493 lines
61 KiB
XML
493 lines
61 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="79A8F6A9B11FB9888207D1F1CE05C173">Description of a rock-dwelling cichlid that re-invaded the sand substrate in Lake Malaŵi, Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="E0014410C7F5B09EC0107FD29F836743">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="9768F5A39FFE23AD6EDF13F730C80370">Konings, Adrianus F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="04D34A0409DFCD09E7DD12EDC02926BB">Cichlid Press, PO Box 13608, El Paso, TX 79913.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0E3088744889AAA07F8620B95253B7A9">Miller, Torin A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="F2B59791715F711F68F69FD8D2D643AB" type="ORCID">0000-0003-0840-5814</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="337E48634BAF7BE70E95A77BDBD137E1">Penn State University, 432 Forest Resources Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="62D1EC7D4A02AF50E7DF002FFCFE26CE" type="email">tmiller9492@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="6E0557E7A92DC5C9C6694EC9423A7873">Stauffer, Jay R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D28DB1C8974134AAAADFEBB1B9791E1F">Penn State University, 432 Forest Resources Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802. & Honorary Research Associate, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda, RSA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="2FD8408EBA96D3C579C2C870CA8F5BD5">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F2527784E42CF79D46CB5A17C38F91A4">
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<mods:date id="0BBA695616214A193F1BFAE248A82401">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4454865BBE5DFF0B0944BB1912A212FC">2024-01-11</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="C37B6557BF6DFFAB0A8DFBBF4E3869DF" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDE36DCBF6DFFAB0A8DFBBF4D726902" blockId="2.[151,607,1122,1185]" box="[151,607,1122,1149]" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">
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<heading id="D09681B0BF6DFFAB0A8DFBBF4D726902" bold="true" box="[151,607,1122,1149]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0A8DFBBF4D726902" bold="true" box="[151,607,1122,1149]" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6DFFAB0A8DFBBF4EED6903" authority="Konings & Miller & Stauffer, 2024" authorityName="Konings & Miller & Stauffer" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,448,1122,1149]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likomae" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0A8DFBBF4EED6903" bold="true" box="[151,448,1122,1149]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">Pseudotropheus likomae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22657B5BF6DFFAB0BD5FBBE4D726902" box="[463,607,1122,1149]" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDE36DCBF6DFFAB0A8DFB5A4E3869DF" blockId="2.[151,607,1122,1185]" box="[151,277,1159,1185]" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">
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<figureCitation id="135A2A59BF6DFFAB0A8DFB5A4FCE69DF" box="[151,227,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1131,1155]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,379,1108]" captionTargetId="figure-129@3.[177,1411,379,1108]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Pseudotropheus likomae. Holotype, PSU 13452, adult male, 66.3 mm SL, Mbuzi Island, Likoma Island, Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi, Africa (S 12 04.677’, E 34 44.883’), 2 July 1991, J. R. Stauffer Jr." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10518789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10518789/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
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& 3
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37B6557BF6DFFAB0A8DFB164D6A687C" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDE36DCBF6DFFAB0A8DFB164DF5699D" blockId="2.[151,728,1227,1282]" box="[151,728,1227,1251]" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6DFFAB0A8DFB164E9F699D" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[151,434,1227,1251]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">
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<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0A8DFB164E9F699D" box="[151,434,1227,1251]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">Pseudotropheus livingstonii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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‘likoma’
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B2DBF6DFFAB080EFB164DF5699D" author="Ribbink, A. J. & Marsh, B. A. & Marsh, A. C. & Ribbink, A. C. & Sharp, B. J." box="[532,728,1227,1251]" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" pagination="149 - 310" refId="ref4860" refString="Ribbink, A. J., Marsh, B. A., Marsh, A. C. Ribbink, A. C. & Sharp, B. J. (1983) A preliminary survey of the cichlid fishes of rocky habitats in Lake Malawi. South African Journal of Zoology, 18, 149 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02541858.1983.11447831" type="journal article" year="1983">
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Ribbink
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<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0876FB114DB5699D" box="[620,664,1227,1251]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 1983
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</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDE36DCBF6DFFAB0A8DFB374D6A687C" blockId="2.[151,728,1227,1282]" box="[151,583,1258,1282]" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6DFFAB0A8DFB374D6A687C" authority="Konings 1995" authorityName="Konings" authorityYear="1995" box="[151,583,1258,1282]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">
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||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0A8DFB374E9F687C" box="[151,434,1258,1282]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">Pseudotropheus livingstonii</emphasis>
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Konings 1995
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C37B6557BF6DFFAB0A8DFAED4CEE68EC" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BDE36DCBF6DFFAB0A8DFAED4DC46811" blockId="2.[151,1437,1328,2039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">
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<materialsCitation id="3B093C81BF6DFFAB0A8DFAED4DC46811" collectingDate="1991-07-02" collectionCode="R" collectorName="J. R. Stauffer Jr." country="Malawi" county="Africa" latitude="-12.07795" location="Mbuzi Island" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="34.74805" municipality="Likoma Island" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" specimenCode="PSU 13452" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Lake Malawi" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0A8DFAED4E266834" bold="true" box="[151,267,1328,1354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">
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||
<typeStatus id="54DA887EBF6DFFAB0A8DFAED4E2B6834" box="[151,262,1328,1354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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||
</emphasis>
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||
<specimenCode id="DBC79EA7BF6DFFAB0B08FAED4EB86835" box="[274,405,1328,1355]" collectionCode="PSU" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5mg9-yyc1" name="Portland State University, Vertebrate Biology Museum" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" type="Museum">PSU 13452</specimenCode>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D67FD55BF6DFFAB0BBAFAED4D356834" box="[416,536,1328,1354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" type="adult">adult male</specimenCount>
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,
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<quantity id="4C999B39BF6DFFAB0839FAED4DAA6835" box="[547,647,1328,1355]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.63" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" unit="mm" value="66.3">66.3 mm</quantity>
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SL,
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<location id="8EBE6007BF6DFFAB08A6FAED4C7E6834" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C887CABF6DFFAC0A8DFBBF4C776A8A:8EBE6007BF6DFFAB08A6FAED4C7E6834" box="[700,851,1328,1354]" country="Malawi" county="Africa" latitude="-12.07795" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="34.74805" municipality="Likoma Island" name="Mbuzi Island" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" stateProvince="Lake Malawi">Mbuzi Island</location>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BBAACA6BF6DFFAB0944FAED4B2E6834" box="[862,1027,1328,1354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">Likoma Island</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49A5F83EBF6DFFAB0E14FAED4B886834" box="[1038,1189,1328,1354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">Lake Malaŵi</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F376764CBF6DFFAB0EAAFAED4A256834" box="[1200,1288,1328,1354]" name="Malawi" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
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, Africa (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE55501BBF6DFFAB0F70FAED4FDD6810" degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="04.677" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" precision="1" value="-12.07795">S 12 04.677’</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE55501BBF6DFFAB0AE6FA884EBD6810" box="[252,400,1364,1391]" degrees="34" direction="east" minutes="44.883" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" precision="1" value="34.74805">E 34 44.883’</geoCoordinate>
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),
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<date id="FFDF101CBF6DFFAB0BBEFA894D046810" box="[420,553,1364,1390]" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" value="1991-07-02">
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<collectingDate id="EF9BE9F4BF6DFFAB0BBEFA894D046810" box="[420,553,1364,1390]" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" value="1991-07-02">2 July 1991</collectingDate>
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</date>
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||
,
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||
<collectorName id="2694530ABF6DFFAB082FFA884DC46811" box="[565,745,1364,1391]" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">J. R. Stauffer Jr.</collectorName>
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BDE36DCBF6DFFAB0ADDFAA54CEE68EC" blockId="2.[151,1437,1328,2039]" box="[199,963,1400,1427]" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B093C81BF6DFFAB0ADDFAA54C9268EC" box="[199,959,1400,1427]" collectingDate="1991-07-02" collectionCode="PSU" collectorName="Stauffer Jr." country="Malawi" county="Africa" latitude="-12.07795" location="Mbuzi Island" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="34.74805" municipality="Lake" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" specimenCode="PSU 13367" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Likoma" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0ADDFAA54E6B68EC" bold="true" box="[199,326,1400,1426]" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DA887EBF6DFFAB0ADDFAA54E6C68EC" box="[199,321,1400,1426]" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBC79EA7BF6DFFAB0B57FAA54EFD68EC" box="[333,464,1400,1426]" collectionCode="PSU" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5mg9-yyc1" name="Portland State University, Vertebrate Biology Museum" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" type="Museum">PSU 13367</specimenCode>
|
||
, 17,
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||
<quantity id="4C999B39BF6DFFAB081FFAA54D8568ED" box="[517,680,1400,1427]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.56" metricValueMax="7.65" metricValueMin="5.47" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" unit="mm" value="65.6" valueMax="76.5" valueMin="54.7">54.7–76.5 mm</quantity>
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SL, data as for holotype
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C37B6557BF6DFFAB0ADDFA414BF06AF5" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36DCBF6DFFAB0ADDFA414BF06AF5" blockId="2.[151,1437,1328,2039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0ADDFA414E1268C8" bold="true" box="[199,319,1436,1462]" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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The possession of a large number of small scales on the nape and chest region, an abrupt transition from large flank scales to small chest scales, and the possession of true ocelli aligns
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6DFFAB09F0FA1C4B7768A4" authorityName="Konings & Miller & Stauffer" authorityYear="2024" box="[1002,1114,1472,1498]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likomae">
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||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB09F0FA1C4B7768A4" box="[1002,1114,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">P. likomae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with the other mbuna species in Lake
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<collectingCountry id="F376764CBF6DFFAB0AEFFA394E616880" box="[245,332,1508,1534]" name="Malawi" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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. A basic melanin pattern consisting of 5–7 bars (5 or fewer beneath dorsal fin) and two horizontal stripes distinguish adult
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6DFFAB0BB8F9D44D3E6B5C" authorityName="Konings & Miller & Stauffer" authorityYear="2024" box="[418,531,1544,1570]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likomae">
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<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0BB8F9D44D3E6B5C" box="[418,531,1544,1570]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">P. likomae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from all other mbuna species since they either have no bars, have greater than five below the dorsal, or lack the horizontal stripes. Juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6DFFAB0919F9F04C5B6B38" authorityName="Konings & Miller & Stauffer" authorityYear="2024" box="[771,886,1580,1606]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likomae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0919F9F04C5B6B38" box="[771,886,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">P. likomae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which exhibit the horizontal stripes only vaguely or not at all, are distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6DFFAB082EF98D4C8E6B15" authority="Miller et al." authorityName="Miller" box="[564,931,1616,1643]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Metriaclima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ngarae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB082EF98D4C3E6B14" box="[564,787,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">Metriaclima ngarae</emphasis>
|
||
Miller
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0971F98C4CB06B14" box="[875,925,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6DFFAB09AFF98C4BF66B15" authority="Miller et al." authorityName="Miller" box="[949,1243,1616,1643]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Metriaclima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallireyae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB09AFF98C4B676B14" box="[949,1098,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">M. gallireyae</emphasis>
|
||
Miller
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0EB8F98C4BF86B14" box="[1186,1237,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6DFFAB0EF6F98D4E966BF0" authority="Ribbink and Lewis" authorityName="Ribbink and Lewis" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crabro">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0EF6F98D4FCC6BF0" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">Pseudotropheus crabro</emphasis>
|
||
Ribbink and Lewis
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6DFFAB0BDCF9A94C046BF0" authority="(Konings)" baseAuthorityName="Konings" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[454,809,1652,1678]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Chindongo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="demasoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0BDCF9A94D826BF0" box="[454,687,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">Chindongo demasoni</emphasis>
|
||
(Konings)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6DFFAB0978F9A94B656BF0" authority="(Konings)" baseAuthorityName="Konings" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[866,1096,1652,1678]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Chindongo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saulosi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0978F9A94CFD6BF0" box="[866,976,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">C. saulosi</emphasis>
|
||
(Konings)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, mbuna that have five or fewer bars belo
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0AE1F9444E206BCC" box="[251,269,1689,1714]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">w</emphasis>
|
||
the dorsal fin, by a light tan to hyaline dorsal fin vs. a dorsal fin heavily pigmented with black. Juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6DFFAB0F92F9444FC36BA8" authorityName="Konings & Miller & Stauffer" authorityYear="2024" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likomae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0F92F9444FC36BA8" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">P. likomae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that lack the horizontal elements can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6DFFAB0961F9614BC26BA8" authority="(Burgess)" baseAuthorityName="Burgess" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[891,1263,1724,1750]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Metriaclima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lanisticola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0961F9614B516BA8" box="[891,1148,1724,1750]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">Metriaclima lanisticola</emphasis>
|
||
(Burgess)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, another mbuna with five bars below the dorsal, by a shallower body depth (30.4–33.4 %SL vs. 37.0–41.6 %SL).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6DFFAB0EF6F93D4FC36A60" authorityName="Konings & Miller & Stauffer" authorityYear="2024" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likomae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0EF6F93D4FC36A60" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">Pseudotropheus likomae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears most closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6DFFAB0854F8D84DC56A60" authorityName="Konings" authorityYear="1995" box="[590,744,1796,1823]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0854F8D84D726A60" box="[590,607,1797,1822]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0876F8D94DC56A60" box="[620,744,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">livingstonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and like the latter has five or fewer distinct vertical bars below the dorsal fin, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6DFFAB0B7AF8F44EDA6A3C" authorityName="Konings" authorityYear="1995" box="[352,503,1832,1858]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0B7AF8F44EDA6A3C" box="[352,503,1832,1858]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">P. livingstonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not possess at any stage in life horizontal elements in its melanin pattern, while a mid-lateral and a dorso-lateral stripe distinguish mature
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6DFFAB0931F8904C8D6A18" authorityName="Konings & Miller & Stauffer" authorityYear="2024" box="[811,928,1868,1894]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likomae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0931F8904C8D6A18" box="[811,928,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">P. likomae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6DFFAB09F3F8904BAE6A18" authorityName="Konings" authorityYear="1995" box="[1001,1155,1868,1894]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB09F3F8904BAE6A18" box="[1001,1155,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">P. livingstonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other sand-dwelling mbuna. However, juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6DFFAB0BDAF8AC4D1F6AF4" authorityName="Konings & Miller & Stauffer" authorityYear="2024" box="[448,562,1904,1930]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likomae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0BDAF8AC4D1F6AF4" box="[448,562,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">P. likomae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can not reliably be distinguished from juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6DFFAB0E5AF8AC4BFB6AF4" authorityName="Konings" authorityYear="1995" box="[1088,1238,1904,1930]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0E5AF8AC4BFB6AF4" box="[1088,1238,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">P. livingstonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37B6557BF6DFFAA0ADDF8494B286AC8" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="184" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36DCBF6DFFAA0ADDF8494CC66C1C" blockId="2.[151,1437,1328,2039]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,355]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="184" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6DFFAB0ADDF8494E746AD0" bold="true" box="[199,345,1940,1966]" pageId="2" pageNumber="183">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphometric and meristic data in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E30367BF6DFFAB08F7F8494C6C6AD0" box="[749,833,1940,1966]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphological and meristic data for Pseudotropheus likomae from Likoma Island, Lake Malaŵi, PSU 13452; PSU 13367, n=18. Ranges include holotype." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1E6654BF69FFAF0A8DFF4A4D5F6DAD" pageId="2" pageNumber="183" tableUuid="DF1E6654BF69FFAF0A8DFF4A4D5F6DAD">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
. Medium-sized mbuna, ovoid body (mean BD 32.0% SL) with greatest depth between third to fifth dorsal spine. Dorsal body profile with gradual curve downward posteriorly, more pronounced towards posterior of dorsal fin and beginning of caudal peduncle; ventral body profile slightly convex to almost straight between pelvic fins and base of anal fin with upward curve to caudal peduncle mirroring dorsally. Dorsal head profile straight between snout tip and interorbital, rounded with smooth curve between interorbital and dorsal-fin origin; horizontal eye diameter (mean 34.6% HL) greater than preorbital depth (mean 18.3% HL); eye positioned in anterior half of head with posterior orbit margin on or near vertical median of head; short, straight snout with isognathous jaws; teeth in upper jaw in 4–5 rows and 4–5 rows in lower jaw; teeth in outer row bicuspid (some lateral teeth unicuspid), in inner rows tricuspid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1E6654BF6CFFAA0A8DFBB64CCA69D9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10518789" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10518789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10518789/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="184" startId="3.[151,250,1131,1155]" targetBox="[177,1411,379,1108]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36DCBF6CFFAA0A8DFBB64CCA69D9" blockId="3.[151,1437,1131,1192]" pageId="3" pageNumber="184">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6CFFAA0A8DFBB64E3B69FD" bold="true" box="[151,278,1131,1155]" pageId="3" pageNumber="184">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6CFFAA0B05FBB14D3769FA" authorityName="Konings & Miller & Stauffer" authorityYear="2024" box="[287,538,1132,1156]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="184" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likomae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6CFFAA0B05FBB14D3769FA" box="[287,538,1132,1156]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="184">Pseudotropheus likomae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DA887EBF6CFFAA0830FBB14DA669FA" box="[554,651,1132,1156]" pageId="3" pageNumber="184" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, PSU 13452, adult male,
|
||
<quantity id="4C999B39BF6CFFAA0980FBB14CDB69FD" box="[922,1014,1132,1156]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.63" pageId="3" pageNumber="184" unit="mm" value="66.3">66.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
SL, Mbuzi Island,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A5F83EBF6CFFAA0EDFFBB14A3969FA" box="[1221,1300,1132,1156]" country="Malawi" name="Likoma" pageId="3" pageNumber="184">Likoma</collectingRegion>
|
||
Island, Lake
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F376764CBF6CFFAA0A8DFB4D4FCA69D6" box="[151,231,1168,1192]" name="Malawi" pageId="3" pageNumber="184">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F376764CBF6CFFAA0AEBFB4D4E6C69D6" box="[241,321,1168,1192]" name="Malawi" pageId="3" pageNumber="184">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Africa (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE55501BBF6CFFAA0B83FB4D4D3369D6" box="[409,542,1168,1192]" degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="04.677" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="184" precision="1" value="-12.07795">S 12 04.677’</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE55501BBF6CFFAA0832FB4D4D8269D6" box="[552,687,1168,1192]" degrees="34" direction="east" minutes="44.883" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="184" precision="1" value="34.74805">E 34 44.883’</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="FFDF101CBF6CFFAA08DBFB4D4C1469D6" box="[705,825,1168,1192]" pageId="3" pageNumber="184" value="1991-07-02">2 July 1991</date>
|
||
, J. R. Stauffer Jr.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36DCBF6CFFAA0ADDFB0A4B006B62" blockId="3.[151,1437,1239,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="184">
|
||
Dorsal fin with XVII or XVIII (mode XVIII) spines and 8–9 (mode 9) rays. Anal fin with III spines and 7–8 (mode 8) soft rays. First 6 or 7 dorsal-fin spines gradually increasing in length posteriorly with sixth spine about twice as long as first spine; last 12 increasing only slightly in length posteriorly with last spine longest; soft dorsal fin with subacuminate tip, third or fourth ray longest. Anal-fin spines longer posteriorly; fourth or fifth ray longest, length equal to or slightly longer than dorsal fin. Caudal fin subtruncate to emarginate. Pelvic fin reaching to second or third anal-fin spine. Pectoral fin rounded, paddle-shaped, short, to vertical through base of 10th or 11th dorsal-fin spine. Flank scales ctenoid with abrupt change to small scales on breast and belly; 31–33 lateral line scales, cheek with 4–5 rows of small scales. Dorsal fin and anal fin scaleless; tiny scales over proximal ¼ of caudal fin. The angle of the vomer with the parasphenoid of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DA887EBF6CFFAA0869F9DF4DF86B62" box="[627,725,1538,1564]" pageId="3" pageNumber="184" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(PSU 13452) is 67° (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A2A59BF6CFFAA09DCF9DF4B0D6B62" box="[966,1056,1538,1564]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1120,1144]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,275,1096]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[177,1411,275,1096]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. A. CT scan of Pseudotropheus likomae, holotype, PSU 13452, adult male, 66.3 mm SL, Likoma Island, Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi, Africa (S 12 04.677’, E 34 44.883’), 2 July 1991, J. R. Stauffer Jr.; angle of vomer is 67° with parasphenoid. B. A mouthbrooding female of P. likomae at Maingano Island (Likoma, Malawi). C. A male P. likomae at Ndomo Point (Likoma Island).Photographed by Larry Johnson on 11August 2014.D.A male P.likomae at Thumbi West Island (Malawi).Photographed by Juan Miguel Artigas Azas on 4 November 2008." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10494395" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10494395/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="184">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36DCBF6CFFAA0ADDF9FA4EA76A38" blockId="3.[151,1437,1239,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="184">Male coloration: head brown with light blue interorbital bar; cheek white and with blue outline; white opercle with green highlights and dark brown spot; throat white. Flank brown dorsally with six brown bars which fade out on the lower half of the flank; a mid-lateral stripe up to three scales wide where it intersects with a vertical bar to less than one scale wide in between bars; a dorso-lateral stripe between the first and fourth vertical bar with an even thickness of about one scale. Flank, lighter ventrally with blue highlights; breast brown and belly white. Dorsal fin light tan with yellow/orange lappets. Caudal fin membranes light blue. Proximal ¼ of anal fin white and distal ¾ black with white lappets; 1–2 orange ocelli. Pelvic fins with white leading edge; first spine white with black distal ¼. Pectoral fins clear.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36DCBF6CFFAA0ADDF88F4B286AC8" blockId="3.[151,1437,1239,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="184">Female coloration: head brown with light-blue interorbital bar; opercle with green highlights and black spot; throat white. Flank dorsally same as males; very light tan ventrally; breast and belly white; no blue highlights. Juveniles with similar color as females but without horizontal stripes on flank.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37B6557BF6CFFAD0ADDF81F4EC16D85" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="3" pageNumber="184" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36DCBF6CFFAD0ADDF81F4EC16D85" blockId="3.[151,1437,1239,2012]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,150,252]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="3" pageNumber="184">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6CFFAA0ADDF81F4E4C6AA2" bold="true" box="[199,353,1986,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="184">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6CFFAA0B75F81F4DA76AA2" authorityName="Konings & Miller & Stauffer" authorityYear="2024" box="[367,650,1986,2012]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="184" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likomae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6CFFAA0B75F81F4DA76AA2" box="[367,650,1986,2012]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="184">Pseudotropheus likomae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found near
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A5F83EBF6CFFAA095DF81F4CB36AA2" box="[839,926,1986,2012]" country="Malawi" name="Likoma" pageId="3" pageNumber="184">Likoma</collectingRegion>
|
||
Island and its surrounding cluster islands (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE55501BBF6BFFAD0ABAFF4A4E176DCF" box="[160,314,151,177]" degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="04" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" precision="1" seconds="40.6" value="-12.077945">12°04’40.6”S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE55501BBF6BFFAD0B5BFF4B4EF16DCF" box="[321,476,150,177]" degrees="34" direction="east" minutes="44" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" precision="1" seconds="53.0" value="34.748055">34°44’53.0”E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F376764CBF6BFFAD0BE9FF4A4D616DCF" box="[499,588,151,177]" name="Malawi" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The species has not been recorded from Likoma’s sister island, Chizumulu, which is about
|
||
<quantity id="4C999B39BF6BFFAD0B49FF614E8D6DA8" box="[339,416,188,214]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
|
||
west. A transplanted population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6BFFAD094AFF604CE66DA8" authorityName="Konings & Miller & Stauffer" authorityYear="2024" box="[848,971,188,214]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likomae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD094AFF604CE66DA8" box="[848,971,188,214]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">P. likomae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is present around Thumbi Island West (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE55501BBF6BFFAD0ABAFF3C4E176D85" box="[160,314,225,251]" degrees="14" direction="south" minutes="01" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" precision="1" seconds="29.7" value="-14.024917">14°01’29.7”S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE55501BBF6BFFAD0B5BFF3C4EF16D82" box="[321,476,225,252]" degrees="34" direction="east" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" precision="1" seconds="21.5" value="34.82264">34°49’21.5”E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF1E6654BF6BFFAD0A8DFBBD4D8D6876" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10494395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10494395" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10494395/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" startId="4.[151,250,1120,1144]" targetBox="[177,1411,275,1096]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36DCBF6BFFAD0A8DFBBD4D8D6876" blockId="4.[151,1437,1120,1288]" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD0A8DFBBD4E1B6906" bold="true" box="[151,310,1120,1144]" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">FIGURE 3. A.</emphasis>
|
||
CT scan of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6BFFAD0BA6FBBD4D956906" authorityName="Konings & Miller & Stauffer" authorityYear="2024" box="[444,696,1120,1144]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likomae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD0BA6FBBD4D956906" box="[444,696,1120,1144]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">Pseudotropheus likomae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, holotype, PSU 13452, adult male, 66.3 mm SL, Likoma Island, Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi, Africa (S 12 04.677’, E 34 44.883’), 2 July 1991, J. R. Stauffer Jr.; angle of vomer is 67° with parasphenoid.
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD0A8DFB754F8369BE" bold="true" box="[151,174,1192,1216]" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">B.</emphasis>
|
||
A mouthbrooding female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6BFFAD0BCAFB744D1569BE" authorityName="Konings & Miller & Stauffer" authorityYear="2024" box="[464,568,1192,1216]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likomae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD0BCAFB744D1569BE" box="[464,568,1192,1216]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">P. likomae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Maingano Island (Likoma, Malawi).
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD09D3FB754CCF69BE" bold="true" box="[969,994,1192,1216]" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">C.</emphasis>
|
||
A male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6BFFAD0E29FB744BB669BE" authorityName="Konings & Miller & Stauffer" authorityYear="2024" box="[1075,1179,1192,1216]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likomae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD0E29FB744BB669BE" box="[1075,1179,1192,1216]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">P. likomae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Ndomo Point (Likoma Island). Photographed by Larry Johnson on 11 August 2014.
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD08EAFB114C24699A" bold="true" box="[752,777,1228,1252]" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">D.</emphasis>
|
||
A male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6BFFAD094DFB104C93699A" authorityName="Konings & Miller & Stauffer" authorityYear="2024" box="[855,958,1228,1252]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likomae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD094DFB104C93699A" box="[855,958,1228,1252]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">P. likomae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Thumbi West Island (Malawi). Photographed by Juan Miguel Artigas Azas on 4 November 2008.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37B6557BF6BFFAD0ADDFAE94E6C680E" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36DCBF6BFFAD0ADDFAE94E6C680E" blockId="4.[151,1437,1331,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD0ADDFAE94E636830" bold="true" box="[199,334,1332,1358]" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The specific epithet
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6BFFAD0822FAEE4DBC6833" authorityName="Konings & Miller & Stauffer" authorityYear="2024" box="[568,657,1331,1357]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likomae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD0822FAEE4DBC6833" box="[568,657,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">likomae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is derived from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A5F83EBF6BFFAD0953FAEE4C8D6833" box="[841,928,1331,1357]" country="Malawi" name="Likoma" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">Likoma</collectingRegion>
|
||
Island, the locality where the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DA887EBF6BFFAD0EEBFAE94A0C6830" box="[1265,1313,1332,1358]" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens were collected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37B6557BF6BFFAC0ADDFAA44C776A8A" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="186" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36DCBF6BFFAD0ADDFAA44D0A6A07" blockId="4.[151,1437,1331,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD0ADDFAA44E1668ED" bold="true" box="[199,315,1401,1427]" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The morphometric and meristic data of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6BFFAD0902FAA74C9868ED" authorityName="Konings" authorityYear="1995" box="[792,949,1401,1427]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD0902FAA74C9868ED" box="[792,949,1401,1427]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">P. livingstonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Cape Maclear,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F376764CBF6BFFAD0EABFAA44A2A68ED" box="[1201,1287,1401,1427]" name="Malawi" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
|
||
are given in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B2DBF6BFFAD0A8DFA464E5468CB" author="Stauffer Jr., J. R. & Konings, A. F. & Ryan, T. M." box="[151,377,1435,1462]" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" pagination="169 - 178" refId="ref5071" refString="Stauffer Jr., J. R., Konings, A. F. & Ryan, T. M. (2016) Redescription of Pseudotropheus livingstonii and Pseudotropheus elegans from Lake Malawi, Africa. Zootaxa, 4154 (2), 169 - 178. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4154.2.4" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Stauffer
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD0AEDFA414E0A68CB" box="[247,295,1435,1461]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E30367BF6BFFAD0B99FA464EF868C8" box="[387,469,1435,1462]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphological and meristic data for Pseudotropheus likomae from Likoma Island, Lake Malaŵi, PSU 13452; PSU 13367, n=18. Ranges include holotype." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1E6654BF69FFAF0A8DFF4A4D5F6DAD" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" tableUuid="DF1E6654BF69FFAF0A8DFF4A4D5F6DAD">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
, 172–173). There is no overlap of the minimum polygon clusters of the sheared second principal components (SPCA2) of the morphometric data plotted against the first principal components (PC1) of the meristic data for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6BFFAD0B65FA3F4EDE6885" authorityName="Konings & Miller & Stauffer" authorityYear="2024" box="[383,499,1505,1531]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likomae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD0B65FA3F4EDE6885" box="[383,499,1505,1531]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">P. likomae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6BFFAD08EAFA3F4CA46885" authorityName="Konings" authorityYear="1995" box="[752,905,1505,1531]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD08EAFA3F4CA46885" box="[752,905,1505,1531]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">P. livingstonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Cape Maclear (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A2A59BF6BFFAD0E63FA3C4B936885" box="[1145,1214,1505,1531]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1508,1532]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,368,1490]" captionTargetId="figure-128@5.[164,1423,366,1492]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sheared second principal components (morphometric data) plotted against the first principal components (meristic data) of specimens of Pseudotropheus likomae from Likoma Island and surrounding cluster islands (+ red), specimens of P. livingstonii from Cape Maclear (x green), and the holotype of P. livingstonii (o blue)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10494397" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10494397/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The first principal component (size variable) of the morphometric data explained 90% of the observed variance and SPCA2 explained 2.9%. Variables that had the highest loadings on SPCA2 were snout length (-0.52), postorbital head length (0.45), and caudal peduncle length (-0.40). The first principal component of the meristic data explained 40.7% of the variance. Variables with the highest loadings on the first principal components of the meristic data were number of gillrakers on the outer ceratobrancial (0.36), pored scales posterior to the hypural plate (0.36), and number of lateral-line scales (0.35). The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DA887EBF6BFFAD0B8EF96C4EDB6BB5" box="[404,502,1713,1739]" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6BFFAD0800F96F4D996BB5" authorityName="Konings" authorityYear="1995" box="[538,692,1713,1739]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD0800F96F4D996BB5" box="[538,692,1713,1739]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">P. livingstonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fell between the polygons formed by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6BFFAD0E40F96F4BE36BB5" authorityName="Konings & Miller & Stauffer" authorityYear="2024" box="[1114,1230,1713,1739]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likomae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD0E40F96F4BE36BB5" box="[1114,1230,1713,1739]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">P. likomae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6BFFAD0F19F96F4AB16BB5" authorityName="Konings" authorityYear="1995" box="[1283,1436,1713,1739]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD0F19F96F4AB16BB5" box="[1283,1436,1713,1739]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">P. livingstonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected from Cape Maclear. We speculate that this intermediate position occurred because the specimen is a juvenile and the location of the type locality is given as Zambesi River (most likely Shire River, the outflow of Lake
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F376764CBF6BFFAD0ACCF8C44E036A4D" box="[214,302,1817,1843]" name="Malawi" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which flows into the Zambesi). A similar situation was found when the principal components of this
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DA887EBF6BFFAD0A8DF8E64FD46A2B" box="[151,249,1851,1877]" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
were plotted against that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6BFFAD0829F8E14DE16A2B" authorityName="Konings" authorityYear="1995" box="[563,716,1851,1877]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD0829F8E14DE16A2B" box="[563,716,1851,1877]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">P. livingstonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Cape Maclear and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6BFFAD09C5F8E64A4D6A28" authority="Trewavas" authorityName="Trewavas" authorityYear="1935" box="[991,1376,1851,1878]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD09C5F8E64BC26A2B" box="[991,1263,1851,1877]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">Pseudotropheus elegans</emphasis>
|
||
Trewavas
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Chitande (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B2DBF6BFFAD0B11F8834D376A07" author="Stauffer Jr., J. R. & Konings, A. F. & Ryan, T. M." box="[267,538,1886,1913]" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" pagination="169 - 178" refId="ref5071" refString="Stauffer Jr., J. R., Konings, A. F. & Ryan, T. M. (2016) Redescription of Pseudotropheus livingstonii and Pseudotropheus elegans from Lake Malawi, Africa. Zootaxa, 4154 (2), 169 - 178. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4154.2.4" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Stauffer
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD0B77F8824EB36A06" box="[365,414,1886,1912]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016:175
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36DCBF6BFFAC0ADDF85C4C546C1B" blockId="4.[151,1437,1331,2018]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,357]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="186" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD0ADDF85C4E876AE5" bold="true" box="[199,426,1921,1947]" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">Field observations.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6BFFAD0BABF85F4D0A6AE5" authorityName="Konings & Miller & Stauffer" authorityYear="2024" box="[433,551,1921,1947]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likomae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD0BABF85F4D0A6AE5" box="[433,551,1921,1947]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">P. likomae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is common in intermediate and sandy habitats and usually found in water less than
|
||
<quantity id="4C999B39BF6BFFAD0AC8F87E4E226AC0" box="[210,271,1955,1982]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
|
||
deep. Juveniles have been seen inhabiting the shells of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6BFFAD09B9F8794B536AC3" authorityName="Dohrn" authorityYear="1865" box="[931,1150,1956,1981]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ampullariidae" genus="Lanistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nyassanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6BFFAD09B9F8794B536AC3" box="[931,1150,1956,1981]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">Lanistes nyassanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but individuals with the two horizontal stripes in addition to the vertical bars have not been seen associated with empty shells. The latter normally group together in small schools of up to 20 individuals when they feed from the sand or from rocks in their habitat.An individual picks at items on the sand or rock but open mouth combing through the algal matrix on a hard substrate commonly seen in the superficially similar
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6AFFAC0907FF024BB56D87" authority="(Burgess)" baseAuthorityName="Burgess" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[797,1176,223,249]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Metriaclima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lanisticola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6AFFAC0907FF024B096D87" box="[797,1060,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="186">Metriaclima lanisticola</emphasis>
|
||
(Burgess)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been observed.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B2DBF6AFFAC0A8DFEDE4E526C63" author="Ribbink, A. J. & Marsh, B. A. & Marsh, A. C. & Ribbink, A. C. & Sharp, B. J." box="[151,383,259,285]" pageId="5" pageNumber="186" pagination="149 - 310" refId="ref4860" refString="Ribbink, A. J., Marsh, B. A., Marsh, A. C. Ribbink, A. C. & Sharp, B. J. (1983) A preliminary survey of the cichlid fishes of rocky habitats in Lake Malawi. South African Journal of Zoology, 18, 149 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02541858.1983.11447831" type="journal article" year="1983">
|
||
Ribbink
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6AFFAC0AE2FEDE4E056C63" box="[248,296,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="186">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1983)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examined the stomach contents of 13 individuals caught in Khuyu Bay (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A5F83EBF6AFFAC0EBDFEDE4BD36C63" box="[1191,1278,259,285]" country="Malawi" name="Likoma" pageId="5" pageNumber="186">Likoma</collectingRegion>
|
||
Island) which contained on average, 68% benthic invertebrates, 20% blue-green algae, 8% plankton, and 4% green algae. When plankton is plentiful
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6AFFAC0B9AFE964ED96C1B" authorityName="Konings & Miller & Stauffer" authorityYear="2024" box="[384,500,331,357]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likomae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6AFFAC0B9AFE964ED96C1B" box="[384,500,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="186">P. likomae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also feeds from the water column.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1E6654BF6AFFAC0A8DFA394CDB6B3A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10494397" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10494397" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10494397/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="186" startId="5.[151,250,1508,1532]" targetBox="[166,1421,368,1490]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36DCBF6AFFAC0A8DFA394CDB6B3A" blockId="5.[151,1437,1508,1604]" pageId="5" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6AFFAC0A8DFA394E3E6882" bold="true" box="[151,275,1508,1532]" pageId="5" pageNumber="186">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Sheared second principal components (morphometric data) plotted against the first principal components (meristic data) of specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6AFFAC0B65F9D54D576B5E" authorityName="Konings & Miller & Stauffer" authorityYear="2024" box="[383,634,1544,1568]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likomae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6AFFAC0B65F9D54D576B5E" box="[383,634,1544,1568]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="186">Pseudotropheus likomae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Likoma Island and surrounding cluster islands (
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6AFFAC0EB6F9D54B976B5E" bold="true" box="[1196,1210,1544,1568]" pageId="5" pageNumber="186">+</emphasis>
|
||
red), specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6AFFAC0F90F9D44E246B3A" authorityName="Konings" authorityYear="1995" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6AFFAC0F90F9D44E246B3A" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="186">P. livingstonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Cape Maclear (
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6AFFAC0BF9F9F14EDD6B3A" bold="true" box="[483,496,1580,1604]" pageId="5" pageNumber="186">x</emphasis>
|
||
green), and the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6AFFAC0914F9F04CB46B3A" authorityName="Konings" authorityYear="1995" box="[782,921,1580,1604]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6AFFAC0914F9F04CB46B3A" box="[782,921,1580,1604]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="186">P. livingstonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6AFFAC09B2F9F14C986B3A" bold="true" box="[936,949,1580,1604]" pageId="5" pageNumber="186">o</emphasis>
|
||
blue).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36DCBF6AFFAC0ADDF9AF4C886AF6" blockId="5.[151,1437,1650,2037]" pageId="5" pageNumber="186">
|
||
Similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6AFFAC0B5DF9AE4EC86BF2" authorityName="Konings" authorityYear="1995" box="[327,485,1650,1676]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6AFFAC0B5DF9AE4EC86BF2" box="[327,485,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="186">P. livingstonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5FBF6AFFAC0BEDF9AE4D5D6BF2" authorityName="Konings & Miller & Stauffer" authorityYear="2024" box="[503,624,1650,1676]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Pseudotropheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likomae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6AFFAC0BEDF9AE4D5D6BF2" box="[503,624,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="186">P. likomae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to lack feeding territories and is usually found in groups of foraging individuals of various sizes. Spawning has not been observed but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B2DBF6AFFAC09CBF94B4B956BCF" author="Ribbink, A. J. & Marsh, B. A. & Marsh, A. C. & Ribbink, A. C. & Sharp, B. J." box="[977,1208,1686,1713]" pageId="5" pageNumber="186" pagination="149 - 310" refId="ref4860" refString="Ribbink, A. J., Marsh, B. A., Marsh, A. C. Ribbink, A. C. & Sharp, B. J. (1983) A preliminary survey of the cichlid fishes of rocky habitats in Lake Malawi. South African Journal of Zoology, 18, 149 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02541858.1983.11447831" type="journal article" year="1983">
|
||
Ribbink
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EACEBF6AFFAC0E2BF94A4B4C6BCE" box="[1073,1121,1686,1712]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="186">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1983)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
report the following observation: A large group of territorial fish was found in
|
||
<quantity id="4C999B39BF6AFFAC090EF9664C456BAB" box="[788,872,1723,1749]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="186" unit="m" value="8.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="4.0">4–12 m</quantity>
|
||
depth at Ponyemba (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE55501BBF6AFFAC0E4BF9674BC66BAA" box="[1105,1259,1722,1748]" degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="06" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="186" precision="1" seconds="02.3" value="-12.100639">12°06’02.3”S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE55501BBF6AFFAC0EEBF9674AA16BAB" box="[1265,1420,1722,1749]" degrees="34" direction="east" minutes="43" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="186" precision="1" seconds="45.1" value="34.729195">34°43’45.1”E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), where parallel ridges of rock run out towards Masimbwe Islet. The territorial fishes were about
|
||
<quantity id="4C999B39BF6AFFAC0EFDF9024A386B87" box="[1255,1301,1759,1785]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="186" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||
apart, were highly aggressive intraspecifically and their defended areas were usually at the base of the rocks and centered around sand-scrape bowers. Approximately 25% of the territorial fishes defended areas which were entirely on the rocky ridges. Associated with these males were numerous females and non-territorial males which remained
|
||
<quantity id="4C999B39BF6AFFAC0F4CF8964AB16A1B" box="[1366,1436,1867,1893]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="186" unit="m" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 m</quantity>
|
||
above the males in the water column, apparently feeding on plankton.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36DCBF6AFFAC0ADDF84F4C776A8A" blockId="5.[151,1437,1650,2037]" pageId="5" pageNumber="186">
|
||
Mouthbrooding females (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A2A59BF6AFFAC0BFFF84F4D166AD3" box="[485,571,1938,1965]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1120,1144]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,275,1096]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[177,1411,275,1096]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. A. CT scan of Pseudotropheus likomae, holotype, PSU 13452, adult male, 66.3 mm SL, Likoma Island, Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi, Africa (S 12 04.677’, E 34 44.883’), 2 July 1991, J. R. Stauffer Jr.; angle of vomer is 67° with parasphenoid. B. A mouthbrooding female of P. likomae at Maingano Island (Likoma, Malawi). C. A male P. likomae at Ndomo Point (Likoma Island).Photographed by Larry Johnson on 11August 2014.D.A male P.likomae at Thumbi West Island (Malawi).Photographed by Juan Miguel Artigas Azas on 4 November 2008." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10494395" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10494395/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="186">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
) have occasionally been encountered and always were single, finding shelter between some rocks or resting on the sandy substrate. Fry-guarding females have not been seen and likely the fry are set free once they are mature and abandoned by the female.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |