221 lines
29 KiB
XML
221 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="5D6B88DC378682065F9CB887D7EA90B8" ID-CLB-Dataset="50961" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.169846" ID-GBIF-Dataset="30242e99-0242-4a2f-986b-93106edf4251" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="169846" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459746937173" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Disney, R. Henry L." docDate="2005" docId="03C887CE3138FFE9364BFC3FFCA85648" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01042p054.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1042" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Ecitophora halterata Borgmeier, comb. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="41" masterDocId="FFF1FFB63139FFEA3743FFD3FFDD543E" masterDocTitle="Rudimentary halteres of some flightless female Phoridae (Diptera) reassessed, and some taxonomic implications" masterLastPageNumber="54" masterPageNumber="39" pageNumber="40" updateTime="1698214048117" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="BCE9681248B69B4EF084AB350F188EC0">Rudimentary halteres of some flightless female Phoridae (Diptera) reassessed, and some taxonomic implications</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="081117CACAD4D9426CFC9C5D3CEED4F7">Disney, R. Henry L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6FFE58CF7DB8F90CB214AA9161556AD3">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0A87CECADF0DE5895A198DC06CB5CADC">2005</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="04EFD032AFA334CBDEBA2DF4ED9C47A5">1042</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03C887CE3138FFE9364BFC3FFCA85648" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6266116" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119336622" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6266116" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C887CE3138FFE9364BFC3FFCA85648" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C887CE3138FFE9364BFC3FFCA85648" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<subSubSection id="C37B65533138FFEB364BFC3FFE405017" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDE36D83138FFEB364BFC3FFCEC5038" blockId="1.[264,817,1004,1065]" box="[264,817,1004,1030]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<heading id="D09681B43138FFEB364BFC3FFCEC5038" bold="true" box="[264,817,1004,1030]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B915EACA3138FFEB364BFC3FFCEC5038" bold="true" box="[264,817,1004,1030]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3138FFEB364BFC3FFD795038" ID-CoL="8BYMF" authority="Borgmeier" authorityName="Borgmeier" box="[264,676,1004,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecitophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halterata" status="comb. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B915EACA3138FFEB364BFC3FFDD95038" bold="true" box="[264,516,1004,1030]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Ecitophora halterata</emphasis>
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(Borgmeier)
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22657B13138FFEB35E8FC3FFCEC5038" box="[683,817,1004,1030]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDE36D83138FFEB364BFBDCFE405017" blockId="1.[264,817,1004,1065]" box="[264,413,1039,1065]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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(
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<figureCitation id="135A2A5D3138FFEB3653FBDCFE875017" box="[272,346,1039,1065]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[264,367,1206,1230]" captionTargetBox="[444,1188,534,1170]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[398,1188,529,1180]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Ecitophora halterata female, right side of thorax from above (H = head, S = scutellar bristle, W = wing rudiment, A = abdomen). Scale bar 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169847/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="135A2A5D3138FFEB362AFBDCFE495017" box="[361,404,1039,1065]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="3.[264,382,1200,1224]" captionTargetBox="[571,1010,713,1161]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[537,1049,689,1173]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Ecitophora females, wing rudiments: (2) E. collegiana, right rudiment; (3 – 7) E. halterata: (3 – 5) right rudiments of three different specimens; (6 – 7) Left and right rudiments of a single specimen. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169848/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">3–7</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37B65533138FFEB364BFB8CFBB950A8" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BDE36D83138FFEB364BFB8CFD10504B" blockId="1.[264,1124,1118,1174]" box="[264,717,1118,1142]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7111F63138FFEB364BFB8CFD10504B" box="[264,717,1118,1142]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3138FFEB364BFB8CFD14504B" ID-CoL="8BYMN" authority="Borgmeier, 1936: 32" authorityName="Borgmeier" authorityPageNumber="32" authorityYear="1936" box="[264,713,1118,1142]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecituncula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halterata">
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<emphasis id="B915EACA3138FFEB364BFB8CFE395048" box="[264,484,1119,1142]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Ecituncula halterata</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC010C93138FFEB36A8FB8DFD14504B" author="Borgmeier" box="[491,713,1118,1141]" page="32" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" year="1936">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B293138FFEB36A8FB8DFD7C504B" author="Borgmeier" box="[491,673,1118,1141]" pageId="1" pageNumber="53" refString="Borgmeier, T. (1936) Alguns Phorideos myrmecophilos de Costa Rica e do Brasil (Dipt. Phoridae). Revista de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, 6, 23 - 37." type="journal article" year="1936">Borgmeier, 1936</bibRefCitation>
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: 32
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDE36D83138FFEB364BFBACFBB950A8" blockId="1.[264,1124,1118,1174]" box="[264,1124,1150,1174]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7111F63138FFEB364BFBACFBB950A8" box="[264,1124,1150,1174]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3138FFEB364BFBACFD5550AB" authority="Disney, 1989" authorityName="Disney" authorityYear="1989" box="[264,648,1150,1174]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecitophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="breviptera">
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<emphasis id="B915EACA3138FFEB364BFBACFE2950A8" box="[264,500,1151,1174]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Ecitophora breviptera</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B293138FFEB36BFFBADFD5550AB" author="Disney" box="[508,648,1150,1173]" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" refString="Disney, R. H. L. & Kistner, D. H. (1989) Phoridae from termite colonies in Africa, including two new species (Diptera; Isoptera, Termitidae). Sociobiology, 16, 75 - 90." type="journal article" year="1989">Disney, 1989</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(in
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC010C93138FFEB35F0FBADFC3650AB" author="Disney" box="[691,1003,1150,1173]" page="164" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" year="1989">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B293138FFEB35F0FBADFC6850AB" author="Disney" box="[691,949,1150,1173]" pageId="1" pageNumber="54" refString="Disney, R. H. L. & Kistner, D. H. (1989) Phoridae from termite colonies in Africa, including two new species (Diptera; Isoptera, Termitidae). Sociobiology, 16, 75 - 90." type="journal article" year="1989">Disney & Kistner, 1989</bibRefCitation>
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: 164
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</treatmentCitation>
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).
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<emphasis id="B915EACA3138FFEB34BEFBADFBB950A8" bold="true" box="[1021,1124,1150,1174]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37B65533138FFE9364BFB14FCA85648" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BDE36D83138FFE8364BFB14FD435590" blockId="1.[264,1324,1223,1889]" lastBlockId="2.[264,1323,284,430]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B293138FFEB364BFB14FE3D50DF" author="Borgmeier" box="[264,480,1223,1249]" pageId="1" pageNumber="53" refString="Borgmeier, T. (1960) Gefluegelte und ungefluegelte Phoriden aus der Neotropischen Region, nebst Beschreibung von sieben neuen Gattungen (Diptera, Phoridae). Studia Entomologica, Petropolis, 3, 257 - 374." type="journal article" year="1960">Borgmeier (1960)</bibRefCitation>
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commences his diagnosis of the females of
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3138FFEB3357FB14FADD50DF" authority="Schmitz" authorityName="Schmitz" box="[1044,1280,1223,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecituncula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B915EACA3138FFEB3357FB14FB4E50DE" box="[1044,1171,1223,1248]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Ecituncula</emphasis>
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Schmitz
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</taxonomicName>
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by stating unequivocally that they lack wing rudiments. However, he reported that an included species,
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3138FFEB369FFAC4FC91510F" authority="Borgmeier (1936)" authorityName="Borgmeier" authorityYear="1936" box="[476,844,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecituncula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halterata">
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<emphasis id="B915EACA3138FFEB369FFAC4FDB7510E" box="[476,618,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">E. halterata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B293138FFEB3536FAC4FC91510F" author="Borgmeier" box="[629,844,1303,1329]" pageId="1" pageNumber="53" refString="Borgmeier, T. (1936) Alguns Phorideos myrmecophilos de Costa Rica e do Brasil (Dipt. Phoridae). Revista de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, 6, 23 - 37." type="journal article" year="1936">Borgmeier (1936)</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, retains its halteres. Carl Rettenmeyer’s material that I have examined includes large samples preserved in alcohol, from
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<collectingCountry id="F37676483138FFEB33A6FAECFEE051BF" name="Costa Rica" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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and from
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<collectingCountry id="F37676483138FFEB36F6FAB4FDC851BF" box="[437,533,1383,1409]" name="Panama" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Panama</collectingCountry>
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, of
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3138FFEB357CFAB4FCED51BE" box="[575,816,1383,1408]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecituncula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halterata">
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<emphasis id="B915EACA3138FFEB357CFAB4FCED51BE" box="[575,816,1383,1408]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Ecituncula halterata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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determined by Borgmeier. I have mounted many of these specimens on slides. These serve to indicate that Borgmeier mistook the haltere shaped wing rudiments of this species for halteres. The consequence was that subsequently collected specimens would not run to the genus
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<emphasis id="B915EACA3138FFEB3498FA0CFBBC51C6" box="[987,1121,1503,1528]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3138FFEB3498FA0CFB8051C6" box="[987,1117,1503,1528]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecituncula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ecituncula</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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which lack wing rudiments according to Borgmeier, but keyed out at
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3138FFEB342BF9D4FC31521E" box="[872,1004,1543,1568]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecitophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B915EACA3138FFEB342BF9D4FC31521E" box="[872,1004,1543,1568]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Ecitophora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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instead. However, a series with similar distinctive, halterelike, wing rudiments,
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3138FFEB34D7F9FCFB4D5277" authority="Disney" authorityName="Disney" box="[916,1168,1583,1609]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecitophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="breviptera">
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<emphasis id="B915EACA3138FFEB34D7F9FCFBEC5276" box="[916,1073,1583,1608]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">E. breviptera</emphasis>
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Disney
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</taxonomicName>
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, had already been assigned to this genus and proves to be indistinguishable from the
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3138FFEB33DAF984FAF7524E" box="[1177,1322,1623,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecituncula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halterata">
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<emphasis id="B915EACA3138FFEB33DAF984FAF7524E" box="[1177,1322,1623,1648]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">E. halterata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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material from
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<collectingCountry id="F37676483138FFEB36ECF9ACFDD252A7" box="[431,527,1663,1689]" name="Panama" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Panama</collectingCountry>
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, determined by Borgmeier as
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<emphasis id="B915EACA3138FFEB342DF9ACFBDD52A6" box="[878,1024,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3138FFEB342DF9ACFC2152A6" box="[878,1020,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecituncula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halterata">E. halterata</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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but a little different from most of his specimens from
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<collectingCountry id="F37676483138FFEB3537F974FD2752FF" box="[628,762,1703,1729]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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(see below). It is incontrovertible that these halterelike structures are situated at the posterolateral extremities of the mesothorax, well separated from the metathoracic spiracles (
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<figureCitation id="135A2A5D3138FFEB3446F924FC96532F" box="[773,843,1783,1809]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[264,367,1206,1230]" captionTargetBox="[444,1188,534,1170]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[398,1188,529,1180]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Ecitophora halterata female, right side of thorax from above (H = head, S = scutellar bristle, W = wing rudiment, A = abdomen). Scale bar 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169847/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). They are undoubtedly wing rudiments that happen to resemble halteres, but lacking the basal fields of sensilla that characterise halteres and lack the hairs of typical
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3138FFEB35F9F894FCE3535E" box="[698,830,1863,1888]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecitophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B915EACA3138FFEB35F9F894FCE3535E" box="[698,830,1863,1888]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Ecitophora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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wing rudiments (e.g
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<figureCitation id="135A2A5D3138FFEB3378F894FB5E535F" box="[1083,1155,1863,1889]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="3.[264,382,1200,1224]" captionTargetBox="[571,1010,713,1161]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[537,1049,689,1173]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Ecitophora females, wing rudiments: (2) E. collegiana, right rudiment; (3 – 7) E. halterata: (3 – 5) right rudiments of three different specimens; (6 – 7) Left and right rudiments of a single specimen. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169848/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). Furthermore the possession of both wing rudiments and scutellar bristles (s in
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<figureCitation id="135A2A5D313BFFE8336AFECFFBB25508" box="[1065,1135,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[264,367,1206,1230]" captionTargetBox="[444,1188,534,1170]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[398,1188,529,1180]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Ecitophora halterata female, right side of thorax from above (H = head, S = scutellar bristle, W = wing rudiment, A = abdomen). Scale bar 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169847/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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) means that
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B313BFFE83252FECFFEAE5563" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecituncula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halterata">
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<emphasis id="B915EACA313BFFE83252FECFFEAE5563" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">E. halterata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was the only species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B313BFFE835EAFE97FCF55563" box="[681,808,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecituncula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACA313BFFE835EAFE97FCF55563" box="[681,808,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Ecituncula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reported to possess scutellar bristles. It is therefore proposed that it be transferred to
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACA313BFFE8345AFEBFFC7955BB" box="[793,932,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B313BFFE8345AFEBFFC7D55BB" box="[793,928,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecitophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ecitophora</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
so that it should now be called
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B313BFFE8364BFE47FD475590" authority="Borgmeier" authorityName="Borgmeier" box="[264,666,404,430]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecitophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halterata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACA313BFFE8364BFE47FE235593" box="[264,510,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Ecitophora halterata</emphasis>
|
||
(Borgmeier)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1E6650313BFFE8364BFB65FC7D50CE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169847/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" targetBox="[444,1188,534,1170]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36D8313BFFE8364BFB65FC7D50CE" blockId="2.[264,1322,1206,1264]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACA313BFFE8364BFB65FE5650F0" bold="true" box="[264,395,1206,1230]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B313BFFE836D0FB64FDA950F0" box="[403,628,1207,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecitophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halterata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACA313BFFE836D0FB64FDA950F0" box="[403,628,1207,1230]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Ecitophora halterata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female, right side of thorax from above (H = head, S = scutellar bristle, W = wing rudiment, A = abdomen). Scale bar 0.1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36D8313BFFE9367BFA94FCA85648" blockId="2.[264,1324,1351,1897]" lastBlockId="3.[264,1324,284,630]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
This species proves to be somewhat variable. Prior to the above recognition that Borgmeier had misinterpreted the wing rudiment as a haltere,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B313BFFE834A0FABCFBA051B6" box="[995,1149,1391,1416]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecitophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="breviptera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACA313BFFE834A0FABCFBA051B6" box="[995,1149,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">E. breviptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3767648313BFFE83612FA44FE0D518F" box="[337,464,1431,1457]" name="Guatemala" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3767648313BFFE8355FFA44FD75518F" box="[540,680,1431,1457]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and its wing rudiment illustrated (W in
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A2A5D313BFFE8338FFA44FAC4518F" box="[1228,1305,1431,1457]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[264,367,1206,1230]" captionTargetBox="[444,1188,534,1170]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[398,1188,529,1180]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Ecitophora halterata female, right side of thorax from above (H = head, S = scutellar bristle, W = wing rudiment, A = abdomen). Scale bar 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169847/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Subsequently a further series from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3767648313BFFE835E4FA6CFCF451E7" box="[679,809,1471,1497]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
was reported (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B29313BFFE8349BFA6CFB2851E7" author="Disney" box="[984,1269,1471,1497]" pageId="2" pageNumber="54" refString="Disney, R. H. L. & Kistner, D. H. (1998) New species and new records of myrmecophilous Phoridae (Diptera). Sociobiology, 31, 291 - 349." type="journal article" year="1998">Disney & Kistner, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but it was noted that the wing rudiments were a little longer (cf
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A2A5D313BFFE834A3FA34FBA6523F" box="[992,1147,1511,1537]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="3.[264,382,1200,1224]" captionTargetBox="[571,1010,713,1161]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[537,1049,689,1173]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Ecitophora females, wing rudiments: (2) E. collegiana, right rudiment; (3 – 7) E. halterata: (3 – 5) right rudiments of three different specimens; (6 – 7) Left and right rudiments of a single specimen. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169848/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Figs 3 and 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The study of Rettenmeyer’s material has also revealed that only specimens with shorter rudiments were found in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3767648313BFFE83636F9E4FE0F526F" box="[373,466,1591,1617]" name="Panama" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
but mainly specimens with longer rudiments were found in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3767648313BFFE833E1F9E4FAF5526F" box="[1186,1320,1591,1617]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Furthermore a few specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3767648313BFFE835F9F98CFCE15247" box="[698,828,1631,1657]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
had even longer rudiments (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A2A5D313BFFE833DAF98CFB395247" box="[1177,1252,1631,1657]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="3.[264,382,1200,1224]" captionTargetBox="[571,1010,713,1161]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[537,1049,689,1173]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Ecitophora females, wing rudiments: (2) E. collegiana, right rudiment; (3 – 7) E. halterata: (3 – 5) right rudiments of three different specimens; (6 – 7) Left and right rudiments of a single specimen. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169848/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The relative development of abdominal tergites 2–4 also varied, with T3 often represented by hairs only and T4 tending to be less complete in those specimens with shorter wing rudiments; but this correlation was not consistent. Likewise there are small variations in the precise positions of the frontal bristles and their relative strengths. For example the preocellars may be weaker than the mediolateral bristles or these bristles may be subequal. The possibility of a polymorphism in the size of the wing rudiments cannot be ruled out, as such a polymorphism occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B313AFFE93475FECFFB6D5508" authority="Disney (1988)" authorityName="Disney" authorityYear="1988" box="[822,1200,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Metopina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ciceri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACA313AFFE93475FECFFC28550B" box="[822,1013,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Metopina ciceri</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B29313AFFE93343FECFFB6D5508" author="Disney" box="[1024,1200,284,310]" pageId="3" pageNumber="53" refString="Disney, R. H. L. (1988) A remarkable new species of scuttle fly (Diptera: Phoridae) whose larvae infest chickpea root nodules in India. Journal of Natural History, 22, 611 - 616." type="journal article" year="1988">Disney (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Another possibility is that these three states of the wing rudiments represent sibling species. However, one specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3767648313AFFE93534FEBFFD2755B8" box="[631,762,364,390]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
has its right wing rudiment as
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A2A5D313AFFE9333FFEBFFB1955B8" box="[1148,1220,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="3.[264,382,1200,1224]" captionTargetBox="[571,1010,713,1161]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[537,1049,689,1173]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Ecitophora females, wing rudiments: (2) E. collegiana, right rudiment; (3 – 7) E. halterata: (3 – 5) right rudiments of three different specimens; (6 – 7) Left and right rudiments of a single specimen. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169848/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
and left rudiment as
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A2A5D313AFFE936D8FE47FE3E5590" box="[411,483,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="3.[264,382,1200,1224]" captionTargetBox="[571,1010,713,1161]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[537,1049,689,1173]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Ecitophora females, wing rudiments: (2) E. collegiana, right rudiment; (3 – 7) E. halterata: (3 – 5) right rudiments of three different specimens; (6 – 7) Left and right rudiments of a single specimen. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169848/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
. This difference within a single specimen suggests that the variation in the sizes of the wing rudiments represents intraspecific variation. A consequence of opting for this hypothesis is that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B313AFFE935E4FE37FC9B55C3" box="[679,838,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecitophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="breviptera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACA313AFFE935E4FE37FC9B55C3" box="[679,838,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">E. breviptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
becomes a synonym of
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACA313AFFE9333FFE37FAC855C3" box="[1148,1301,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B313AFFE9333FFE37FACC55C3" box="[1148,1297,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecitophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halterata">E. halterata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
I herewith formally propose this synonymy, with the reservation that further data may not support it. The hypothesis could be tested by the use of molecular data on freshly collected material suitably preserved for such an investigation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |