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<mods:title id="D8EE8F6F6570645479EA49F176E431AA">Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03C38794FFEF080D53E4FAEFBF2DFB19" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5038708" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183197412" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5038708" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C38794FFEF080D53E4FAEFBF2DFB19" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C38794FFEF080D53E4FAEFBF2DFB19" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<subSubSection id="C3706509FFEF080A53E4FAEFBFA3FAFD" box="[151,766,1293,1319]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFEF080A53E4FAEFBFA3FAFD" blockId="26.[151,766,1293,1319]" box="[151,766,1293,1319]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="D09D81EEFFEF080A53E4FAEFBFA3FAFD" bold="true" box="[151,766,1293,1319]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="4">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A53E4FAEFBFA3FAFD" bold="true" box="[151,766,1293,1319]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A53E4FAEFBC0AFAFD" bold="true" box="[151,343,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Richardoestesia</emphasis>
aff. 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEF080A52FCFAEFBFA3FAFD" authority="Currie et al., 1990" box="[399,766,1293,1319]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilmorei">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A52FCFAEFBF4BFAFD" bold="true" box="[399,534,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">R. gilmorei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFEF080A516EFAEFBFA3FAFD" author="Currie, P. J. &amp; Rigby, J. K. Jr. &amp; Sloan, R. E." box="[541,766,1293,1319]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="107 - 125" refId="ref27270" refString="Currie, P. J., Rigby, J. K. Jr. &amp; Sloan, R. E. (1990) Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada. In: Carpenter, K. &amp; Currie, P. J. (Eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 107 - 125. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / cbo 9780511608377.011" type="book chapter" year="1990">
Currie 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A510AFAEFBFE9FAFD" bold="true" box="[633,692,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
, 1990
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD53682FFEF080A53E4FAB6BF1AFAB7" blockId="26.[151,1436,1364,2037]" box="[151,583,1364,1389]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A53E4FAB6BC28FAB7" bold="true" box="[151,373,1364,1389]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Referred material.</emphasis>
ML 939 (
<figureCitation id="13512A07FFEF080A5295FAB6BF64FAB7" box="[486,569,1364,1389]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="27.[151,249,978,1000]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,956]" captionTargetId="figure-545@27.[151,1436,265,956]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 10. Isolated tooth (ML 939) of Richardoestesia aff. R. gilmorei in lingual (A), distal (B), labial (C), mesial (D), apical (F) and basal (G) views. Mid-crown denticles of the distal carina in labial (E, I) views, and enamel texture in lingual (H) view. Abbreviations: cs, concave surface; dca, distal carina; ent, enamel texture; esp, enamel spalling; ids, interdenticular sulcus; lad, labial depression; lgr, longitudinal groove." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5038688" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5038688/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFEF080A53B4FA95BFECFA6F" blockId="26.[151,1436,1364,2037]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A53B4FA95BC9BFA4A" bold="true" box="[199,454,1399,1424]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Locality and horizon.</emphasis>
Cliffs of Valmitão South, Lourinhã, 
<collectingCountry id="F37D7612FFEF080A5013FA95BE9FFA4A" box="[864,962,1399,1424]" name="Portugal" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Portugal</collectingCountry>
. Amoreira-Porto Novo Member, Lourinhã Formation, Late Kimmeridgian, Upper Jurassic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3706509FFEF080C53B4FA5DBF61FE0A" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFEF080A53B4FA5DB93DF9C5" blockId="26.[151,1436,1364,2037]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A53B4FA5DBC04FA02" bold="true" box="[199,345,1471,1496]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Description.</emphasis>
The crown is entirely preserved but shows an important spalled surface extending on the apical part of the mesial margin of the tooth. A small piece and some denticles of the distal carina are missing but most of them are intact and well-preserved. The tooth only preserved the basal part of the root.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFEF080A53B4F9CEBFF4F975" blockId="26.[151,1436,1364,2037]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A53B4F9CEBC7DF99F" bold="true" box="[199,288,1580,1605]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Crown.</emphasis>
The crown is small (
<collectingCountry id="F37D7612FFEF080A5178F9CEBF69F99F" box="[523,564,1580,1605]" name="Switzerland" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">CH</collectingCountry>
of 
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), slightly elongated (CBH of 1.82) and strongly compressed labiolingually (CBR of 0.5; 
<tableCitation id="C6E80339FFEF080A52E4F9ADBCB1F9B2" box="[407,492,1615,1640]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="17.[151,241,908,931]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 3. Morphometric measurements of four isolated theropod teeth from the Lourinhã Formation of Portugal." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF15660AFFE4080153E4FC6EB805FC79" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" tableUuid="DF15660AFFE4080153E4FC6EB805FC79">Table 3</tableCitation>
). The tip is strongly recurved distally and the apex is pointed, mostly due to the wear facet. The mesial carina is missing and might have been worn on the tip of the crown. The distal carina is serrated and bears denticles from the cervix to the apex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFEF080B53B4F95EBDB8FF0F" blockId="26.[151,1436,1364,2037]" lastBlockId="27.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">In lateral view, the crown is straight along the basal part, then abruptly curves distally at two-thirds of its height at an angle of 55° to the vertical, forming an acute backward tip. The most basal part of the crown is slightly constricted mesio-distally, but the constriction only occurs on the mesial margin of the crown, the distal margin being straight along the first fourth of the crown. The distal carina is universally concave, but the carina curves above the straight basal margin, and the distal part of the carina is straight. The mesial margin is convex above the cervix only on the basal half of the crown, the other half remaining flat due to the wear facet. A convex surface delimited by a longitudinal groove mesially and a flattened or slightly concave surface distally appears on both lingual and labial faces. This large mesial ridge follows the same curvature of the crown and its mesio-distal width decreases towards the tip. It starts one-third of the way from the base of the crown on the labial face and from the apical part of the root on the lingual surface. Both lingual and labial grooves are narrow and reach the wear facet at the tip.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD53682FFEE080B53E4FC30BF2BFB99" blockId="27.[151,1438,978,1091]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEE080B53E4FC30BC45FC32" bold="true" box="[151,280,978,1000]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">FIGURE 10</emphasis>
. Isolated tooth (ML 939) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEE080B5144FC30BF84FC32" box="[567,729,978,1000]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEE080B5144FC30BF84FC32" box="[567,729,978,1000]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Richardoestesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
aff. 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEE080B5074FC31BE2AFC32" box="[775,887,978,1000]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilmorei">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEE080B5074FC31BE2AFC32" box="[775,887,978,1000]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">R. gilmorei</emphasis>
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in lingual (A), distal (B), labial (C), mesial (D), apical (F) and basal (G) views. Mid-crown denticles of the distal carina in labial (E, I) views, and enamel texture in lingual (H) view. Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEE080B5245FBEDBC16FBFF" bold="true" box="[310,331,1039,1061]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">cs</emphasis>
, concave surface; 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEE080B517DFBEDBF69FBFF" bold="true" box="[526,564,1039,1061]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">dca</emphasis>
, distal carina; 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEE080B51A3FBEDBFAFFBFF" bold="true" box="[720,754,1039,1061]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">ent</emphasis>
, enamel texture; 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEE080B50DBFBEDBE96FBFF" bold="true" box="[936,971,1039,1061]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">esp</emphasis>
, enamel spalling; 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEE080B57FFFBEDB9F6FBFF" bold="true" box="[1164,1195,1039,1061]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">ids</emphasis>
, interdenticular sulcus; 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEE080B53E4FBCFBDE4FB99" bold="true" box="[151,185,1069,1091]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">lad</emphasis>
, labial depression; 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEE080B520EFBCFBCC6FB99" bold="true" box="[381,411,1069,1091]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">lgr</emphasis>
, longitudinal groove.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFEE080B53B4FB93BCD9FB2F" blockId="27.[151,1437,1136,2025]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">In mesial view the crown tip is straight and curves neither labially nor lingually. Both labial and lingual faces are weakly convex and the crown-base width is slightly narrower than the mid-crown width. The crown remains, however, strongly compressed labio-lingually all along its height, and the crown width slightly decreases from the mid-crown to the tip.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFEE080B53B4FAE3BDA7FA72" blockId="27.[151,1437,1136,2025]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">In distal view, the most basal part of the serrated carina is straight and vertical but then curved all along the rest of the crown with the bow directed lingually. The distal carina is slightly oriented labially (we regarded the labial face of the crown as the face towards which the distal carina was displaced, at it is almost always the case in theropods; pers. obs.), and the labial face adjacent to the carina is flat whereas the lingual surface near the carina is concave.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFEE080B53B4FA57B9A2F97F" blockId="27.[151,1437,1136,2025]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
In apical view, the basal part of the mesial margin is strongly convex and the wear facet situated on the distal part forms a narrow flat surface revealing the enamel and the dentine layers. In basal view, the crown-base forms an “eight-shaped” in cross section (
<figureCitation id="13512A07FFEE080B5176FA1EBF36F9CF" box="[517,619,1532,1557]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="27.[151,249,978,1000]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,956]" captionTargetId="figure-545@27.[151,1436,265,956]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 10. Isolated tooth (ML 939) of Richardoestesia aff. R. gilmorei in lingual (A), distal (B), labial (C), mesial (D), apical (F) and basal (G) views. Mid-crown denticles of the distal carina in labial (E, I) views, and enamel texture in lingual (H) view. Abbreviations: cs, concave surface; dca, distal carina; ent, enamel texture; esp, enamel spalling; ids, interdenticular sulcus; lad, labial depression; lgr, longitudinal groove." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5038688" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5038688/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 10G</figureCitation>
) due to the basal concavity on both labial and lingual side of the crown. The concave surface on the lingual face is shallow, triangular in shape and extends on one-third of the crown whereas the one on the labial face is slightly deeper and ends at the cervix level. The mesial part of the crown is labio-lingually wider (
<quantity id="4C929B67FFEE080B52E0F98ABCB6F95B" box="[403,491,1640,1665]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
) than the distal part (
<quantity id="4C929B67FFEE080B51ACF98ABE79F95B" box="[735,804,1640,1665]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
). The dentine layer is thicker in the centre of both labial and lingual sides, giving an even well-pronounced “eight-shaped” to the pulp cavity, thinner distally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFEE080C53B4F952BF63FF0F" blockId="27.[151,1437,1136,2025]" lastBlockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEE080B53B4F952BC66F913" bold="true" box="[199,315,1712,1737]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Denticles.</emphasis>
Only the distal carina is preserved and serrated, and the morphology of the denticles varies along the carina. With 10 denticles per 
<quantity id="4C929B67FFEE080B517FF936BF13F936" box="[524,590,1748,1773]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
basally and at the mid-crown and 9 apically, the denticles slightly increase in size near the apex. The basal denticles are longer mesio-distally than baso-apically. In lateral view, they are tongue-shaped with their external margin strongly convex, parabolic and symmetrically rounded or slightly pointing towards the tip of the crown (
<figureCitation id="13512A07FFEE080B5136F8A2BFFCF883" box="[581,673,1856,1881]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="27.[151,249,978,1000]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,956]" captionTargetId="figure-545@27.[151,1436,265,956]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 10. Isolated tooth (ML 939) of Richardoestesia aff. R. gilmorei in lingual (A), distal (B), labial (C), mesial (D), apical (F) and basal (G) views. Mid-crown denticles of the distal carina in labial (E, I) views, and enamel texture in lingual (H) view. Abbreviations: cs, concave surface; dca, distal carina; ent, enamel texture; esp, enamel spalling; ids, interdenticular sulcus; lad, labial depression; lgr, longitudinal groove." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5038688" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5038688/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 10I</figureCitation>
), giving them an asymmetrical outline. Although the basal denticles become mesio-distally shorter towards the root and the mid-crown, they share a same baso-apical width than denticles at mid-height of crown. On the other hand, the apical denticles are short and baso-apically larger than the basal ones. The most apical denticles are cartouche-shaped with their external margin symmetrically or asymmetrically convex. These denticles are also mesio-distally short and just form a small symmetrical bump at the apex in lateral view. In apical view, the lingual and dorsal surfaces of the body of the denticles are convex, and the denticle tip is chisel-like in shape.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFE9080C53B4FF3DB95BFEBF" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">The interdenticular sulci of basal denticles are absent or very short. When present, they are shallow and straight, extending perpendicular to the distal margin on the labial and lingual faces from between the denticles. The interdenticular sulci are totally absent in the apical denticles. The interdenticular space of distal denticles is narrow, slightly larger in the apical denticles, and usually filled with sediment.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFE9080C53B4FE8DBF61FE0A" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C53B4FE8DBC77FE52" bold="true" box="[199,298,367,392]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Surface.</emphasis>
The enamel texture of the crown surface is irregular and shows finely wrinkled non-oriented structures on both sides (
<figureCitation id="13512A07FFE9080C52CEFE76BF74FE77" box="[445,553,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="27.[151,249,978,1000]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,956]" captionTargetId="figure-545@27.[151,1436,265,956]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 10. Isolated tooth (ML 939) of Richardoestesia aff. R. gilmorei in lingual (A), distal (B), labial (C), mesial (D), apical (F) and basal (G) views. Mid-crown denticles of the distal carina in labial (E, I) views, and enamel texture in lingual (H) view. Abbreviations: cs, concave surface; dca, distal carina; ent, enamel texture; esp, enamel spalling; ids, interdenticular sulcus; lad, labial depression; lgr, longitudinal groove." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5038688" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5038688/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 10H</figureCitation>
). Except for the presence of those microscopic sculptures, there is no other ornamentations on the crown surface.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3706509FFE9080D53B4FE3EBF2DFB19" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFE9080C53B4FE3EBC53FDC2" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C53B4FE3EBC11FE2F" bold="true" box="[199,332,476,501]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Discussion.</emphasis>
ML 939 is interpreted as a shed tooth as it lacks most of the root and the pulp cavity is slightly excavated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFE9080C53B4FDC6BF39FCE2" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
The presence of a basal constriction between the crown and root has been observed in basal most theropods like 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C53B8FDABBFD5FDBA" authority="(Sereno et al. 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Sereno" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[203,648,583,608]" class="Reptilia" genus="Eoraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lunensis">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C53B8FDABBCCAFDBA" box="[203,407,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Eoraptor lunensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C52DAFDA5BFDDFDBA" author="Sereno, P. C. &amp; Forster, C. A. &amp; Rogers, R. R. &amp; Monetta, A. M." box="[425,640,583,608]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="64 - 66" refId="ref35623" refString="Sereno, P. C., Forster, C. A., Rogers, R. R. &amp; Monetta, A. M. (1993) Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria. Nature, 361, 64 - 66. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1038 / 361064 a 0" type="journal article" year="1993">
Sereno 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5171FDABBF60FDBA" box="[514,573,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
1993
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and many coelurosaurs such as the tyrannosauroid 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C5792FDABBCC6FD5F" authority="(Rauhut et al. 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Rauhut" baseAuthorityYear="2010" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Proceratosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5792FDABB8C1FDBA" box="[1249,1436,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Proceratosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C53EDFD8EBCCEFD5F" author="Rauhut, O. W. M. &amp; Milner, A. C. &amp; Moore-Fay, S." box="[158,403,620,645]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="155 - 195" refId="ref34363" refString="Rauhut, O. W. M., Milner, A. C. &amp; Moore-Fay, S. (2010) Cranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the theropod dinosaur Proceratosaurus bradleyi (Woodward 1910) from the Middle Jurassic of England. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 158, 155 - 195. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2009.00591. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
Rauhut 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5270FD8FBC18FD5F" box="[259,325,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, the compsognathid 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C51D2FD8EB9CCFD5F" authority="(Zinke &amp; Rauhut 1994)" baseAuthorityName="Zinke &amp; Rauhut" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[673,1169,620,645]" class="Reptilia" family="Compsognathidae" genus="Compsognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C51D2FD8EBE08FD5F" box="[673,853,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Compsognathus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C501CFD8EB9D4FD5F" author="Zinke, J. &amp; Rauhut, O. W. M." box="[879,1161,620,645]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="163 - 177" refId="ref38197" refString="Zinke, J. &amp; Rauhut, O. W. M. (1994) Small theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula. Berliner geowiss, Abh. (E), 13, 163 - 177." type="journal article" year="1994">Zinke &amp; Rauhut 1994</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, the ornithomimosaur 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C53E4FD6DBF22FD72" authority="(Perez-Moreno et al. 1994)" baseAuthorityName="Perez-Moreno" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[151,639,655,680]" class="Reptilia" genus="Pelecanimimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C53E4FD6DBC1FFD72" box="[151,322,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Pelecanimimus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C5222FD6DBF25FD72" author="Perez-Moreno, B. P. &amp; Sanz, J. L. &amp; Buscalioni, A. D. &amp; Moratalla, J. J. &amp; Ortega, F. &amp; Rasskin-Gutman, D." box="[337,632,655,680]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="363 - 367" refId="ref33403" refString="Perez-Moreno, B. P., Sanz, J. L., Buscalioni, A. D., Moratalla, J. J., Ortega, F. &amp; Rasskin-Gutman, D. (1994) A unique multitoothed ornithomimosaur dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Nature, 370, 363 - 367. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1038 / 370363 a 0" type="journal article" year="1994">
Pérez-Moreno 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5288FD73BF69FD72" box="[507,564,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
1994
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, alvarezsaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C5048FD6DBEA7FD72" author="Perle, A. &amp; Norell, M. A. &amp; Chiappe, L. M. &amp; Clark, J. M." box="[827,1018,655,680]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="623 - 626" refId="ref33515" refString="Perle, A., Norell, M. A., Chiappe, L. M. &amp; Clark, J. M. (1993) Flightless bird from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. Nature, 362, 623 - 626. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1038 / 362623 a 0" type="journal article" year="1993">
Perle 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C500DFD73BEE5FD72" box="[894,952,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
1993
</bibRefCitation>
), basal oviraptorosaurs (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C567DFD6DBDA4FD17" author="Osmolska, H. &amp; Currie, P. J. &amp; Barsbold, R." pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="517 - 606" refId="ref33117" refString="Osmolska, H., Currie, P. J., Barsbold, R. (2004) Oviraptorosauria. In: Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P. &amp; Osmolska, H. (Eds.), The Dinosauria, Second edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, pp. 517 - 606. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 001675680624305 x" type="book chapter" year="2004">
Osmólska 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C56FBFD73BDE9FD17" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
), therizinosaurs (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C5284FD56BFA9FD17" author="Russell, D. A. &amp; Dong Z-M." box="[503,756,692,717]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="2107 - 2127" refId="ref34588" refString="Russell, D. A. &amp; Dong Z-M. (1993) The affinities of a new theropod from the Alxa Desert, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, 2107 - 2127. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 183" type="journal article" year="1993">Russell &amp; Dong 1993</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C5071FD56BE97FD17" author="Zhao, X. &amp; Xu, X." box="[770,970,692,717]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="234" refId="ref38131" refString="Zhao, X. &amp; Xu, X. (1998) The oldest coelurosaurian. Nature, 394, 234." type="journal article" year="1998">Zhao &amp; Xu 1998</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C50ABFD56B998FD17" author="Kirkland, J. I. &amp; Zanno, L. E. &amp; Sampson, S. D. &amp; Clark, J. M. &amp; DeBlieux, D. D." box="[984,1221,692,717]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="84 - 87" refId="ref30175" refString="Kirkland, J. I., Zanno, L. E., Sampson, S. D., Clark, J. M. &amp; DeBlieux, D. D. (2005) A primitive therizinosauroid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Utah. Nature, 7038, 84 - 87. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 03468" type="journal article" year="2005">
Kirkland 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5736FD57B9DDFD17" box="[1093,1152,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
), troodontids (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C53E4FD35BC39FD2A" author="Currie, P. J. &amp; Rigby, J. K. Jr. &amp; Sloan, R. E." box="[151,356,727,752]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="107 - 125" refId="ref27270" refString="Currie, P. J., Rigby, J. K. Jr. &amp; Sloan, R. E. (1990) Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada. In: Carpenter, K. &amp; Currie, P. J. (Eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 107 - 125. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / cbo 9780511608377.011" type="book chapter" year="1990">
Currie 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5394FD3BBC7DFD2A" box="[231,288,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
1990
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C5202FD35BF5CFD2A" author="Baszio, S." box="[369,513,727,752]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="33 - 77" refId="ref23729" refString="Baszio, S. (1997) Systematic palaeontology of isolated dinosaur teeth from the latest Cretaceous of south Alberta, Canada. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 196, 33 - 77." type="journal article" year="1997">Baszio 1997</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C517DFD35BF81FD2A" author="Norell, M. A. &amp; Makovicky, P. J. &amp; Clark, J. M." box="[526,732,727,752]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="7 - 11" refId="ref32718" refString="Norell, M. A., Makovicky, P. J. &amp; Clark, J. M. (2000) A new troodontid from Ukhaa Tolgod, Late Cretaceous, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 20, 7 - 11. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2000) 020 [0007: anttfu] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2000">
Norell 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C512DFD3BBFC5FD2A" box="[606,664,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2000
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C519AFD35BE87FD2A" author="Currie, P. J. &amp; Dong, Z. M." box="[745,986,727,752]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1753 - 1766" refId="ref27033" refString="Currie, P. J. &amp; Dong, Z. M. (2001) New information on Cretaceous troodontids (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the People's Republic of China. Results from the Sino-Canadian Dinosaur Project. Part 3. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 38, 1753 - 1766. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / e 01 - 065" type="journal article" year="2001">Currie &amp; Dong 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C5095FD35B9E2FD2A" author="Sankey, J. T. &amp; Brinkman, D. B. &amp; Guenther, M. &amp; Currie, P. J." box="[998,1215,727,752]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="751 - 763" refId="ref35018" refString="Sankey, J. T., Brinkman, D. B., Guenther, M. &amp; Currie, P. J. (2002) Small theropod and bird teeth from the Late Cretaceous (late Campanian) Judith River Group, Alberta. Journal of Paleontology, 76, 751 - 763. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1666 / 0022 - 3360 (2002) 076 % 3 C 0751: stabtf % 3 E 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2002">
Sankey 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5731FD3BB921FD2A" box="[1090,1148,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C57BFFD35BD8EFCCF" author="Averianov, A. O. &amp; Sues, H. - D." pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="87 - 98" refId="ref23282" refString="Averianov, A. O. &amp; Sues, H. - D. (2007) A new troodontid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Cenomanian of Uzbekistan, with a review of troodontid records from the territories of the Former Soviet Union. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27, 87 - 98. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2007) 27 [87: antdtf] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">
Averianov &amp; 
<collectingRegion id="49AEF860FFE9080C5614FD35B8C1FD2A" box="[1383,1436,727,752]" country="Egypt" name="As Suways" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Sues</collectingRegion>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
), the dromaeosaurids 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C52A7FD1FBE71FCCF" authority="(Xu et al. 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Xu" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[468,812,764,789]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Microraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C52A7FD1FBF02FCCE" box="[468,607,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Microraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C5101FD1EBE79FCCF" author="Xu, X. &amp; Zhou, Z. &amp; Wang, X." box="[626,804,764,789]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="705 - 708" refId="ref37969" refString="Xu, X., Zhou, Z. &amp; Wang, X. (2000) The smallest known non-avian theropod dinosaur. Nature, 408, 705 - 708." type="journal article" year="2000">
Xu 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C51D2FD1FBF80FCCF" box="[673,733,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2000
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and many basal avialans such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C57B7FD1EB835FCCF" authorityName="von Meyer" authorityYear="1861" box="[1220,1384,764,789]" class="Aves" family="Archaeopterygidae" genus="Archaeopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archaeopterygiformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C57B7FD1EB835FCCF" box="[1220,1384,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Archaeopteryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C53E4FCFDBC7FFCE2" box="[151,290,799,824]" class="Aves" genus="Cathayornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cathayornithiformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C53E4FCFDBC7FFCE2" box="[151,290,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Cathayornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C5243FCFDBCF8FCE2" author="Hou, L." box="[304,421,799,824]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref29783" refString="Hou, L. (1997) Mesozoic Birds of China. Phoenix Valley Bird Park, Lugu Hsiang, Taiwan, 137 pp." type="book" year="1997">Hou 1997</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C52C3FCFDBF04FCE2" author="Feduccia, A." box="[432,601,799,824]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1187 - 1201" refId="ref28110" refString="Feduccia, A. (2002) Birds are dinosaurs: simple answer to a complex problem. The Auk, 119, 1187 - 1201. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1642 / 0004 - 8038 (2002) 119 [1187: badsat] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2002">Feduccia 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFE9080C53B4FCA6B822F9AF" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
Nevertheless, the presence of an eight-shape outline of the crown-base in cross-section is a common feature of many deinonychosaurs such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C528CFC85BF99FC5A" box="[511,708,871,896]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Saurornitholestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C528CFC85BF99FC5A" box="[511,708,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Saurornitholestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C51A7FC85BEF8FC5A" author="Currie, P. J. &amp; Rigby, J. K. Jr. &amp; Sloan, R. E." box="[724,933,871,896]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="107 - 125" refId="ref27270" refString="Currie, P. J., Rigby, J. K. Jr. &amp; Sloan, R. E. (1990) Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada. In: Carpenter, K. &amp; Currie, P. J. (Eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 107 - 125. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / cbo 9780511608377.011" type="book chapter" year="1990">
Currie 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5055FC8BBE3CFC5A" box="[806,865,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
1990
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C50C1FC85B9D1FC5A" author="Sankey, J. T. &amp; Brinkman, D. B. &amp; Guenther, M. &amp; Currie, P. J." box="[946,1164,871,896]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="751 - 763" refId="ref35018" refString="Sankey, J. T., Brinkman, D. B., Guenther, M. &amp; Currie, P. J. (2002) Small theropod and bird teeth from the Late Cretaceous (late Campanian) Judith River Group, Alberta. Journal of Paleontology, 76, 751 - 763. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1666 / 0022 - 3360 (2002) 076 % 3 C 0751: stabtf % 3 E 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2002">
Sankey 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C577EFC8BB915FC5A" box="[1037,1096,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C57D2FC8BBD86FC7F" authority="(Norell et al. 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Norell" baseAuthorityYear="2006" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C57D2FC8BB9A2FC5A" box="[1185,1279,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Tsaagan</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C5663FC85BD8EFC7F" author="Norell, M. A. &amp; Clark, J. M. &amp; Turner, A. H. &amp; Makovicky, P. J. &amp; Barsbold, R. &amp; Rowe, T." pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 51" refId="ref32627" refString="Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J., Barsbold, R. &amp; Rowe, T. (2006) A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3545, 1 - 51. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0082 (2006) 3545 [1: andtfu] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">
Norell 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5611FC8BB8C1FC5A" box="[1378,1436,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C5395FC6FBC3EFC7E" authorityName="Allain &amp; Taquet" authorityYear="2000" box="[230,355,909,932]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Pyroraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5395FC6FBC3EFC7E" box="[230,355,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Pyroraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C5201FC6EBF31FC7F" author="Allain, R. &amp; Taquet, P." box="[370,620,908,933]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="404 - 407" refId="ref22942" refString="Allain, R. &amp; Taquet, P. (2000) A new genus of Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 20, 404 - 407. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2000) 020 [0404: angodd] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2000">Allain &amp; Taquet 2000</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C510BFC6EBEDEFC7F" author="Gianechini, F. A. &amp; Makovicky, P. J. &amp; Apesteguia, S." box="[632,899,908,933]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="279 - 290" refId="ref28527" refString="Gianechini, F. A., Makovicky, P. J., Apesteguia, S. (2011 b) The teeth of the unenlagiine theropod Buitreraptor from the Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina, and the unusual dentition of the Gondwanan dromaeosaurids. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 56, 279 - 290. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2009.0127" type="journal article" year="2011">
Gianechini 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5189FC6FBE6EFC7F" box="[762,819,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2011b
</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C50E5FC6FB81EFC7F" authority="(Gianechini et al. 2011 b)" baseAuthorityName="Gianechini" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[918,1347,908,933]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Buitreraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C50E5FC6FB97EFC7E" box="[918,1059,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Buitreraptor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C5742FC6EB866FC7F" author="Gianechini, F. A. &amp; Makovicky, P. J. &amp; Apesteguia, S." box="[1073,1339,908,933]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="279 - 290" refId="ref28527" refString="Gianechini, F. A., Makovicky, P. J., Apesteguia, S. (2011 b) The teeth of the unenlagiine theropod Buitreraptor from the Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina, and the unusual dentition of the Gondwanan dromaeosaurids. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 56, 279 - 290. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2009.0127" type="journal article" year="2011">
Gianechini 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C57C6FC6FB9B3FC7F" box="[1205,1262,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2011b
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and the enigmatic theropod 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C520FFC4DBED9FC12" authority="(Currie et al. 1990)" baseAuthorityName="Currie" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[380,900,943,968]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilmorei">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C520FFC4DBFCAFC12" box="[380,663,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Richardoestesia gilmorei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C51DBFC4DBE21FC12" author="Currie, P. J. &amp; Rigby, J. K. Jr. &amp; Sloan, R. E." box="[680,892,943,968]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="107 - 125" refId="ref27270" refString="Currie, P. J., Rigby, J. K. Jr. &amp; Sloan, R. E. (1990) Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada. In: Carpenter, K. &amp; Currie, P. J. (Eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 107 - 125. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / cbo 9780511608377.011" type="book chapter" year="1990">
Currie 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5188FC53BE6BFC12" box="[763,822,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
1990
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. With perhaps the exception of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C5785FC4DB8C6FC12" box="[1270,1435,943,968]" class="Reptilia" genus="Berberosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5785FC4DB8C6FC12" box="[1270,1435,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Berberosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNH Pt339), the base crown of non-maniraptoriform theropods like coelophysoids, ceratosaurs, megalosauroids, allosauroids and most of tyrannosauroids can be subcircular, ovoid, elliptical, lenticular or bean-shaped but not eight-shaped (pers. obs.). This also seems to be the case in more derived coelurosaurs such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C57A1FBFEB8C1FBEF" box="[1234,1436,1052,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Compsognathidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Compsognathidae</taxonomicName>
(e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C53AAFBDDBC02FB82" author="Zinke, J." box="[217,351,1087,1112]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="179 - 189" refId="ref38153" refString="Zinke, J. (1998) Small theropod teeth from the Upper Jurassic coal mine of Guimarota (Portugal). Palaontologische Zeitschrifte, 72, 179 - 189. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02987825" type="journal article" year="1998">Zinke 1998</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C52C8FBDDBE52FB82" author="Dal Sasso, C. &amp; Maganuco, S." box="[443,783,1087,1112]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 281" refId="ref27358" refString="Dal Sasso, C. &amp; Maganuco, S. (2011) Scipionyx samniticus (Theropoda: Compsognathidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Italy: osteology, ontogenetic assessment, phylogeny, soft tissue anatomy, taphonomy and palaeobiology. Memorie della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 37, 1 - 281. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 08912963.2012.654705" type="journal article" year="2011">Dal Sasso &amp; Maganuco 2011</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 44 to 48), therizinosaurs (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C5700FBDDB861FB82" author="Clark, J. M. &amp; Perle, A. &amp; Norell, M." box="[1139,1340,1087,1112]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 39" refId="ref26458" refString="Clark, J. M., Perle, A. &amp; Norell, M. (1994) The skull of Erlicosaurus andrewsi, a late Cretaceous &quot; Segnosaur &quot; (Theropoda, Therizinosauridae) from Mongolia. American Museum Novitates, 3115, 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1994">
Clark 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C57CFFBA3B9AAFB82" box="[1212,1271,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
1994
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 12; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C53E4FB86BC39FBA7" author="Zhao, X. &amp; Xu, X." box="[151,356,1124,1149]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="234" refId="ref38131" refString="Zhao, X. &amp; Xu, X. (1998) The oldest coelurosaurian. Nature, 394, 234." type="journal article" year="1998">Zhao &amp; Xu 1998</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 1), Oviraptorosaurs (Balanoff 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5073FB87BE61FBA7" box="[768,828,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2009: fig. 2-7) and perhaps 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C57FCFB86B8C1FBA7" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1903" box="[1167,1436,1124,1149]" class="Reptilia" family="Coeluridae" genus="Ornitholestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hermanni">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C57FCFB86B8C1FBA7" box="[1167,1436,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ornitholestes hermanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(AMNH 619). The latter possesses a median concave surface on the labial surface of some crowns, but does not seem to have any on the lingual one, giving a bean-shaped outline of the crown base in cross section (pers. obs.). The tyrannosaurid 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C521DFB2DBF42FB32" box="[366,543,1231,1256]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Alioramus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altai">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C521DFB2DBF42FB32" box="[366,543,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Alioramus altai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(IGM 100-1844) and the neovenatorid 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C5096FB2DB9EBFB32" box="[997,1206,1231,1256]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Orkoraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burkei">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5096FB2DB9EBFB32" box="[997,1206,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Orkoraptor burkei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C57B4FB2DB8CAFB32" author="Novas, F. E. &amp; Ezcurra, M. D. &amp; Lecuona, A." box="[1223,1431,1231,1256]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="468 - 480" refId="ref32863" refString="Novas, F. E., Ezcurra, M. D. &amp; Lecuona, A. (2008) Orkoraptor burkei nov. gen. et sp., a large theropod from the Maastrichtian Pari Aike Formation, Southern Patagonia, Argentina. Cretaceous Research, 29, 468 - 480. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2008.01.001" type="journal article" year="2008">
Novas 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C566AFB33B809FB32" box="[1305,1364,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C53E4FB16BC2CFAD7" author="Benson, R. &amp; Carrano, M. &amp; Brusatte, S." box="[151,369,1268,1293]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="71 - 78" refId="ref23762" refString="Benson, R., Carrano, M. &amp; Brusatte, S. (2010) A new clade of archaic large-bodied predatory dinosaurs (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) that survived to the latest Mesozoic. Naturwissenschaften, 97, 71 - 78. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 009 - 0614 - x" type="journal article" year="2010">
Benson 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5387FB17BC72FAD7" box="[244,303,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
) are two exceptions; the latter possesses a particularly developed median depression on both labial and lingual sides of the crown. To our knowledge, it represents the second non-coelurosaurian theropods with an eight-shaped cross section of the crown (the other one being 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C50EBFADEB960FA8F" box="[920,1085,1340,1365]" class="Reptilia" genus="Berberosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C50EBFADEB960FA8F" box="[920,1085,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Berberosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and other neovenatorids such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C53CAFA83BC61FAA2" box="[185,316,1377,1400]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Neovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C53CAFA83BC61FAA2" box="[185,316,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Neovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MIWG 6348), 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C5172FA82BE36FAA2" authority="(Sereno et al. 2008)" baseAuthorityName="Sereno" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[513,875,1375,1400]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Aerosteon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5172FA82BF2FFAAD" box="[513,626,1376,1399]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Aerosteon</emphasis>
(Sereno 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C51ACFA83BE46FAA2" box="[735,795,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2008)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C5009FABDB95EFAA2" box="[890,1027,1375,1400]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Fukuiraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Avetheropoda" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5009FABDB95EFAA2" box="[890,1027,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fukuiraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C5765FABDB879FAA2" author="Azuma, Y. &amp; Currie, P. J." box="[1046,1316,1375,1400]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1735 - 1753" refId="ref23367" refString="Azuma, Y. &amp; Currie, P. J. (2000) A new carnosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Japan. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 37, 1735 - 1753. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / e 00 - 064" type="journal article" year="2000">Azuma &amp; Currie 2000</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C5640FABDBC71FA47" author="Currie, P. J. &amp; Azuma, Y." pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="173" refId="ref26870" refString="Currie, P. J. &amp; Azuma, Y. (2006) New specimens, including a growth series, of Fukuiraptor (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous Kitadani Quarry of Japan. Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea, 22, 173." type="journal article" year="2006">Currie &amp; Azuma 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C524AFA66BF4DFA47" author="Molnar, R. E. &amp; Obata, I. &amp; Tanimoto, M. &amp; Matsukawa, M." box="[313,528,1412,1437]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="105 - 117" refId="ref32373" refString="Molnar, R. E., Obata, I., Tanimoto, M. &amp; Matsukawa, M. (2009) A tooth of Fukuiraptor aff. F. kitadaniensis from the Lower Cretaceous Sebayashi Formation, Sanchu Cretaceous, Japan. Bulletin of Tokyo Gakugei University, Division of Natural Sciences, 61, 105 - 117." type="journal article" year="2009">
Molnar 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C52E7FA67BC93FA47" box="[404,462,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C5121FA66B952FA47" authority="(Hocknull et al. 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Hocknull" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[594,1039,1412,1437]" class="Reptilia" family="Megaraptoridae" genus="Australovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5121FA66BE55FA47" box="[594,776,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Australovenator</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C506BFA66B955FA47" author="Hocknull, S. A. &amp; White, M. A. &amp; Tischler, T. R. &amp; Cook, A. G. &amp; Calleja, N. D. &amp; Sloan, T. &amp; Elliott, D. A." box="[792,1032,1412,1437]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="6190" refId="ref29376" refString="Hocknull, S. A., White, M. A., Tischler, T. R., Cook, A. G., Calleja, N. D., Sloan, T. &amp; Elliott, D. A. (2009) New Mid-Cretaceous (Latest Albian) Dinosaurs from Winton, Queensland, Australia. PLOS ONE, 4, e 6190. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0006190" type="journal article" year="2009">
Hocknull 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C50F8FA67BE98FA47" box="[907,965,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
do not display this peculiarity. An eight-shaped outline of the base crown was also reported in the coelophysoid 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C5768FA45B9F0FA1A" authorityName="Welles" authorityYear="1984" box="[1051,1197,1447,1472]" class="Reptilia" genus="Liliensternus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5768FA45B9F0FA1A" box="[1051,1197,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Liliensternus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Gianechini 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5612FA4BB8C1FA1A" box="[1377,1436,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2011 (
<figureCitation id="13512A07FFE9080C53ADFA2EBC6DFA3F" box="[222,304,1484,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="15.[151,249,1521,1543]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,865,1499]" captionTargetId="figure-435@15.[151,1436,865,1499]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 3. Isolated tooth (ML 327) of an Abelisauridae in lingual (A), mesial (B), labial (C), distal (D), apical (F), basal (G) and mesio-lingual (H) and labio-distal views. Apical denticles of the distal carina in labial view (E). Abbreviations: dca, distal carina; esp, enamel spalling; ids, interdenticular sulcus; idsp, interdenticular space; lgr, longitudinal groove; mca, mesial carina; tun, transversal undulation; wfa, wear facet." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5038672" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5038672/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 3c</figureCitation>
). Nevertheless, based on the crown morphology of this taxon, it is more likely that the eight-shaped outline corresponds to a cross section in the root rather than at the base-crown. ML 939 has a low crown with small denticles and a mesiodistal constriction at the base and therefore contrasts with the elongated teeth of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C53E4F9D5BC15F98A" box="[151,328,1591,1616]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Neovenatoridae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C52F3F9D5BF67F98A" box="[384,570,1591,1616]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tyrannosauridae</taxonomicName>
which bear large denticles and never show a mesio-distal constriction at the base crown (pers. obs.). Therefore, it is unlikely that this shed tooth belongs to a non-maniraptoriform theropod.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFE9080D53B4F962BF12FEBF" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="29.[151,1436,151,1221]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
ML 939 serrations are particularly minute and the distal carina bears nine to ten denticles per one millimetre. Among deinonychosaurs, such condition only exists, to our knowledge, in the taxa 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C5722F946B836F967" box="[1105,1387,1700,1725]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilmorei">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5722F946B836F967" box="[1105,1387,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Richardoestesia gilmorei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C53E4F925BCEAF93A" authorityName="Sankey" authorityYear="2001" box="[151,439,1735,1760]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isosceles">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C53E4F925BCEAF93A" box="[151,439,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Richardoestesia isosceles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C5173F925BF93F93A" author="Currie, P. J. &amp; Rigby, J. K. Jr. &amp; Sloan, R. E." box="[512,718,1735,1760]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="107 - 125" refId="ref27270" refString="Currie, P. J., Rigby, J. K. Jr. &amp; Sloan, R. E. (1990) Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada. In: Carpenter, K. &amp; Currie, P. J. (Eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 107 - 125. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / cbo 9780511608377.011" type="book chapter" year="1990">
Currie 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5123F92BBFD7F93A" box="[592,650,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
1990
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C51A8F925BE2CF93A" author="Sankey, J. T." box="[731,881,1735,1760]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="208 - 215" refId="ref34887" refString="Sankey, J. T. (2001) Late Campanian southern dinosaurs, Aguja Formation, Big Bend, Texas. Journal of Paleontology, 75, 208 - 215. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1666 / 0022 - 3360 (2001) 075 % 3 C 0208: lcsdaf % 3 E 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2001">Sankey 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C500DF925B90AF93A" author="Sankey, J. T. &amp; Brinkman, D. B. &amp; Guenther, M. &amp; Currie, P. J." box="[894,1111,1735,1760]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="751 - 763" refId="ref35018" refString="Sankey, J. T., Brinkman, D. B., Guenther, M. &amp; Currie, P. J. (2002) Small theropod and bird teeth from the Late Cretaceous (late Campanian) Judith River Group, Alberta. Journal of Paleontology, 76, 751 - 763. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1666 / 0022 - 3360 (2002) 076 % 3 C 0751: stabtf % 3 E 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2002">
Sankey 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C50AAF92BB94EF93A" box="[985,1043,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C5717F925B9A8F93A" author="Baszio, S." box="[1124,1269,1735,1760]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="33 - 77" refId="ref23729" refString="Baszio, S. (1997) Systematic palaeontology of isolated dinosaur teeth from the latest Cretaceous of south Alberta, Canada. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 196, 33 - 77." type="journal article" year="1997">Baszio 1997</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C5672F925B8CAF93A" author="Sankey, J. T." box="[1281,1431,1735,1760]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="117 - 134" refId="ref34951" refString="Sankey, J. T. (2008) Diversity of Latest Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian) small theropods and birds: teeth from the Lance and Hell Creek Formations, USA. In: Sankey, J. T. &amp; Baszio, S. (Eds.), Vertebrate Microfossil Assemblages. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 117 - 134." type="book chapter" year="2008">Sankey 2008</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C53E4F90EBC76F8DF" author="Larson, D. W." box="[151,299,1772,1797]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1455 - 1468" refId="ref30482" refString="Larson, D. W. (2008) Diversity and variation of theropod dinosaur teeth from the uppermost Santonian Milk River Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Alberta: a quantitative method supporting identification of the oldest dinosaur tooth assemblage in Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 45, 1455 - 1468. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / e 08 - 070" type="journal article" year="2008">Larson 2008</bibRefCitation>
; 
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) but the dental morphology of the latter (i.e., teeth with no constriction, straight to slightly recurved, crown subtriangular in outline) strongly differs with that of ML 939. The external margins of the denticles are symmetrically rounded or slightly curved towards the tip of the crown, and the basal and mid-crown denticles have similar size on the distal carina, two conditions shared by 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C57F0F8B5B8C1F8AA" box="[1155,1436,1879,1904]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilmorei">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C57F0F8B5B8C1F8AA" box="[1155,1436,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Richardoestesia gilmorei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C53EDF89EBC36F84F" author="Currie, P. J. &amp; Rigby, J. K. Jr. &amp; Sloan, R. E." box="[158,363,1916,1941]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="107 - 125" refId="ref27270" refString="Currie, P. J., Rigby, J. K. Jr. &amp; Sloan, R. E. (1990) Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada. In: Carpenter, K. &amp; Currie, P. J. (Eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 107 - 125. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / cbo 9780511608377.011" type="book chapter" year="1990">
Currie 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5383F89FBC77F84F" box="[240,298,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
1990
</bibRefCitation>
fig. 8.4; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C52A6F89EBF38F84F" author="Baszio, S." box="[469,613,1916,1941]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="33 - 77" refId="ref23729" refString="Baszio, S. (1997) Systematic palaeontology of isolated dinosaur teeth from the latest Cretaceous of south Alberta, Canada. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 196, 33 - 77." type="journal article" year="1997">Baszio 1997</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C5100F89EBE5BF84F" author="Larson, D. W." box="[627,774,1916,1941]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1455 - 1468" refId="ref30482" refString="Larson, D. W. (2008) Diversity and variation of theropod dinosaur teeth from the uppermost Santonian Milk River Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Alberta: a quantitative method supporting identification of the oldest dinosaur tooth assemblage in Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 45, 1455 - 1468. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / e 08 - 070" type="journal article" year="2008">Larson 2008</bibRefCitation>
). Although the presence of a longitudinal groove mesially positioned on the crown has never been noticed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE9080C5195F842B95CF863" box="[742,1025,1952,1977]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilmorei">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5195F842B95CF863" box="[742,1025,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Richardoestesia gilmorei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, this feature seems to be present in some specimens assigned to this species (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C51D0F826BE69F807" author="Baszio, S." box="[675,820,1988,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="33 - 77" refId="ref23729" refString="Baszio, S. (1997) Systematic palaeontology of isolated dinosaur teeth from the latest Cretaceous of south Alberta, Canada. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 196, 33 - 77." type="journal article" year="1997">Baszio 1997</bibRefCitation>
: Plate IV fig. 47; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE9080C5776F826B9BCF807" author="Sankey, J. T. &amp; Brinkman, D. B. &amp; Guenther, M. &amp; Currie, P. J." box="[1029,1249,1988,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="751 - 763" refId="ref35018" refString="Sankey, J. T., Brinkman, D. B., Guenther, M. &amp; Currie, P. J. (2002) Small theropod and bird teeth from the Late Cretaceous (late Campanian) Judith River Group, Alberta. Journal of Paleontology, 76, 751 - 763. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1666 / 0022 - 3360 (2002) 076 % 3 C 0751: stabtf % 3 E 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2002">
Sankey 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE9080C5713F827B9C6F807" box="[1120,1179,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 5 n°6), and longitudinal grooves have already been observed in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE8080D5013FF75B949FF6A" box="[864,1044,151,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE8080D5013FF75B949FF6A" box="[864,1044,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Richardoestesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE8080D5757FF75B9AEFF6A" author="Currie, P. J. &amp; Rigby, J. K. Jr. &amp; Sloan, R. E." box="[1060,1267,151,176]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="107 - 125" refId="ref27270" refString="Currie, P. J., Rigby, J. K. Jr. &amp; Sloan, R. E. (1990) Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada. In: Carpenter, K. &amp; Currie, P. J. (Eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 107 - 125. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / cbo 9780511608377.011" type="book chapter" year="1990">
Currie 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE8080D5705FF7BB9EDFF6A" box="[1142,1200,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
1990
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE8080D5672FF75B8CAFF6A" author="Sankey, J. T." box="[1281,1431,151,176]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="208 - 215" refId="ref34887" refString="Sankey, J. T. (2001) Late Campanian southern dinosaurs, Aguja Formation, Big Bend, Texas. Journal of Paleontology, 75, 208 - 215. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1666 / 0022 - 3360 (2001) 075 % 3 C 0208: lcsdaf % 3 E 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2001">Sankey 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE8080D53E4FF5EBC68FF0F" author="Rauhut, O. W. M." box="[151,309,188,213]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="255 - 263" refId="ref33886" refString="Rauhut, O. W. M. (2002) Dinosaur teeth from the Barremian of Una, Province of Cuenca, Spain. Cretaceous Research, 23, 255 - 263. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / cres. 2002.1003" type="journal article" year="2002">Rauhut 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Nevertheless, several differences exist between ML 939 and the teeth of the 
<typeStatus id="54D18820FFE8080D5660FF5EB828FF0F" box="[1299,1397,188,213]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE8080D53E4FF3DBCE5FF22" box="[151,440,223,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilmorei">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE8080D53E4FF3DBCE5FF22" box="[151,440,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Richardoestesia gilmorei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, namely, the presence of interdenticular sulci and mesio-distally elongated distal denticles, and the absence of a mesial carina reaching the cervix in ML 939. Although the mesial serration are usually restricted to the apicalmost part of the crown in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE8080D507FFECBBED7FE9A" box="[780,906,295,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilmorei">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE8080D507FFECBBED7FE9A" box="[780,906,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">R. gilmorei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the mesial carina always reaches the cervix in this taxon (Derek Larson pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFE8080D53B4FE8DBF89FDE7" blockId="29.[151,1436,151,1221]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
With a strongly labiolingually compressed profile of the crown, ML 939 was coded as a lateral tooth. The cladistic analysis performed on the dentition-based dataset recovered ML 939 as a close relative of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE8080D579BFE76BDA8FE0A" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilmorei">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE8080D579BFE76BDA8FE0A" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Richardoestesia gilmorei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13512A07FFE8080D5275FE55BC14FE0A" box="[262,329,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1893,1915]" captionTargetBox="[311,1286,198,1874]" captionTargetId="figure-102@10.[299,1294,193,1878]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 1. Strict consensus cladogram of seven most parsimonious trees recovered from analysis of dentition based characters. Initial analysis was a New Technology Search using TNT v.1.1 of a data matrix comprising 141 dentition-based characters for one outgroup (Eoraptor), 59 nonavian theropod taxa, as well as ML 327, ML 939, ML 962 and ML 966. Tree length = 703 steps; CI = 0.331; RI = 0.564. Bremer support values are in bold and bootstrap values are in italic. For silhouette attribution, see Appendix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5038668" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5038668/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). The clade encompassing those two taxa is defined by two ambiguous synapomorphies: a weak constriction occurring at the base crown (characters 63) and subequal number of distal denticles basally and at the mid-crown (character 99). The analysis performed on the supermatrix recovered it as a 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE8080D57FDFE1DB80EFDC2" authorityName="Matthew &amp; Brown" authorityYear="1922" box="[1166,1363,511,536]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dromaeosauridae</taxonomicName>
along with 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE8080D53BCFDC6BCDFFDE7" box="[207,386,548,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE8080D53BCFDC6BCDFFDE7" box="[207,386,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Richardoestesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13512A07FFE8080D52E1FDC6BC85FDE7" box="[402,472,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,249,1506,1528]" captionTargetBox="[161,1432,203,1477]" captionTargetId="figure-269@11.[151,1436,193,1485]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Strict consensus cladogram of 49 most parsimonious trees recovered from analysis of a supermatrix of 1972 discrete characters after the deletion of the two wildcard taxa Erectopus and Piatnitzkysaurus. The supermatrix includes a dentition-based datamatrix of 141 discrete characters and six recent datasets based on whole theropod skeleton (Xu et al. 2009; Brusatte et al. 2010; Martinez et al. 2011; Senter 2011; Pol and Rauhut 2012; Carrano et al. 2012). Initial analysis was a New Technology Search using TNT v.1.1 for one outgroup (Eoraptor), 57 non-avian theropod taxa and ML 327, ML 966, ML 939 (coded as lateral teeth), and ML 962 (coded as a mesialmost tooth). Tree length = 3552 steps; CI = 0.563; RI = 0.628. For silhouette attribution, see Appendix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5038670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5038670/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
; Appendix, 
<figureCitation id="13512A07FFE8080D5113FDC6BF9AFDE7" box="[608,711,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="27.[151,249,978,1000]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,956]" captionTargetId="figure-545@27.[151,1436,265,956]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 10. Isolated tooth (ML 939) of Richardoestesia aff. R. gilmorei in lingual (A), distal (B), labial (C), mesial (D), apical (F) and basal (G) views. Mid-crown denticles of the distal carina in labial (E, I) views, and enamel texture in lingual (H) view. Abbreviations: cs, concave surface; dca, distal carina; ent, enamel texture; esp, enamel spalling; ids, interdenticular sulcus; lad, labial depression; lgr, longitudinal groove." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5038688" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5038688/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. A10</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFE8080D53B4FDA5BFE5FCE2" blockId="29.[151,1436,151,1221]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE8080D53B4FDA5BC82FDBA" box="[199,479,583,608]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilmorei">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE8080D53B4FDA5BC82FDBA" box="[199,479,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Richardoestesia gilmorei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a common species in the Late Cretaceous of Northern America and teeth belonging to this taxon, or referred to it, have been found in the Santonian Milk River Formation, the Campanian Belly River Group, the Campanian-Maastrichtian Horseshoe Canyon Formation, and the Maastrichtian Scollard Formation of 
<collectingRegion id="49AEF860FFE8080D53E4FD56BDB3FD17" box="[151,238,692,717]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Alberta</collectingRegion>
, the Frenchman Formation of 
<collectingRegion id="49AEF860FFE8080D512BFD56BFABFD17" box="[600,758,692,717]" country="Canada" name="Saskatchewan" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Saskatchewan</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingCountry id="F37D7612FFE8080D5079FD56BE39FD17" box="[778,868,692,717]" name="Canada" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Canada</collectingCountry>
), the Hell Creek Formation of Montana and the Lance Formation of Wyoming (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE8080D5144FD35BE5EFD2A" author="Currie, P. J. &amp; Rigby, J. K. Jr. &amp; Sloan, R. E." box="[567,771,727,752]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="107 - 125" refId="ref27270" refString="Currie, P. J., Rigby, J. K. Jr. &amp; Sloan, R. E. (1990) Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada. In: Carpenter, K. &amp; Currie, P. J. (Eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 107 - 125. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / cbo 9780511608377.011" type="book chapter" year="1990">
Currie 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE8080D51F4FD3BBF9CFD2A" box="[647,705,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
1990
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE8080D5063FD35BEFDFD2A" author="Baszio, S." box="[784,928,727,752]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="33 - 77" refId="ref23729" refString="Baszio, S. (1997) Systematic palaeontology of isolated dinosaur teeth from the latest Cretaceous of south Alberta, Canada. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 196, 33 - 77." type="journal article" year="1997">Baszio 1997</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE8080D50DEFD35B90BFD2A" author="Longrich, N." box="[941,1110,727,752]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="135 - 158" refId="ref31009" refString="Longrich, N. (2008) Small theropod teeth from the Lance Formation of Wyoming, USA. In: Sankey, J. T. &amp; Baszio, S. (Eds.), Vertebrate Microfossil Assemblage s. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 135 - 158." type="book chapter" year="2008">Longrich 2008</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE8080D5710FD35B9A7FD2A" author="Sankey, J. T." box="[1123,1274,727,752]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="117 - 134" refId="ref34951" refString="Sankey, J. T. (2008) Diversity of Latest Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian) small theropods and birds: teeth from the Lance and Hell Creek Formations, USA. In: Sankey, J. T. &amp; Baszio, S. (Eds.), Vertebrate Microfossil Assemblages. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 117 - 134." type="book chapter" year="2008">Sankey 2008</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE8080D5675FD3AB8C5FD2A" author="Larson, D. W." box="[1286,1432,727,752]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1455 - 1468" refId="ref30482" refString="Larson, D. W. (2008) Diversity and variation of theropod dinosaur teeth from the uppermost Santonian Milk River Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Alberta: a quantitative method supporting identification of the oldest dinosaur tooth assemblage in Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 45, 1455 - 1468. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / e 08 - 070" type="journal article" year="2008">Larson 2008</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE8080D53E4FD1EBC3BFCCF" author="Larson, D. W. &amp; Brinkman, D. B. &amp; Bell, R." box="[151,358,764,789]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1159 - 1181" refId="ref30608" refString="Larson, D. W., Brinkman, D. B. &amp; Bell, R. (2010) Faunal assemblages from the upper Horseshoe Canyon Formation, an early Maastrichtian cool-climate assemblage from Alberta, with special reference to the Albertosaurus sarcophagus bonebed. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 49, 1159 - 1181. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / e 10 - 005" type="journal article" year="2010">
Larson 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE8080D539FFD1FBC79FCCF" box="[236,292,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE8080D5201FD1EBF2DFCCF" author="Larson, D. W. &amp; Currie, P. J." box="[370,624,764,789]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="54329" refId="ref30553" refString="Larson, D. W. &amp; Currie, P. J. (2013) Multivariate analyses of small theropod dinosaur teeth and implications for paleoecological turnover through time. PLOS ONE, 8, e 54329. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0054329" type="journal article" year="2013">Larson &amp; Currie 2013</bibRefCitation>
). Given the results of the cladistic analysis, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE8080D572FFD1FB987FCCF" box="[1116,1242,764,789]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilmorei">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE8080D572FFD1FB930FCCE" box="[1116,1133,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">R</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE8080D570FFD1EB987FCCF" box="[1148,1242,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">gilmorei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
likely belongs to 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE8080D53E4FCFDBC01FCE2" authorityName="Matthew &amp; Brown" authorityYear="1922" box="[151,348,799,824]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dromaeosauridae</taxonomicName>
than any other theropod clade.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFE8080D53B4FCA6BF2DFB19" blockId="29.[151,1436,151,1221]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Small theropod teeth from the Upper Jurassic of 
<collectingCountry id="F37D7612FFE8080D5195FCA6BE18FC87" box="[742,837,836,861]" name="Portugal" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Portugal</collectingCountry>
have already been assigned with caution to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE8080D53E4FC85BC16FC5A" box="[151,331,871,896]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE8080D53E4FC85BC16FC5A" box="[151,331,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Richardoestesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE8080D520BFC85BF4CFC5A" author="Zinke, J." box="[376,529,871,896]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="179 - 189" refId="ref38153" refString="Zinke, J. (1998) Small theropod teeth from the Upper Jurassic coal mine of Guimarota (Portugal). Palaontologische Zeitschrifte, 72, 179 - 189. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02987825" type="journal article" year="1998">Zinke (1998)</bibRefCitation>
. Nevertheless, they strongly differ from ML 939 by being extremely elongated and weakly recurved, resembling the elongated and subtriangular teeth assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE8080D573BFC6EB87EFC79" box="[1096,1315,908,933]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE8080D573BFC6EB9A1FC7F" box="[1096,1276,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Richardoestesia</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE8080D5623FC6EBDBEFC12" author="Baszio, S." pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="33 - 77" refId="ref23729" refString="Baszio, S. (1997) Systematic palaeontology of isolated dinosaur teeth from the latest Cretaceous of south Alberta, Canada. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 196, 33 - 77." type="journal article" year="1997">Baszio (1997)</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE8080D526DFC4DBF61FC12" authorityName="Sankey" authorityYear="2001" box="[286,572,943,968]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isosceles">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE8080D526DFC4DBF61FC12" box="[286,572,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Richardoestesia isosceles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE8080D5116FC4DBE51FC12" author="Sankey, J. T." box="[613,780,943,968]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="208 - 215" refId="ref34887" refString="Sankey, J. T. (2001) Late Campanian southern dinosaurs, Aguja Formation, Big Bend, Texas. Journal of Paleontology, 75, 208 - 215. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1666 / 0022 - 3360 (2001) 075 % 3 C 0208: lcsdaf % 3 E 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2001">Sankey (2001)</bibRefCitation>
. Following the cladistic analysis and the diagnosis of teeth belonging to 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE8080D525DFC36BF57FC31" box="[302,522,980,1005]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE8080D525DFC36BCBCFC37" box="[302,481,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Richardoestesia</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE8080D513DFC37BF90FC37" box="[590,717,980,1005]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilmorei">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE8080D513DFC37BF90FC37" box="[590,717,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">R. gilmorei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in particular) given by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE8080D50AEFC36B9E0FC37" author="Currie, P. J. &amp; Rigby, J. K. Jr. &amp; Sloan, R. E." box="[989,1213,980,1005]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="107 - 125" refId="ref27270" refString="Currie, P. J., Rigby, J. K. Jr. &amp; Sloan, R. E. (1990) Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada. In: Carpenter, K. &amp; Currie, P. J. (Eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 107 - 125. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / cbo 9780511608377.011" type="book chapter" year="1990">
Currie 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE8080D575DFC37B935FC37" box="[1070,1128,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
(1990)
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE8080D57B8FC36B837FC37" author="Baszio, S." box="[1227,1386,980,1005]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="33 - 77" refId="ref23729" refString="Baszio, S. (1997) Systematic palaeontology of isolated dinosaur teeth from the latest Cretaceous of south Alberta, Canada. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 196, 33 - 77." type="journal article" year="1997">Baszio (1997)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE8080D53E4FC15BC09FBCA" author="Longrich, N." box="[151,340,1015,1040]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="135 - 158" refId="ref31009" refString="Longrich, N. (2008) Small theropod teeth from the Lance Formation of Wyoming, USA. In: Sankey, J. T. &amp; Baszio, S. (Eds.), Vertebrate Microfossil Assemblage s. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 135 - 158." type="book chapter" year="2008">Longrich (2008)</bibRefCitation>
, and since the presence of teeth similar to those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE8080D50C3FC15B98CFBCA" authorityName="Sankey" authorityYear="2001" box="[944,1233,1015,1040]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isosceles">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE8080D50C3FC15B98CFBCA" box="[944,1233,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Richardoestesia isosceles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has already been reported in the Late Jurassic of 
<collectingCountry id="F37D7612FFE8080D5152FBFEBFDDFBEF" box="[545,640,1052,1077]" name="Portugal" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Portugal</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE8080D51E6FBFEBE7FFBEF" author="Zinke, J." box="[661,802,1052,1077]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="179 - 189" refId="ref38153" refString="Zinke, J. (1998) Small theropod teeth from the Upper Jurassic coal mine of Guimarota (Portugal). Palaontologische Zeitschrifte, 72, 179 - 189. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02987825" type="journal article" year="1998">Zinke 1998</bibRefCitation>
), ML 939 is ascribed to the possible dromaeosaurid 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE8080D53E4FBDDBC16FB82" box="[151,331,1087,1112]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE8080D53E4FBDDBC16FB82" box="[151,331,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Richardoestesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which extends the stratigraphic range of the taxon back to the Jurassic. ML 939 is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE8080D56F7FBA3BDA8FBA7" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilmorei">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE8080D56F7FBA3BDA8FBA7" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">R. gilmorei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
teeth in many aspects, but this taxon has only been recorded in the Late Cretaceous of North America, more than 90 million years after the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary. We therefore consider that ML 939 belongs to a close relative of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE8080D5222FB4EBF34FB1F" box="[337,617,1196,1221]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilmorei">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE8080D5222FB4EBF34FB1F" box="[337,617,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Richardoestesia gilmorei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>