326 lines
44 KiB
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326 lines
44 KiB
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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="55587" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e79496" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fd96436e-96cc-453a-a329-5a8f71dfed56" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2625-8498-72-169" ID-Pensoft-UUID="DD86E1A6A90E5B41A322F149C4A68F85" ID-ZooBank="2780E8F91ABF4708898AB14447591063" ModsDocID="2625-8498-72-169" checkinTime="1652223152742" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Garg, Sonali, Chandrakasan, Sivaperuman, Gokulakrishnan, G., Gopika, C., Das, Indraneil & S. D. Biju," docDate="2022" docId="1F5BB7E972215816B5EEAC6753318932" docLanguage="en" docName="VertZool 72: 169-199" docOrigin="Vertebrate Zoology 72" docPubDate="2022-05-10" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e79496" docTitle="Minervarya andamanensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="DD86E1A6A90E5B41A322F149C4A68F85" lastPageNumber="169" masterDocId="DD86E1A6A90E5B41A322F149C4A68F85" masterDocTitle="The curious case of Charles Darwin's frog, Rana charlesdarwini Das, 1998: Phylogenetic position and generic placement, with taxonomic insights on other minervaryan frogs (Dicroglossidae: Minervarya) in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago" masterLastPageNumber="199" masterPageNumber="169" pageNumber="169" updateTime="1732826428326" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="BBF5C3A373C9DBC5D76F0D9E391526C2">The curious case of Charles Darwin's frog, Rana charlesdarwini Das, 1998: Phylogenetic position and generic placement, with taxonomic insights on other minervaryan frogs (Dicroglossidae: Minervarya) in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6CF77FEEADD42E5C6971F21544CB4F02">Garg, Sonali</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="EBEFC71F2A1AFA6F655A007C0FC2C191">Systematics Lab, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="F35AEDE31A39DCE53FA0FE852FE58E41" type="email">sgarg.du@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="3B9FC0181A18C78D09454F441AE6C256">Chandrakasan, Sivaperuman</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="85AC3D3203F00C2135254BCF8AFAE1C3">Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Port Blair 744102, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4F56671DC48F99D73C2BCF6AFAFC5093">Gokulakrishnan, G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DDED42F31B724903EE7F51E266C0311F">Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Port Blair 744102, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="08A83246F9A9A9ACF4799C007044BB35">Gopika, C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B78CA47C5B01B066337ED9661DBE6902">Systematics Lab, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="20E08D686B83D25B835F5E37ACF6EE60">Das, Indraneil</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A3DB6D15007611BCBE9F8DE4B99F3FF7">Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Malaysia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8587BAC0ED6E157907B7CC7917D86A73">S. D. Biju,</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D2E3DB65CF17183184BA9A9F7BCEF6AB">Systematics Lab, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="AC24889A1F3B359E767B92C59A43D4C1">Vertebrate Zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="FCE3960D7C492AB465F14F7C937A1ECB">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6F88897FDEBBF972065F55EE883F36C2">2022-05-10</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="04E778F9B8D16C34FD04BEF13E15D726">72</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="4B49489FC35C8D6D11622E3417427708">169</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="860994AB2A57B56C075CB71B39CA5CEC" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e79496</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="1F5BB7E972215816B5EEAC6753318932" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195298565" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1F5BB7E972215816B5EEAC6753318932" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1F5BB7E972215816B5EEAC6753318932" lastPageNumber="169" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" scope_family="Dicroglossidae">
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<subSubSection id="3318F007BFDAF341E285826879F5569B" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6EBA08800034EBE86A808081A5EEF6F4" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">
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Taxonomic identity of
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<taxonomicName id="1A56E33C49626AE3E55E2EA25EC0D7D0" ID-CoL="6RM6W" LSID="1F5BB7E9-7221-5816-B5EE-AC6753318932" authority="(Stoliczka, 1870)" baseAuthorityName="Stoliczka" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Minervarya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Minervarya andamanensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andamanensis">Minervarya andamanensis (Stoliczka, 1870)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="0209DAF253A0D442B4E6504D8A413433" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" type="description">
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<paragraph id="4F10D588DC3DB484D95655FD568C22CA" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">
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<figureCitation id="349BDC5447853556F91F1999914503A6" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenetic position and genetic structure of species in the Minervarya andamanensis species group. A. Maximum likelihood phylogram based on a multi-gene dataset (2,101 bp of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA), depicting the phylogenetic position of Minervarya charlesdarwini comb. nov. in the genus Minervarya and relationships among three members of the M. andamanensis species group. Voucher numbers at terminal nodes are referenced in Table 1. Values above and below the branches represent Ultrafast Bootstrap Support (UFB,> 50 %) and Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (BPP,> 0.50), respectively. Vertical bars indicate the recovery of three M. andamanensis group members as distinct species in multi-gene bPTP species delimitation analysis. B. Median-Joining network based on 513 bp of the mitochondrial 16 S gene depicting the genetic structure among three species. Circle colours indicate different species; circle size is proportional to the frequency of haplotypes; black circles indicate median vectors; values on circles indicate frequency of haplotypes; values on connecting branches indicate number of mutation steps." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e79496.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682171" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="D46FAEAB947AE41C2D7C821757067D06" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Distribution of Minervarya species in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago. A Location of the Archipelago in the Bay of Bengal. B Expanded view of the Andaman and Nicobar groups of islands. C Minervarya nicobariensis in the Nicobar Islands. D Minervarya charlesdarwini in the Andaman Islands. E Minervarya andamanensis in the Andaman Islands. F Minervarya agricola in the Andaman Islands." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e79496.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682172" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">, 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="674FA870E133D4A59FDD39E88B80F147" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Morphological variation in skin colouration and markings observed among individuals of Minervarya andamanensis. A-J Dorsolateral views. A SDBDU 2021.4206 (♀). B SDBDU 2021.4207 (♀). C-D Not preserved (♂). E SDBDU 2020.4179 (♀). F SDBDU 2010.4178 a (♀). G SDBDU 2019.4011 (♂). H SDBDU 2020.4155 (♂). I Not preserved (♂). J SDBDU 2019.3956 (♂). Photographs: S. D. Biju, G. Gokulakrishnan & Sonali Garg." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e79496.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682175" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">, 5</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="80DF0C1AADD413276CEF8919B6D3A094" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Morphological variation observed among individuals of Minervarya andamanensis. A Lectotype (ZSIC 3539 / ZSIC 8539). B-H Dorsal views. B SDBDU 2020.4181 (♀). C SDBDU 2020.4154 (♂). D SDBDU 2021.4207 (♀). E SDBDU 2020.4171 a (♀). F SDBDU 2020.4179 (♀). G SDBDU 2020.4155 (♂). H SDBDU 2020.4180 (♂). I-K Ventral views. I SDBDU 2020.4180 (♂). J SDBDU 2020.4154 (♂). K SDBDU 2020.4171 a (♀). L Lateral view, SDBDU 2021.4291 (♀). M-N Ventral view of hand, SDBDU 2021.4207 and SDBDU 2000.4179, respectively). O Schematic illustration of foot webbing, SDBDU 2021.4207 (♀). P-Q Ventral view of foot, SDBDU 2020.4179 and SDBDU 2001.4207, respectively. R Posterior view of thigh, SDBDU 2020.4179 (♀). S. Dorsal view of thigh, SDBDU 2021.4207 (♀). Photographs: S. D. Biju." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e79496.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682176" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">, 6</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="619A5B8994679E8484D03FA8E44F24FC" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" type="notes">
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<paragraph id="66F217FF2472BDCB8373099CC9B93F7B" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">Note.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C61F43A9F0B31BF8B3E29928287484B6" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">
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This species was originally described as a variety of
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<taxonomicName id="004BE5E17D545B7B9EBD8947717DF117" authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityYear="1870" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rana gracilis subsp. var. var. andamanensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="gracilis" subSpecies="var." variety="andamanensis">Rana gracilis var. andamanensis</taxonomicName>
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Stoliczka, 1870. The description was based on four specimens-one "about one-third of an inch long" (~9 mm), "two next above one inch" (~ 25 mm), and "the fourth 2⅓rd inches" (~ 60 mm). Of these, ZSIC 3539 (ZSIC 8539 according to Chanda et al. 2001
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<normalizedToken id="9FA9E5527F19C8D37BDED7D96D8392CF" originalValue="“2000”">"2000"</normalizedToken>
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) was designated as the lectotype by
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<bibRefCitation id="1244B911C99AE47F070BEB5B49BC6B9F" author="Annandale, N" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" pagination="119 - 155" refId="B1" refString="Annandale, N, 1917. Zoological results of a tour in the Far East. Batrachia. Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 6: 119 - 155" title="Zoological results of a tour in the Far East. Batrachia." volume="6" year="1917">Annandale (1917)</bibRefCitation>
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. Furthermore, three of the original syntypes-two from the ZSI collection and one in the NHM collection-were suggested to represent two other dicroglossid species (see detailed taxonomic remarks for
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<taxonomicName id="6C9585444EADB7A7850F0575C401C855" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1887" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Limnonectes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Limnonectes doriae" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">
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<emphasis id="BA152FC8BC17C6210045018B34EC8282" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">Limnonectes doriae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="068C396B98E65D42B11AAFBF0A1BA4AF" lsidName="L. hascheanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" rank="species" species="hascheanus">
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<emphasis id="9A869DB94DD088312F57254DC9DA99F2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">L. hascheanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). Hence,
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<taxonomicName id="55E803D69CDE387BABCEE3AC4C70293E" baseAuthorityName="Stoliczka" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Minervarya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Minervarya andamanensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andamanensis">
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<emphasis id="517593CB7585D1F66EE7267F744F4124" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">Minervarya andamanensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was restricted to a single juvenile specimen, which we found to be in an extremely dehydrated condition (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="D58B33566D557BC803190A6D5D0525F6" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Morphological variation observed among individuals of Minervarya andamanensis. A Lectotype (ZSIC 3539 / ZSIC 8539). B-H Dorsal views. B SDBDU 2020.4181 (♀). C SDBDU 2020.4154 (♂). D SDBDU 2021.4207 (♀). E SDBDU 2020.4171 a (♀). F SDBDU 2020.4179 (♀). G SDBDU 2020.4155 (♂). H SDBDU 2020.4180 (♂). I-K Ventral views. I SDBDU 2020.4180 (♂). J SDBDU 2020.4154 (♂). K SDBDU 2020.4171 a (♀). L Lateral view, SDBDU 2021.4291 (♀). M-N Ventral view of hand, SDBDU 2021.4207 and SDBDU 2000.4179, respectively). O Schematic illustration of foot webbing, SDBDU 2021.4207 (♀). P-Q Ventral view of foot, SDBDU 2020.4179 and SDBDU 2001.4207, respectively. R Posterior view of thigh, SDBDU 2020.4179 (♀). S. Dorsal view of thigh, SDBDU 2021.4207 (♀). Photographs: S. D. Biju." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e79496.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682176" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">6</figureCitation>
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). Since the lectotype is not reliable for identification, much of what is known of this nomen is based on its original description (
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<bibRefCitation id="9675D4FA0F07B7240E4AFFE74024D8A5" author="Stoliczka, F" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" pagination="134 - 157" refId="B81" refString="Stoliczka, F, 1870. Observations on some Indian and Malayan Amphibia and Reptilia. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 39 (2): 134 - 157" title="Observations on some Indian and Malayan Amphibia and Reptilia." volume="39" year="1870">Stoliczka 1870</bibRefCitation>
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) and a subsequently published illustration (
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<bibRefCitation id="6BDAB64F46DEBB014C2F77ED57B990D2" author="Annandale, N" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" pagination="119 - 155" refId="B1" refString="Annandale, N, 1917. Zoological results of a tour in the Far East. Batrachia. Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 6: 119 - 155" title="Zoological results of a tour in the Far East. Batrachia." volume="6" year="1917">Annandale 1917</bibRefCitation>
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). Additional specimens were reported by
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<bibRefCitation id="4C81F75C238E96B9FE54F9F76836C196" author="Annandale, N" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" pagination="119 - 155" refId="B1" refString="Annandale, N, 1917. Zoological results of a tour in the Far East. Batrachia. Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 6: 119 - 155" title="Zoological results of a tour in the Far East. Batrachia." volume="6" year="1917">Annandale (1917)</bibRefCitation>
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, and further, based on tentatively identified records its phylogenetic position and relationships have also been discussed (
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<bibRefCitation id="0869F4D0E87AFC1F741065F507201CED" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.27.386" author="Kotaki, M" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" pagination="386 - 395" refId="B56" refString="Kotaki, M, Kurabayashi, A, Matsui, M, Kuramoto, M, Djong, TH, Sumida, M, 2010. Molecular phylogeny of the diversified frogs of genus Fejervarya (Anura: Dicroglossidae). Zoological Science 27 (5): 386 - 395, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.27.386" title="Molecular phylogeny of the diversified frogs of genus Fejervarya (Anura: Dicroglossidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.27.386" volume="27" year="2010">Kotaki et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="A0579414E0F9CCA386FA9820DEF672B2" author="Sanchez, A" journalOrPublisher="Salamandra" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" pagination="109 - 116" refId="B74" refString="Sanchez, A, Biju, SD, Islam, M, Hasan, M, Ohler, A, Vences, M, Kurabayashi, A, 2018. Phylogeny and classification of fejervaryan frogs (Anura: Dicroglossidae). Salamandra 54 (2): 109 - 116" title="Phylogeny and classification of fejervaryan frogs (Anura: Dicroglossidae)." volume="54" year="2018">Sanchez et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="5F35C9C8EA09D572C20EC7DB7AE17129" DOI="https://doi.org/10.16373/j.cnki.ahr.210023" author="Garg, S" journalOrPublisher="Asian Herpetological Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" pagination="1 - 34" refId="B39" refString="Garg, S, Biju, SD, 2021. DNA barcoding and systematic review of minervaryan frogs (Dicroglossidae: Minervarya) of Peninsular India: resolution of a taxonomic conundrum with description of a new species. Asian Herpetological Research 12 (4): 1 - 34, DOI: https://doi.org/10.16373/j.cnki.ahr.210023" title="DNA barcoding and systematic review of minervaryan frogs (Dicroglossidae: Minervarya) of Peninsular India: resolution of a taxonomic conundrum with description of a new species." url="https://doi.org/10.16373/j.cnki.ahr.210023" volume="12" year="2021">Garg and Biju 2021</bibRefCitation>
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). Recently,
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<bibRefCitation id="1F3A161EEDE4104003106255C44EF6F4" author="Chandramouli, SR" journalOrPublisher="Spixiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" pagination="43 - 53" refId="B20" refString="Chandramouli, SR, Ankaiah, D, Prasad, KVD, Arul, V, 2021. Redescription of a poorly known, insular endemic frog Minervarya andamanensis (Stoliczka, 1870) with notes on distribution and natural history. Spixiana 44 (1): 43 - 53" title="Redescription of a poorly known, insular endemic frog Minervarya andamanensis (Stoliczka, 1870) with notes on distribution and natural history." volume="44" year="2021">Chandramouli et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
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|
provided a redescription of the species based on new collections. In our study, we further report the prevalence of high morphological variations among individuals of this species. Typically,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="10CD925A39BF257993F0A9535A259DFE" lsidName="M. andamanensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" rank="species" species="andamanensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="AA1EEEC7B454F4D3FF06E19EB7D4009A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">M. andamanensis</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has been identified based on its chestnut-brown dorsal colouration and dark brown lateral surfaces (e.g.,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="91A57DCFA673895F9C6A2EA3FB11E9FC" author="Annandale, N" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" pagination="119 - 155" refId="B1" refString="Annandale, N, 1917. Zoological results of a tour in the Far East. Batrachia. Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 6: 119 - 155" title="Zoological results of a tour in the Far East. Batrachia." volume="6" year="1917">Annandale 1917</bibRefCitation>
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|
;
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|
<bibRefCitation id="57E37F2F5B1B43C472435F25CA610A8F" author="Sarkar, AK" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Zoological Survey of India" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" pagination="103 - 117" refId="B75" refString="Sarkar, AK, 1990. Taxonomic and ecological studies on the amphibians of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 86: 103 - 117" title="Taxonomic and ecological studies on the amphibians of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India." volume="86" year="1990">Sarkar 1990</bibRefCitation>
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|
;
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|
<bibRefCitation id="57505955C5995642350536CA52B62CB5" author="Chandramouli, SR" journalOrPublisher="Alytes" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" pagination="47 - 54" refId="B15" refString="Chandramouli, SR, 2017. Rediscovery and redescription of a little known, insular endemic frog, Ingerana charlesdarwini (Das, 1998) (Amphibia: Anura: Dicroglossidae) from the Andaman Islands, Bay of Bengal. Alytes 33 (1): 47 - 54" title="Rediscovery and redescription of a little known, insular endemic frog, Ingerana charlesdarwini (Das, 1998) (Amphibia: Anura: Dicroglossidae) from the Andaman Islands, Bay of Bengal." volume="33" year="2017">Chandramouli 2017</bibRefCitation>
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). However, we observe that this character is not constant, and several genetically confirmed individuals with uniform colouration and other colour morphs from our study are conspecific (Figs
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|
<figureCitation id="60AE8CE09092B2AA73AD6AC3869F334A" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Morphological variation in skin colouration and markings observed among individuals of Minervarya andamanensis. A-J Dorsolateral views. A SDBDU 2021.4206 (♀). B SDBDU 2021.4207 (♀). C-D Not preserved (♂). E SDBDU 2020.4179 (♀). F SDBDU 2010.4178 a (♀). G SDBDU 2019.4011 (♂). H SDBDU 2020.4155 (♂). I Not preserved (♂). J SDBDU 2019.3956 (♂). Photographs: S. D. Biju, G. Gokulakrishnan & Sonali Garg." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e79496.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682175" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">5</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="AA5BCD7857A1FE241AF7ED0AC52D41DE" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Morphological variation observed among individuals of Minervarya andamanensis. A Lectotype (ZSIC 3539 / ZSIC 8539). B-H Dorsal views. B SDBDU 2020.4181 (♀). C SDBDU 2020.4154 (♂). D SDBDU 2021.4207 (♀). E SDBDU 2020.4171 a (♀). F SDBDU 2020.4179 (♀). G SDBDU 2020.4155 (♂). H SDBDU 2020.4180 (♂). I-K Ventral views. I SDBDU 2020.4180 (♂). J SDBDU 2020.4154 (♂). K SDBDU 2020.4171 a (♀). L Lateral view, SDBDU 2021.4291 (♀). M-N Ventral view of hand, SDBDU 2021.4207 and SDBDU 2000.4179, respectively). O Schematic illustration of foot webbing, SDBDU 2021.4207 (♀). P-Q Ventral view of foot, SDBDU 2020.4179 and SDBDU 2001.4207, respectively. R Posterior view of thigh, SDBDU 2020.4179 (♀). S. Dorsal view of thigh, SDBDU 2021.4207 (♀). Photographs: S. D. Biju." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e79496.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682176" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">6</figureCitation>
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). In addition, we find the Little Andaman population to be divergent from that found in South Andamans (see Phylogenetic Results). Hence, in order to aid further studies, below we provide a revised morphological diagnosis for the species, compare it with other closely related members of the
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<taxonomicName id="696BD502C7953D724199F99CF5B7721D" lsidName="M. andamanensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" rank="species" species="andamanensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="2B325D54F3D704BCC264EA2F1CB08D7D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">M. andamanensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species group, discuss morphological variations accompanied with detailed illustrations, and also shed light on the possibility of this species having been confused with other dicroglossids found in the regions (see taxonomic remarks for
|
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<taxonomicName id="C5C5427F1FFFA79EF0B8226F08545D6C" lsidName="M. charlesdarwini" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" rank="species" species="charlesdarwini">
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<emphasis id="DD96F9175F070F3A6178E752BC5BB58E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">M. charlesdarwini</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="837BE97B924F7634103EFD623C788E10" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1887" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Limnonectes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Limnonectes doriae" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">
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<emphasis id="1BE75F8B505DAB3AF7B5D80979D758DE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">Limnonectes doriae</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
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|
and
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|
<taxonomicName id="CC9B23D07A380FCCC093AC79EEA3F4FF" lsidName="L. hascheanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" rank="species" species="hascheanus">
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|
<emphasis id="8EBBD6B56D688258BBBB2BBB2EAC9B7F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">L. hascheanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
).
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</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E114D6C153E7C959EAEE5A0E9E64EF19" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" type="redescription">
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<paragraph id="42178AEE913677EEDE3D7A337A1A6698" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">Redescription (all measurements in mm).</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="15700C3CC08DEA8EE0C3CDB86E982F24" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">
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A medium-sized species (males: SVL 36.2-42.2, 39.2
|
|
<normalizedToken id="DC12A80EE4D433991C2F7CADF28C9D21" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
2.1,
|
|
<emphasis id="24D32AD27DD2058632A86496EDA129CA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">N</emphasis>
|
|
=6; females: SVL 39.4-57.1, 48.6
|
|
<normalizedToken id="DE7E312DC29E0E34D3A8B6EF65E1A626" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
7.4,
|
|
<emphasis id="AC2584318D0F52A776CD8E3614728B8E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">N</emphasis>
|
|
=6), body stout and robust; head longer in males (HL 14.3-17.0, 15.2
|
|
<normalizedToken id="C637E81EBDD13992432EDE49D18A54B0" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
1.0 vs. HW 12.4-15.9, 13.9
|
|
<normalizedToken id="89A20F3F7D57BBE39F1CB7C16F6CB14A" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
1.2,
|
|
<emphasis id="E4C7C65541126FD04081DD1DEA0CC583" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">N</emphasis>
|
|
=6) and subequal in females (HL 14.2-20.9, 17.6
|
|
<normalizedToken id="2C5DB995495D4C965DDF5128C9626BB5" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
3.1,
|
|
<emphasis id="4FED1AF3B94A1E75A2A4BC8448A79E92" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">N</emphasis>
|
|
=6 vs. HW 13.8-21.6, 17.7
|
|
<normalizedToken id="83917336481D34E1BC1F4C7C0A30F7F8" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
2.9,
|
|
<emphasis id="D735BA83C189C810D136A0B9DFB25115" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">N</emphasis>
|
|
=6); snout rounded or subovoid in dorsal and ventral view, rounded or obtuse in lateral view; snout length (males: SL 5.6-7.4, 6.4
|
|
<normalizedToken id="177818D7C03403785B162CB4A68FEBEC" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
0.7; females: SL 5.8-8.6, 7.3
|
|
<normalizedToken id="D658B7359058E88E76E515DC80B7805A" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
1.1) longer than horizontal diameter of eye (males: EL 4.4-5.4, 4.8
|
|
<normalizedToken id="DA5CEF427B7C6D4E54091A8ACC089B14" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
0.5; females: EL 4.0-6.6, 5.2
|
|
<normalizedToken id="791D485AFFA1A05B8C48A10141CA51AB" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
1.0); loreal region obtuse; indistinct canthus rostralis; interorbital space flat; tympanum diameter (males: TYD 2.4-3.3, 2.8
|
|
<normalizedToken id="30B50DD92CE7BF14D4AEA292AB1D66A1" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
0.3; females: TYD 2.9-4.4, 3.3
|
|
<normalizedToken id="CBBED1D759A2D99DAF73880C5F9ADD3B" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
0.6) nearly ⅗th of the eye diameter (males: EL 4.4-5.4, 4.8
|
|
<normalizedToken id="428D72FA9F84EDF23DEE2E581B376255" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
0.5; females: EL 4.0-6.6, 5.2
|
|
<normalizedToken id="75858F83C51F7C850FDE2E7D7969F2D9" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
1.0); pineal ocellus present; supratympanic fold well developed, extending from the posterior corner of the eye down to nearly the shoulder; vomerine ridge present, bearing small teeth; tongue moderately long, emarginated (Figs
|
|
<figureCitation id="C8052B11EDD309D56752634C3F1DE09E" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Morphological variation in skin colouration and markings observed among individuals of Minervarya andamanensis. A-J Dorsolateral views. A SDBDU 2021.4206 (♀). B SDBDU 2021.4207 (♀). C-D Not preserved (♂). E SDBDU 2020.4179 (♀). F SDBDU 2010.4178 a (♀). G SDBDU 2019.4011 (♂). H SDBDU 2020.4155 (♂). I Not preserved (♂). J SDBDU 2019.3956 (♂). Photographs: S. D. Biju, G. Gokulakrishnan & Sonali Garg." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e79496.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682175" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">5</figureCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<figureCitation id="03617B020375201B4CF9AC6087C14693" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Morphological variation observed among individuals of Minervarya andamanensis. A Lectotype (ZSIC 3539 / ZSIC 8539). B-H Dorsal views. B SDBDU 2020.4181 (♀). C SDBDU 2020.4154 (♂). D SDBDU 2021.4207 (♀). E SDBDU 2020.4171 a (♀). F SDBDU 2020.4179 (♀). G SDBDU 2020.4155 (♂). H SDBDU 2020.4180 (♂). I-K Ventral views. I SDBDU 2020.4180 (♂). J SDBDU 2020.4154 (♂). K SDBDU 2020.4171 a (♀). L Lateral view, SDBDU 2021.4291 (♀). M-N Ventral view of hand, SDBDU 2021.4207 and SDBDU 2000.4179, respectively). O Schematic illustration of foot webbing, SDBDU 2021.4207 (♀). P-Q Ventral view of foot, SDBDU 2020.4179 and SDBDU 2001.4207, respectively. R Posterior view of thigh, SDBDU 2020.4179 (♀). S. Dorsal view of thigh, SDBDU 2021.4207 (♀). Photographs: S. D. Biju." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e79496.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682176" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">6</figureCitation>
|
|
). Forearm length (males: FAL 7.2-9.1, 8.0
|
|
<normalizedToken id="D968A418964AA7275EB3DCB376A0DABA" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
0.8; females: FAL 8.7-11.8, 9.6
|
|
<normalizedToken id="93E8B0F4B53C813F9CA69251949CE19D" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
1.4) shorter than hand length (males: HAL 8.6-9.8, 9.2
|
|
<normalizedToken id="53F324719D555695A0C1BEA1A12A3C81" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
0.5; females: HAL 10.1-13.2, 11.6
|
|
<normalizedToken id="6669F61EE7F4542C022FEAF1AA4BA61E" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
1.2); subarticular tubercles prominent, single, circular, all present; prepollex oval, prominent; two rounded palmar tubercles; supernumerary tubercles absent; relative length of fingers II<I=IV<III; tip of fingers bluntly rounded, not enlarged into discs. Hind limbs shorter in comparison to the body length with tibiotarsal articulation reaching up to the anterior end of eye when hind limb is stretched along the body; thigh (males: TL 18.4-21.9, 19.9
|
|
<normalizedToken id="254951D4E2D32CF3666856775DDCD1C6" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
1.3; females: TL 20.9-30.1, 24.8
|
|
<normalizedToken id="E47FEE762EBE0A4C9F210ED5EE3C4701" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
3.4) shorter than shank (males: SHL 20.1-24.1, 21.7
|
|
<normalizedToken id="ECCD305D6CA956A87608724B98879634" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
1.6; females: SHL 24.5-31.3, 27.4
|
|
<normalizedToken id="EA9B8391F671B6C4EDB7D8F7145CC0FA" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
2.8) and foot (males: FOL 20.1-23.7, 21.7
|
|
<normalizedToken id="7390EE463FD1D43D906BBAA38855A316" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
1.5; females: FOL 23.4-29.6, 25.7
|
|
<normalizedToken id="EB3EB857C35572881E610703199E231F" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
2.9); total foot length (males: TFOL 28.1-34.9, 31.3
|
|
<normalizedToken id="1C5628A94E5DA5838EF08E6BD04AF440" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
2.9; females: TFOL 33.0-41.4, 36.5
|
|
<normalizedToken id="511FC5A81666E72FE0BB49505560BCB4" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
2.8); toe tips rounded, slightly swollen without discs, toes without dermal fringes, webbing between toes moderate: I1+-2II1+-2III1+-2IV2-1+V; subarticular tubercles prominent, all present; inner metatarsal tubercle prominent, elongate; outer metatarsal tubercle small, prominent, rounded; supernumerary tubercles absent (Figs
|
|
<figureCitation id="7934DC3BDFEDD845894D62BC301C8683" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Morphological variation in skin colouration and markings observed among individuals of Minervarya andamanensis. A-J Dorsolateral views. A SDBDU 2021.4206 (♀). B SDBDU 2021.4207 (♀). C-D Not preserved (♂). E SDBDU 2020.4179 (♀). F SDBDU 2010.4178 a (♀). G SDBDU 2019.4011 (♂). H SDBDU 2020.4155 (♂). I Not preserved (♂). J SDBDU 2019.3956 (♂). Photographs: S. D. Biju, G. Gokulakrishnan & Sonali Garg." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e79496.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682175" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">5</figureCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<figureCitation id="2B496062D57406258704FC5A47CC354C" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Morphological variation observed among individuals of Minervarya andamanensis. A Lectotype (ZSIC 3539 / ZSIC 8539). B-H Dorsal views. B SDBDU 2020.4181 (♀). C SDBDU 2020.4154 (♂). D SDBDU 2021.4207 (♀). E SDBDU 2020.4171 a (♀). F SDBDU 2020.4179 (♀). G SDBDU 2020.4155 (♂). H SDBDU 2020.4180 (♂). I-K Ventral views. I SDBDU 2020.4180 (♂). J SDBDU 2020.4154 (♂). K SDBDU 2020.4171 a (♀). L Lateral view, SDBDU 2021.4291 (♀). M-N Ventral view of hand, SDBDU 2021.4207 and SDBDU 2000.4179, respectively). O Schematic illustration of foot webbing, SDBDU 2021.4207 (♀). P-Q Ventral view of foot, SDBDU 2020.4179 and SDBDU 2001.4207, respectively. R Posterior view of thigh, SDBDU 2020.4179 (♀). S. Dorsal view of thigh, SDBDU 2021.4207 (♀). Photographs: S. D. Biju." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e79496.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682176" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">6</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="816C3B2CE435582472453199C76B8083" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" type="comparisons">
|
|
<paragraph id="AD6EDBE34E69CBAC60300558C5BF4DAC" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">Comparison (only with males).</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="3B01639CC505F194E1C24C95DE659B40" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="346D45353186F200479C6CEF26060398" baseAuthorityName="Stoliczka" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Minervarya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Minervarya andamanensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andamanensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACB379CED196A8937CDEE053B155E780" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">Minervarya andamanensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
cannot be confused with other known members of the genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CC2E790591BA8D8512D393F8352D64FC" authorityName="Dubois, Ohler & Biju" authorityYear="2001" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Minervarya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Minervarya" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="05C510A3AD84A762D6C797EA581309FE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">Minervarya</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, except three members of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2EF9AE2A7D71030F211320E2EBD5DBBA" lsidName="M. andamanensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" rank="species" species="andamanensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="6659A905015ECA904519C117527277ED" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">M. andamanensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E36B8F0AFC3986D652826C8E711D9CAB" lsidName="M. charlesdarwini" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" rank="species" species="charlesdarwini">
|
|
<emphasis id="A63BB16844A818F8AB8591BB86A49887" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">M. charlesdarwini</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DA52B83DE26AD3EDE35791E2BEC9CB31" lsidName="M. nicobariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" rank="species" species="nicobariensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="5ECA3502C10B155BB18A749916595484" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">M. nicobariensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="457C6D008A4D35C97976708518C1BA73" lsidName="M. muangkanensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" rank="species" species="muangkanensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="56FBCBD0B9BA07EAC9C9EB66DE0F8813" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">M. muangkanensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="14C685C360F1BF62A97D44E4679C01C3" baseAuthorityName="Stoliczka" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Minervarya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Minervarya andamanensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andamanensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="DD7EC933DA345B30A06281FD9752545C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">Minervarya andamanensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from
|
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<taxonomicName id="7E982820A43631714CDAAD458D4C4504" lsidName="M. nicobariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" rank="species" species="nicobariensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="E3F8EF9DA50E44106FC5CB362A2A05A5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">M. nicobariensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
by its head longer than wide, HL 15.2
|
|
<normalizedToken id="93273A56413E384EA68F052E02BA86E5" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
1.0 vs. HW 13.9
|
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<normalizedToken id="FF6DFD9470D26DE397D87D98D8327D45" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
1.2 (vs. wider, HW 17.5
|
|
<normalizedToken id="C9781DA472B74BE1ACAB30922CB0134D" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
1.0 vs. HL 16.5
|
|
<normalizedToken id="9D1E1E0A6AA7137D76E14D795D1EE83A" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
1.1); shank nearly equal to foot, SHL 21.7
|
|
<normalizedToken id="8BE8AA48AE85B9F47ABBF6184E4FE273" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
1.6 vs. FOL 21.7
|
|
<normalizedToken id="9859FC1A11B212BD4307A9B4525E3CBA" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
1.5 (vs. shorter, SHL 20.9
|
|
<normalizedToken id="3E8C38348CB9D665CDC81A22E51F807F" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
1.0 vs. FOL 22.1
|
|
<normalizedToken id="0EE8B0AB059A95ADB7CCDB39BE88B305" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
1.5); presence of outer metatarsal tubercle (vs. absent); and posterior part of thighs light to dark brown with yellowish reticulations (vs. light to dark red with thin black reticulations). Further, it differs from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D5B5FCAEDD629B4ECEA9FD556CBD603" lsidName="M. muangkanensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" rank="species" species="muangkanensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="3F37E5450FBC92CDCA952EB3FB7FB273" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">M. muangkanensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(based on
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="8C74E9DACB5C2D045A7A07B9B88613AA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ69-2-2019-05" author="Koehler, G" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrate Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" pagination="183 - 226" refId="B55" refString="Koehler, G, Mogk, L, Khaing, K, Than, NL, 2019. The genera Fejervarya and Minervarya in Myanmar: description of a new species, new country records, and taxonomic notes (Amphibia, Anura, Dicroglossidae). Vertebrate Zoology 69 (2): 183 - 226, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ69-2-2019-05" title="The genera Fejervarya and Minervarya in Myanmar: description of a new species, new country records, and taxonomic notes (Amphibia, Anura, Dicroglossidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ69-2-2019-05" volume="69" year="2019">
|
|
<normalizedToken id="8CD8F0737C4B56883EBE5539ED554D2E" originalValue="Köhler">Koehler</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. 2019
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) in having a larger adult male size, SVL 36.2-42.2, 39.2
|
|
<normalizedToken id="08CFAFBF0627CF24CA9A22EC072CF021" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
2.1,
|
|
<emphasis id="71F9187D0B6D1B30C311D1BF8ABEAEE2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">N</emphasis>
|
|
=6 (vs. SVL 25.8-35.1, 31.2
|
|
<normalizedToken id="1A10550DD260F11D308E8C9EFF0E2B15" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
3.1,
|
|
<emphasis id="8AF2A14B95F0A4FE0E32A4DDE4E45F78" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">N</emphasis>
|
|
=7); supratympanic fold distinct, extending from posterior corner of upper eyelid, along upper margin of tympanum, down to the shoulder (vs. indistinct supratympanic fold and not down to the shoulder); webbing between the toes relatively reduced, up to the second subarticular tubercle on either side of toe IV (vs. above). For comparison with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3B884D33BA7DB0B7140194FC1F2B15B3" lsidName="M. charlesdarwini" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" rank="species" species="charlesdarwini">
|
|
<emphasis id="A3761E1D6B4005E71FF125768AB547F8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">M. charlesdarwini</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, see the comparison section of that species.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="77E50189E2CE8BDED25E57C4BE78D64F" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" type="distribution">
|
|
<paragraph id="3E28270013EEC0475F733973437DA29A" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="92B99EDB27A730D97AF20499500AB7A2" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F8390A95777154199322076DC31BCDF2" baseAuthorityName="Stoliczka" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Minervarya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Minervarya andamanensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andamanensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="8F7FF24EA8D5CAD8F4834CC2FAEEA54A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">Minervarya andamanensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is endemic to the Andaman Archipelago of India, where we find it to be widely distributed in all the major groups of islands: North and Middle Andamans (North Andaman Is., Landfall Is., East Is., Paget Is., Interview Is., Smith Is., Long Is., North Passage Is., North Reef Is., Baratang Is., and Middle Andaman Is.), South Andamans (South Andaman Is., Boat Is., Alexandra Is., Tarmugli Is., Rutland Is., Neil Is., and Havelock Is.), down to the Little Andaman Island. This species has been observed between elevations of sea level up to nearly 400 m asl (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="2974B8CA8996232D052B0C127FD43E4A" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Distribution of Minervarya species in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago. A Location of the Archipelago in the Bay of Bengal. B Expanded view of the Andaman and Nicobar groups of islands. C Minervarya nicobariensis in the Nicobar Islands. D Minervarya charlesdarwini in the Andaman Islands. E Minervarya andamanensis in the Andaman Islands. F Minervarya agricola in the Andaman Islands." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e79496.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682172" pageId="0" pageNumber="169">2</figureCitation>
|
|
; Table
|
|
<tableCitation id="40C520E62064800E0AB81427065469D4" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Distribution of Minervarya species reported in the present study from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/07F5D33CED7D6189E5B0C5BFDD595125" pageId="0" pageNumber="169" tableUuid="07F5D33CED7D6189E5B0C5BFDD595125">2</tableCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |