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<document id="161A65BA90C3C82DE4CF198E346EDD3F" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.193541" ID-GBIF-Dataset="dc83f40d-f11b-4fb6-89c6-c27602766bd5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="193541" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460152830526" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Krabbe, Niels &amp; Cadena, Carlos Daniel" docDate="2010" docId="03A88788F262E355FF5D33A7FE84D329" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02354p066.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2354" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Scytalopus opacus subsp. androstictus Krabbe &amp; Cadena, 2010, ssp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="65" masterDocId="FF91FFF0F265E35CFFCA370AFF91D510" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of the Paramo Tapaculo Scytalopus canus Chapman (Aves: Rhinocryptidae), with description of a new subspecies from Ecuador and Peru" masterLastPageNumber="66" masterPageNumber="56" pageNumber="63" updateTime="1698235549577" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="73901EB69A0FFD3B0715AFD5DB066C6D">A taxonomic revision of the Paramo Tapaculo Scytalopus canus Chapman (Aves: Rhinocryptidae), with description of a new subspecies from Ecuador and Peru</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E5382E1EE26AA0F3A3FCED2F24B976C7">Krabbe, Niels</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A968AF303D31300282D46AD2DEA58338">Cadena, Carlos Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="8C5BEB1B7154FD3947BB866AEBA93C2B">2010</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03A88788F262E355FF5D33A7FE84D329" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5625093" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124956000" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5625093" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A88788F262E355FF5D33A7FE84D329" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A88788F262E355FF5D33A7FE84D329" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">
<subSubSection id="C31B6515F262E35BFF5D33A7FCFED1D7" box="[151,879,1197,1223]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBE369EF262E35BFF5D33A7FCFED1D7" blockId="7.[151,879,1197,1223]" box="[151,879,1197,1223]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">
<heading id="D0F681F2F262E35BFF5D33A7FCFED1D7" bold="true" box="[151,879,1197,1223]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF262E35BFF5D33A7FCFED1D7" bold="true" box="[151,879,1197,1223]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF262E35BFF5D33A7FD81D1D7" ID-CoL="5L4LF" box="[151,528,1197,1223]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="opacus" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="androstictus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF262E35BFF5D33A7FD81D1D7" bold="true" box="[151,528,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">Scytalopus opacus androstictus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24657F7F262E35BFDDD33A7FD11D1D7" box="[535,640,1197,1223]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" rank="subSpecies">ssp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Krabbe &amp; Cadena
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31B6515F262E35BFF5D33FFFF60D0B4" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BBE369EF262E35BFF5D33FFFF60D0B4" blockId="7.[151,1437,1269,2004]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">
<typeStatus id="54BA883CF262E35BFF5D33FFFE86D01F" box="[151,279,1269,1295]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
: An adult male, deposited in the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen (
<collectionCode id="ED10AE5BF262E35BFB2933FFFAABD01F" box="[1251,1338,1269,1295]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">ZMUC</collectionCode>
80126). Collected by N. Krabbe (collector’s number NK12-
<date id="FFBF105EF262E35BFD363210FCC7D024" box="[764,854,1306,1332]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" value="92-09-11">9.11.92</date>
) on
<date id="FFBF105EF262E35BFC413210FBF3D024" box="[907,1122,1306,1332]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" value="1992-11-09">9 November 1992</date>
along the Jimbura-Zumba road in Cordillera de Las Lagunillas, Loja Province,
<collectingCountry id="F316760EF262E35BFCD8324AFCE4D04A" box="[786,885,1344,1370]" name="Ecuador" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE355059F262E35BFC4D324AFC48D04A" box="[903,985,1344,1370]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" precision="925" value="-4.7166667">4°43'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE355059F262E35BFC2C324AFBC0D04A" box="[998,1105,1344,1370]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" precision="925" value="-79.433334">79°26'W</geoCoordinate>
;
<quantity id="4CF99B7BF262E35BFB95324AFB2CD04A" box="[1119,1213,1344,1370]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.45" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="3450.0">3450 m</quantity>
). Tissue sample in
<collectionCode id="ED10AE5BF262E35BFF5D326FFF7DD06F" box="[151,236,1381,1407]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">ZMUC</collectionCode>
(number 125728). A recording of the song of this individual was deposited on XenoCanto (number 35112).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31B6515F262E35BFF0C32A5FD6AD32A" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BBE369EF262E35BFF0C32A5FD6AD32A" blockId="7.[151,1437,1269,2004]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF262E35BFF0C32A5FED7D0D9" bold="true" box="[198,326,1455,1481]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Similar in measurements and plumage coloration to
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF262E35BFC7332BAFB17D0D9" box="[953,1158,1456,1481]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="opacus" subSpecies="opacus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF262E35BFC7332BAFB17D0D9" box="[953,1158,1456,1481]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">S. opacus opacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from northern
<collectingCountry id="F316760EF262E35BFAF032BAFA0DD0DA" box="[1338,1436,1456,1482]" name="Ecuador" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
and central
<collectingCountry id="F316760EF262E35BFEEB32DFFE09D0FF" box="[289,408,1493,1519]" name="Colombia" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, but differs vocally by its song-like call, and genetically. Additionally, in seven of nine adult males (and three more observed in the field) most or all of the greater primary coverts in both wings are albinistic, a trait not reported in nominate
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF262E35BFD4E312AFD65D329" box="[644,756,1568,1593]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opacus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF262E35BFD4E312AFD65D329" box="[644,756,1568,1593]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">S. opacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31B6515F262E354FF0E314FFF72D762" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBE369EF262E35BFF0E314FFB9DD29A" blockId="7.[151,1437,1269,2004]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF262E35BFF0E314FFE6BD34F" bold="true" box="[196,506,1605,1631]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">
Description of
<typeStatus id="54BA883CF262E35BFE49314FFE65D34F" box="[387,500,1605,1631]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Capitalized color names and numbers from
<bibRefCitation id="EF904B6FF262E35BFBD3314FFB5DD34F" author="Smithe" box="[1049,1228,1605,1631]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" refString="Smithe, F. B. (1975) Naturalist's Color Guide. American Museum of Natural History, New York." type="book" year="1975">Smithe (1975)</bibRefCitation>
: Above Blackish Neutral Gray (82), wings and tail very faintly washed with Brussels Brown (121B), rump and tips of tertials with faint,
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wide bars of this color and blackish. Greater primary coverts white. Underparts including underwing uniform, between Dark Neutral Gray (83) and Medium Neutral Gray (84), tips of feathers of lower flanks and under tail coverts with
<quantity id="4CF99B7BF262E35BFDFB31D0FDE7D3E4" box="[561,630,1754,1780]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
wide blackish and Tawny Olive (223D) bars. Weight
<quantity id="4CF99B7BF262E35BFACA31D0FADFD3E4" box="[1280,1358,1754,1780]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.68" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" unit="g" value="16.8">16.8 g</quantity>
. Wing chord
<quantity id="4CF99B7BF262E35BFF28300AFEA9D20A" box="[226,312,1792,1818]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" unit="mm" value="53.0">53 mm</quantity>
, wing flat
<quantity id="4CF99B7BF262E35BFE7C300AFD9CD20A" box="[438,525,1792,1818]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" unit="mm" value="56.0">56 mm</quantity>
, tail length
<quantity id="4CF99B7BF262E35BFD52300AFD7FD20A" box="[664,750,1792,1818]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" unit="mm" value="39.0">39 mm</quantity>
, tarsus length
<quantity id="4CF99B7BF262E35BFC53300AFB94D20A" box="[921,1029,1792,1818]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.23" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" unit="mm" value="22.3">22.3 mm</quantity>
. Bill from fore edge of operculum
<quantity id="4CF99B7BF262E35BFF5D302FFF65D22F" box="[151,244,1829,1855]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" unit="mm" value="5.4">5.4 mm</quantity>
, from skull
<quantity id="4CF99B7BF262E35BFE48302FFE7CD22F" box="[386,493,1829,1855]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.03" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" unit="mm" value="10.3">10.3 mm</quantity>
, from mandible fork
<quantity id="4CF99B7BF262E35BFD22302FFCD4D22F" box="[744,837,1829,1855]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" unit="mm" value="6.4">6.4 mm</quantity>
. Tail composed of ten rectrices. Irides dark brown, maxilla blackish, mandible blackish brown, feet (tarsi and toes) fuscous. Testes medium enlarged (
<date id="FFBF105EF262E35BFA8D3040FAFFD274" box="[1351,1390,1866,1892]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">5 x</date>
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), seminal vesicle enlarged. Stomach contents: remains of small insects.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE369EF262E354FF0C309FFDDAD5EC" blockId="7.[151,1437,1269,2004]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,152,1932]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF262E35BFF0C309FFE7FD2BF" bold="true" box="[198,494,1941,1967]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">Variation among males.</emphasis>
The nine adult males examined are remarkably uniform. Seven individuals vary slightly in the coloration of the primary coverts, which range from being mostly to entirely white; three additional individuals observed in the field possessed this spot, but two adult male specimens from southernmost Zamora-Chinchipe (ZMUC 80128, LSUMZ 83373) show no white and thus do not differ from nominate
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FEC137E8FEEAD5EB" box="[267,379,226,251]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opacus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FEC137E8FEEAD5EB" box="[267,379,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">S. opacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
morphologically.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE369EF26DE354FF0C3602FE12D457" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,1932]" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">
FEMALE: Two adult and two subadult females appear indistinguishable from corresponding plumages of nominate
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FEC13627FEEAD456" box="[267,379,301,326]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opacus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FEC13627FEEAD456" box="[267,379,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">S. opacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE369EF26DE354FF0C3658FF72D762" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,1932]" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FF0C3658FE78D47C" bold="true" box="[198,489,338,364]" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">Description of juvenile.</emphasis>
A recently fledged male (ZMUC 80131) with tail still in pin and crown feathers tipped with long down is Prout's Brown (121A) above, lightly barred blackish and with narrow buff tips on the secondaries. The throat and breast are Pale Pinkish Buff (121D) lightly mottled with blackish, belly dirty white and unbarred, sides, flanks and vent dirty white grading to Mikado Brown (121C) on sides of lower breast, and barred blackish. The upperparts are slightly darker brown and the belly paler than in four specimens of nominate
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FE793507FDB7D736" box="[435,550,525,550]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opacus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FE793507FDB7D736" box="[435,550,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">S. opacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but this difference might not be constant, considering the broad range of plumage variation seen in juveniles of nominate
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FD103538FCF8D75B" box="[730,873,562,587]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="opacus" subSpecies="opacus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FD103538FCF8D75B" box="[730,873,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">S. o. opacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, even within a locality (
<bibRefCitation id="EF904B6FF26DE354FB433538FF47D762" author="Krabbe" pageId="8" pageNumber="66" refString="Krabbe, N. &amp; Schulenberg, T. S. (1997) Species limits and natural history of Scytalopus tapaculos (Rhinocryptidae), with descriptions of the Ecuadorian taxa, including three new species. Ornithological Monographs, 48, 46 - 88." type="journal article" year="1997">Krabbe &amp; Schulenberg 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31B6515F26DE354FF0C3577FF64D1D7" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BBE369EF26DE354FF0C3577FB05D667" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,1932]" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FF0C3577FE6FD787" bold="true" box="[198,510,637,663]" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">Distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FDCF3577FD41D786" box="[517,720,637,662]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="opacus" subSpecies="androstictus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FDCF3577FD41D786" box="[517,720,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">S. o. androstictus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inhabits the East Andes south of the Río Zamora in southern
<collectingCountry id="F316760EF26DE354FF5D35A8FE95D7AC" box="[151,260,674,700]" name="Ecuador" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
, and the Andes of northernmost
<collectingCountry id="F316760EF26DE354FD6035A8FD75D7AC" box="[682,740,674,700]" name="Peru" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">Peru</collectingCountry>
north of the Río Marañón, on the eastern flank of the Huancabamba valley. It occurs in treeline scrub at elevations ranging from
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, locally down to
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along exposed ridges. On the eastern slopes it is replaced below and in taller and more bamboodominated vegetation by
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FE0B3418FCDDD63C" authority="Krabbe &amp; Schulenberg" authorityName="Krabbe &amp; Schulenberg" box="[449,844,786,812]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkeri">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FE0B3418FDA4D63B" box="[449,565,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">S. parkeri</emphasis>
Krabbe &amp; Schulenberg
</taxonomicName>
and also meets the (as yet unnamed) eastern form of
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FF733432FE39D642" authority="Hellmayr" authorityName="Hellmayr" box="[185,424,824,850]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrans">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FF733432FEA1D641" box="[185,304,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">S. latrans</emphasis>
Hellmayr
</taxonomicName>
, which locally ascends the slopes through disturbed humid forest. On the western slopes it is replaced below in drier, more open scrub by
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FCEF3457FB05D667" authority="Zimmer." authorityName="Zimmer." box="[805,1172,861,887]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="latrans" subSpecies="subcinereus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FCEF3457FBB9D666" box="[805,1064,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">S. latrans subcinereus</emphasis>
Zimmer.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE369EF26DE354FF0C3488FF64D1D7" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,1932]" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FF0C3488FEE2D68C" bold="true" box="[198,371,898,924]" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">Vocalizations.</emphasis>
The distinctive calls of
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FD473488FCC6D68B" box="[653,855,898,923]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="opacus" subSpecies="androstictus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FD473488FCC6D68B" box="[653,855,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">S. o. androstictus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are described above and shown in
<figureCitation id="133A2A1BF26DE354FB383488FAA8D68C" box="[1266,1337,898,924]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,823,847]" captionTargetBox="[163,1418,212,785]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,197,802]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Calls of (A – B) Scytalopus canus canus from Frontino, Antioquia, Colombia, (C – D) northern S. c. opacus from Tungurahua and Carchi, Ecuador, and southern S. c. opacus from (E) Piura, Peru and (F – G) Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193544/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
. In spite of this taxon’s long genetic isolation and markedly different call, its song does not differ appreciably from that of
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FF7D34C7FED6D6F6" box="[183,327,973,998]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="opacus" subSpecies="opacus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FF7D34C7FED6D6F6" box="[183,327,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">S. o. opacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C6830325F26DE354FE9D34C7FE22D6F7" box="[343,435,973,999]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,241,764,788]" captionText="TABLE 3. Some properties of songs of Scytalopus c. canus and northern and southern populations of S. c. opacus. Positive values for Δ Pace are indicated with the prefix ‘ acc’ (accelerating), negative values with ‘ dec’ (decelerating). The pitch given is that of the second harmonic. Δ Pitch is negative for all three and is measured in half notes on the diatonic scale." pageId="8" pageNumber="64">Table 3</tableCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="133A2A1BF26DE354FE0B34C7FDA3D6F7" box="[449,562,973,999]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="3.[151,259,1748,1772]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,255,1876,1900]" captionTargetBox-0="[165,1429,1167,1738]" captionTargetBox-1="[216,1396,380,1861]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[151,1436,1157,1742]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[196,1402,372,1865]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Half second sequences of songs of (A) Scytalopus c. canus from Frontino, Antioquia, Colombia, (B) northern S. c. opacus from Azuay, Ecuador, and (C) southern S. c. opacus from Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador. Notice the churring, higher pitched and much slower paced notes of S. c. canus. Differences in note quality between northern and southern S. c. opacus are not constant." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Complete songs of (A) Scytalopus c. canus from Frontino, Antioquia, Colombia, (B) northern S. c. opacus from Azuay, Ecuador, and (C) southern S. c. opacus from Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador. Notice that in S. c. canus the pitch falls rapidly in the beginning of the song. As in the example shown, most songs of northern S. c. opacus have one to three introductory notes. The song length of all three ranges from 4 to 12 s." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/193542/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/193543/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
), except by lacking the 1–3 churring introductory notes found in 16 of 21 recordings of
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FEF334F8FE1DD11B" box="[313,396,1010,1035]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opacus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FEF334F8FE1DD11B" box="[313,396,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">opacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="133A2A1BF26DE354FE5634F8FE70D11C" box="[412,481,1010,1036]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,257,798,822]" captionTargetBox="[162,1430,207,768]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,777]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Beginning of song of northern S. c. opacus from Azuay, Ecuador, including two introductory notes. In southern S. c. opacus there is usually no introductory note and if present, it is of the same pitch and quality as the following notes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193546/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) and by sometimes being delivered without pause for two minutes or more, much longer than any recorded song of
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FDE13312FD2DD121" box="[555,700,1048,1073]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="opacus" subSpecies="opacus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FDE13312FD2DD121" box="[555,700,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">S. o. opacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Usually, however, the song is 4–12 s long, as in nominate
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FA4C3312FF7AD146" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opacus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FA4C3312FF7AD146" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">S. opacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. When
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FE803337FD8BD146" box="[330,538,1085,1110]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="opacus" subSpecies="androstictus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FE803337FD8BD146" box="[330,538,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">S. o. androstictus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in rare cases gives an introductory note, i.e. pauses after the first note, the note is of the same pitch and quality as the following notes. In vocalizations of both forms of
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FB1E3369FAD5D16C" box="[1236,1348,1123,1148]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opacus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FB1E3369FAD5D16C" box="[1236,1348,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">S. opacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well as in
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FF1D3382FEAAD1B1" box="[215,315,1160,1185]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FF1D3382FEAAD1B1" box="[215,315,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">S. canus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the second, occasionally the first harmonic is loudest, and several more harmonics are often audible.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31B6515F26DE354FF0C33D8FD0DD29C" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BBE369EF26DE354FF0C33D8FACED027" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,1932]" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FF0C33D8FEC2D1FC" bold="true" box="[198,339,1234,1260]" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">Etymology.</emphasis>
The name refers to the white spot on the primary coverts found in most males, setting it apart from a nearby (Cordillera Colán, Amazonas,
<collectingCountry id="F316760EF26DE354FD7833F2FD7BD002" box="[690,746,1272,1298]" name="Peru" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">Peru</collectingCountry>
) population, vocally unknown but presently referred to
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FA4C33F2FE16D027" authority="Zimmer" authorityName="Zimmer" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvirostris">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FA4C33F2FEB0D026" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">S. parvirostris</emphasis>
Zimmer
</taxonomicName>
, in which a similar spot is found but in females only (
<bibRefCitation id="EF904B6FF26DE354FC363217FAC3D027" author="Krabbe" box="[1020,1362,1309,1335]" pageId="8" pageNumber="66" refString="Krabbe, N. &amp; Schulenberg, T. S. (1997) Species limits and natural history of Scytalopus tapaculos (Rhinocryptidae), with descriptions of the Ecuadorian taxa, including three new species. Ornithological Monographs, 48, 46 - 88." type="journal article" year="1997">Krabbe &amp; Schulenberg 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE369EF26DE354FF0C3248FD0DD29C" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,1932]" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FF0C3248FEE4D04C" bold="true" box="[198,373,1346,1372]" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">Conservation.</emphasis>
Our revised classification of the
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FCF73249FB82D04C" box="[829,1043,1347,1372]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FCF73249FB82D04C" box="[829,1043,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">Scytalopus canus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex has implications for conservation because a taxon that was formerly considered to represent a single species actually consists of three differentiated lineages. However, although they range over fairly small areas, there seems to be no immediate threat to the survival of any of them. The entire Ecuadorian part of the range of
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FAE932B9FEBCD0E1" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="opacus" subSpecies="androstictus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FAE932B9FEBCD0E1" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">S. opacus androstictus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lies within two large and continuous protected areas: Podocarpus National Park and Bosque Protector Colambo-Yacuri. Much of the range of
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FD1632F7FCFBD306" box="[732,874,1533,1558]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="opacus" subSpecies="opacus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FD1632F7FCFBD306" box="[732,874,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">S. o. opacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also lies within large national parks in
<collectingCountry id="F316760EF26DE354FAF032F7FA0DD307" box="[1338,1436,1533,1559]" name="Ecuador" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
(e.g. Sangay, Llanganates, Cayambe-Coca) and
<collectingCountry id="F316760EF26DE354FD1A3128FCD5D32C" box="[720,836,1570,1596]" name="Colombia" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">Colombia</collectingCountry>
(e.g. Los Nevados, Puracé). In the Western Andes of
<collectingCountry id="F316760EF26DE354FF7C3142FEBCD372" box="[182,301,1608,1634]" name="Colombia" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">Colombia</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FEFD3142FE09D371" box="[311,408,1608,1633]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FEFD3142FE09D371" box="[311,408,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">S. canus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is so far known to occur on Páramo de Paramillo, which is declared a national park, and Páramo de Frontino, of which only a small part is protected. It would be of interest to determine if it occurs on other paramos in the Western Andes, several of which are protected. The first one south of Frontino is entirely encompassed by a nature reserve, Farallones de Citará. It is separated from Frontino by a pass of
<quantity id="4CF99B7BF26DE354FAF331B2FA06D3C2" box="[1337,1431,1720,1746]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</quantity>
, higher than the lowest pass between Frontino and Paramillo (
<quantity id="4CF99B7BF26DE354FCB131D7FC4DD3E7" box="[891,988,1757,1783]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="2150.0">2150 m</quantity>
), so
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FBDE31D7FBEBD3E6" box="[1044,1146,1757,1782]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FBDE31D7FBEBD3E6" box="[1044,1146,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">S. canus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presumably also occurs here. Further south, the paramos are separated by passes lower than
<quantity id="4CF99B7BF26DE354FC053008FBBFD20C" box="[975,1070,1794,1820]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800 m</quantity>
. It would be of conservational interest to determine to what degree the range of
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FD2C3022FCD8D251" box="[742,841,1832,1857]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FD2C3022FCD8D251" box="[742,841,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">S. canus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
coincides with that of
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26DE354FB973022FA03D252" authority="Wetmore" authorityName="Wetmore" box="[1117,1426,1832,1858]" class="Aves" family="Trochilidae" genus="Coeligena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orina">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FB973022FAB1D251" box="[1117,1312,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">Coeligena orina</emphasis>
Wetmore
</taxonomicName>
, another bird confined to humid treeline scrub in the Western Andes and so far only recorded from Farallones de Citará and Frontino (Krabbe
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26DE354FDC43079FDD0D29C" box="[526,577,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2005).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF7E6616F26CE355FF5D3414FED4D666" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193546/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" targetBox="[162,1430,207,768]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BBE369EF26CE355FF5D3414FED4D666" blockId="9.[151,1436,798,886]" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26CE355FF5D3414FE8FD626" bold="true" box="[151,286,798,822]" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Beginning of song of northern
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26CE355FD4A3415FC94D626" box="[640,773,799,822]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="opacus" subSpecies="opacus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26CE355FD4A3415FC94D626" box="[640,773,799,822]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">S. c. opacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Azuay, Ecuador, including two introductory notes. In southern
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26CE355FF353435FE17D646" box="[255,390,831,854]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="opacus" subSpecies="opacus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26CE355FF353435FE17D646" box="[255,390,831,854]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">S. c. opacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there is usually no introductory note and if present, it is of the same pitch and quality as the following notes.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C31B6515F26CE355FF0E34AEFE84D329" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBE369EF26CE355FF0E34AEFE4BD13E" blockId="9.[151,1437,932,1593]" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26CE355FF0E34AEFEEAD6AE" bold="true" box="[196,379,932,958]" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Biogeography.</emphasis>
It remains to be determined if
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26CE355FD3834AEFCC4D6AD" box="[754,853,932,957]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26CE355FD3834AEFCC4D6AD" box="[754,853,932,957]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">S. canus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
evolved
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26CE355FC0F34AEFB9ED6AD" box="[965,1039,932,957]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">in situ</emphasis>
or arrived to the northern end of Western Andes from the south, or through dispersal from the Central Andes across the Cauca Valley (see discussion in
<bibRefCitation id="EF904B6FF26CE355FEFC34E5FD87D119" author="Krabbe" box="[310,534,1007,1033]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" refString="Krabbe, N., Florez, P., Suarez, G., Castano, J., Arango, D. &amp; Duque, A. (2006) The birds of Paramo de Frontino, Western Andes of Colombia. Ornitologia Colombiana, 4, 37 - 48." type="journal article" year="2006">
Krabbe
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26CE355FE5E34E5FE57D118" box="[404,454,1007,1032]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
). If it came from the south, it seems likely that all the highest paramos in this cordillera hold populations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE369EF26CE355FF0E3330FE84D329" blockId="9.[151,1437,932,1593]" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
The restricted range of
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26CE355FE143330FD3CD143" box="[478,685,1082,1107]" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="opacus" subSpecies="androstictus">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26CE355FE143330FD3CD143" box="[478,685,1082,1107]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">S. o. androstictus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Andes in northernmost
<collectingCountry id="F316760EF26CE355FBD43330FBC5D144" box="[1054,1108,1082,1108]" name="Peru" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Peru</collectingCountry>
and southernmost
<collectingCountry id="F316760EF26CE355FAF33330FA0DD144" box="[1337,1436,1082,1108]" name="Ecuador" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
closely matches that of
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26CE355FE723355FD6AD169" authority="Graves" authorityName="Graves" box="[440,763,1119,1145]" class="Aves" family="Trochilidae" genus="Metallura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="odomae">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26CE355FE723355FD08D168" box="[440,665,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Metallura odomae</emphasis>
Graves
</taxonomicName>
, which is also replaced by a close relative (
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26CE355FADA3355FEF9D18E" authority="Salvin" authorityName="Salvin" class="Aves" family="Trochilidae" genus="Metallura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="williami" subSpecies="atrigularis">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26CE355FADA3355FE85D18D" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">M. williami atrigularis</emphasis>
Salvin
</taxonomicName>
) north of the Río Zamora. Three other forms,
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26CE355FC42338EFB6BD18E" authority="Krabbe et al." authorityName="Krabbe et al." box="[904,1274,1156,1182]" class="Aves" family="Grallariidae" genus="Grallaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ridgelyi">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26CE355FC42338EFBCDD18D" box="[904,1116,1156,1181]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Grallaria ridgelyi</emphasis>
Krabbe
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26CE355FB0B338EFB64D18D" box="[1217,1269,1156,1181]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">et al</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26CE355FAC1338EFD98D1D4" authority="Chapman" authorityName="Chapman" class="Aves" family="Troglodytidae" genus="Thryothorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="euophrys" subSpecies="atriceps">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26CE355FAC1338EFEE5D1D3" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Thryothorus euophrys atriceps</emphasis>
(Chapman)
</taxonomicName>
, and a yet undescribed subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26CE355FC1433A0FAC2D1D4" authority="Lafresnaye" authorityName="Lafresnaye" box="[990,1363,1194,1220]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Synallaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unirufa">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26CE355FC1433A0FB50D1D3" box="[990,1217,1194,1219]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Synallaxis unirufa</emphasis>
Lafresnaye
</taxonomicName>
(J. V. Remsen &amp; NK, unpubl.data) appear to have similar ranges, except that they also occur in forest down to
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26CE355FAB333C5FA04D1F8" box="[1401,1429,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">ca</emphasis>
.
<quantity id="4CF99B7BF26CE355FF5D33FEFF61D01E" box="[151,240,1268,1294]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</quantity>
and might range into the southern Cordillera del Cóndor (known to be the case for
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26CE355FB0B33FEFA05D01D" box="[1217,1428,1268,1293]" class="Aves" family="Grallariidae" genus="Grallaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ridgelyi">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26CE355FB0B33FEFA05D01D" box="[1217,1428,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Grallaria ridgelyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; T. Mark, unpubl. data). The role of the ca.
<quantity id="4CF99B7BF26CE355FD613210FD68D024" box="[683,761,1306,1332]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
wide, dry Río Zamora valley as a dispersal barrier for treeline birds was first recognized by
<bibRefCitation id="EF904B6FF26CE355FD953235FCF1D049" box="[607,864,1343,1369]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" refString="Robbins, M. B., Krabbe, N., Ridgely, R. S. &amp; Sornoza Molina, F. (1994) Notes on the natural history of the Crescent-faced Antpitta. Wilson Bulletin, 106, 169 - 173." type="journal article">
Robbins
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26CE355FD013235FC91D048" box="[715,768,1343,1368]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">et al</emphasis>
. (1994)
</bibRefCitation>
and further discussed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF904B6FF26CE355FB5D3235FADBD049" author="Krabbe" box="[1175,1354,1343,1369]" pageId="9" pageNumber="66" refString="Krabbe, N. (2008) Arid valleys as dispersal barriers to high-Andean forest birds in Ecuador. Cotinga, 29, 28 - 30." type="journal article" year="2008">Krabbe (2008)</bibRefCitation>
. Three species,
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26CE355FECD326EFD41D06E" authority="Chapman" authorityName="Chapman" box="[263,720,1380,1406]" class="Aves" family="Grallariidae" genus="Grallaricula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lineifrons">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26CE355FECD326EFDA3D06D" box="[263,562,1380,1405]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Grallaricula lineifrons</emphasis>
(Chapman)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26CE355FD14326EFBB6D06E" authority="Sclater" authorityName="Sclater" box="[734,1063,1380,1406]" class="Aves" family="Tyrannidae" genus="Anairetes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agilis">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26CE355FD14326EFC3DD06D" box="[734,940,1380,1405]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Anairetes agilis</emphasis>
(Sclater)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26CE355FBA2326EFE44D0B4" authority="Taczanowski &amp; Berlepsch" authorityName="Taczanowski &amp; Berlepsch" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Urothraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stolzmanni">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26CE355FBA2326EFA0CD06D" box="[1128,1437,1380,1405]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Urothraupis stolzmanni</emphasis>
Taczanowski &amp; Berlepsch
</taxonomicName>
, all confined to humid treeline scrub, have never been reported south of the Río Zamora despite presence of seemingly suitable habitat to the south. In contrast, some species occupying this habitat range across both sides of the Río Zamora (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C014D1DF26CE355FCA832DEFA99D0FE" authority="R.T. Moore" authorityName="R.T. Moore" box="[866,1288,1492,1518]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Buthraupis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wetmorei">
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26CE355FCA832DEFBFCD0FD" box="[866,1133,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Buthraupis wetmorei</emphasis>
R.T. Moore
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B975EA8CF26CE355FA8232DEFA0CD0FD" box="[1352,1437,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">eximia</emphasis>
Boissonneau, evidence that different species respond differently to landscape features and historical events in the Andes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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