plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/03/C3/87/03C387E8667AFFAFFF68E24A84FFFAEE.xml
maintenance bc2564723d added 03
2024-06-21 12:22:17 +02:00

301 lines
37 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="CEE191DF57846EE7864AA559683ABEA8" ID-CLB-Dataset="55246" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5310.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="95de53d6-ac5c-424e-a3ed-087bc2e2912b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8090240" ID-ZooBank="C6664128-1B4E-40C8-80E8-6D09AB49CB30" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1687949290506" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mah, Christopher L." docDate="2023" docId="03C387E8667AFFAFFF68E24A84FFFAEE" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5310.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5310 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5310.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Asteroidea" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="77" masterDocId="FFFAFF906631FFE3FFFFE7588613FFBB" masterDocTitle="New Genera, Species, and observations on the biology of Antarctic Valvatida (Asteroidea)" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="76" updateTime="1699530808066" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="112E98B6EF925FB98F0148CEC1AA932F" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="AA36BE561709B1B09D8A5E69BCCAA2DF">
<mods:title id="F15B21DE5421B7EDEEDC4CB405AA2E6B">New Genera, Species, and observations on the biology of Antarctic Valvatida (Asteroidea)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="2F08E737E70E579321E8AB89D0F7F6AE" type="personal">
<mods:role id="149F4FFEB1870E4BD1868C015B466EF8">
<mods:roleTerm id="FB2793ADF965D67F63A00B31055DAB4C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="EC1A2F532E996FF89DC089B1B830F668">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="454E76AD82525B649E0BD56F298A9A8F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="2743D1C245597A60DA1A08800692FF66" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="C34D9B4EF3F410E9CF4FBCF7BD9C7E6D">
<mods:title id="0D6B05A28DF5D87222847AE69CFE36E8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="4BBBC4D459B3EFF60741F31740D4B92B">
<mods:date id="7BE17E4B7902B7BFE8C8AE2CD5E598A7">2023</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="8CD02712C78812BD79B155288C2AD344" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="F9C08B8151F81AA280E39D8FAF8E83B9">2023-06-27</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="695E341955FE0F2EF51630A441F0840C" type="volume">
<mods:number id="9259BCB022FE2C493A449A799D947C6C">5310</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="CCF57C4163F21DE49E9E6AC89B6959FB" type="issue">
<mods:number id="67450CFE52EDFBBE86F236D5F4EA504E">1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="0825DD821727128314A318CD1D7457B0" unit="page">
<mods:start id="2B21752F169D42E1718E9E689B5F916D">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="05E57F26548E6A8D5886D5B2FD2E1AB1">88</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="F5DF005E0E791E53E3444C4EE3A79DC9">
<mods:url id="EB2256C9A95BF7A820EC629B3DA260CE">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5310.1.1</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="23CDC08AA950DB5A7A94497FBEE9A7FA">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="F16D33AFDDDBEA59755C5ECACF740147" type="CLB-Dataset">55246</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="30303FF4256F40B3F40A6172ACD17609" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5310.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="8DCE8D732B0E4235B44624203B98AEA0" type="GBIF-Dataset">95de53d6-ac5c-424e-a3ed-087bc2e2912b</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="BC8E4C5B48FFF75D65D3F9C81326CB80" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="34C093024C08E882646E153FA20A1626" type="Zenodo-Dep">8090240</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="359738FB2AA2F859CF367A18E5E2B3AE" type="ZooBank">C6664128-1B4E-40C8-80E8-6D09AB49CB30</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03C387E8667AFFAFFF68E24A84FFFAEE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8092163" ID-GBIF-Taxon="210479640" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8092163" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C387E8667AFFAFFF68E24A84FFFAEE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387E8667AFFAFFF68E24A84FFFAEE" lastPageId="76" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<subSubSection id="C3706575667AFFA8FF68E24A8275FA96" box="[151,1126,1298,1325]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD536FE667AFFA8FF68E24A8275FA96" blockId="75.[151,1437,1298,2009]" box="[151,1126,1298,1325]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<heading id="D09D8192667AFFA8FF68E24A8275FA96" bold="true" box="[151,1126,1298,1325]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667AFFA8FF68E24A8275FA96" bold="true" box="[151,1126,1298,1325]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
Antarctic
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FEF1E24A8780FA97" ID-CoL="86" ID-ENA="7588" baseAuthorityName="Mah &amp; Blake" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[270,403,1298,1324]" class="Asteroidea" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="class">Asteroidea</taxonomicName>
: Morphological trends between deep-sea versus shallow taxa
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3706575667AFFAFFF38E26F84FFFAEE" lastPageId="76" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD536FE667AFFA8FF38E26F8499F9BE" blockId="75.[151,1437,1298,2009]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
Depth has played an important role in the diversification of different groups of deep-sea
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FB16E26F8375FAEA" baseAuthorityName="Mah &amp; Blake" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[1257,1382,1335,1361]" class="Asteroidea" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="class">Asteroidea</taxonomicName>
. For example, the widely occurring Atlantic species
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FD47E2038228FACE" authority="Thomson, 1873" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1873" box="[696,1083,1371,1397]" class="Asteroidea" family="Zoroasteridae" genus="Zoroaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fulgens">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667AFFA8FD47E203856CFACE" box="[696,895,1371,1397]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Zoroaster fulgens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F667AFFA8FC76E2038228FACE" author="Thomson, C. W." box="[905,1083,1371,1397]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refId="ref63814" refString="Thomson, C. W. (1873) The Depth of the Sea. An Account of the General Results of the Dredging Cruises of the H. M. SS. ' Porcupine' and ' Lightning During the Summers of 1868, 1869, and 1870, Under the Scientific Direction of Dr. Carpenter, F. R. S., J. Gwyn Jeffreys, F. R. S. and Dr. Wyville Thomson, F. R. S. Macmillan and Co., London, xxi + 527 pp., pls. I - VIII. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 16330" type="book" year="1873">Thomson, 1873</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was found to display different morphotypes present at different depths (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F667AFFA8FD9CE2278528FA22" author="Howell, K. L. &amp; Rogers, A. D. &amp; Tyler, P. A. &amp; Billett, D. S. M." box="[611,827,1407,1433]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="977 - 984" refId="ref58648" refString="Howell, K. L., Rogers, A. D., Tyler, P. A. &amp; Billett, D. S. M. (2004) Reproductive isolation among morphotypes of the Atlantic sea star species Zoroaster fulgens (Asteroidea: Echinodermata). Marine Biology, 144, 977 - 984. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 003 - 1248 - 8" type="journal article" year="2004">
Howell
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667AFFA8FD41E22784E3FA22" box="[702,752,1407,1433]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F667AFFA8FCB2E22785DFFA22" author="Mah, C." box="[845,972,1407,1433]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="273 - 277" refId="ref60023" refString="Mah, C. (1998) Preliminary phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the Brisingida (Asteroidea: Forcipulatacea). In: Mooi, R. &amp; Telford, M. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 9 th International Echinoderm Conference. Balkema, San Francisco, Califronia, pp. 273 - 277. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7410.2006.00048. x" type="book chapter" year="1998">Mah (1998</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F667AFFA8FC28E2278200FA22" author="Mah, C." box="[983,1043,1407,1433]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="535 - 546" refId="ref60098" refString="Mah, C. (1999) Redescription and taxonomic notes on the South Pacific brisingidan Brisingaster robillardi (Asteroidea) with new ontogenetic and phylogenetic information. Zoosystema 21 (3), 535 - 546" type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F667AFFA8FBD8E227830AFA22" author="Mah, C. L. &amp; Foltz D. W." box="[1063,1305,1407,1433]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="769 - 788" refId="ref60604" refString="Mah, C. L. &amp; Foltz D. W. (2011 b) Molecular Phylogeny of the Valvatacea (Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161, 769 - 788. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00659. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Mah &amp; Foltz (2011b)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F667AFFA8FAAAE2278737FA06" author="Zhang, R. &amp; Wang, C. &amp; Zhou, Y. &amp; Zhang, H." pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="103163" refId="ref64624" refString="Zhang, R., Wang, C., Zhou, Y. &amp; Zhang, H. (2019) Morphology and molecular phylogeny of two new species in genus Freyastera (Asteroidea: Brisingida: Freyellidae), with a revised key to close species and ecological remarks. Deep-Sea Research, Part I, 154, 103163. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr. 2019.103163" type="journal article" year="2019">
Zhang
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667AFFA8FF68E2FB86D9FA06" box="[151,202,1443,1469]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">et al</emphasis>
. (2019)
</bibRefCitation>
have all shown phylogenetic analyses of the
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FCD6E2FB858DFA06" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1928" box="[809,926,1443,1469]" class="Asteroidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Brisingida</taxonomicName>
which have shown stemward, shallow-water clades, including the Antarctic
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FE05E29F84E2FA5A" authority="Fisher, 1940" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[506,753,1479,1505]" class="Asteroidea" family="Brisingidae" genus="Odinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667AFFA8FE05E29F844FFA5A" box="[506,604,1479,1505]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Odinella</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F667AFFA8FD9BE29F84E2FA5A" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[612,753,1479,1505]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher, 1940</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
relative to derived clades, such as the
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FB51E29F833FFA5A" authorityName="Downey" authorityYear="1986" box="[1198,1324,1479,1505]" class="Asteroidea" family="Freyellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Brisingida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Freyellidae</taxonomicName>
that have diversified into bathyal and abyssal habitats.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536FE667AFFA8FF38E15786F6F80E" blockId="75.[151,1437,1298,2009]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
Although data collection on bathymetric distributions of Antarctic asteroid species remains ongoing, some trends are evident. Observations of USAP specimens suggest morphological differentiation with depth appear evident within different groups. Based on genera of the
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FCE2E10F85AAF9CA" baseAuthorityName="Mah &amp; Foltz" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[797,953,1623,1649]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
and the
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FBE1E10F828CF9CA" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[1054,1183,1623,1649]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterinidae</taxonomicName>
documented here and in Mah (2011) there are several aspects of skeletal robustness appear more strongly developed in shallow-water settings versus those which occur in bathyal and abyssal settings. Within the
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FBEFE1C782BDF902" baseAuthorityName="Mah &amp; Foltz" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[1040,1198,1695,1721]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FB44E1C786DCF966" authority="Sladen, 1889" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Chitonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667AFFA8FB44E1C7832CF902" box="[1211,1343,1695,1721]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Chitonaster</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F667AFFA8FAB6E1C786DCF966" author="Sladen, W. P." pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 893" refId="ref63413" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">Sladen, 1889</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FEFCE19B87B3F967" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[259,416,1731,1756]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Notioceramus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667AFFA8FEFCE19B87B3F967" box="[259,416,1731,1756]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Notioceramus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
show more heavily calcified granules, thicker spines and a more heavily developed skeleton compared to deeper-water species. Mah (2011: fig. 3) outlined this for
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FC25E1BF824DF8BA" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[986,1118,1767,1793]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Chitonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667AFFA8FC25E1BF824DF8BA" box="[986,1118,1767,1793]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Chitonaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing that the shallow-water
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FF23E053842EF89E" authority="Mah, 2011" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2011" box="[220,573,1803,1829]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Chitonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="trangae">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667AFFA8FF23E05387ADF89F" box="[220,446,1803,1829]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Chitonaster trangae</emphasis>
Mah, 2011
</taxonomicName>
displayed the presence of papulae, larger abactinal plates, thicker spines, and more heavily calcified granules versus those
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FD67E0778565F8F2" box="[664,886,1839,1865]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667AFFA8FD67E077850FF8F2" box="[664,796,1839,1865]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Chitonaster</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
below
<quantity id="4C929B1B667AFFA8FC34E0778237F8F2" box="[971,1060,1839,1865]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
, which showed smaller abactinal plates, absent papulae and finer spines. Similarly,
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FD2FE00B85F1F8D6" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2011" box="[720,994,1875,1901]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Notioceramus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667AFFA8FD2FE00B85F1F8D6" box="[720,994,1875,1901]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Notioceramus anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows more heavily calcified granules and marginal plates and thicker furrow spines relative to the bathyal/abyssal species of
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FB90E02F831FF82B" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[1135,1292,1911,1936]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Notioceramus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667AFFA8FB90E02F831FF82B" box="[1135,1292,1911,1936]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Notioceramus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
documented herein.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536FE667AFFAFFF38E0E786FBFEFA" blockId="75.[151,1437,1298,2009]" lastBlockId="76.[151,1436,151,465]" lastPageId="76" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
Similarly, for the
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FE6BE0E7840BF862" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[404,536,1983,2009]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterinidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667AFFA8FDD9E0E78502F862" box="[550,785,1983,2009]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667AFFA8FDD9E0E784A6F862" box="[550,693,1983,2009]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Kampylaster</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in shallow settings (&lt;
<quantity id="4C929B1B667AFFA8FBECE0E7827EF862" box="[1043,1133,1983,2009]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
) demonstrate more robust skeletal characters than those present in deeper-water settings.
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFC77E7CF8288FF0B" box="[904,1179,151,177]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="incurvatus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFC77E7CF8288FF0B" box="[904,1179,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Kampylaster incurvatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in shallower habitats display rounder, more strongly developed granules, and more heavily developed skeletal plates than in species from deeper-water settings (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFE31E78784D3FF42" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[462,704,223,249]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="claireae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFE31E78784D3FF42" box="[462,704,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Kampylaster claireae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D5797667DFFAFFD37E7878514FF42" box="[712,775,223,249]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
). Although known from a single specimen, the deep-water
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFF68E65B87D5FEA7" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,454,259,285]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paucispinus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFF68E65B87D5FEA7" box="[151,454,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Paralophaster paucispinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D5797667DFFAFFE31E65B8419FEA6" box="[462,522,259,285]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
shows far fewer spines per paxilla than species of
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFBB7E65B82F9FEA6" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[1096,1258,259,285]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFBB7E65B82F9FEA6" box="[1096,1258,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Paralophaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from shallower depths.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536FE667DFFAFFF38E6138736FE6A" blockId="76.[151,1436,151,465]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
In contrast, several species occur across wide depth distributions but don’t appear to show appreciable morphological differences.
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFE34E63784CDFE32" box="[459,734,367,393]" class="Asteroidea" family="Odontasteridae" genus="Odontaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="meridionalis">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFE34E63784CDFE32" box="[459,734,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Odontaster meridionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was documented from between 0 and
<quantity id="4C929B1B667DFFAFFB71E63782F0FE32" box="[1166,1251,367,393]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.907" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="m" value="2907.0">2907 m</quantity>
as reported here and the astropectinid
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFE77E6CB851BFE16" authority="(Koehler, 1906)" baseAuthorityName="Koehler" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[392,776,403,429]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Psilaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="charcoti">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFE77E6CB845DFE16" box="[392,590,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Psilaster charcoti</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F667DFFAFFDA2E6CB84ECFE16" author="Koehler, R." box="[605,767,403,429]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" refId="ref59203" refString="Koehler, R. (1906) Expedition Antarctique Francaise (1903 - 1905) - Echinodermes (Stellerides, Ophiures et Echinides). Expedition Charcot, 41 pp." type="book" year="1906">Koehler, 1906</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
has been documented from between 30 and
<quantity id="4C929B1B667DFFAFFB03E6CB8342FE16" box="[1276,1361,403,429]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.246" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="m" value="3246.0">3246 m</quantity>
(A.M.
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F667DFFAFFF68E6EF870BFE6A" author="Clark, A. M." box="[151,280,439,465]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="68 - 70" refId="ref56254" refString="Clark, A. M. (1962) Asteroidea. B. A. N. Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929 - 1931, B 9, 68 - 70." type="journal article" year="1962">Clark 1962</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536FE667DFFAFFF68E6A68556FDA3" blockId="76.[151,1437,510,1365]" box="[151,837,510,537]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFF68E6A68556FDA3" bold="true" box="[151,837,510,537]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Gut contents &amp; feeding biology from specimen collections</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536FE667DFFAFFF38E57B8512FCAE" blockId="76.[151,1437,510,1365]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
Specimens reported herein include
<specimenCount id="9D6CFD77667DFFAFFD94E57B8504FD86" box="[619,791,547,573]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
with gut contents which provide further evidence for Antarctic/high-latitude predation by solasterids. Among gut content findings were the first evidence of predation by
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFF44E533874EFD3E" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[187,349,619,645]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFF44E533874EFD3E" box="[187,349,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Paralophaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Three specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFDAFE53385C4FD3E" authority=", USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[592,983,619,645]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFDAFE5338564FD3F" box="[592,887,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Paralophaster antarcticus</emphasis>
, USNM
</taxonomicName>
1136644, 1418098, and CASIZ 174645 showed disarticulated comatulid ossicle remains within the gut cavity. Ossicles in 1136644 were unidentifiable, 1418098 and CASIZ 174645 were fragments of the antedonid crinoid
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFC2DE5EB838BFD76" authority="A. H. Clark, 1937" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1937" box="[978,1432,691,717]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Florometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mawsoni">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFC2DE5EB82D2FD77" box="[978,1217,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Florometra mawsoni</emphasis>
A.H.
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F667DFFAFFAF2E5EB838BFD76" author="Clark, A. H." box="[1293,1432,691,717]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref56094" refString="Clark, A. H. (1937). Crinoidea. S cientific Reports of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911 - 14, under the Leadership of Sir Douglas Mawson, Series C (Zoology and Botany), 8 (4), 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1937">Clark, 1937</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, identified based on the small, fine spinelets on the distal edge of the brachials. A second specimen in USNM 1418098 contained a molt from an amphipod in its gut.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536FE667DFFAFFF38E44787C4FC72" blockId="76.[151,1437,510,1365]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
One specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFE62E447853FFC82" authority=", USNM E" authorityName="USNM E" box="[413,812,799,825]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="godfroyi">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFE62E44784BAFC82" box="[413,681,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Paralophaster godfroyi</emphasis>
, USNM E
</taxonomicName>
41734 showed unidentifiable disarticulated comatulid crinoid ossicles in its gut cavity. No prior record of predation by
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFC74E41B823EFCE6" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[907,1069,835,861]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFC74E41B823EFCE6" box="[907,1069,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Paralophaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be located, but predatory habits appear to be similar to those of
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFDADE43F84D7FC3A" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1878" box="[594,708,871,897]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFDADE43F84D7FC3A" box="[594,708,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Lophaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has been observed feeding on comatulid crinoids (Mah, unpublished data). Predation on other asteroids, especially cannibalistic behavior has never been reported for
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFF68E4F7872AFC72" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,313,943,969]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFF68E4F7872AFC72" box="[151,313,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Paralophaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFEA1E4F787C3FC72" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1878" box="[350,464,943,969]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFEA1E4F787C3FC72" box="[350,464,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Lophaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536FE667DFFAFFF38E48B848FFB8E" blockId="76.[151,1437,510,1365]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
A specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFE95E48B8487FC56" authority=", USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[362,660,979,1005]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stellans">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFE95E48B8424FC56" box="[362,567,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Lophaster stellans</emphasis>
, USNM
</taxonomicName>
1662078 (
<figureCitation id="13512A7B667DFFAFFCF7E48B8578FC56" box="[776,875,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1938,1962]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1914]" captionTargetId="figure-54@72.[151,1436,273,1914]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 24. Solaster regularis USNM 1137343. A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup of abactinal paxillae. C. Lateral view showing marginal paxillae. D. Actinal surface. E. Closeup of adambulacral and furrow spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090302" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090302/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 24C</figureCitation>
) was also observed with gut contents that appear to be disarticulated echinoderm ossicles, apparently composed of paxillae and adambulacral ossicles from a solasterid asteroid, perhaps
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFEA3E34387DDFB8E" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1878" box="[348,462,1051,1077]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFEA3E34387DDFB8E" box="[348,462,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Lophaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFE0CE3438486FB8E" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[499,661,1051,1077]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFE0CE3438486FB8E" box="[499,661,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Paralophaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536FE667DFFAFFF38E367838EFAB6" blockId="76.[151,1437,510,1365]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
One specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFE76E36784BDFBE2" authority=", USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[393,686,1087,1113]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Solaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFE76E3678444FBE2" box="[393,599,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Solaster regularis,</emphasis>
USNM
</taxonomicName>
1137298 (
<figureCitation id="13512A7B667DFFAFFCDCE36785B4FBE2" box="[803,935,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1938,1962]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1914]" captionTargetId="figure-54@72.[151,1436,273,1914]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 24. Solaster regularis USNM 1137343. A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup of abactinal paxillae. C. Lateral view showing marginal paxillae. D. Actinal surface. E. Closeup of adambulacral and furrow spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090302" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090302/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 24A, B</figureCitation>
) from Dawson Island, in the Magellan Strait, at
<quantity id="4C929B1B667DFFAFFF4CE33B86EFFBC6" box="[179,252,1123,1149]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="m" value="5.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="2.0">2–9 m</quantity>
, demonstrates a novel observation of feeding for this species, with what appears to be a partially digested asteriid,
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFF0BE3DF87FEFB1B" baseAuthorityName="Lütken" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[244,493,1159,1185]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Anasterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFF0BE3DF87FEFB1B" box="[244,493,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Anasterias antarcticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the mouth being digested.
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F667DFFAFFCDBE3DF85AAFB1A" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[804,953,1159,1185]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher (1940)</bibRefCitation>
reported remains of the pterasterid
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFACBE3DF86A4FB7E" class="Asteroidea" family="Pterasteridae" genus="Pteraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Velatida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFACBE3DF838FFB1B" box="[1332,1436,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Pteraster</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
from gut contents of an individual of this species collected from the
<collectingCountry id="F37D766E667DFFAFFC53E3F38274FB7E" box="[940,1127,1195,1221]" name="Falkland Islands" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Falkland Islands</collectingCountry>
. No other reports of feeding by
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFF45E3978790FB52" box="[186,387,1231,1257]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Solaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFF45E3978790FB52" box="[186,387,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Solaster regularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be located. Although
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFD42E3978596FB52" box="[701,901,1231,1257]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Solaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFD42E3978596FB52" box="[701,901,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Solaster regularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is poorly understood, other
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFB3FE3978360FB52" box="[1216,1395,1231,1257]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFB3FE397830FFB52" box="[1216,1308,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Solaster</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are known for their predatory behavior, feeding on a range of echinoderms including other sea stars (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F667DFFAFFB13E3AB8383FAB6" author="Jangoux, M." box="[1260,1424,1267,1293]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="155 - 163" refId="ref58791" refString="Jangoux, M. (1982) On Tremaster Verrill 1878, an odd genus of Recent starfish (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). In: Lawrence, J. M. (Ed.), Echinoderms, Proceedings of the International Echinoderm Conference, Tampa Bay 1981. AA Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 155 - 163." type="book chapter" year="1982">Jangoux 1982</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536FE667DFFAFFF38E24F84FFFAEE" blockId="76.[151,1437,510,1365]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
Several specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D667DFFAFFE33E24F84C0FA8A" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[460,723,1303,1329]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="penicillatus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC667DFFAFFE33E24F84C0FA8A" box="[460,723,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Crossaster penicillatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
contained fish vertebrae, various organic debris and sponge spicules, suggesting that they feed in part on detritus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink