331 lines
46 KiB
XML
331 lines
46 KiB
XML
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661DFFCFFF68E4218443FC28" ID-CoL="ZLN8" ID-ENA="2489114" authority="Sladen, 1889" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,592,889,916]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="penicillatus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661DFFCFFF68E4218443FC28" bold="true" box="[151,592,889,916]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661DFFCFFF68E42187B9FC2F" bold="true" box="[151,426,889,916]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Crossaster penicillatus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661DFFCFFE4EE4218443FC28" author="Sladen, W. P." box="[433,592,889,915]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 893" refId="ref63413" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">Sladen, 1889</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE661DFFCFFF68E4C5874BFC03" blockId="44.[151,1437,889,1135]" box="[151,344,925,952]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<figureCitation id="13512A7B661DFFCFFF68E4C5874BFC03" box="[151,344,925,952]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-15@45.[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 14. Crossaster penicillatus USNM 1122950. A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup showing abactinal paxillae. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal-lateral view showing marginal paxillae. E. Actinal intermediate and adambulacral spination. F. Closeup of adambulacral spination showing furrow and subambulacral spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090276/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">FIGURE 14 A–E</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3706575661DFFCFFF68E4E68256FBD4" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="reference_group">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10EF661DFFCFFF68E4E68450FC6D" author="Sladen, W. P." box="[151,579,958,982]" page="446" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" year="1889">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661DFFCFFF68E4E68450FC6D" ID-CoL="ZLN8" authority="Sladen, 1889: 446" authorityName="Sladen" authorityPageNumber="446" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,579,958,982]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="penicillatus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661DFFCFFF68E4E68792FC6D" box="[151,385,958,982]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Crossaster penicillatus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661DFFCFFE77E4E68450FC6D" author="Sladen, W. P." box="[392,579,958,982]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 893" refId="ref63413" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">Sladen, 1889: 446</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 70, 72;
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10EF661DFFCFFD41E4E6856CFC6D" author="Koehler, R." box="[702,895,958,982]" page="141" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" year="1907">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661DFFCFFD41E4E6856CFC6D" author="Koehler, R." box="[702,895,958,982]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="140 - 147" refId="ref59234" refString="Koehler, R. (1907) Asteries et Echinides recueillis dans les mers australes par la Scotia (1902 - 1904). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 32 (6), 140 - 147." type="journal article" year="1907">Koehler 1907: 141</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661DFFCFFC74E4E685D2FC6D" author="Koehler, R." box="[907,961,958,982]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="529 - 649" refId="ref59270" refString="Koehler, R. (1908) Asteries, Ophiures et Echinides de l'Expedition antarctique nationale ecossaise. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 46, 529 - 649. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 008045680000380 X" type="journal article" year="1908">1908</bibRefCitation>
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; H.L.
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10EF661DFFCFFBFEE4E682BAFC6D" author="Clark, H. L." box="[1025,1193,958,982]" page="295" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" year="1923">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661DFFCFFBFEE4E682BAFC6D" author="Clark, H. L." box="[1025,1193,958,982]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="221 - 435" refId="ref56858" refString="Clark, H. L. (1923) The Echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435, 23 pls." type="journal article" year="1923">Clark 1923: 295</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, 1926: 21;
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10EF661DFFCFFAE3E4E686E3FC4E" author="Fisher, W. K." page="180" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" year="1940">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661DFFCFFAE3E4E686E3FC4E" author="Fisher, W. K." pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher 1940: 180</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10EF661DFFCFFF04E48587C5FC4E" author="Mortensen, T." box="[251,470,989,1013]" page="273" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" year="1933">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661DFFCFFF04E48587C5FC4E" author="Mortensen, T." box="[251,470,989,1013]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="215 - 400" refId="ref61886" refString="Mortensen, T. (1933) Echinoderms of South Africa (Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening, 93 (65), 215 - 400." type="journal article" year="1933">Mortensen 1933: 273</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; A.M.
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10EF661DFFCFFDE4E48484D0FC4E" author="Clark, A. M." box="[539,707,988,1013]" page="197" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" year="1952">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661DFFCFFDE4E48484D0FC4E" author="Clark, A. M." box="[539,707,988,1013]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="193 - 221" refId="ref56214" refString="Clark, A. M. (1952) Some echinoderms from South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 33, 193 - 221. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359195109519884" type="journal article" year="1952">Clark 1952: 197</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; A.M.
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10EF661DFFCFFCF8E4848279FC4F" author="Clark, A. M. & Courtman-Stock, J." box="[775,1130,988,1013]" page="86" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" year="1976">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661DFFCFFCF8E4848279FC4F" author="Clark, A. M. & Courtman-Stock, J." box="[775,1130,988,1013]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref56460" refString="Clark, A. M. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp." type="book" year="1976">Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976: 86</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10EF661DFFCFFB8CE484839DFC4F" author="Atkinson, L. J. & Sink, K. J." box="[1139,1422,988,1013]" page="435" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" year="2018">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661DFFCFFB8CE484839DFC4F" author="Atkinson, L. J. & Sink, K. J." box="[1139,1422,988,1013]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref55153" refString="Atkinson, L. J. & Sink, K. J. (2018) Field Guide to the Offshore Marine Invertebrates of South Africa. Malachite Marketing and Media, Pretoria, 498 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.15493 / SAEON. PUB. 10000001" type="book" year="2018">Atkinson & Sink 2018: 435</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE661DFFCFFF68E4A38402FBA8" blockId="44.[151,1437,889,1135]" box="[151,529,1019,1043]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7A11D0661DFFCFFF68E4A38402FBA8" box="[151,529,1019,1043]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10EF661DFFCFFF68E4A3841EFBA8" author="Bell, F. J." box="[151,525,1019,1043]" page="249" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" year="1905">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661DFFCFFF68E4A3841EFBA8" ID-CoL="4Y563" authority="Bell, 1905: 249" authorityName="Bell" authorityPageNumber="249" authorityYear="1905" box="[151,525,1019,1043]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Solaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="penicillatus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661DFFCFFF68E4A38774FBA8" box="[151,359,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Solaster penicillatus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661DFFCFFE92E4A3841EFBA8" author="Bell, F. J." box="[365,525,1019,1043]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="241 - 253" refId="ref55316" refString="Bell, F. J. (1905) On the Echinoderma found off the coast of South Africa. Part II. Asteroidea. Marine Investigations of South Africa, 3, 241 - 253." type="journal article" year="1905">Bell, 1905: 249</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE661DFFCFFF68E34286F0FBEB" blockId="44.[151,1437,889,1135]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7A11D0661DFFCFFF68E34286F0FBEB" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10EF661DFFCFFF68E3428471FB89" author="Clark, H. L." box="[151,610,1050,1074]" page="66" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" year="1916">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661DFFCFFF68E3428471FB89" ID-CoL="ZLN4" authority="H. L. Clark, 1916: 66" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityPageNumber="66" authorityYear="1916" box="[151,610,1050,1074]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="multispinus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661DFFCFFF68E3428792FB89" box="[151,385,1050,1074]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Crossaster multispinus</emphasis>
|
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H.L.
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661DFFCFFE40E3428471FB89" author="Clark, H. L." box="[447,610,1050,1074]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 123" refId="ref56764" refString="Clark, H. L. (1916) Report on the sea-lilies, starfishes, brittle-stars and sea-urchins obtained by the F. I. S. Endeavour on the coasts of Queensland, New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia, and Western Australia. Biological Results of the Fishing experiments carried on by the F. I. S. Endeavour 1909 - 1914, 4 (1), 1 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13854" type="journal article" year="1916">Clark, 1916: 66</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 18; H.L.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10EF661DFFCFFD11E342858BFB89" author="Clark, H. L." box="[750,920,1050,1074]" page="150" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" year="1946">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661DFFCFFD11E342858BFB89" author="Clark, H. L." box="[750,920,1050,1074]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 567" refId="ref56958" refString="Clark, H. L. (1946) The Echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, 566, 1 - 567." type="journal article" year="1946">Clark 1946: 150</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
|
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;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10EF661DFFCFFC5BE34282BEFB89" author="Rowe, F. W. E. & Gates, J." box="[932,1197,1050,1074]" page="113" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" year="1995">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661DFFCFFC5BE34282BEFB89" author="Rowe, F. W. E. & Gates, J." box="[932,1197,1050,1074]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 510" refId="ref63270" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. & Gates, J. (1995) Echinodermata. In: Wells, A. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia 33. CSIRO, Melbourne, pp. 1 - 510." type="book chapter" year="1995">Rowe & Gates 1995: 113</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
|
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;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10EF661DFFCFFB46E3428365FB89" author="O'Hara, T. D." box="[1209,1398,1050,1074]" page="182" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" year="1998">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661DFFCFFB46E3428365FB89" author="O'Hara, T. D." box="[1209,1398,1050,1074]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="167 - 223" refId="ref62101" refString="O'Hara, T. D. (1998) Systematics and Biology of Macquarie Island Echinoderms. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 57 (2), 167 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 1999.57.09" type="journal article" year="1998">O’Hara 1998: 182</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
|
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, pl.
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6CFD77661DFFCFFF38E36086F0FBEB" box="[199,227,1080,1104]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="generic">1f.</specimenCount>
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|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE661DFFCFFF68E3008256FBD4" blockId="44.[151,1437,889,1135]" box="[151,1093,1111,1135]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7A11D0661DFFCFFF68E3008256FBD4" box="[151,1093,1111,1135]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10EF661DFFCFFF68E3008411FBD4" author="Fell, H. B." box="[151,514,1111,1135]" page="17" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" year="1958">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661DFFCFFF68E3008411FBD4" ID-CoL="ZLN2" authority="Fell, 1958: 17" authorityName="Fell" authorityPageNumber="17" authorityYear="1958" box="[151,514,1111,1135]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661DFFCFFF68E300877EFBD4" box="[151,365,1112,1135]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Crossaster japonicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661DFFCFFE8CE30F8411FBD4" author="Fell, H. B." box="[371,514,1111,1135]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref57602" refString="Fell, H. B. (1958) Deep-sea echinoderms of New Zealand. Zoology Publications from Victoria University of Wellington, 24, 1 - 40, 5 pls." type="journal article" year="1958">Fell, 1958: 17</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 2; 1960: 64;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10EF661DFFCFFD50E30F8590FBD4" author="McKnight, D. G." box="[687,899,1111,1135]" page="193" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" year="1993">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661DFFCFFD50E30F8590FBD4" author="McKnight, D. G." box="[687,899,1111,1135]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="191 - 200" refId="ref61379" refString="McKnight, D. G. (1993) Records of echinoderms (excluding holothurians) from the Chatham Islands. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 20, 191 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1993.10422859" type="journal article" year="1993">McKnight 1993: 193</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(non
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661DFFCFFC41E30F822AFBD4" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[958,1081,1111,1135]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 420" refId="ref57712" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1911) Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. 1. Phanerozonia and Spinulosida. Bulletin of the US National Museum, 76 (xiii), 1 - 420. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.76. i" type="journal article" year="1911">Fisher 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3706575661DFFCFFF68E3C585A8F930" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE661DFFCFFF68E3C58719FB0C" blockId="44.[151,1437,1181,1676]" box="[151,266,1181,1207]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661DFFCFFF68E3C58719FB0C" bold="true" box="[151,266,1181,1207]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE661DFFCFFF38E39A8361F9DC" blockId="44.[151,1437,1181,1676]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
Arms 9–12, gradually tapering. Body stellate, R/r=2.0–3.3. Interradial arcs acute (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B661DFFCFFB96E39982C0FB60" box="[1129,1235,1217,1243]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-15@45.[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 14. Crossaster penicillatus USNM 1122950. A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup showing abactinal paxillae. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal-lateral view showing marginal paxillae. E. Actinal intermediate and adambulacral spination. F. Closeup of adambulacral spination showing furrow and subambulacral spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090276/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Abactinal plates forming open reticulate mesh on disk and arms with skin present between lobate plates. Individual small plates present in skin filled regions (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B661DFFCFFE12E2518464FA98" box="[493,631,1289,1315]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-15@45.[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 14. Crossaster penicillatus USNM 1122950. A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup showing abactinal paxillae. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal-lateral view showing marginal paxillae. E. Actinal intermediate and adambulacral spination. F. Closeup of adambulacral spination showing furrow and subambulacral spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090276/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 14A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Abactinal paxillae with pointed spinelets, 4–15, each bearing hyaline tips. Central spinelets most elongate flanked by shorter similar spines. Marginal plates, approximately 15–18 per side (30–36 per interradius) at R>3.0, with smaller individuals (R=1.0–1.5) with 10–12 per side (20–24 per interradius). Marginal series apparently composed of inferomarginal plates, each series composed of a single, large paxillae each bearing spinelets, 10–30, mostly 10–20 (
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B1B661DFFCFFDA5E2C18480FA08" box="[602,659,1433,1459]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" unit="in" value="30.0">30 in</quantity>
|
||
relatively large individuals, R=5.2) widely spaced (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B661DFFCFFB2EE2C1832AFA08" box="[1233,1337,1433,1459]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-15@45.[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 14. Crossaster penicillatus USNM 1122950. A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup showing abactinal paxillae. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal-lateral view showing marginal paxillae. E. Actinal intermediate and adambulacral spination. F. Closeup of adambulacral spination showing furrow and subambulacral spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090276/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 14D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Actinal intermediate region minimal, reticulate plates with skin forming open mesh. Actinal plates with 2–4 spinelets (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B661DFFCFFA90E2E586D5FA40" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-15@45.[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 14. Crossaster penicillatus USNM 1122950. A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup showing abactinal paxillae. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal-lateral view showing marginal paxillae. E. Actinal intermediate and adambulacral spination. F. Closeup of adambulacral spination showing furrow and subambulacral spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090276/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 14F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Furrow spines 1–5, mostly 4 or 5 decreasing distally, basally webbed. Subambulacral spines 5–8, mostly 7 or 8 proximally decreasing in number to distal arm region, arranged in transverse series (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B661DFFCFFBACE15D82C0F9A4" box="[1107,1235,1541,1567]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1941,1965]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-15@45.[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 14. Crossaster penicillatus USNM 1122950. A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup showing abactinal paxillae. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal-lateral view showing marginal paxillae. E. Actinal intermediate and adambulacral spination. F. Closeup of adambulacral spination showing furrow and subambulacral spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090276/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 14E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
), each sitting on a curved convexity or crest of the adambulacral plate. Oral plate with 9–10 furrow spines with 3 spines projecting into the mouth, most elongate. Oral plates with distinct ridge, each oral plate surface bearing 2 to 4 elongate spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE661DFFCFFF38E12985A8F930" blockId="44.[151,1437,1181,1676]" box="[199,955,1649,1676]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Color in life, dark pink to orange, sometimes with white highlights.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3706575661DFFCDFF68E1E187E6FC1E" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE661DFFCFFF68E1E1870BF968" blockId="44.[151,1436,1721,1963]" box="[151,280,1721,1747]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661DFFCFFF68E1E1870BF968" bold="true" box="[151,280,1721,1747]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Comments</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE661DFFCFFF38E1858241F8D8" blockId="44.[151,1436,1721,1963]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
Specimens recorded here are the first records of this species from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D766E661DFFCFFC38E1868273F94C" box="[967,1120,1757,1784]" name="New Zealand" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
waters. As indicated in the diagnosis, these individuals had widely spaced slender paxillae with 4–15 spines, 3–5 furrow spines, and 6–8 elongate subambulacral spines in a transverse array. These specimens were consistent with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661DFFCFFBDFE07D82DCF884" author="Sladen, W. P." box="[1056,1231,1829,1855]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 893" refId="ref63413" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">Sladen’s (1889)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
description of this species, varying in having greater arm number (n=10–12 versus
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B1B661DFFCFFC96E0118587F8D8" box="[873,916,1865,1891]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" unit="in" value="9.0">9 in</quantity>
|
||
the description).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE661DFFCFFF38E03587A2F810" blockId="44.[151,1436,1721,1963]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Gut contents of specimens examined included fish vertebrae, sponge spicules and indeterminate organic debris, but possibly squid tissue.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF156676661CFFCEFF68E0CD854BF84E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090276" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8090276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090276/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" startId="45.[151,250,1941,1965]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1917]" targetPageId="45" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE661CFFCEFF68E0CD854BF84E" blockId="45.[151,1437,1940,2037]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661CFFCEFF68E0CD870CF816" bold="true" box="[151,287,1941,1965]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661CFFCEFEDAE0CD8473F816" authority="USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[293,608,1940,1965]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="penicillatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661CFFCEFEDAE0CD8402F817" bold="true" box="[293,529,1940,1965]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Crossaster penicillatus</emphasis>
|
||
USNM
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
1122950.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661CFFCEFD36E0CD84F1F816" bold="true" box="[713,738,1941,1965]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Abactinal surface.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661CFFCEFC5AE0CD85AFF816" bold="true" box="[933,956,1941,1965]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Closeup showing abactinal paxillae.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661CFFCEFACCE0CD835FF816" bold="true" box="[1331,1356,1941,1965]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Actinal surface.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661CFFCEFF11E0E18714F86A" bold="true" box="[238,263,1977,2001]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">D.</emphasis>
|
||
Abactinal-lateral view showing marginal paxillae.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661CFFCEFCECE0E18539F86A" bold="true" box="[787,810,1977,2001]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">E.</emphasis>
|
||
Actinal intermediate and adambulacral spination.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661CFFCEFAD0E0E18351F86A" bold="true" box="[1327,1346,1977,2001]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">F.</emphasis>
|
||
Closeup of adambulacral spination showing furrow and subambulacral spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE661FFFCDFF68E7CE8451FF0A" blockId="46.[151,1437,150,933]" box="[151,578,150,177]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661FFFCDFF68E7CE8451FF0A" bold="true" box="[151,578,150,177]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661FFFCDFEC4E7CF8451FF0A" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1916" box="[315,578,150,177]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="multispinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661FFFCDFEC4E7CF8451FF0A" bold="true" box="[315,578,150,177]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Crossaster multispinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE661FFFCDFF38E7E3824AFEA6" blockId="46.[151,1437,150,933]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Based on USNM specimens and comparisons of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D1885C661FFFCDFCF2E7E3852EFF6E" box="[781,829,187,213]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen descriptions,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661FFFCDFBA7E7E38708FF42" authority="H. L. Clark, 1916" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1916" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="multispinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661FFFCDFBA7E7E3834EFF6E" box="[1112,1373,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Crossaster multispinus</emphasis>
|
||
H.L.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661FFFCDFF68E7878708FF42" author="Clark, H. L." box="[151,283,223,249]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 123" refId="ref56764" refString="Clark, H. L. (1916) Report on the sea-lilies, starfishes, brittle-stars and sea-urchins obtained by the F. I. S. Endeavour on the coasts of Queensland, New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia, and Western Australia. Biological Results of the Fishing experiments carried on by the F. I. S. Endeavour 1909 - 1914, 4 (1), 1 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13854" type="journal article" year="1916">Clark, 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661FFFCDFDA8E78785E0FF42" authority="Sladen, 1889" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[599,1011,223,249]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="penicillatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661FFFCDFDA8E787854BFF42" box="[599,856,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Crossaster penicillatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661FFFCDFCA1E78785E0FF42" author="Sladen, W. P." box="[862,1011,223,249]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 893" refId="ref63413" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">Sladen, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, together forming a widely distributed species occurring from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49AEF81C661FFFCDFE61E65B841AFEA6" box="[414,521,259,285]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49AEF81C661FFFCDFDBFE65B8514FEA6" box="[576,775,259,285]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
|
||
to the southern Indian Ocean.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE661FFFCDFF38E67F85A2FC82" blockId="46.[151,1437,150,933]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661FFFCDFF38E67F877DFEFA" author="O'Hara, T. D." box="[199,366,295,321]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="167 - 223" refId="ref62101" refString="O'Hara, T. D. (1998) Systematics and Biology of Macquarie Island Echinoderms. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 57 (2), 167 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 1999.57.09" type="journal article" year="1998">O’Hara (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661FFFCDFE22E67F84CCFEFA" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1916" box="[477,735,295,321]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="multispinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661FFFCDFE22E67F84CCFEFA" box="[477,735,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Crossaster multispinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D766E661FFFCDFCD9E67F85F8FEFA" box="[806,1003,295,321]" name="Australia" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Macquarie Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
with 15 long, sharp abactinal paxillar spinelets, 5 to 6 furrow spines and 7 subambulacral spines, at R=2.3, which is consistent with H.L.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661FFFCDFB06E613838FFEDE" author="Clark, H. L." box="[1273,1436,331,357]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 123" refId="ref56764" refString="Clark, H. L. (1916) Report on the sea-lilies, starfishes, brittle-stars and sea-urchins obtained by the F. I. S. Endeavour on the coasts of Queensland, New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia, and Western Australia. Biological Results of the Fishing experiments carried on by the F. I. S. Endeavour 1909 - 1914, 4 (1), 1 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13854" type="journal article" year="1916">Clark’s (1916)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
original account for this species (with
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D1885C661FFFCDFDC1E637847DFE32" box="[574,622,367,393]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">type</typeStatus>
|
||
R=4.0 cm) which indicated 8–15 long slender spines on each paxillae, 5– 8 furrow spines (7–8 proximally, 5–6 distally) and 7 to 9 subambulacral spines.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661FFFCDFBEAE6CB82DEFE16" author="O'Hara, T. D." box="[1045,1229,403,429]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="167 - 223" refId="ref62101" refString="O'Hara, T. D. (1998) Systematics and Biology of Macquarie Island Echinoderms. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 57 (2), 167 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 1999.57.09" type="journal article" year="1998">O’Hara’s (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
specimen differed in having 30 spines on the inferomarginal paxillae versus 12 to 15 on Sladen’s
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D1885C661FFFCDFBDBE6EF824BFE6A" box="[1060,1112,439,465]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">type</typeStatus>
|
||
. USNM 1122950 from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D766E661FFFCDFA98E6EF86E2FE4E" name="New Zealand" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(R=5.2) displays inferomarginal paxillae with variably 10–30 spines suggesting there is some variation for this character.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661FFFCDFE9DE6A7845FFDA2" author="Sladen, W. P." box="[354,588,511,537]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 893" refId="ref63413" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">Sladen’s (1889: 446)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661FFFCDFD0AE6A785E4FDA2" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[757,1015,511,537]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="penicillatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661FFFCDFD0AE6A785E4FDA2" box="[757,1015,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Crossaster penicillatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
indicates abactinal paxillae with “ten or more” spinelets, 4 to 5 furrow spines and 7 to 8 subambulacral spines for an individual with R=
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B1B661FFFCDFB01E57B838AFD86" box="[1278,1433,547,573]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="3.4" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="cm" value="3.5" valueMax="3.6" valueMin="3.4">3.4 to 3.6 cm</quantity>
|
||
. USNM 1122950 from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D766E661FFFCDFE6BE51F8439FDDA" box="[404,554,583,609]" name="New Zealand" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(R=5.2) identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661FFFCDFCDEE51F8230FDDA" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[801,1059,583,609]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="penicillatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661FFFCDFCDEE51F8230FDDA" box="[801,1059,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Crossaster penicillatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
displays 3 to 5 furrow spines and 7 to 8 subambulacral spines.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661FFFCDFE1DE5338492FD3E" author="Sladen, W. P." box="[482,641,619,645]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 893" refId="ref63413" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">Sladen (1889)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not count the total number of marginal paxillae in description but a count of this character from his plate (LXX: fig. 5) suggests approximately 15–18 per arm side, compared to 16 on H.L. Clark’s description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661FFFCDFE04E5EB84EDFD76" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1916" box="[507,766,691,717]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="multispinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661FFFCDFE04E5EB84EDFD76" box="[507,766,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Crossaster multispinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The furrow spine count and the number of spines on the surface of each oral plate of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661FFFCDFE2CE58F8467FD4A" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1916" box="[467,628,727,753]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="multispinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661FFFCDFE2CE58F8467FD4A" box="[467,628,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">C. multispinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is 14 and 8–10 respectively versus 9 and 7–8, respectively in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661FFFCDFADBE58F8709FCAE" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="penicillatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661FFFCDFADBE58F8709FCAE" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Crossaster penicillatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. H.L. Clark’s
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D1885C661FFFCDFE40E5A387FCFCAE" box="[447,495,763,789]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661FFFCDFDE8E5A384A8FCAE" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1916" box="[535,699,763,789]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="multispinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661FFFCDFDE8E5A384A8FCAE" box="[535,699,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">C. multispinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was larger (R=4.0) than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661FFFCDFBD2E5A382D6FCAE" authorityName="H.L.Clark" authorityYear="1916" box="[1069,1221,763,789]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="multispinu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661FFFCDFBD2E5A382D6FCAE" box="[1069,1221,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">C. multispinu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
s (R=3.4–3.6), it is argued that these minor differences are explained as being size-related.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE661FFFCDFF38E41B87E6FC1E" blockId="46.[151,1437,150,933]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
H.L.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661FFFCDFEFEE41B87B0FCE6" author="Clark, H. L." box="[257,419,835,861]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 123" refId="ref56764" refString="Clark, H. L. (1916) Report on the sea-lilies, starfishes, brittle-stars and sea-urchins obtained by the F. I. S. Endeavour on the coasts of Queensland, New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia, and Western Australia. Biological Results of the Fishing experiments carried on by the F. I. S. Endeavour 1909 - 1914, 4 (1), 1 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13854" type="journal article" year="1916">Clark’s (1916)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661FFFCDFD58E41B855BFCE6" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1916" box="[679,840,835,861]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="multispinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661FFFCDFD58E41B855BFCE6" box="[679,840,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">C. multispinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
compared this species with the Northern Hemisphere
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661FFFCDFF68E43F8791FC3B" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[151,386,871,897]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="papposus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661FFFCDFF68E43F8791FC3B" box="[151,386,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Crossaster papposus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F661FFFCDFE6EE43F8444FC3A" author="McKnight, D. G." box="[401,599,871,897]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 187" refId="ref61422" refString="McKnight, D. G. (2006) The marine fauna of New Zealand, Echinodermata: Asteroidea (Sea- stars). 3. Orders Velatida, Spinulosida, Forcipulatida, Brisingida with addenda to Paxillosida, Valvatida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 120, 1 - 187." type="journal article" year="2006">McKnight (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
briefly compared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661FFFCDFCD7E43F85D3FC3A" authorityName="H.L.Clark" authorityYear="1916" box="[808,960,871,897]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="multispinu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661FFFCDFCD7E43F85D3FC3A" box="[808,960,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">C. multispinu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
s with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661FFFCDFBF1E43F82A0FC3A" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[1038,1203,871,897]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="penicillatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661FFFCDFBF1E43F82A0FC3A" box="[1038,1203,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">C. penicillatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but misidentified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D661FFFCDFA7CE43F870BFC1E" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1916" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Crossaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="multispinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC661FFFCDFA7CE43F870BFC1E" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">C. multispinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as outlined herein.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |