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<document id="2612097DA7EF6FBDCB11FEA9770524D8" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00765.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5406354" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630345953749" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Calede, Jonathan J. M. &amp; Hopkins, Samantha S. B." docDate="2012" docId="03C387A82825FFD1EF0F4E026D68FA37" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2011.00765.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 164 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00765.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37.3:ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleId="FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Hesperogaulus wilsoni" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="444" masterDocId="FFFAFFD02835FFC0EC654B40691DFFAA" masterDocTitle="Intraspecific versus interspecific variation in Miocene Great Basin mylagaulids: implications for systematics and evolutionary history" masterLastPageNumber="450" masterPageNumber="427" pageNumber="443" updateTime="1699237529908" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="5409DC729C1084706995528CE4537B82">Intraspecific versus interspecific variation in Miocene Great Basin mylagaulids: implications for systematics and evolutionary history</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4A87C7186B9B71BEEADA350A7B52D43F">Calede, Jonathan J. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BE1BBA34C4AA4BA508AD76CA38473F46">Hopkins, Samantha S. B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="8A96A2A61B3F1AB3277640256004E67F">2012</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03C387A82825FFD1EF0F4E026D68FA37" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C387A82825FFD1EF0F4E026D68FA37" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387A82825FFD1EF0F4E026D68FA37" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="444" pageId="16" pageNumber="443">
<subSubSection id="C37065352825FFD0EF0F4E026C54FAFD" box="[874,1353,1345,1367]" pageId="16" pageNumber="443" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD536BE2825FFD0EF0F4E026C54FAFD" blockId="16.[874,1353,1345,1367]" box="[874,1353,1345,1367]" pageId="16" pageNumber="443">
<heading id="D09D81D22825FFD0EF0F4E026C54FAFD" box="[874,1353,1345,1367]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="443" reason="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2825FFD0EF0F4E026D88FAFF" baseAuthorityName="Korth" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[874,1173,1346,1367]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wilsoni">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2825FFD0EF0F4E026D88FAFF" box="[874,1173,1346,1367]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="443">HESPEROGAULUS WILSONI</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2825FFD0E8C24E016C5CFAFD" author="Korth WW" box="[1191,1345,1345,1367]" pageId="16" pageNumber="443" pagination="945 - 951" refId="ref16612" refString="Korth WW. 1999. Hesperogaulus, a new genus of mylagaulid rodent (Mammalia) from the Miocene (Barstovian to Hemphillian) of the Great Basin. Journal of Paleontology 73: 945 - 951." type="journal article" year="1999">KORTH, 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37065352825FFD1E8784E286D68FA37" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="444" pageId="16" pageNumber="443" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD536BE2825FFD0E8784E286D8BFAD7" blockId="16.[1053,1174,1384,1405]" box="[1053,1174,1384,1405]" pageId="16" pageNumber="443">
<figureCitation id="13512A3B2825FFD0E8784E286D8BFAD7" box="[1053,1174,1384,1405]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="16.[806,885,994,1013]" captionTargetBox="[846,1384,196,961]" captionTargetId="figure-566@16.[842,1386,195,964]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 12. Occlusal morphology of the fourth premolars of Hesperogaulus wilsoni. Numbers refer to wear stages described in the text. Anterior is to the left of the figure. A, UOMNH F-10347, left p4 (mirrored); B, UOMNH F-10348, right p4; C, UOMNH F-10349, right P4. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406380" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406380/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="443">FIGURE 12</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536BE2825FFD0EF434ECE6D09FA4A" blockId="16.[806,1421,1422,1505]" pageId="16" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2825FFD0EF434ECE6ABEFA09" box="[806,931,1422,1443]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="443">Synonymy:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2825FFD0EFD64ECE6C95FA09" authority="Wilson, 1937" authorityName="Wilson" authorityYear="1937" box="[947,1416,1422,1444]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Mylagaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monodon">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2825FFD0EFD64ECE6D24FA09" box="[947,1081,1422,1443]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="443">Mylagaulus</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2825FFD0E8164ECE6DC6FA09" box="[1139,1243,1422,1443]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="443">monodon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2825FFD0E88E4ECE6C95FA09" author="Wilson RW" box="[1259,1416,1422,1444]" pageId="16" pageNumber="443" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17347" refString="Wilson RW. 1937. New middle Pliocene rodent and lagomorph faunas from Oregon and California. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 487: 1 - 19, plates 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1937">Wilson, 1937</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2825FFD0EF434EED6DD8FA69" box="[806,1221,1453,1475]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Mylagaulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2825FFD0EF434EED6AB1FA68" box="[806,940,1453,1474]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="443">Mylagaulus</emphasis>
sp.
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2825FFD0E8604EED6DD8FA69" author="Shotwell JA" box="[1029,1221,1453,1475]" pageId="16" pageNumber="443" pagination="451 - 484" refId="ref17057" refString="Shotwell JA. 1958. Evolution and biogeography of the aplodontid and mylagaulid rodents. Evolution 12: 451 - 484." type="journal article" year="1958">Shotwell, 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2825FFD0E8834EED6D0DFA4A" authority="Korth, 1999" authorityName=", Korth" authorityYear="1999" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wilsoni">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2825FFD0E8834EED6A65FA4A" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="443">Hesperogaulus wilsoni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2825FFD0EFE74E8B6D0DFA4A" author="Korth WW" box="[898,1040,1483,1505]" pageId="16" pageNumber="443" pagination="945 - 951" refId="ref16612" refString="Korth WW. 1999. Hesperogaulus, a new genus of mylagaulid rodent (Mammalia) from the Miocene (Barstovian to Hemphillian) of the Great Basin. Journal of Paleontology 73: 945 - 951." type="journal article" year="1999">Korth, 1999</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536BE2825FFD0EF434D586D0CF9C0" blockId="16.[806,1422,1559,1643]" pageId="16" pageNumber="443">
<materialsCitation id="3B023CE32825FFD0EF434D586D10F9C0" collectionCode="LACM" location="Rome Fauna" pageId="16" pageNumber="443" specimenCode="LACM 142506" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Oregon" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2825FFD0EF434D586AC8F987" box="[806,981,1560,1581]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="443">
<typeStatus id="54D1881C2825FFD0EF434D586A47F987" box="[806,858,1560,1581]" pageId="16" pageNumber="443">Type</typeStatus>
specimen:
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="DBCC9EC52825FFD0EF864D586D8DF987" box="[995,1168,1559,1581]" collectionCode="LACM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="16" pageNumber="443" type="Museum">LACM 142506</specimenCode>
, complete skull with incisors and right P4 from
<location id="8EB560652825FFD0E8194D776C09F9E6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C387A82825FFD1EF0F4E026D68FA37:8EB560652825FFD0E8194D776C09F9E6" box="[1148,1300,1591,1612]" name="Rome Fauna" pageId="16" pageNumber="443" stateProvince="Oregon">Rome Fauna</location>
(Drewsey Formation),
<collectingRegion id="49AEF85C2825FFD0EFD24D156D10F9C0" box="[951,1037,1621,1642]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="16" pageNumber="443">Oregon</collectingRegion>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536BE2825FFD0EF434DE16ADFF8C4" blockId="16.[806,1422,1697,1902]" pageId="16" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2825FFD0EF434DE16AE6F91C" box="[806,1019,1697,1718]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="443">Referred material:</emphasis>
From Drewsey Formation (Rome Fauna) by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2825FFD0EFC14D806D24F97C" author="Korth WW" box="[932,1081,1728,1750]" pageId="16" pageNumber="443" pagination="945 - 951" refId="ref16612" refString="Korth WW. 1999. Hesperogaulus, a new genus of mylagaulid rodent (Mammalia) from the Miocene (Barstovian to Hemphillian) of the Great Basin. Journal of Paleontology 73: 945 - 951." type="journal article" year="1999">Korth (1999)</bibRefCitation>
: LACM 142507, skull; LACM (CIT) 1952, LACM (CIT) 1953, LACM (CIT) 1955, P4s; LACM (CIT) 1954, LACM (CIT) 1956–1958, lower dentitions. From McKay Formation (UO 2222): UOMNH F-10349, P4; UOMNH F-10347, UOMNH F-10348, p4s.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1566362824FFD1ECC14B866D12FEBF" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" startId="17.[164,228,198,217]">
<paragraph id="8BD536BE2824FFD1ECC14B866D12FEBF" blockId="17.[164,1442,198,278]" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1ECC14B8669E0FF73" bold="true" box="[164,253,198,217]" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">Table 3.</emphasis>
Summary of the toothrow lengths and fourth premolars of the mylagaulids from the northern Great Basin. Toothrow length data for
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2824FFD1EDD64BA46B6BFF5C" authorityName="Korth" authorityYear="2000" box="[435,630,228,247]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Alphagaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vetus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1EDD64BA46B6BFF5C" box="[435,630,228,247]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">Alphagaulus vetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2824FFD1EEE14BA46A78FF5C" authorityName="Korth" authorityYear="1999" box="[644,869,228,247]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gazini">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1EEE14BA46A78FF5C" box="[644,869,228,247]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">Hesperogaulus gazini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2824FFD1EFC64BA46D92FF5D" authorityName=", Korth" authorityYear="1999" box="[931,1167,228,247]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wilsoni">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1EFC64BA46D92FF5D" box="[931,1167,228,247]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">Hesperogaulus wilsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are from
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2824FFD1E89F4BA46C83FF5D" author="Hopkins SSB" box="[1274,1438,228,247]" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" pagination="331 - 353" refId="ref16477" refString="Hopkins SSB. 2007. Causes of lineage decline in the Aplodontidae: Testing for the influence of physical and biological change. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 246: 331 - 353." type="journal article" year="2007">Hopkins (2007)</bibRefCitation>
. The second set of P4 data and the p4 data for
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2824FFD1EEC54A436BE2FEBF" authorityName="Korth" authorityYear="1999" box="[672,767,259,277]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gazini">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1EEC54A436BE2FEBF" box="[672,767,259,277]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">H. gazini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
come from (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2824FFD1EFED4A426D15FEBF" author="Korth WW" box="[904,1032,258,277]" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" pagination="945 - 951" refId="ref16612" refString="Korth WW. 1999. Hesperogaulus, a new genus of mylagaulid rodent (Mammalia) from the Miocene (Barstovian to Hemphillian) of the Great Basin. Journal of Paleontology 73: 945 - 951." type="journal article" year="1999">Korth, 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD536BE2824FFD1EECD4A7C6C14FDFC" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
<table id="F96AC41E2824003FECC14A7C6CBFFDFC" box="[164,1442,316,598]" gridcols="5" gridrows="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
<tr id="355A34FC2824003FECC14A7C6CBFFEE5" box="[164,1442,316,335]" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="768B5D802824003FEECD4A7C6BF4FEE5" box="[680,745,316,335]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">UTRL</th>
<th id="768B5D802824003FEF6B4A7C6A57FEE5" box="[782,842,316,335]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">LTRL</th>
<th id="768B5D802824003FEF0A4A7C6DDCFEE5" box="[879,1217,316,335]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">P4 length in mm:</th>
<th id="768B5D802824003FE8834A7C6CBFFEE5" box="[1254,1442,316,335]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">p4 length in mm:</th>
</tr>
<tr id="355A34FC2824003FECC14A196CBFFEC7" box="[164,1442,345,365]" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
<th id="768B5D802824003FECC14A196B99FEC7" box="[164,644,345,365]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">Taxon</th>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEECD4A196BF4FEC7" box="[680,745,345,365]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">(mm)</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEF6B4A196A57FEC7" box="[782,842,345,365]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">(mm)</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEF0A4A196DDCFEC7" box="[879,1217,345,365]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
M (
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1EFF04A1A6ABAFEC6" box="[917,935,346,364]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">N</emphasis>
, SD)
</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FE8834A196CBFFEC7" box="[1254,1442,345,365]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
M (
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1E9694A1A6C03FEC6" box="[1292,1310,346,364]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">N</emphasis>
, SD)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355A34FC2824003FECC14AD36CBFFE0D" box="[164,1442,403,423]" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
<th id="768B5D802824003FECC14AD36B99FE0D" box="[164,644,403,423]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2824FFD1ECC14AD36875FE0C" authorityName="Korth" authorityYear="2000" box="[164,360,403,422]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Alphagaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vetus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1ECC14AD36875FE0C" box="[164,360,403,422]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">Alphagaulus vetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEECD4AD36BF4FE0D" box="[680,745,403,423]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">14.46</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEF6B4AD36A57FE0D" box="[782,842,403,423]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">16.04</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEF0A4AD36DDCFE0D" box="[879,1217,403,423]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">7.70 (11, 0.57)</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FE8834AD36CBFFE0D" box="[1254,1442,403,423]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">7.7 (13, 1.05)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355A34FC2824003FECC14AF06CBFFE6E" box="[164,1442,432,452]" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
<th id="768B5D802824003FECC14AF06B99FE6E" box="[164,644,432,452]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2824FFD1ECC14AF0689BFE69" authorityName="Korth" authorityYear="1999" box="[164,390,432,451]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gazini">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1ECC14AF0689BFE69" box="[164,390,432,451]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">Hesperogaulus gazini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEECD4AF06BF4FE6E" box="[680,745,432,452]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">15.52</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEF6B4AF06A57FE6E" box="[782,842,432,452]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">18.24</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEF0A4AF06DDCFE6E" box="[879,1217,432,452]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">7.8 (2, 0.44), 8.38 (10, 0.56)</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FE8834AF06CBFFE6E" box="[1254,1442,432,452]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">9.03 (11, 0.62)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355A34FC2824003FECC14A8E6CBFFE4B" box="[164,1442,462,481]" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
<th id="768B5D802824003FECC14A8E6B99FE4B" box="[164,644,462,481]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2824FFD1ECC14A8E688CFE4B" authorityName=", Korth" authorityYear="1999" box="[164,401,462,481]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wilsoni">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1ECC14A8E688CFE4B" box="[164,401,462,481]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">Hesperogaulus wilsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEECD4A8E6BF4FE4B" box="[680,745,462,481]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">13.83</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEF6B4A8E6A57FE4B" box="[782,842,462,481]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">12</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEF0A4A8E6DDCFE4B" box="[879,1217,462,481]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">13.92 (1, NA)</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FE8834A8E6CBFFE4B" box="[1254,1442,462,481]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">13.39 (2, 1.03)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355A34FC2824003FECC14AAB6CBFFE54" box="[164,1442,491,510]" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
<th id="768B5D802824003FECC14AAB6B99FE54" box="[164,644,491,510]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2824FFD1ECC14AAB68BEFE54" box="[164,419,491,510]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shotwelli">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1ECC14AAB68BEFE54" box="[164,419,491,510]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">Hesperogaulus shotwelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEECD4AAB6BF4FE54" box="[680,745,491,510]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">16.86</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEF6B4AAB6A57FE54" box="[782,842,491,510]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">16.97</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEF0A4AAB6DDCFE54" box="[879,1217,491,510]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">9.13 (8, 0.78)</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FE8834AAB6CBFFE54" box="[1254,1442,491,510]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">10.29 (6, 1.55)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355A34FC2824003FECC149486CBFFDB6" box="[164,1442,520,540]" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
<th id="768B5D802824003FECC149486B99FDB6" box="[164,644,520,540]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2824FFD1ECC149486864FDB1" authority="indet." authorityName="INDET." box="[164,377,520,539]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mylagaulidae indet.</taxonomicName>
from Beatys Butte
</th>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEECD49486BF4FDB6" box="[680,745,520,540]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">NA</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEF6B49486A57FDB6" box="[782,842,520,540]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">NA</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEF0A49486DDCFDB6" box="[879,1217,520,540]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">8.96 (1, NA)</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FE88349486CBFFDB6" box="[1254,1442,520,540]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355A34FC2824003FECC149656CBFFD93" box="[164,1442,549,569]" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
<th id="768B5D802824003FECC149656B99FD93" box="[164,644,549,569]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2824FFD1ECC149666864FD93" authority="indet." authorityName="INDET." box="[164,377,550,569]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mylagaulidae indet.</taxonomicName>
from Juntura
</th>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEECD49656BF4FD93" box="[680,745,549,569]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">NA</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEF6B49656A57FD93" box="[782,842,549,569]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">NA</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEF0A49656DDCFD93" box="[879,1217,549,569]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">9.66 (1, NA)</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FE88349656CBFFD93" box="[1254,1442,549,569]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">11.75 (2, 2.21)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355A34FC2824003FECC149036CBFFDFC" box="[164,1442,579,598]" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
<th id="768B5D802824003FECC149036B99FDFC" box="[164,644,579,598]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2824FFD1ECC149036864FDFC" authority="indet." authorityName="INDET." box="[164,377,579,598]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mylagaulidae indet.</taxonomicName>
from Paiute Creek West
</th>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEECD49036BF4FDFC" box="[680,745,579,598]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">NA</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEF6B49036A57FDFC" box="[782,842,579,598]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">NA</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FEF0A49036DDCFDFC" box="[879,1217,579,598]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">10.36 (1, NA)</td>
<td id="768B5D802824003FE88349036CBFFDFC" box="[1254,1442,579,598]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">NA</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536BE2824FFD1ECC1493E6C79FD3A" blockId="17.[164,1380,637,657]" box="[164,1380,637,657]" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
LTRL, lower tooth row length; M, mean;
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1EE04493E6B6EFD3A" box="[609,627,638,656]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">N</emphasis>
, sample size; SD, standard deviation; UTRL, upper tooth row length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536BE2824FFD1ECC149886BCEFD51" blockId="17.[164,779,712,764]" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1ECC149886828FD77" box="[164,309,712,733]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">Distribution:</emphasis>
Late early to early late Hemphillian of the Drewsey and McKay Formations of
<collectingRegion id="49AEF85C2824FFD1EE1C49A66BD2FD51" box="[633,719,742,763]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">Oregon</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536BE2824FFD1ECC1486A683EFB46" blockId="17.[164,779,810,1903]" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1ECC1486A6839FC95" box="[164,292,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">Discussion:</emphasis>
Part of the material referred to
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2824FFD1EEF3486B6A16FC95" authorityName=", Korth" authorityYear="1999" box="[662,779,810,832]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wilsoni">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1EEF3486B6A16FC95" box="[662,779,810,832]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">H. wilsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2824FFD1ECA84808687BFCF5" author="Korth WW" box="[205,358,840,863]" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" pagination="945 - 951" refId="ref16612" refString="Korth WW. 1999. Hesperogaulus, a new genus of mylagaulid rodent (Mammalia) from the Miocene (Barstovian to Hemphillian) of the Great Basin. Journal of Paleontology 73: 945 - 951." type="journal article" year="1999">Korth (1999)</bibRefCitation>
comes from the McKay Reservoir locality (UO2222). When first describing the fauna from the area,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2824FFD1ED2A48C66B1FFC31" author="Shotwell JA" box="[335,514,901,924]" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" pagination="717 - 738" refId="ref17032" refString="Shotwell JA. 1956. Hemphillian mammalian assemblage from northeastern Oregon. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 67: 717 - 738." type="journal article" year="1956">Shotwell (1956)</bibRefCitation>
hypothesized that this was a unit of the Shutler Formation. Since then, other authors (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2824FFD1ED3C488368E1FC73" author="Wagner H" box="[345,508,963,985]" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" pagination="107 - 127" refId="ref17258" refString="Wagner H. 1976. A new species of Pliotaxidea (Mustelidae: Carnivora) from California. Journal of Paleontology 50: 107 - 127." type="journal article" year="1976">Wagner, 1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2824FFD1EE6848836825FC5D" author="Feranec RS &amp; Barnosky AD &amp; Quang CN" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" pagination="962 - 975" refId="ref16241" refString="Feranec RS, Barnosky AD, Quang CN. 2005. New populations and biogeographic patterns of the geomyid rodents Lignimus and Mojavemys from the Barstovian of Western Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25: 962 - 975." type="journal article" year="2005">Feranec, Barnosky &amp; Quang, 2005</bibRefCitation>
) have used the term Shutler Formation when referring to the McKay specimens. However,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2824FFD1ECC14F5F6880FB9F" author="Farooqui SM &amp; Beaulieu JD &amp; Bunker RC &amp; Stensland DE &amp; Thoms DE" box="[164,413,1055,1077]" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" pagination="131 - 140" refId="ref16201" refString="Farooqui SM, Beaulieu JD, Bunker RC, Stensland DE, Thoms DE. 1981. Dalles Group: Neogene formations overlying the Columbia River Basalt Group in north-central Oregon. Oregon Geology 43: 131 - 140." type="journal article" year="1981">
Farooqui
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1ED714F5F6859FB9E" box="[276,324,1055,1076]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">et al</emphasis>
. (1981)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2824FFD1EDB94F5F6B86FB9F" author="Newcomb RC" box="[476,667,1055,1077]" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" pagination="133 - 143" refId="ref16962" refString="Newcomb RC. 1971. Relation of the Ellensburg Formation to extensions of the Dalles Formation in the area of Arlington and Shutler flat, north central Oregon. The Ore Bin 33: 133 - 143." type="journal article" year="1971">Newcomb (1971)</bibRefCitation>
proposed that the Shutler Formation be broken up into the McKay Formation (containing the locality UO 2222) and the Alkali Canyon Formation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2824FFD1EE324F3A69C3FB05" author="Farooqui SM &amp; Beaulieu JD &amp; Bunker RC &amp; Stensland DE &amp; Thoms DE" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" pagination="131 - 140" refId="ref16201" refString="Farooqui SM, Beaulieu JD, Bunker RC, Stensland DE, Thoms DE. 1981. Dalles Group: Neogene formations overlying the Columbia River Basalt Group in north-central Oregon. Oregon Geology 43: 131 - 140." type="journal article" year="1981">
Farooqui
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1EEA94F3B6BE0FB25" box="[716,765,1146,1168]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">et al</emphasis>
., 1981
</bibRefCitation>
). We therefore refer to the specimens from the McKay Reservoir as being part of the McKay Formation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536BE2824FFD1ECD94FB56D68FA37" blockId="17.[164,779,810,1903]" lastBlockId="17.[826,1441,712,1437]" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">
When describing
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2824FFD1EDF24FB56BDDFAA1" authority=", Korth (1999)" authorityName=", Korth" authorityYear="1999" box="[407,704,1269,1291]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wilsoni">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1EDF24FB56B16FAA0" box="[407,523,1269,1290]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">H. wilsoni</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2824FFD1EE414FB56BDDFAA1" author="Korth WW" box="[548,704,1269,1291]" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" pagination="945 - 951" refId="ref16612" refString="Korth WW. 1999. Hesperogaulus, a new genus of mylagaulid rodent (Mammalia) from the Miocene (Barstovian to Hemphillian) of the Great Basin. Journal of Paleontology 73: 945 - 951." type="journal article" year="1999">Korth (1999)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
mentioned
<specimenCount id="9D6CFD372824FFD1EC934E546882FA83" box="[246,415,1299,1321]" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
from the UOMNH collections. These specimens were figured by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2824FFD1EE434E726BC5FAE2" author="Shotwell JA" box="[550,728,1330,1352]" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" pagination="451 - 484" refId="ref17057" refString="Shotwell JA. 1958. Evolution and biogeography of the aplodontid and mylagaulid rodents. Evolution 12: 451 - 484." type="journal article" year="1958">Shotwell (1958)</bibRefCitation>
and attributed to
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2824FFD1ED584E1168F1FACC" box="[317,492,1361,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Mylagaulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1ED584E1168DEFACC" box="[317,451,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">Mylagaulus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
There are actually
<specimenCount id="9D6CFD372824FFD1EEAB4E116804FA2F" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2824FFD1ED204E3068A4FA2E" authorityName=", Korth" authorityYear="1999" box="[325,441,1391,1413]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wilsoni">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1ED204E3068A4FA2E" box="[325,441,1391,1413]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">H. wilsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the McKay Formation (McKay Reservoir, UO 2222).
<figureCitation id="13512A3B2824FFD1EE704ECE6B9EFA09" box="[533,643,1422,1444]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="16.[806,885,994,1013]" captionTargetBox="[846,1384,196,961]" captionTargetId="figure-566@16.[842,1386,195,964]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 12. Occlusal morphology of the fourth premolars of Hesperogaulus wilsoni. Numbers refer to wear stages described in the text. Anterior is to the left of the figure. A, UOMNH F-10347, left p4 (mirrored); B, UOMNH F-10348, right p4; C, UOMNH F-10349, right P4. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406380" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406380/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">Figure 12</figureCitation>
shows the occlusal morphology of these
<specimenCount id="9D6CFD372824FFD1EE734EEC6BC6FA68" box="[534,731,1452,1474]" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
. As mentioned by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2824FFD1ED2B4E8B68FAFA4B" author="Korth WW" box="[334,487,1483,1505]" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" pagination="945 - 951" refId="ref16612" refString="Korth WW. 1999. Hesperogaulus, a new genus of mylagaulid rodent (Mammalia) from the Miocene (Barstovian to Hemphillian) of the Great Basin. Journal of Paleontology 73: 945 - 951." type="journal article" year="1999">Korth (1999)</bibRefCitation>
, the number of lakes in
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2824FFD1ECC14EAA6805FA55" authorityName=", Korth" authorityYear="1999" box="[164,280,1514,1535]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wilsoni">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1ECC14EAA6805FA55" box="[164,280,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">H. wilsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the greatest of the genus and in late stage of wear specimens can exhibit eight, nine, or even ten fossettids. The fossettids vary more in orientation than the fossettes, which are elongated and orientated anteroposteriorly. However, although usually the fossettids extend from the posterolingual corner of the tooth to the anterolabial one, the orientation seems to be more prone to changes with wear and amongst individuals. UOMNH F-10347, in particular, at a wear stage comparable to that of UOMNH F-10348, shows many more small smaller curved lakes with varying orientation. It is worth noting that in addition to the six main fossettids (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2824FFD1EF5F49886AF6FD74" author="Shotwell JA" box="[826,1003,712,734]" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" pagination="451 - 484" refId="ref17057" refString="Shotwell JA. 1958. Evolution and biogeography of the aplodontid and mylagaulid rodents. Evolution 12: 451 - 484." type="journal article" year="1958">Shotwell, 1958</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 7), there are two other lakes of different homology, as both lower teeth exhibit an additional lingual lake. There is a posterolingual fossette, an anterolingual one, and a third one located in between. Furthermore, UOMNH F-10347 also shows another fossettid lingual to the anterior-most fossettid. A similar phenomenon is found in the upper tooth, UOMNH F-10349, as well as in the specimens figured by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2824FFD1EF0648FC6AE8FC78" author="Korth WW" box="[867,1013,956,978]" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" pagination="945 - 951" refId="ref16612" refString="Korth WW. 1999. Hesperogaulus, a new genus of mylagaulid rodent (Mammalia) from the Miocene (Barstovian to Hemphillian) of the Great Basin. Journal of Paleontology 73: 945 - 951." type="journal article" year="1999">Korth (1999</bibRefCitation>
: figs 1.3, 1.4) in which there is an additional lake in the posterolabial corner of the tooth. Within the species
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2824FFD1E81248BA6DF6FBA5" authorityName=", Korth" authorityYear="1999" box="[1143,1259,1018,1039]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wilsoni">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1E81248BA6DF6FBA5" box="[1143,1259,1018,1039]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">H. wilsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, there is little variation in size of the premolar. All specimens from the UOMNH as well as the specimens described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2824FFD1EF5F4F156AD2FBC6" author="Korth WW" box="[826,975,1109,1132]" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" pagination="945 - 951" refId="ref16612" refString="Korth WW. 1999. Hesperogaulus, a new genus of mylagaulid rodent (Mammalia) from the Miocene (Barstovian to Hemphillian) of the Great Basin. Journal of Paleontology 73: 945 - 951." type="journal article" year="1999">Korth (1999)</bibRefCitation>
are in the same size range (±
<quantity id="4C929B5B2824FFD1E95A4F166C9DFBC1" box="[1343,1408,1110,1131]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
in length and width),
<quantity id="4C929B5B2824FFD1E8784F346D89FB20" box="[1053,1172,1140,1162]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" unit="mm" value="13.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="12.0">12–14 mm</quantity>
anteroposterior length for the p4 (
<tableCitation id="C6E803052824FFD1EFDD4FD36D10FB03" box="[952,1037,1171,1193]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="17.[164,228,198,217]" captionText="Table 3. Summary of the toothrow lengths and fourth premolars of the mylagaulids from the northern Great Basin. Toothrow length data for Alphagaulus vetus, Hesperogaulus gazini, and Hesperogaulus wilsoni are from Hopkins (2007). The second set of P4 data and the p4 data for H. gazini come from (Korth, 1999)" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">Table 3</tableCitation>
). Note that the toothrow length (as a proxy for body mass) of
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2824FFD1E80E4FF26DFDFB6C" authorityName=", Korth" authorityYear="1999" box="[1131,1248,1201,1223]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wilsoni">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1E80E4FF26DFDFB6C" box="[1131,1248,1201,1223]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">H. wilsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is biased by the loss of the molars (the toothrow is reduced to the fourth premolar).
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D3D2824FFD1E8774FAE6C05FAA9" authorityName=", Korth" authorityYear="1999" box="[1042,1304,1262,1283]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylagaulidae" genus="Hesperogaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wilsoni">
<emphasis id="B91EEAAC2824FFD1E8774FAE6C05FAA9" box="[1042,1304,1262,1283]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="444">Hesperogaulus wilsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is actually the largest species of the genus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B4F2824FFD1E8B64E4D6C7EFA88" author="Korth WW" box="[1235,1379,1293,1315]" pageId="17" pageNumber="444" pagination="945 - 951" refId="ref16612" refString="Korth WW. 1999. Hesperogaulus, a new genus of mylagaulid rodent (Mammalia) from the Miocene (Barstovian to Hemphillian) of the Great Basin. Journal of Paleontology 73: 945 - 951." type="journal article" year="1999">Korth, 1999</bibRefCitation>
; this paper) as indicated by cranial material. The size of the fourth premolar by itself should not be considered as a proxy for body size because it may be affected by changes in ecology as well.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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