEEC0F5A721AB72" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.172" unit="m" value="1172.0">1172 m</quantity>
(P.S. Ward) (PSWC):
<quantity id="D706900B3230BFA1E984303C203FA8B2" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
W Andrambovato, along river Tatamaly, -21.51167, 47.41,
<quantity id="2CD158FA48F3D16447870E8FD0DC22DB" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.075" unit="m" value="1075.0">1075 m</quantity>
, montane rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CAS);
<quantity id="7F04276541480C2BDAE2B9637E54D3AB" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
W Ranomafana, nr. Ifandiana, -21.25, 47.41667,
<quantity id="81579593B789EB47C2F1FBEBC1950D42" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" unit="m" value="950.0">950 m</quantity>
, rainforest (P.S. Ward) (CAS);
<quantity id="A43A48B39C8936C89522807474857ADD" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" unit="km" value="43.0">43 km</quantity>
S Ambalavao, PN Andringitra, -22.23333,
<quantity id="F6908B34523E59ABA6BF641350531F74" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7825" unit="m" value="47825.0">47, 825 m</quantity>
, rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CAS);
<normalizedToken id="E9F07708443597A1258F1014571F64CF" originalValue="Forêt">Foret</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="5FDD7F936544B3B5B789F2180E1790AE" originalValue="dAtsirakambiaty">d'Atsirakambiaty</normalizedToken>
,
<quantity id="FAEC036B51BF8A5BD0FEDFB2674BF895" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" unit="km" value="7.6">7.6 km</quantity>
285° WNW Itremo,
<geoCoordinate id="9BB5D94CF67879D4B7D02EBF032C701A" degrees="20.59333" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-20.59333">-20.59333</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="9B377E7468131594F5D0F2DEC183CF15" degrees="46.56333" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="46.56333">46.56333</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="142A58BDC5D5EFF394AE89D6102D5629" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" unit="m" value="1550.0">1550 m</quantity>
, montane rainforest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CAS); Ambinanindranomena Non Protected Area,
<quantity id="2A40EDC7E4B4FD1914230CABEC1BA9F6" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9159999999999995" unit="km" value="39.16">39.16 km</quantity>
SE Ambalavao,
<geoCoordinate id="D919D334CC41E78E477234E840138F19" degrees="21.96007" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-21.96007">-21.96007</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="47A7AD2DE0FC69BA7C32B3EB198DB9C7" degrees="47.29125" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.29125">47.29125</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="8D8D7222DAA4CF58D3334C27EB9F4C12" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.002" unit="m" value="1002.0">1002 m</quantity>
, Savannah grassland (A. Ravelomanana) (CAS); Ambinanindranomena Non Protected Area,
<quantity id="EC2EF2C8C6A2805A8E58E05D9A597396" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.945" unit="km" value="39.45">39.45 km</quantity>
SE Ambalavao,
<geoCoordinate id="438816CF23A1879DD64774ED8D407397" degrees="21.95386" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-21.95386">-21.95386</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="366C7CF8ECF856AEA92E529E3689D360" degrees="47.29427" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.29427">47.29427</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="61F23C47A145FC67C367784684596D48" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.069" unit="m" value="1069.0">1069 m</quantity>
, montane rainforest (A. Ravelomanana) (CAS); Ampanenitra Non Protected Area,
<quantity id="4908D62DE56B2006B76331A03B3BEC04" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.119" unit="km" value="41.19">41.19 km</quantity>
SE Ambalavao,
<geoCoordinate id="D0CD966C26093A7ACDF497FC27420FA6" degrees="21.9652" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-21.9652">-21.9652</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="6E7F0749710D4F1DC2A3591B6B34C241" degrees="47.31001" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.31001">47.31001</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="76909B67798494A8DE4132A95C7B2923" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.01" unit="m" value="1010.0">1010 m</quantity>
, Savannah grassland (A. Ravelomanana) (CAS); Andrambovato along river Tatamaly,
<geoCoordinate id="370016F7010102BBDB6495C50DA3B555" degrees="21.50967" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-21.50967">-21.50967</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EFC46B3E61AF5D13653A51A4F56D66A9" degrees="47.40762" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.40762">47.40762</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="FB8BF77FA77822B28AD7DAD1FDA46D2B" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.84" unit="m" value="984.0">984 m</quantity>
, cultivated land (tavy) (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CAS); Belle Vue trail, PN Ranomafana,
<geoCoordinate id="43FE9F762125925AFB65B6204F5830CD" degrees="21.2665" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-21.2665">-21.2665</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="7A9CBB00A2F824F299CD023AC984D3A7" degrees="47.42017" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.42017">47.42017</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="57E41CF5E87BF563B622AFAE0E498374" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.02" unit="m" value="1020.0">1020 m</quantity>
, mixed tropical forest (R.
<normalizedToken id="F21BF47787395BC7591EF17E049A5C66" originalValue="HarinHala">Harin'Hala</normalizedToken>
) (CAS); Vatovavy Fitovinany Region, District of Ifanadiana Belle vue area
<quantity id="4A911D14E9549B527EA8C3C692EF8DA2" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" unit="km" value="1.2">1.2 km</quantity>
S of PN Ranomafana entrance,
<geoCoordinate id="3067FE8564D107AB281684F19628E852" degrees="21.2665" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-21.2665">-21.2665</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="B1963B9FA30EE8A152201F0E06FAA66C" degrees="47.42017" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.42017">47.42017</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="0EFFA60772E6648FB9B7B5081754A61C" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.018" unit="m" value="1018.0">1018 m</quantity>
, rainforest (
<normalizedToken id="38487F3D860271FF8681B2E5F5EDD60F" originalValue="RinHa">Rin'Ha</normalizedToken>
, Mike) (CAS); Vatovavy Fitovinany Region, District of Ifanadiana Belle vue area
<quantity id="E54C5019D1F91D9F919B88FC59B6C2D6" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" unit="km" value="1.2">1.2 km</quantity>
S of PN Ranomafana entrance,
<geoCoordinate id="FB37EEE19B8A0AF2842FD15C96044330" degrees="21.2665" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-21.2665">-21.2665</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="4234A07DA3C6DBCCC9F1ACAC5BB01D0B" degrees="47.42017" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.42017">47.42017</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="37F7CF46F0A70CE1B5369CFCFC145417" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.018" unit="m" value="1018.0">1018 m</quantity>
, rainforest (
<normalizedToken id="AF7EFF43210E045EEC47F818CE158E8B" originalValue="RinHa">Rin'Ha</normalizedToken>
, Mike) (CAS); Vatovavy Fitovinany Region, District of Ifanadiana,
<quantity id="8F1D12A792CE86140E839915FB7F2D22" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" unit="km" value="12.0">12 km</quantity>
W of Ranomafana,
<geoCoordinate id="1AF2A3E6E714BD9B2118112D4554D880" degrees="21.25083" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-21.25083">-21.25083</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="01BA2B33E8735A5289588AEDDA918D8D" degrees="47.40717" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.40717">47.40717</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="C65F57590E825E014EE4D455C8F75ED8" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.127" unit="m" value="1127.0">1127 m</quantity>
, forest edge, open area (
<normalizedToken id="5C0248D2C2812D3FED21D73C1DB1BE66" originalValue="RinHa">Rin'Ha</normalizedToken>
, Mike) (CAS); JIRAMA water works near river, PN Ranomafana,
<geoCoordinate id="1166C722D33F2C19BCD7C194033B26DA" degrees="21.2485" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-21.2485">-21.2485</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="2B1DD9023CEDD1D80583E1AF0AAF1E78" degrees="47.45217" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.45217">47.45217</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="A7FC78D2685C0694E158E195226CCEC1" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" unit="m" value="690.0">690 m</quantity>
, open area near stream (R.
<normalizedToken id="C65B47386F2EE2BEF8874375C2C38FFE" originalValue="HarinHala">Harin'Hala</normalizedToken>
) (CAS); Namorona River at footbridge, PN Ranomafana,
<geoCoordinate id="AEFD2FE23966336B14CE9E1910C8D5E8" degrees="21.25833" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-21.25833">-21.25833</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="2B0206C48ACC6F7A1CBC685033CFE1B3" degrees="47.42178" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.42178">47.42178</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="24DB54E2F30E21DEFBF20C2735E47F16" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" unit="m" value="850.0">850 m</quantity>
, mixed tropical forest near river, ME Irwin &amp; EI Schlinger (CAS); PN Ranomafana, Sahamalaotra River,
<quantity id="DE71EDC270B8E8B99B2263DE2BD5AEAF" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" unit="km" value="6.6">6.6 km</quantity>
310° NW Ranomafana,
<geoCoordinate id="12A1DDC444A70B3DAA54C6DA0223C2DB" degrees="21.23667" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-21.23667">-21.23667</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A6C8345E71D7E2A5EACCC0EC2D6EB2CF" degrees="47.39667" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.39667">47.39667</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="9CC810F33BD0D82F2AB79852F13431FA" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" unit="m" value="1150.0">1150 m</quantity>
, montane rainforest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CAS); PN Ranomafana, Vatoharanana River,
<quantity id="9824ADD02C9DB6BC81B04B77FCDAA860" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" unit="km" value="4.1">4.1 km</quantity>
231° SW Ranomafana, -21.29, 47.43333,
<quantity id="32F2B30EC79829119F2FB3C5D71E7BAD" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</quantity>
, montane rainforest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CAS); PN Ranomafana, Talatakely,
<geoCoordinate id="B341FF512BC5E5B6161A2F0C0CA858CA" degrees="21.24833" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-21.24833">-21.24833</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="ABB7D0C018A5C60FB2A9605E353879B3" degrees="47.42667" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.42667">47.42667</geoCoordinate>
, in bamboo forest (CE Griswold, DH Kavanaugh, ND Penny, MJ Raherilalao, JS Ranorianarisoa, J Schweickert) (CAS); RS Ivohibe 8.0 km E Ivohibe,
<geoCoordinate id="FFD70D9775CC55E2476BECC056F9F5ED" degrees="22.48333" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-22.48333">-22.48333</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="3335375AAA727FDEDA81BC0891F4B2AE" degrees="46.96833" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="46.96833">46.96833</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="DE063EA1C03DBC09482F5E975DE9E96D" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" unit="m" value="1200.0">1200 m</quantity>
, montane rainforest (B.L. Fisher, Sylvain) (CAS); radio tower, PN Ranomafana,
<geoCoordinate id="631245CBDE596DCB4C3942E9B0065EC3" degrees="21.25833" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-21.25833">-21.25833</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="69144828372EA9E53713B65E07E15CEA" degrees="47.40717" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.40717">47.40717</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="666427A5030A7FCC3ED9A38A1A92B051" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.13" unit="m" value="1130.0">1130 m</quantity>
, forest edge, mixed tropical forest, open area (M.E. Irwin, F.D. Parker, R.
<normalizedToken id="E33934E07C718E5F7F6D971EEA077A59" originalValue="HarinHala">Harin'Hala</normalizedToken>
) (CAS); Ranomafana, -21.25, 47.36667 (A. Pauly) (CAS); Ranomafana Nat. Park, Talatakely forest; Sahambavy; Fianarantsoa Rural,
<geoCoordinate id="B78D09E92EA8C5277F087EAA52018016" degrees="21.4511792" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-21.45118">-21.4511792</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="60F4432EEAB65312235D8336638EB04B" degrees="47.3023894" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.30239">47.3023894</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="D9026E5148C70E784D8BE1EC82385E12" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.139" unit="m" value="1139.0">1139 m</quantity>
(V.F. Lee, K.J. Ribardo,) (CAS); PN Ranomafana, Talatakely area,
<quantity id="7E4AEA1EAC581EB8C8EAF196A48FA457" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" unit="km" value="0.4">0.4 km</quantity>
WSW of Park Entrance,
<geoCoordinate id="7997F15CA041D9B7379F00EA965000EB" degrees="21.41667" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-21.41667">-21.41667</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="27BAD088D04AAAF521A17CD4A01C3BA3" degrees="47.68333" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.68333">47.68333</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="2C4DA292DB9E91237DA948B3A02F8D9F" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</quantity>
, mixed tropical forest (D.H. &amp; K.M. Kavanaugh) (CAS); Vohiparara,
<geoCoordinate id="439A92AF9E707A445B9A0D21BF6A654A" degrees="21.23333" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-21.23333">-21.23333</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="5E195DF29730E87402BAA2C96DFB4C5D" degrees="47.36667" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.36667">47.36667</geoCoordinate>
(A. Pauly) (CAS); Vohiparara broken bridge,
<geoCoordinate id="62054F34FB5A2D416BCB36793DB2C2F9" degrees="21.22617" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-21.22617">-21.22617</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="C9303AE10D927C9CD0C7BB891F1CC079" degrees="47.36983" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.36983">47.36983</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="53E69B62433B3D4E37C7385C2EECE53B" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1099999999999999" unit="m" value="1110.0">1110 m</quantity>
, high altitude rainforest (R.
<normalizedToken id="2AF24896802D6C571D65FFD297D5E242" originalValue="HarinHala">Harin'Hala</normalizedToken>
) (CAS);
<quantity id="BA4580E00443A1E832734A05BFCDA7C3" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" unit="km" value="23.0">23 km</quantity>
E Moramanga,
<geoCoordinate id="8BDEA9C0EDDCC410EB6B8422143C490D" degrees="18.98028" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-18.98028">-18.98028</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="863B1C10468BE29CFA2C51CA3D92A3FB" degrees="48.45306" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.45306">48.45306</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="C59A8DE59A140153C8E3381FDF92DBA9" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</quantity>
, tropical dry forest (B.L. Fisher) (CAS).
<emphasis id="4D7091280986F84FF59E5137D52D022B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion id="1CC867F12DE4F9736939AF65251E4D24" country="Madagascar" name="Toamasina">Toamasina</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="A0E238A9D5F96285B1BC347323FBC3C4" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" unit="km" value="6.9">6.9 km</quantity>
NE Ambanizana, Ambohitsitondroina, -15.56667, 50, 1080 m, montane rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CAS);
<quantity id="4005B03A3D49642FE7E82F136929F801" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" unit="km" value="6.0">6 km</quantity>
ESE Andasibe (= Perinet), -18.95, 48.46667,
<quantity id="7AC4F885E61ACE6724EF98E6F3D79291" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</quantity>
, rainforest (P.S. Ward) (CAS); Bevolota
<quantity id="0A377F28A5D255657A33AD35F63F4A3D" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.71" unit="km" value="17.1">17.1 km</quantity>
N Andasibe,
<geoCoordinate id="0CD7F15A6D0C8BEE3E27A5FD42891B66" degrees="18.77071" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-18.77071">-18.77071</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="CE5BEFA2A0679DDF79E206A551A93AB6" degrees="48.43164" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.43164">48.43164</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="31C9576FC41A0E0A279EA5B708EE04BF" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.95" unit="m" value="995.0">995 m</quantity>
, montane rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CAS); Corridor Forestier Analamay-Mantadia, Ambatoharanana,
<geoCoordinate id="EDFF48FFBE76CD8159FAD274583F4312" degrees="18.80424" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-18.80424">-18.80424</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="776C2AB8201C374BFA1DF1819C71577D" degrees="48.40081" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.40081">48.40081</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="41F6E8456BFDAB3047AC5CF463DB2641" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.68" unit="m" value="968.0">968 m</quantity>
, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CAS); Corridor Forestier Analamay-Mantadia, Ambatoharanana,
<geoCoordinate id="EA09555C4C108C07E9DF26AF97C7B48B" degrees="18.79956" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-18.79956">-18.79956</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="9EF7F997D6F54AA92E4D06BBCBBF21B9" degrees="48.4028" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="48.4028">48.4028</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="F03FBAF9C448B91149DACB1C0774A569" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.058" unit="m" value="1058.0">1058 m</quantity>
, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CAS);
<normalizedToken id="428C2B6A6E6E60523DBFA4F21AA48992" originalValue="forêt">foret</normalizedToken>
Didy, Ambatondrazaka,
<geoCoordinate id="3A20199416DCB52FBE56A1F74CEAACE2" degrees="18.1111503" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-18.11115">-18.1111503</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="2C30FB4D476CF52AE164BE12ECA0AA61" degrees="48.5107283" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.510727">48.5107283</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="B5144611EF62B23E7DE77993908FB58C" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.029" unit="m" value="1029.0">1029 m</quantity>
, rainforest (A. Pauly) (CAS); Mahavelona (Foulpointe), -17.66667, 49.5, Pandanus marsh (A. Pauly) (CAS); Morarano-Chrome,
<quantity id="FDA70397323CF7EE236781CD2561AAF2" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" unit="km" value="25.0">25 km</quantity>
W
<normalizedToken id="1D8CC6DCFF8C23B21D86216024A1AED0" originalValue="forét">foret</normalizedToken>
I, -17.75, 47.98333 (A. Pauly) (CAS); PN Mantadia,
<geoCoordinate id="8855CC065B3F3293A8BB156C3C5EE6C8" degrees="18.79167" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-18.79167">-18.79167</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="161171DAFE413613758071DE2140F156" degrees="48.42667" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.42667">48.42667</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="04E4DE9B290F6D9B8AA4EC54C4EF974B" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.95" unit="m" value="895.0">895 m</quantity>
, rainforest (H.J. Ratsirarson) (CAS); PN Andasibe-Mantadia,
<normalizedToken id="6D057F5248C56F818C6E7193CD0B217E" originalValue="Forêt">Foret</normalizedToken>
de Mantadia,
<quantity id="940F07D63FFEB642D4C04CF04591FEAD" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.57" unit="km" value="25.7">25.7 km</quantity>
248° Moramanga,
<geoCoordinate id="949DAC1A3C118DD51E77A0F75147687D" degrees="18.81402" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-18.81402">-18.81402</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="9A7E0FDDD4BE128FD1DF3005DF443C28" degrees="48.43028" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.43028">48.43028</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="C0B68DA19CE5D7B5CA9A49687A8BEFD4" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.04" unit="m" value="1040.0">1040 m</quantity>
, rainforest (F.N. Raharimalala, B. Blaimer) (CAS);
<normalizedToken id="85A2BB01E8AD0A9E381CC752652EF9B6" originalValue="Réserve">Reserve</normalizedToken>
Perinet-Analamazaotra,
<geoCoordinate id="5967220F8958186040FB9684EDABEBA3" degrees="18.93333" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-18.93333">-18.93333</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D385CCC791318DA1FC28F5B4BB9CDF37" degrees="48.43333" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.43333">48.43333</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="FAFCA7AF46DA56CF12ED504A4BCDBC67" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" unit="m" value="950.0">950 m</quantity>
, rainforest (D.M. Olson) (CAS).
<emphasis id="29216AE95574BA805A794EE4FB20CC90" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion id="88469CF1286A56AD37A4183E10562335" country="Madagascar" name="Toliara">Toliara</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="646F83419F2DB587C99C25A306548883" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" unit="km" value="13.0">13 km</quantity>
NW Enkara, PN Andohahela, -24.55, 46.8,
<quantity id="74E980C92EF19A1B1B3513B5CECFEAD5" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.16" unit="m" value="1160.0">1160 m</quantity>
, montane rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CAS);
<quantity id="68334020635ACCEC110F7DEFEB75E0F9" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" unit="km" value="13.0">13 km</quantity>
NW Enkara, PN Andohahela,
<geoCoordinate id="BCC3B1D0F7C4C7D2279ADC7E82E01FF6" degrees="24.56667" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-24.56667">-24.56667</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="57B26890DA9EC53EDA0F8EE008C2DA3F" degrees="46.81667" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="46.81667">46.81667</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="CC5E8CD01276A8B02B9A4CD58D356DEB" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" unit="m" value="850.0">850 m</quantity>
, rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CAS); Anosy Region, Anosyenne Mts,
<quantity id="CE21381F89098F13C1B52988DBA752C5" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.12" unit="km" value="31.2">31.2 km</quantity>
NW Manantenina,
<geoCoordinate id="1B1D89CB5DCD3802882E288F56E149E9" degrees="24.13894" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-24.13894">-24.13894</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D27287EEB49AC588D8429286CC76E941" degrees="47.06804" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.06804">47.06804</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="8D9432C671A372015D31C81B4A6E7410" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.125" unit="m" value="1125.0">1125 m</quantity>
, rainforest (B.L. Fisher, F.A. Esteves et al.) (CAS);
<normalizedToken id="A3A4A9BA47EA72EC9E48CCA0E0381402" originalValue="Forêt">Foret</normalizedToken>
Ivohibe
<quantity id="DB28C4901C28881575CC8FFBA9F0A868" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.56" unit="km" value="55.6">55.6 km</quantity>
N Tolagnaro,
<geoCoordinate id="388DB6CECB9A83B01B97ABA69BA9FE1F" degrees="24.56167" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-24.56167">-24.56167</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="C18D9219F869E32C73B234B3D1E9EAD9" degrees="47.20017" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="47.20017">47.20017</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="39B394568C62D0F9FD4AC9FEF892DF38" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" unit="m" value="650.0">650 m</quantity>
, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CAS); Ifaty
<quantity id="E7E94EF03D5F24B2287F1BE9B4DCC8C6" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" unit="km" value="22.0">22 km</quantity>
N,
<geoCoordinate id="65BC45E3928AE4D55B0D083E3D71FAD4" degrees="23.18333" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-23.18333">-23.18333</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="C4B7B9048043ADEBE231E750DD58BCF1" degrees="43.61667" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="43.61667">43.61667</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="00A22037B6AA2722C26B818554386AE6" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
, beach dunes (M.E. Irwin and E.I. Schlinger) (CAS); near road, PN Zombitse,
<geoCoordinate id="E55BDD36917A4D9D7341ABEC0CEB6022" degrees="22.8405" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-22.8405">-22.8405</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="2C2CD52AF9D6CC3E575B02AE4622F0D9" degrees="44.73117" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="44.73117">44.73117</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="76B6DD22E7A49F311FB1238D8D2A57F6" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.25" unit="m" value="825.0">825 m</quantity>
, spiny deciduous forest (R.
<normalizedToken id="99109E4C36102E78FBAFBFB48840EC8C" originalValue="HarinHala">Harin'Hala</normalizedToken>
) (CAS).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4686333C95ABA51F1BB23162C8E36541" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="16D7917851A7DE34BA4D0B48A41909F5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="788E760D7F860D5B372ECEE0939EA538" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">In full-face view, lateral margins of head anterior to eye level diverging posteriorly; anterior clypeal margin truncate; two pairs of white spots present on second and third abdominal tergites; pronotum, mesonotum, and propodeum forming separate convexities, metanotal groove depressed; level of propodeum lower than that of promesonotum.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D3659AB548DE7D7F1553D04B0490B1F2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="4575B28BA10D207083FC6E959981D9D4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E14DCE31445EFD856B35C7ABCC7F67A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="2055541CBD7E785B4C666C2877BDA731" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Minor worker.</emphasis>
In full-face view, head sides diverging towards broadly convex posterior margin; eye slightly protruding and small (EL/CS: 0.27
<normalizedToken id="7F7FEE7699A9AFE7AEDC7A0FDE40F702" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.01; 0.24-0.30), not breaking lateral cephalic margin, level of its posterior margin located at ca. posterior 1/4 of head (PoOc/CL: 0.25
<normalizedToken id="FC5E3A9401B01F9E8F2CE4FACDD11ADC" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.01; 0.23-0.28); frontal carinae wide and diverging posteriorly (FR/CS: 0.35
<normalizedToken id="03753275A6024978A99F9607D0EA8DD8" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.01; 0.33-0.36), distance between them larger than their smallest distance to eye; clypeus with anterolateral angle and straight anteromedian margin; mandible with two apical teeth distant from each other; antennal scape relatively long (SL/CS: 1.17
<normalizedToken id="C91F691ACBA264FEAE564E623B00E0E0" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.07; 0.93-1.27). Pronotum and mesonotum forming a separate convexity; propodeal dorsum convex anteriorly, concave medially, then flat posteriorly, joining declivity in noticeable angle; metanotal groove weakly visible; propodeal declivity 3/4 length of dorsum. Petiolar node short and high, with dorsal margin straight then rounding to both anterior and posterior faces; anterior face almost 2/3 height of posterior face; femur of hind leg rounded axially, not twisted basally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D163CE63BAD2BB7784A4B9825D26391D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">First and second gastral tergites with a pair of white spots; lateral margin of head without erect hairs; three pairs of erect hairs present near posterior margin of head; antennal scape only covered with appressed hairs; pronotum with few erect hairs; mesonotum with a pair of erect hairs; posterodorsal corner of propodeum with two pairs of erect hairs. Body color shining brown to dark brown; apical section of appendages lighter in color.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10D2CBD8E47788D4D7820164E0297A1A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="847C564EF2E930956A8FED4C68744080" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Major worker.</emphasis>
With characteristics of minor worker except: enlarged head (CS: 2.45
<normalizedToken id="C2768D3C90BF6C631ADCDFFFA633B5A9" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.21; 2.21-2.82; CWb/CL: 1.05
<normalizedToken id="276468DFDBE33CD4D6818C0D68763DB5" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.04; 1.01-1.10) with broadly concave posterior margin; anteromedian clypeal margin noticeably excised medially; antennal scape hardly extending beyond posterior cephalic margin; robust mesosoma, pronotum, and mesonotum an even convexity, metanotum distinct, propodeal dorsum sloping straight to declivity, approximately the same length as declivity; petiolar node more flattened anteroposteriorly.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2B6C0C3FFDAD746382CF9DBE4F8B5C95" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8E2AC057D87EAC3966CFDCA1CE5F7A77" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution and biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="01E89D70DCC7979DC12A5A921B4D3ED2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="38C272E8527B9B83FC13452E9BA69577" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus gibber" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibber">
<emphasis id="FE0B3222AC78E487C0A15741CC39B9C2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Camponotus gibber</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in mid-altitude rainforest, montane rainforest, open areas on the forest edge, and the savannah grassland of the high plateau of Madagascar. Its distribution ranges from the RS Manongarivo and PN Marojejy in the north through the Corridor Forestier Analamay-Mantadia and PN Andringitra in the south-central region to the PN Andohahela and Anosyenne Mountains in the south. It has also colonized the littoral rainforest of Ambondrobe Vohemar, the dry forest of the PN Isalo, and cultivated land in the Andrambovato Forest (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E905CE0DCE7E702852A9D503196188EB" captionStart="Figure 53" captionStartId="F53" captionText="Figure 53. Camponotus gibber A lateral view B head in full-face view C dorsal view of minor worker CASENT 0188619 D distribution map." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1098.73223.figure53" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/678112" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">53D</figureCitation>
). Individual workers forage mostly on the ground and through leaf litter, and rarely on lower vegetation. Nests are typically in rotten logs and rotting tree stumps, but seldom in the ground, in root mats on the ground, in dead twigs above the ground, in moss and leaf litter on live trees, and under tree bark.
</paragraph>
<caption id="637F409DD01F98C3F65150377F4FE49D" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1098.73223.figure53" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/678112" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 53" startId="F53">
<paragraph id="E39EA68470AB4FBC7EB1392555405C94" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="8AA8115A026CED8D3AAB9FBC7ADDDD07" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 53.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="76A1DFF1DBE7ADC41E986AFD194D1437" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus gibber" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibber">
<emphasis id="F39936A751F7B870BA36B7BE16BD1E81" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Camponotus gibber</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9CC55F7C5B33E06D18070A44548C9A9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
lateral view
<emphasis id="A3BD63F0204608C63AC13D5730ABAC1B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
head in full-face view
<emphasis id="8CFB0FEBDE832B65ED5EE76504ACF76E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
dorsal view of minor worker CASENT0188619
<emphasis id="94A6818FD3DF133340C724AA304C8073" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
distribution map.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="853CB1A535A213BE74CAC040B20C54C7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="C12B159698D76F264FCB8BA4F54B704E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F209BE2984100F8C5C2ABEDB417E966F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="71D12A297F1C3E1FF8B2F6C6050F9B27" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus gibber" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibber">
<emphasis id="65B32D3453BBA98DE9A0547F5C8C4546" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Camponotus gibber</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be difficult to differentiate from
<taxonomicName id="777F3B01922BFBE3D591C5664D3E9796" lsidName="C. rotrae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rotrae">
<emphasis id="CFACF90C9C413CF1E738C6AA49A9592B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. rotrae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D8F93BDE1FD5777A07D5209F09566C0D" lsidName="C. quadrimaculatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="quadrimaculatus">
<emphasis id="6E1B80425EDCF2AF6678BA5D5830472A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. quadrimaculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in that they have two pairs of white spots on the second and third abdominal tergites. In both latter species, however, the pronotum, mesonotum, and propodeum do not form separate convexities, the metanotal groove is not depressed, and the dorsal face of its petiolar node joins the posterior face at an angle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="25A388C2A1329AD5F8686C03B034F794" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
There are apparently three forms within
<taxonomicName id="C7C1E4C2A09D31281C1C025DCE4441F3" lsidName="C. gibber" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gibber">
<emphasis id="777122DA35676189A557B38EEDCBE24B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. gibber</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These are geographically isolated across their distribution along the eastern rainforest of Madagascar due to the presence of high mountain chains in northwestern Madagascar. In the first form, the mesosoma strongly forms separate convexities and the propodeal dorsum is more or less straight. The second form is characterized by a more or less continuous dorsal outline of the mesosoma and a broadly concave propodeal dorsum. The third form constitutes intermediate degrees of these phenotypic variations because workers present separate convexities of mesosoma and a slightly concave propodeal dorsum. The members of the first two forms show morphological variabilities that gradually merge in the third form.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B4E47A944BFF47227B96444E7B8E57E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The relatively low 91.89% classification success attained by LDA is due to the misclassification of three minor workers as
<taxonomicName id="EB8921AC911BA5BC477A0983209A0F7E" lsidName="C. quadrimaculatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="quadrimaculatus">
<emphasis id="3CE9B7926FE9FBE0D44A4D26FFA0D788" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. quadrimaculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This is because the third variant in
<taxonomicName id="2DE9E39B6DEE99E45753A73BF15D8EEF" lsidName="C. gibber" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gibber">
<emphasis id="EE9E4E5E6466FC4FC72EE7F447C283EC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. gibber</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and members of
<taxonomicName id="7F5FD71F489C595C6B5737062F310005" lsidName="C. quadrimaculatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="quadrimaculatus">
<emphasis id="0081B9027D0BD8992DBAE4020CC2EE23" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. quadrimaculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species share qualitative morphological traits, and both species display overlapping ranges of quantitative measurements. The grouping of
<taxonomicName id="297B9C1F60F3031C181797B96C0F46B3" lsidName="C. gibber" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gibber">
<emphasis id="D64CDD3C90195C27E755EBEF031C1495" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. gibber</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the same cluster shown by the dendrogram of multivariate morphometric analysis corroborates the species hypothesized by the taxonomic revision based on qualitative morphology.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>