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<mods:title id="6DDDD51BBF2AD7B151C20F2BB17DDD70">Fossil Melandryidae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) from Eocene Baltic amber of the Sambian peninsula: new genus, six new species, new records and key to described taxa</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="D624AAD7D74D8E34EE61E85AD54D1FA6">Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nahimovskiy prospekt 36, 117997 Moscow, Russia. alekseew 0802 @ yahoo. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 4390 - 5443 &amp; Kaliningrad Regional Amber Museum, Marshal Vasilevskii square 1, Kaliningrad 236016, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="1EF896A5B264B05A44942CFAF698F93B">Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Vienîbas 13, Daugavpils LV- 5401, Latvia. carabidae @ inbox. lv; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7165 - 3023</mods:affiliation>
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Genus 
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<emphasis id="B968EAD4D91C4D6406C9E6D7FED9DEFA" bold="true" box="[238,362,726,753]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">Symphora</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B37D91C4D640755E6D7FD94DEFB" author="LeConte, J. L." box="[370,551,726,752]" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" pagination="87 - 168" refId="ref16172" refString="LeConte, J. L. (1866) New species of North American Coleoptera. Part I. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 167, 87 - 168." type="journal article" year="1866">LeConte, 1866</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="B968EAD4D91C4D6406B0E718FF65DF38" bold="true" box="[151,214,793,819]" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">Note.</emphasis>
The amber specimens under study possess morphological characters of two externally similar genera placed as 
<emphasis id="B968EAD4D91C4D64069FE73FFEE6DF5C" box="[184,341,829,855]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">incertae sedis</emphasis>
within the subfamily 
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: 
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<emphasis id="B968EAD4D91C4D640524E73CFCC6DF5C" box="[771,885,829,855]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">Symphora</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B37D91C4D640559E73CFB94DF5C" author="LeConte, J. L." box="[894,1063,829,855]" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" pagination="87 - 168" refId="ref16172" refString="LeConte, J. L. (1866) New species of North American Coleoptera. Part I. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 167, 87 - 168." type="journal article" year="1866">LeConte, 1866</bibRefCitation>
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and 
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<emphasis id="B968EAD4D91C4D640245E73FFB51DF5C" box="[1122,1250,830,855]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">Microtonus</emphasis>
LeConte, 1862
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, both absent in Europe and distributed in the New World and eastern Asia (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B37D91C4D6405F4E760FB43DF70" author="Nikitsky, N. B. &amp; Pollock, D. A." box="[979,1264,865,891]" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" refId="ref16404" refString="Nikitsky, N. B. &amp; Pollock, D. A. (2008) Melandryidae. In: Lobl, I. &amp; Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 5. Tenebrionoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 64 - 72." type="book" year="2008">Nikitsky &amp; Pollock 2008</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B37D91C4D6402DCE760FA8BDF70" author="Nikitsky, N. B. &amp; Pollock, D. A." box="[1275,1336,865,891]" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" refId="ref16460" refString="Nikitsky, N. B. &amp; Pollock, D. A. (2010) Melandryidae. In: Leschen, R. A. B., Beutel, R. G. &amp; Lawrence, J. F. (Eds.), Handbook of Zoology. Vol. 2. Coleoptera, Beetles. Morphology and Systematics (Elateroidea, Bostrichiformia, Cucujiformia partim). Walter de Gruyter GmbH &amp; Co, Berlin, pp. 520 - 533." type="book" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
). The set of these characters is: procoxae contiguous, pretarsal claws simple, head visible from above, frontoclypeal suture deeply impressed, antennae 11-segmented and filiform, antennal insertions concealed from above, pronotum without triangular basal impressions, protrochantin invisible, lateral sides of pronotum not margined, elytra narrowly ovate, elytral punctuation irregular, and penultimate tarsomere of all legs bilobed. Several morphological features observed in fossil specimens (e.g. eyes slightly emarginated, pronotal posterior angles not acute, pronotal lateral sides very shorty margined posteriorly, and the widest at base pronotum) allow us to assign these beetles to 
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<emphasis id="B968EAD4D91C4D64031DE038FF03D87C" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">Symphora</emphasis>
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. This genus includes ten extant Neotropical species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B37D91C4D640521E05CFC18D87C" author="LeConte, J. L." box="[774,939,1117,1143]" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" pagination="87 - 168" refId="ref16172" refString="LeConte, J. L. (1866) New species of North American Coleoptera. Part I. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 167, 87 - 168." type="journal article" year="1866">LeConte 1866</bibRefCitation>
; Champion 1888, 1916; 
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; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B37D91C4D6406F8E080FECAD897" author="Pollock, D. A." box="[223,377,1153,1180]" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref16652" refString="Pollock, D. A. (2015) Lectotype designations in Tetratomidae, Melandryidae, Boridae and Mycteridae, based on material in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea). Insecta Mundi, 0427, 1 - 15." type="book chapter" year="2015">Pollock 2015</bibRefCitation>
), known from 
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[
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<emphasis id="B968EAD4D91C4D640450E080FCE4D890" box="[631,855,1153,1179]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">Symphora infuscata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B37D91C4D640578E080FBADD890" author="Champion, G. C." box="[863,1054,1153,1179]" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" pagination="75 - 83" refId="ref16072" refString="Champion, G. C. (1916) Notes on Melandryidae. 3. The Entomologist's monthly magazine, 52, 75 - 83." type="journal article" year="1916">Champion, 1916</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
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<emphasis id="B968EAD4D91C4D64020CE083FB7BD890" box="[1067,1224,1153,1180]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">S. longicornis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B37D91C4D6402F7E080FA22D897" author="Champion, G. C." box="[1232,1425,1153,1180]" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" pagination="75 - 83" refId="ref16072" refString="Champion, G. C. (1916) Notes on Melandryidae. 3. The Entomologist's monthly magazine, 52, 75 - 83." type="journal article" year="1916">Champion, 1916</bibRefCitation>
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], 
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[
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D45D91C4D640727E0A7FD8ED8CB" authority="Champion, 1889" authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1889" box="[256,573,1189,1216]" class="Insecta" family="Melandryidae" genus="Symphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">
<emphasis id="B968EAD4D91C4D640727E0A7FEC5D8B4" box="[256,374,1189,1216]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">S. apicalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B37D91C4D64075AE0A4FD8ED8CB" author="Champion, G. C." box="[381,573,1189,1216]" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 494" refId="ref16012" refString="Champion, G. C. (1889) Heteromera (part). In: Godman, F. D. &amp; Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Coleoptera. Vol. IV. Part 2. R. H. Porter, London, pp. 1 - 494." type="book chapter" year="1889">Champion, 1889</bibRefCitation>
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], 
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[
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D45D91C4D6404FEE0A7FB90D8B4" authority="Champion, 1889" authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1889" box="[729,1059,1189,1216]" class="Insecta" family="Melandryidae" genus="Symphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">
<emphasis id="B968EAD4D91C4D6404FEE0A7FCEDD8B4" box="[729,862,1189,1216]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">S. maculata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B37D91C4D640542E0A4FB90D8B4" author="Champion, G. C." box="[869,1059,1189,1215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 494" refId="ref16012" refString="Champion, G. C. (1889) Heteromera (part). In: Godman, F. D. &amp; Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Coleoptera. Vol. IV. Part 2. R. H. Porter, London, pp. 1 - 494." type="book chapter" year="1889">Champion, 1889</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D45D91C4D640208E0A7FAC8D8B4" authority="Champion, 1889" authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1889" box="[1071,1403,1189,1216]" class="Insecta" family="Melandryidae" genus="Symphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
<emphasis id="B968EAD4D91C4D640208E0A7FB05D8B4" box="[1071,1206,1189,1216]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">S. tropicalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B37D91C4D64029AE0A4FAC8D8B4" author="Champion, G. C." box="[1213,1403,1189,1215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 494" refId="ref16012" refString="Champion, G. C. (1889) Heteromera (part). In: Godman, F. D. &amp; Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Coleoptera. Vol. IV. Part 2. R. H. Porter, London, pp. 1 - 494." type="book chapter" year="1889">Champion, 1889</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D45D91C4D6403A0E0A7FE05D8E8" authority="Champion, 1889" authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1889" class="Insecta" family="Melandryidae" genus="Symphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficeps">
<emphasis id="B968EAD4D91C4D6403A0E0A7FF42D8E8" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">S. ruficeps</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B37D91C4D6406DFE0C8FE05D8E8" author="Champion, G. C." box="[248,438,1225,1251]" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 494" refId="ref16012" refString="Champion, G. C. (1889) Heteromera (part). In: Godman, F. D. &amp; Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Coleoptera. Vol. IV. Part 2. R. H. Porter, London, pp. 1 - 494." type="book chapter" year="1889">Champion, 1889</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D45D91C4D6407E5E0CBFD4DD8E8" authority="Champion, 1889" authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1889" box="[450,766,1225,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Melandryidae" genus="Symphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="convexa">
<emphasis id="B968EAD4D91C4D6407E5E0CBFD89D8E8" box="[450,570,1226,1252]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">S. convexa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B37D91C4D640466E0C8FD4DD8E8" author="Champion, G. C." box="[577,766,1225,1251]" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 494" refId="ref16012" refString="Champion, G. C. (1889) Heteromera (part). In: Godman, F. D. &amp; Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Coleoptera. Vol. IV. Part 2. R. H. Porter, London, pp. 1 - 494." type="book chapter" year="1889">Champion, 1889</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D45D91C4D64052DE0CBFBFCD8EF" authority="Champion, 1889" authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1889" box="[778,1103,1225,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Melandryidae" genus="Symphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elongata">
<emphasis id="B968EAD4D91C4D64052DE0CBFC3BD8E8" box="[778,904,1225,1252]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">S. elongata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B37D91C4D6405A8E0C8FBFCD8EF" author="Champion, G. C." box="[911,1103,1225,1252]" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 494" refId="ref16012" refString="Champion, G. C. (1889) Heteromera (part). In: Godman, F. D. &amp; Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Coleoptera. Vol. IV. Part 2. R. H. Porter, London, pp. 1 - 494." type="book chapter" year="1889">Champion, 1889</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
], and 
<collectingCountry id="F30B7656D91C4D6402B6E0C8FB54D8E8" box="[1169,1255,1225,1251]" name="Mexico" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">Mexico</collectingCountry>
[
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D45D91C4D6402D0E0CBFECAD90C" authority="Champion, 1889" authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1889" class="Insecta" family="Melandryidae" genus="Symphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impressicollis">
<emphasis id="B968EAD4D91C4D6402D0E0CBFF02D90C" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">S. impressicollis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B37D91C4D64069DE0ECFECAD90C" author="Champion, G. C." box="[186,377,1261,1287]" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 494" refId="ref16012" refString="Champion, G. C. (1889) Heteromera (part). In: Godman, F. D. &amp; Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Coleoptera. Vol. IV. Part 2. R. H. Porter, London, pp. 1 - 494." type="book chapter" year="1889">Champion, 1889</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D45D91C4D6407A0E0EFFD56D903" authority="Champion, 1916" authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1916" box="[391,741,1261,1288]" class="Insecta" family="Melandryidae" genus="Symphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanceolata">
<emphasis id="B968EAD4D91C4D6407A0E0EFFDA9D90C" box="[391,538,1261,1288]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">S. lanceolata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B37D91C4D640404E0ECFD56D903" author="Champion, G. C." box="[547,741,1261,1288]" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" pagination="75 - 83" refId="ref16072" refString="Champion, G. C. (1916) Notes on Melandryidae. 3. The Entomologist's monthly magazine, 52, 75 - 83." type="journal article" year="1916">Champion, 1916</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
]; and four extant Holarctic species, two of them occurring in eastern North America [
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D45D91C4D64078BE113FCA3D920" authority="(Haldeman, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Haldeman" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[428,784,1297,1324]" class="Insecta" family="Melandryidae" genus="Symphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicollis">
<emphasis id="B968EAD4D91C4D64078BE113FD8BD920" box="[428,568,1297,1324]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">S. flavicollis</emphasis>
(Haldeman, 1848)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D45D91C4D64056CE113FB23D927" authority="(Haldeman, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Haldeman" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[843,1168,1297,1324]" class="Insecta" family="Melandryidae" genus="Symphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosa">
<emphasis id="B968EAD4D91C4D64056CE113FC04D920" box="[843,951,1298,1324]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">S. rugosa</emphasis>
(Haldeman, 1848)
</taxonomicName>
] and two distributed in eastern Asia (Russian Far East, 
<collectingCountry id="F30B7656D91C4D6407DEE137FD88D95B" box="[505,571,1334,1360]" name="Japan" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">Japan</collectingCountry>
) [
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D45D91C4D640475E137FCF6D95B" authority="Nomura, 1959" authorityName="Nomura" authorityYear="1959" box="[594,837,1333,1360]" class="Insecta" family="Melandryidae" genus="Symphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atra">
<emphasis id="B968EAD4D91C4D640475E137FD2ED944" box="[594,669,1334,1360]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">S. atra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B37D91C4D640483E137FCF6D95B" author="Nomura, S." box="[676,837,1333,1360]" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" pagination="43 - 45" refId="ref16546" refString="Nomura, S. 1959: Notes on the Japanese Melandryidae (Coleoptera). I. Entomological Review of Japan, 10, 43 - 45." type="journal article" year="1959">Nomura, 1959</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D45D91C4D64055BE137FB03D95B" authority="(Marseul, 1876)" baseAuthorityName="Marseul" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[892,1200,1333,1360]" class="Insecta" family="Melandryidae" genus="Symphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunnea">
<emphasis id="B968EAD4D91C4D64055BE137FC46D944" box="[892,1013,1333,1360]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">S. brunnea</emphasis>
(Marseul, 1876)
</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D45D91C4D6402E0E137FEEFD97F" authority="Nomura &amp; Hayashi, 1960" authorityName="Nomura &amp; Hayashi" authorityYear="1960" class="Insecta" family="Melandryidae" genus="Symphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miyakei">
<emphasis id="B968EAD4D91C4D6402E0E137FA89D944" box="[1223,1338,1333,1360]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="154">S. miyakei</emphasis>
Nomura &amp; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B37D91C4D640693E158FEEFD97F" author="Hayashi, M." box="[180,348,1369,1396]" pageId="12" pageNumber="154" pagination="42 - 46" refId="ref16098" refString="Hayashi, M. (1960) Studies on Melandryidae from Japan 1. (Col.). Entomological Review of Japan, 11, 42 - 46." type="journal article" year="1960">Hayashi, 1960</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>