187 lines
21 KiB
XML
187 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="25F3D01FBC6743F30BA343FAA181EA42" ID-DOI="10.24349/acarologia/20204390" ID-ISSN="2107-7207" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5400498" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630333682882" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Al-Azzazy, Mahmoud M., Alsohim, Abdullah S. & Yoder, Carl E." docDate="2020" docId="03AF416FFFDCFFD2FE671DEAE8AC37F1" docLanguage="en" docName="Acarologia.2020.60.3.587-594.pdf" docOrigin="Acarologia 60 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.24349/acarologia/20204390" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0387F17C4AF9F8D6336E46CC5E5664D0.6:Acarologia.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="0387F17C4AF9F8D6336E46CC5E5664D0" docStyleName="Acarologia.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Tetranychus urticae Koch 1836" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="592" masterDocId="FF963917FFD9FFD4FF8C1E14ED42336A" masterDocTitle="Biological effects of three bacterial species on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) infesting eggplant under laboratory and greenhouse conditions" masterLastPageNumber="594" masterPageNumber="587" pageNumber="591" updateTime="1699232042613" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="34A4D6A90B9B640DBE9CDFD1B2D354E9">Biological effects of three bacterial species on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) infesting eggplant under laboratory and greenhouse conditions</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0FD4C11C53F0969320E75553517F4781">Al-Azzazy, Mahmoud M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="666F37E793B24ED8DB796B3FF0FA43F2">Department of Plant Production and Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia. & Agricultural Zoology and Nematology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1A6E306EAC694DE0BD1CA949B96F13EF">Alsohim, Abdullah S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E42EBDFBAF21A8CB0368070F9D8C4478">Department of Plant Production and Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0B04C589707FB53F62C4FD1FE98C86A9">Yoder, Carl E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4CC3C5F8682601834852117DC9E64A34">Department of Plant Sciences, Herbert College of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, 112 Plant Biotechnology Building, 2505 E. J. Chapman Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA. & Department of Plant Production and Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="0F83F16BDF6F62CE3759962FB23E9F08">Acarologia</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D3C7B90794B0257F7D40F4D508BD6D69">2020</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03AF416FFFDCFFD2FE671DEAE8AC37F1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AF416FFFDCFFD2FE671DEAE8AC37F1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AF416FFFDCFFD2FE671DEAE8AC37F1" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="592" pageId="5" pageNumber="591">
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<subSubSection id="C31CA3F2FFDCFFD1FE671DEAE9D23770" box="[491,1168,1022,1050]" pageId="5" pageNumber="591" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB9F079FFDCFFD1FE671DEAE9D23770" blockId="5.[491,1168,1022,1050]" box="[491,1168,1022,1050]" pageId="5" pageNumber="591">
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<heading id="D0F14715FFDCFFD1FE671DEAE9D23770" bold="true" box="[491,1168,1022,1050]" centered="true" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="591" reason="6">
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<emphasis id="B9722C6BFFDCFFD1FE671DEAE9D23770" bold="true" box="[491,1168,1022,1050]" pageId="5" pageNumber="591">
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Symptoms of
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<taxonomicName id="4C068BFAFFDCFFD1FD251DEAEE683770" ID-CoL="55QR6" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1836" box="[681,810,1022,1050]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetranychidae" genus="Tetranychus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urticae">
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<emphasis id="B9722C6BFFDCFFD1FD251DEAEE683770" bold="true" box="[681,810,1022,1050]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="591">T. urticae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with a bacterial infection
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31CA3F2FFDCFFD2FE671A20E8AC37F1" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="592" pageId="5" pageNumber="591" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB9F079FFDCFFD1FE671A20E89D36E8" blockId="5.[491,1536,1076,1410]" pageId="5" pageNumber="591">
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Bacterial pathogens invade their hosts mostly through the mouth and alimentary canal. Less often, they enter through peritremes and wounds in the integument (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF978D88FFDCFFD1FB411A43E8933705" author="Poinar R. & Poinar G." box="[1229,1489,1111,1135]" pageId="5" pageNumber="591" pagination="449 - 469" refId="ref5754" refString="Poinar R., Poinar G. 1998. Parasites and pathogens of mites. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 43: 449 - 469. doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. ento. 43.1.449 doi: 10.1146 / annurev. ento. 43.1.449" type="journal article" year="1998">Poinar and Poinar, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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). Bacterial infections may be classified as toxaemia, when bacteria are confined in the alimentary canal where they produce toxins, bacteremia, when bacteria multiply in the hemolymph of the mite without producing toxins (apparently unaffected by the mite immune system), or septicaemia, when bacteria multiply in the hemocoel, producing toxins and killing the
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<taxonomicName id="4C068BFAFFDCFFD1FA111AF4EE413671" authority="(Tanada and Kaya, 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Tanada and Kaya" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="591" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mite">
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mite (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF978D88FFDCFFD1FE7F1B17EFBE3671" author="Tanada Y. & Kaya H. K." box="[499,764,1283,1308]" pageId="5" pageNumber="591" refId="ref5860" refString="Tanada Y., Kaya H. K. 1993. Insect Pathology. Academic Press, San Diego, Publisher. pp. 666. Available from: https: // www. elsevier. com / books / insect-pathology / tanada / 978 - 0 - 08 - 092625 - 4." type="url" year="1993">Tanada and Kaya, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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. In the present study, many of these factors might have contributed to the mortality of the two-spotted spider mite. Diagnostic features considered as general characteristics of bacterial infection were recorded in the current study: distinct color changes (dark brown color with a black tinge), degeneration of internal tissues, discontinuation of
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF79A0F1FFDCFFD1FFFB1BC4E80B3696" pageId="5" pageNumber="591" startId="5.[119,175,1488,1509]">
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<paragraph id="8BB9F079FFDCFFD1FFFB1BC4E80B3696" blockId="5.[119,1480,1488,1532]" pageId="5" pageNumber="591">
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<emphasis id="B9722C6BFFDCFFD1FFFB1BC4ED86368F" bold="true" box="[119,196,1488,1509]" pageId="5" pageNumber="591">Table 2</emphasis>
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Corrected mortality (in % calculated with Henderson-Tilton equation) of the spider mite,
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<taxonomicName id="4C068BFAFFDCFFD1FBC31BC4E852368F" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1836" box="[1103,1296,1488,1510]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetranychidae" genus="Tetranychus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urticae">
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<emphasis id="B9722C6BFFDCFFD1FBC31BC4E852368F" box="[1103,1296,1488,1510]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="591">Tetranychus urticae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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treated with three pathogenic bacterial species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C068BFAFFDCFFD1FE1E1BF2EF793696" box="[402,571,1510,1532]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Moraxellaceae" genus="Acinetobacter" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Pseudomonadales" pageId="5" pageNumber="591" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B9722C6BFFDCFFD1FE1E1BF2EF5A3696" box="[402,536,1510,1532]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="591">Acinetobacter</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C068BFAFFDCFFD1FDCA1BF2EF9D3696" authorityName="Cohn" authorityYear="1872" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[582,735,1510,1532]" class="Insecta" family="Bacillidae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtilis">
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<emphasis id="B9722C6BFFDCFFD1FDCA1BF2EF9D3696" box="[582,735,1510,1532]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="591">Bacillus subtilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C068BFAFFDCFFD1FC811BF2EEF83696" box="[781,954,1510,1532]" class="Insecta" family="Bacillidae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="qassimus">
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<emphasis id="B9722C6BFFDCFFD1FC811BF2EEF83696" box="[781,954,1510,1532]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="591">Bacillus qassimus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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under eggplant greenhouse conditions.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BB9F079FFDCFFD1FF491855EC35349A" blockId="5.[126,1466,1600,2032]" pageId="5" pageNumber="591">
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Treatment Days after treatment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 P value
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<taxonomicName id="4C068BFAFFDCFFD1FF141884EC2535C0" box="[152,359,1680,1706]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Moraxellaceae" genus="Acinetobacter" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Pseudomonadales" pageId="5" pageNumber="591" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B9722C6BFFDCFFD1FF141884EC7835C0" box="[152,314,1680,1706]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="591">Acinetobacter</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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29.89 Aa 45.95 Ab 77.29 Ac 75.19 Ac 74.99 Ac 74.82 Ac 73.80 Ac
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×10
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<superScript id="7C735D31FFDCFFD1FE8518A3EC5135A2" attach="left" box="[265,275,1719,1736]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="591">8</superScript>
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cfu/ml
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<taxonomicName id="4C068BFAFFDCFFD1FF4F18FDEC743468" authorityName="Cohn" authorityYear="1872" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[195,310,1768,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Bacillidae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtilis">
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<emphasis id="B9722C6BFFDCFFD1FF4F18FDEC743468" box="[195,310,1768,1794]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="591">B. subtilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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10.28 Ba 24.31 Bb 41.06 Bc 55.48 Bd 61.36 Bd 64.77 Bd 67.11 Bd
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<geoCoordinate id="EE3296BEFFDCFFD1FAE818EFE8F6347F" box="[1380,1460,1787,1813]" degrees="0.0071" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="591" precision="5" value="0.0071">0.0071</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE3296BEFFDCFFD1FF161903ED9C345B" box="[154,222,1815,1841]" degrees="2.470" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="591" precision="55" value="2.47">2.470</geoCoordinate>
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×10
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<superScript id="7C735D31FFDCFFD1FE85191BEC51344A" attach="left" box="[265,275,1807,1824]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="591">8</superScript>
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cfu/ml
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<taxonomicName id="4C068BFAFFDCFFD1FF341955EC003430" box="[184,322,1857,1882]" class="Insecta" family="Bacillidae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="qassimus">
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<emphasis id="B9722C6BFFDCFFD1FF341955EC003430" box="[184,322,1857,1882]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="591">B. qassimus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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9.14 Ca 23.55 Cb 40.25 Cc 54.97 Cd 60.08 Cd 63.07 Cd 65.19 Cd
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<geoCoordinate id="EE3296BEFFDCFFD1FAE71947E8EE3407" box="[1387,1452,1875,1901]" degrees="0.009" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="591" precision="55" value="0.009">0.009</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE3296BEFFDCFFD1FF16197BED9C34E3" box="[154,222,1903,1929]" degrees="3.320" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="591" precision="55" value="3.32">3.320</geoCoordinate>
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×10
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<superScript id="7C735D31FFDCFFD1FE851973EC513412" attach="left" box="[265,275,1895,1912]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="591">8</superScript>
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cfu/ml P value 0.0048 0.0066 0.0079 0.0094 0.0041 0.0056 0.0073 The capital letter denotes significant differences within the same column and small letter denotes the significant differences within the same row at P<0.01.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF79A0F1FFDFFFD2FFFB1CB5E88431DD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5400500" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5400500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5400500/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="592" startId="6.[119,186,673,694]" targetBox="[126,1471,226,612]" targetPageId="6">
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<paragraph id="8BB9F079FFDFFFD2FFFB1CB5E88431DD" blockId="6.[119,1478,673,695]" pageId="6" pageNumber="592">
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<emphasis id="B9722C6BFFDFFFD2FFFB1CB5ED8E31DC" bold="true" box="[119,204,673,694]" pageId="6" pageNumber="592">Figure 1</emphasis>
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Pictures of dead mite individuals after spray with the pathogenic bacteria: A –
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<taxonomicName id="4C068BFAFFDFFFD2FC441CB5E93331DD" box="[968,1137,673,695]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Moraxellaceae" genus="Acinetobacter" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Pseudomonadales" pageId="6" pageNumber="592" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B9722C6BFFDFFFD2FC441CB5E90C31DD" box="[968,1102,673,695]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="592">Acinetobacter</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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; B –
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<taxonomicName id="4C068BFAFFDFFFD2FB121CB6E9BF31DD" authorityName="Cohn" authorityYear="1872" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[1182,1277,673,695]" class="Insecta" family="Bacillidae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtilis">
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<emphasis id="B9722C6BFFDFFFD2FB121CB6E9BF31DD" box="[1182,1277,673,695]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="592">B. subtilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and C –
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<taxonomicName id="4C068BFAFFDFFFD2FADF1CB6E88431DD" box="[1363,1478,674,695]" class="Insecta" family="Bacillidae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="593" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="qassimus">
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<emphasis id="B9722C6BFFDFFFD2FADF1CB6E82031DD" box="[1363,1378,674,695]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="592">B</emphasis>
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. qassimus
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BB9F079FFDFFFD2FE671D3FEF21377B" blockId="6.[491,1552,811,1179]" pageId="6" pageNumber="592">
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feeding, inability to move, weakening of the outer skin, females failing to oviposit, excretion of diarrhoea-like faeces, occasionally causing mites to become glued to the substrate, vomiting and cadavers becoming black due to the bacterial infection (
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<figureCitation id="133DECFCFFDFFFD2FB191D7BE9B230ED" box="[1173,1264,879,903]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[119,186,673,694]" captionTargetBox="[126,1471,226,612]" captionTargetId="figure-5@6.[500,996,226,612]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1 Pictures of dead mite individuals after spray with the pathogenic bacteria: A – Acinetobacter sp.; B –B. subtilis and C –B. qassimus" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5400500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5400500/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="592">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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).In another study (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF978D88FFDFFFD2FA4F1D7BEF1F30C0" author="Wilson M. & McNab R. & Henderson B." pageId="6" pageNumber="592" refId="ref5971" refString="Wilson M., McNab R., Henderson B. 2002. Bacterial Disease Mechanisms: An Introduction to Cellular Microbiology. Cambridge University Press, UK, Publisher. pp. 656. doi: 10.1017 / CBO 9781139164665" type="book" year="2002">
|
||
Wilson
|
||
<emphasis id="B9722C6BFFDFFFD2FE671D87EF6330C0" box="[491,545,914,938]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="592">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) reported that bacterial hemolysins are exotoxins that attack blood cell membranes and cause cell rupture and body swelling. These hemolysins may also be involved in the pathogenicity of the three bacterial species on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C068BFAFFDFFFD2FC521DCCE9063085" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1836" box="[990,1092,984,1007]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetranychidae" genus="Tetranychus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urticae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9722C6BFFDFFFD2FC521DCCE9063085" box="[990,1092,984,1007]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="592">T. urticae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, especially given the rapid mortality observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB9F079FFDFFFD2FD9F1A08E8AC37F1" blockId="6.[491,1552,811,1179]" pageId="6" pageNumber="592">
|
||
We can hypothesize that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C068BFAFFDFFFD2FC931A08EE9B3759" box="[799,985,1052,1076]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Moraxellaceae" genus="Acinetobacter" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Pseudomonadales" pageId="6" pageNumber="592" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9722C6BFFDFFFD2FC931A08EEF6375E" box="[799,948,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="592">Acinetobacter</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found to be a better bacterial agent under greenhouse and lab experiments, because of its higher colonizing capacity in small-bodied mites by providing very strong adhesion to the cuticle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF978D88FFDFFFD2FB9F1A74E85A3712" author="Van der Geest L. P. S. & Elliot S. L. & Breeuwer J. A. J. & Beerling E. A. M." box="[1043,1304,1120,1144]" pageId="6" pageNumber="592" pagination="497 - 560" refId="ref5914" refString="Van der Geest L. P. S., Elliot S. L., Breeuwer J. A. J., Beerling E. A. M. 2000. Diseases of mites. Exp. Appl. Acarol., 24: 497 - 560. doi: 10.1023 / A: 1026518418163" type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Van der Geest
|
||
<emphasis id="B9722C6BFFDFFFD2FB121A75E9963712" box="[1182,1236,1120,1144]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="592">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Future studies would be needed to understand interactions between mites and these bacterial pathogens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |