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<document id="EAF83329D858D9A996E6230CB3C331DD" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175­5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5057828" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1625188528868" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J. &amp; Kelly, Michelle" docDate="2006" docId="038D1B08134EFFABFED7FDC83451FDFC" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01127p071.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1127 (1)" docSource="https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:8B0D3ECF822058C8413568C103B59429.6:Zootaxa.2001-2006.monograph" docStyleId="8B0D3ECF822058C8413568C103B59429" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.monograph" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Latrunculia (Latrunculia) apicalis Ridley and Dendy. The 1886" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="FFB46370135EFFB9FFDFFFBE3668F90A" masterDocTitle="Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (" masterLastPageNumber="71" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1698982629527" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="2E1371D6EADF29427996F2AA39B14309">Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="3BFB1D98D5AEB896DBF0AFAAAE014D7B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="038D1B08134EFFABFED7FDC83451FDFC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5057846" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5057846" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038D1B08134EFFABFED7FDC83451FDFC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038D1B08134EFFABFED7FDC83451FDFC" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<heading id="D0D31D72134EFFA9FED7FDC835B0FB9A" bold="true" box="[264,984,630,656]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C24D19D134EFFA9FED7FDC835B0FB9A" ID-CoL="3SLY7" authority="Ridley and Dendy, 1886" authorityName="Ridley and Dendy. The" authorityYear="1886" box="[264,984,630,656]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Latrunculia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="apicalis" subGenus="Latrunculia">
<emphasis id="B950760C134EFFA9FED7FDC835B0FB9A" bold="true" box="[264,984,630,656]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B950760C134EFFA9FED7FDC834C1FB9A" bold="true" box="[264,681,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Latrunculia (Latrunculia) apicalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5D7EF134EFFA9FD6FFDC835B0FB9A" author="Ridley, R. &amp; Dendy, O." box="[688,984,630,656]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="119 - 121" refId="ref36803" refString="Ridley, R. S and Dendy, O. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger. ' Part II. Annals and Magazines of Natural History, series 5, 18, 119 - 121" type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley and Dendy, 1886</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C33EF995134EFFA9FED7FD2734F4FBB9" box="[264,668,665,691]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9BAA1E134EFFA9FED7FD2734F4FBB9" blockId="16.[264,984,630,691]" box="[264,668,665,691]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
(
<figureCitation id="131FB69B134EFFA9FECFFD273707FBB9" box="[272,367,665,691]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="10.[264,367,283,307]" captionText="FIGURE 1. Scanning electron micrographs or drawings comparing discorhabd microscleres of Latrunculia spp: A, Latrunculia cratera du Bocage, 1869 (REPRODUCED FROM DU BOCAGE 1869); B. Latrunculia bocagei Ridley and Dendy 1886; C, L. apicalis Ridley and Dendy 1886; D, L. biformis Kirkpatrick 1908; E, L. basilis Kirkpatrick 1908; F, L. brevis Ridley and Dendy 1886; G. Latrunculia palmata Lévi 1964 (REPRODUCED FROM LéVI 1964); H. Latrunculia multirotalis Topsent 1905 (REPRODUCED FROM TOPSENT 1905); I. Latrunculia crenulata Lévi 1993 (REPRODUCED FROM LéVI 1993); J. Latrunculia ikematsui Tanita 1968; K. Latrunculia oxydiscorhabda Alvarez et al. 2002; L. Latrunculia triverticillata Alvarez et al. 2002; M. Latrunculia fiordensis Alvarez et al. 2002 (REPRODUCED FROM ALVAREZ et al. 2002); N. Latrunculia novaecaledoniae sp. nov.; O. Latrunculia austini sp. nov (SEM IMAGES FROM BILL AUSTIN); P. Latrunculia spinispiraefera Brøndsted, 1924 (REPRODUCED FROM BRøNDSTED 1924); Q. Latrunculia citharistae Vacelet 1969; R. Latrunculia purpurea Carter 1881; S. Latrunculia oparinae Samaai and Krasokhin 2002; T. Latrunculia lunaviridis Samaai and Kelly 2003." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 1C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131FB69B134EFFA9FEA3FD2737E5FBB9" box="[380,397,665,691]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="10.[264,367,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[267,1320,973,1532]" captionTargetId="figure-284@10.[260,1328,969,1538]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 2. Worldwide distributions of Latrunculia (Latrunculia) species. Distributions of 1) Latrunculia cratera du Bocage, 2) L. bocagei Ridley and Dendy, 3) L. apicalis Ridley and Dendy, 4) L. biformis Kirkpatrick, 5) Latrunculia basilis Kirkpatrick, 6) L. brevis Ridley and Dendy, 7) Latrunculia palmata Lévi, 8) Latrunculia multirotalis Topsent, 9) Latrunculia crenulata Lévi, 10) Latrunculia ikematsui Tanita, 11) Latrunculia oxydiscorhabda Alvarez et al., 12) Latrunculia triverticillata Alvarez et al., 13) Latrunculia fiordensis Alvarez et al., 14) Latrunculia novaecaledoniae sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5057830" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5057830/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131FB69B134EFFA9FE45FD2737D6FBB9" box="[410,446,665,691]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="16.[264,367,283,307]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Gross morphology of Latrunculia spp: A. L. bocagei Ridley and Dendy 1886 (REPRODUCED FROM RIDLEY AND DENDY 1887); B. Latrunculia apicalis Ridley and Dendy 1886 (REPRODUCED FROM RIDLEY AND DENDY 1887); C. Latrunculia brevis Ridley and Dendy 1887 (REPRODUCED FROM RIDLEY AND DENDY 1887); D. Latrunculia ikematsui Tanita 1968; E. Latrunculia oxydiscorhabda Alvarez et al. 2002; F. Latrunculia triverticillata Alvarez et al. 2002 (REPRODUCED FROM ALVAREZ et al. 2002); G. Latrunculia fiordensis Alvarez et al. 2002 (REPRODUCED FROM ALVAREZ et al. 2002); H. Latrunculia austini sp. nov. (PICTURE TAKEN BY BILL AUSTIN)." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">3B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131FB69B134EFFA9FE15FD273798FBB9" box="[458,496,665,691]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[264,367,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[268,1320,326,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-58@17.[267,1320,326,1684]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of choanosomal architectures: A. L. bocagei Ridley and Dendy 1886; B. Latrunculia apicalis Ridley and Dendy 1886; C. Latrunculia biformis Kirkpatrick 1908; D. Latrunculia basilis Kirkpatrick 1908; E. Latrunculia brevis Ridley and Dendy 1887; F. Latrunculia multirotalis Topsent 1905." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5057832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5057832/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">4B</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C6A69FA5134EFFA9FE23FD273436FBB9" box="[508,606,665,691]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="21.[264,352,283,307]" captionText="TABLE 2: Review of Latrunculia species worldwide, including material examined and new additions from recent collections and museum material. NE = Material not examined, dispersed in various collections worldwide." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Tables 2</tableCitation>
&amp;
<tableCitation id="C6A69FA5134EFFA9FD5BFD2734FBFBB9" box="[644,659,665,691]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="26.[264,352,723,747]" captionText="TABLE 3: Spicule dimensions of four morphometric variables measured in species of Latrunculia. Measurements in micrometers are ranges of 20 spicules with ranges in parentheses." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">3</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A858C0F134EFFA9FED7FD5F3542FBFD" author="Ridley, R. &amp; Dendy, O." box="[264,810,736,760]" page="492" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1886">
<taxonomicName id="4C24D19D134EFFA9FED7FD5F3542FBFD" ID-CoL="3SLY7" authority="Ridley and Dendy, 1886: 492" authorityName="Ridley and Dendy. The" authorityPageNumber="492" authorityYear="1886" box="[264,810,736,760]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Latrunculia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="apicalis">
<emphasis id="B950760C134EFFA9FED7FD5F378BFBF2" box="[264,483,737,760]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Latrunculia apicalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5D7EF134EFFA9FE35FD5E3542FBFD" author="Ridley, R. &amp; Dendy, O." box="[490,810,736,759]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="119 - 121" refId="ref36803" refString="Ridley, R. S and Dendy, O. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger. ' Part II. Annals and Magazines of Natural History, series 5, 18, 119 - 121" type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley and Dendy, 1886: 492</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="0A858C0F134EFFA9FCE9FD5E35CDFBFD" author="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A." box="[822,933,736,759]" page="239" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1887">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5D7EF134EFFA9FCE9FD5E35CDFBFD" author="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A." box="[822,933,736,759]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref36851" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1887) Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S." type="book" year="1887">1887: 239</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, PL. XLIV
<figureCitation id="131FB69B134EFFA9FBCBFD5A323BFBFD" box="[1044,1107,736,759]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[264,367,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[268,1320,326,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-58@17.[267,1320,326,1684]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of choanosomal architectures: A. L. bocagei Ridley and Dendy 1886; B. Latrunculia apicalis Ridley and Dendy 1886; C. Latrunculia biformis Kirkpatrick 1908; D. Latrunculia basilis Kirkpatrick 1908; E. Latrunculia brevis Ridley and Dendy 1887; F. Latrunculia multirotalis Topsent 1905." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5057832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5057832/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FIG. 4</figureCitation>
, PL. XLV
<figureCitation id="131FB69B134EFFA9FB64FD5A3342FBFD" box="[1211,1322,735,761]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="54.[264,367,1370,1394]" captionTargetBox="[270,1317,515,1344]" captionTargetId="figure-180@54.[270,1317,515,1344]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 9. Photomicrographs of choanosomal architectures: A. Latrunculia oparinae Samaai and Krasokhin 2002; B. Latrunculia lunaviridis Samaai and Kelly 2003; C. Latrunculia microacanthoxea Samaai and Kelly 2003; D. Latrunculia kaakaariki Alvarez et al. 2002;" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5057840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5057840/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FIGS 9A–C</figureCitation>
[in part]
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8B9BAA1E134EFFA9FED7FCF73230FAA7" blockId="16.[264,1323,841,1902]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<materialsCitation id="3B4CA043134EFFA9FED7FCF73230FAA7" collectingDate="1874-01-29" collectionCode="BMNH" elevation="126" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" specimenCode="BMNH 1887.5" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B950760C134EFFA9FED7FCF7379CFA69" bold="true" box="[264,500,841,867]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<typeStatus id="549F14BC134EFFA9FED7FCF73712FA69" box="[264,378,841,867]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="DB820265134EFFA9FE21FCF534CAFA68" box="[510,674,843,866]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">BMNH 1887.5</specimenCode>
.2.88, ethanol preserved sample (a wet, dark deep chocolate brown subsample of specimen, 2 x 10 x
<quantity id="4CDC07FB134EFFA9FD1DFCCF356DFA82" box="[706,773,881,904]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
was examined) and microscope­slides,
<emphasis id="B950760C134EFFA9FB69FCCC334CFA83" box="[1206,1316,882,905]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Kerguelen</emphasis>
, off Christmas Harbour,
<date id="FF9A8CDE134EFFA9FDDAFC2834D6FAA7" box="[517,702,918,941]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="1874-01-29">
<collectingDate id="EFDE7536134EFFA9FDDAFC2834D6FAA7" box="[517,702,918,941]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="1874-01-29">January 29, 1874</collectingDate>
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; depth
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<elevation id="00094D2D134EFFA9FCD3FC283539FAA7" box="[780,849,918,941]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.26" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="126.0">126 m</elevation>
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,
<emphasis id="B950760C134EFFA9FC82FC2935BDFAA4" box="[861,981,919,942]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Challenger</emphasis>
Expedition.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33EF995134EFFABFEE7FC0235DEF88C" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9BAA1E134EFFA9FEE7FC0232C3FD7C" blockId="16.[264,1323,841,1902]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B950760C134EFFA9FEE7FC0237B8FADC" bold="true" box="[312,464,956,982]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Description.</emphasis>
Massive, semispherical sponge, 6 x 7.5 x
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diameter, with broad base and convex upper surface (
<figureCitation id="131FB69B134EFFA9FD4EFC5A3498FAF4" box="[657,752,996,1022]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="16.[264,367,283,307]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Gross morphology of Latrunculia spp: A. L. bocagei Ridley and Dendy 1886 (REPRODUCED FROM RIDLEY AND DENDY 1887); B. Latrunculia apicalis Ridley and Dendy 1886 (REPRODUCED FROM RIDLEY AND DENDY 1887); C. Latrunculia brevis Ridley and Dendy 1887 (REPRODUCED FROM RIDLEY AND DENDY 1887); D. Latrunculia ikematsui Tanita 1968; E. Latrunculia oxydiscorhabda Alvarez et al. 2002; F. Latrunculia triverticillata Alvarez et al. 2002 (REPRODUCED FROM ALVAREZ et al. 2002); G. Latrunculia fiordensis Alvarez et al. 2002 (REPRODUCED FROM ALVAREZ et al. 2002); H. Latrunculia austini sp. nov. (PICTURE TAKEN BY BILL AUSTIN)." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
). Surface smooth but sandpapery to the touch, with volcano­ and cylindrical­shaped oscules,
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high, and truncate mammiform areolate porefields 2 x
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in diameter. Ectosome thick, leathery, not separable from underlying choanosome. Colour in life dark brown, in preservative pale yellow.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9BAA1E134EFFA9FEE7FB3A3239FC6C" blockId="16.[264,1323,841,1902]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B950760C134EFFA9FEE7FB3A37C2FD94" bold="true" box="[312,426,1156,1182]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Skeleton.</emphasis>
The choanosomal skeleton is a very irregular polygonal­meshed reticulation formed by wispy tracts of smooth styles (
<figureCitation id="131FB69B134EFFA9FCCCFB12351DFDCC" box="[787,885,1196,1222]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[264,367,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[268,1320,326,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-58@17.[267,1320,326,1684]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of choanosomal architectures: A. L. bocagei Ridley and Dendy 1886; B. Latrunculia apicalis Ridley and Dendy 1886; C. Latrunculia biformis Kirkpatrick 1908; D. Latrunculia basilis Kirkpatrick 1908; E. Latrunculia brevis Ridley and Dendy 1887; F. Latrunculia multirotalis Topsent 1905." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5057832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5057832/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
). These tracts range in width from
<quantity id="4CDC07FB134EFFA9FED7FB6A37F8FDE4" box="[264,400,1236,1262]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.135" metricValueMax="1.3599999999999999" metricValueMin="0.9099999999999999" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="113.5" valueMax="136.0" valueMin="91.0">91–136 µm</quantity>
thick, forming meshes that are
<quantity id="4CDC07FB134EFFA9FCDCFB6A3536FDE4" box="[771,862,1236,1262]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="230.0">230 µm</quantity>
wide. Towards the surface the spicules tend to be vertically arranged. The surface of the ectosome consists of an erect layer of aciculodiscorhabds. Beneath the discorhabds in the ectosome is a thick paratangential layer of densely interlocking megascleres, approximately
<quantity id="4CDC07FB134EFFA9FC71FAF23260FC6C" box="[942,1032,1356,1382]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="730.0">730 µm</quantity>
wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9BAA1E134EFFA9FEE7FACA3559FE64" blockId="16.[264,1323,841,1902]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B950760C134EFFA9FEE7FACA37CDFC84" bold="true" box="[312,421,1396,1422]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Spicules.</emphasis>
Megascleres: styles are smooth, centrally thickened, fusiform and slightly sinuous 406 (382–436) x 16 (16) m, n=20. Microscleres (
<figureCitation id="131FB69B134EFFA9FC13FA223242FCBC" box="[972,1066,1436,1462]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="10.[264,367,283,307]" captionText="FIGURE 1. Scanning electron micrographs or drawings comparing discorhabd microscleres of Latrunculia spp: A, Latrunculia cratera du Bocage, 1869 (REPRODUCED FROM DU BOCAGE 1869); B. Latrunculia bocagei Ridley and Dendy 1886; C, L. apicalis Ridley and Dendy 1886; D, L. biformis Kirkpatrick 1908; E, L. basilis Kirkpatrick 1908; F, L. brevis Ridley and Dendy 1886; G. Latrunculia palmata Lévi 1964 (REPRODUCED FROM LéVI 1964); H. Latrunculia multirotalis Topsent 1905 (REPRODUCED FROM TOPSENT 1905); I. Latrunculia crenulata Lévi 1993 (REPRODUCED FROM LéVI 1993); J. Latrunculia ikematsui Tanita 1968; K. Latrunculia oxydiscorhabda Alvarez et al. 2002; L. Latrunculia triverticillata Alvarez et al. 2002; M. Latrunculia fiordensis Alvarez et al. 2002 (REPRODUCED FROM ALVAREZ et al. 2002); N. Latrunculia novaecaledoniae sp. nov.; O. Latrunculia austini sp. nov (SEM IMAGES FROM BILL AUSTIN); P. Latrunculia spinispiraefera Brøndsted, 1924 (REPRODUCED FROM BRøNDSTED 1924); Q. Latrunculia citharistae Vacelet 1969; R. Latrunculia purpurea Carter 1881; S. Latrunculia oparinae Samaai and Krasokhin 2002; T. Latrunculia lunaviridis Samaai and Kelly 2003." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
): aciculodiscorhabds, basal whorl closely associated with the manubrium, followed by a smooth slender cylindrical shaft
<quantity id="4CDC07FB134EFFA9FE11FA523472FF0C" box="[462,538,1516,1542]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="11.0">11 m</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CDC07FB134EFFA9FD50FA5234A6FF0C" box="[655,718,1516,1542]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
wide. The median whorl is circular, broad, flat and horizontally arrange,
<quantity id="4CDC07FB134EFFA9FDDAF9AA343BFF24" box="[517,595,1556,1582]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="25.0">25 m</quantity>
in diameter, being the largest of the four whorls. The median whorl is divided into three distinct segments each possessing 7–8 denticulate margins or spines. The subsidiary whorl is
<quantity id="4CDC07FB134EFFA9FD7CF9DA349FFF74" box="[675,759,1636,1662]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
in diameter, and divided into three discrete segments each with six denticulate margins or spines. The spines of the apical whorl are slanted upwards and not divided into segments, so that whorls ends in a crown­like tuft of acute spined projections. Projecting beyond the apical whorl is a smooth slender, fusiform acicula (apical projection) ~
<quantity id="4CDC07FB134EFFA9FD84F8BA34C4FE14" box="[603,684,1796,1822]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="46.0">46 m</quantity>
long. The base of the acicula is armoured with two horizontally arranged whorls of spines that are followed by the smooth slender acicula. Anisodiscorhabd length, 74 (53–83) m, n=20.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5BFA96134FFFA8FED7F91134CEFE24" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5057832" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5057832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5057832/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[264,367,1711,1735]" targetBox="[268,1320,326,1684]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8B9BAA1E134FFFA8FED7F91134CEFE24" blockId="17.[264,1323,1711,1839]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B950760C134FFFA8FED7F91137E6FFCD" bold="true" box="[264,398,1711,1735]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Photomicrographs of choanosomal architectures: A.
<taxonomicName id="4C24D19D134FFFA8FC3FF90E3728FFE3" authority="Ridley and Dendy 1886" authorityName="Ridley and Dendy" authorityYear="1886" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Latrunculia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bocagei">
<emphasis id="B950760C134FFFA8FC3FF90E323DFFCD" box="[992,1109,1712,1735]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">L. bocagei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5D7EF134FFFA8FBBFF9113728FFE3" author="Ridley, R. &amp; Dendy, O." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="119 - 121" refId="ref36803" refString="Ridley, R. S and Dendy, O. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger. ' Part II. Annals and Magazines of Natural History, series 5, 18, 119 - 121" type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley and Dendy 1886</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; B.
<taxonomicName id="4C24D19D134FFFA8FEB1F96C353EFFE3" authority="Ridley and Dendy 1886" authorityName="Ridley and Dendy. The" authorityYear="1886" box="[366,854,1746,1769]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Latrunculia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="apicalis">
<emphasis id="B950760C134FFFA8FEB1F96C3421FFE3" box="[366,585,1746,1769]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Latrunculia apicalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5D7EF134FFFA8FD8EF96C353EFFE3" author="Ridley, R. &amp; Dendy, O." box="[593,854,1746,1769]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="119 - 121" refId="ref36803" refString="Ridley, R. S and Dendy, O. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger. ' Part II. Annals and Magazines of Natural History, series 5, 18, 119 - 121" type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley and Dendy 1886</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; C.
<taxonomicName id="4C24D19D134FFFA8FC5BF96C334FFFE3" authority="Kirkpatrick 1908" authorityName="Kirkpatrick" authorityYear="1908" box="[900,1319,1746,1769]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Latrunculia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="biformis">
<emphasis id="B950760C134FFFA8FC5BF96C320BFFE3" box="[900,1123,1746,1769]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Latrunculia biformis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5D7EF134FFFA8FBB5F96C334FFFE3" author="Kirkpatrick, R." box="[1130,1319,1746,1769]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 56" refId="ref36137" refString="Kirkpatrick, R. (1908) Porifera (Sponges). II. Tetraxonida, Dendy. National Antarctic Expedition, 1901 - 1904 Natural History, 4 (2), 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1908">Kirkpatrick 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; D.
<taxonomicName id="4C24D19D134FFFA8FEEEF94B34BCFE01" authority="Kirkpatrick 1908" authorityName="Kirkpatrick. We" authorityYear="1908" box="[305,724,1780,1804]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Latrunculia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="basilis">
<emphasis id="B950760C134FFFA8FEEEF94B346CFE06" box="[305,516,1781,1804]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Latrunculia basilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5D7EF134FFFA8FDCCF94A34BCFE01" author="Kirkpatrick, R." box="[531,724,1780,1803]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 56" refId="ref36137" refString="Kirkpatrick, R. (1908) Porifera (Sponges). II. Tetraxonida, Dendy. National Antarctic Expedition, 1901 - 1904 Natural History, 4 (2), 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1908">Kirkpatrick 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; E.
<taxonomicName id="4C24D19D134FFFA8FCD1F94B336CFE01" authority="Ridley and Dendy 1887" authorityName="Ridley and Dendy" authorityYear="1887" box="[782,1284,1780,1804]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Latrunculia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="brevis">
<emphasis id="B950760C134FFFA8FCD1F94B35B3FE06" box="[782,987,1781,1804]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Latrunculia brevis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5D7EF134FFFA8FC35F94A336CFE01" author="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A." box="[1002,1284,1780,1803]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref36851" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1887) Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S." type="book" year="1887">Ridley and Dendy 1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; F.
<taxonomicName id="4C24D19D134FFFA8FED7F8A634CAFE24" authority="Topsent 1905" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1905" box="[264,674,1815,1839]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Latrunculia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="multirotalis">
<emphasis id="B950760C134FFFA8FED7F8A63460FE25" box="[264,520,1816,1839]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Latrunculia multirotalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5D7EF134FFFA8FDD0F8A934CAFE24" author="Topsent, E." box="[527,674,1815,1838]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 280" refId="ref37023" refString="Topsent, E. (1905) Spongiaires des Acores. Resultats Des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I, Monaco, 25, 1 - 280, pls 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1905">Topsent 1905</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9BAA1E134CFFABFEE7FEA537D0F857" blockId="18.[264,1323,283,1270]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B950760C134CFFABFEE7FEA53571F83F" bold="true" box="[312,793,283,309]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Substratum, depth range, and ecology.</emphasis>
Found on sandy and muddy environments at a depth of 126.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9BAA1E134CFFABFEE7FED535DEF88C" blockId="18.[264,1323,283,1270]" box="[312,950,363,390]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B950760C134CFFABFEE7FED5340DF88F" bold="true" box="[312,613,363,389]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Geographic distribution</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="131FB69B134CFFABFDA9FED234D3F88C" box="[630,699,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="10.[264,367,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[267,1320,973,1532]" captionTargetId="figure-284@10.[260,1328,969,1538]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 2. Worldwide distributions of Latrunculia (Latrunculia) species. Distributions of 1) Latrunculia cratera du Bocage, 2) L. bocagei Ridley and Dendy, 3) L. apicalis Ridley and Dendy, 4) L. biformis Kirkpatrick, 5) Latrunculia basilis Kirkpatrick, 6) L. brevis Ridley and Dendy, 7) Latrunculia palmata Lévi, 8) Latrunculia multirotalis Topsent, 9) Latrunculia crenulata Lévi, 10) Latrunculia ikematsui Tanita, 11) Latrunculia oxydiscorhabda Alvarez et al., 12) Latrunculia triverticillata Alvarez et al., 13) Latrunculia fiordensis Alvarez et al., 14) Latrunculia novaecaledoniae sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5057830" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5057830/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Kerguelen Islands.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33EF995134CFFABFEE7FE2D3451FDFC" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9BAA1E134CFFABFEE7FE2D3484FA34" blockId="18.[264,1323,283,1270]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B950760C134CFFABFEE7FE2D37D9F8A7" bold="true" box="[312,433,403,429]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5D7EF134CFFABFE14FE2A356DF8A4" author="Ridley, R. &amp; Dendy, O." box="[459,773,404,430]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="119 - 121" refId="ref36803" refString="Ridley, R. S and Dendy, O. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger. ' Part II. Annals and Magazines of Natural History, series 5, 18, 119 - 121" type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley and Dendy (1886)</bibRefCitation>
first described this species in a preliminary report of the
<emphasis id="B950760C134CFFABFE77FE023444F8DF" box="[424,556,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Challenger</emphasis>
Expedition. The most characteristic feature of this species (and from which the specific name has been derived), is the apical prolongation (acicula) of the aciculodiscorhabd.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5D7EF134CFFABFE2FFDB2354EFB2C" author="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A." box="[496,806,524,550]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref36851" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1887) Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S." type="book" year="1887">Ridley and Dendy (1887)</bibRefCitation>
described
<specimenCount id="9D226197134CFFABFC71FDB23208FB2C" box="[942,1120,524,550]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
under the name
<taxonomicName id="4C24D19D134CFFABFED7FD8A379FFB47" authorityName="Ridley and Dendy. The" authorityYear="1886" box="[264,503,564,589]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Latrunculia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="apicalis">
<emphasis id="B950760C134CFFABFED7FD8A379FFB47" box="[264,503,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Latrunculia apicalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the same geographical area and although they indicated various slight differences between the
<specimenCount id="9D226197134CFFABFD58FDE23556FB7C" box="[647,830,604,630]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
, they considered both to be species of
<taxonomicName id="4C24D19D134CFFABFED7FD3A3790FB97" authorityName="Ridley and Dendy. The" authorityYear="1886" box="[264,504,644,669]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Latrunculia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="apicalis">
<emphasis id="B950760C134CFFABFED7FD3A3790FB97" box="[264,504,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Latrunculia apicalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as stated by them…&quot;we have, during the course of our description, indicated various slight differences between the specimens from the two localities, but there is nothing to justify us in separating them specifically&quot;. In their description however,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5D7EF134CFFABFED7FD42345BFA1C" author="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A." box="[264,563,764,790]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref36851" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1887) Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S." type="book" year="1887">Ridley and Dendy (1887)</bibRefCitation>
failed to mention that one of their specimens (from station 320) possessed
<specimenCount id="9D226197134CFFABFE5CFC9A379CFA34" box="[387,500,804,830]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
of anisodiscorhabds.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9BAA1E134CFFABFEE7FCF23451FDFC" blockId="18.[264,1323,283,1270]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
After examining the
<specimenCount id="9D226197134CFFABFD9CFCF23490FA6C" box="[579,760,844,870]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
in question BMNH 1887.5.2.88 (
<typeStatus id="549F14BC134CFFABFB74FCF23280FA6C" box="[1195,1256,844,870]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Type</typeStatus>
) and BMNH 1887.5.2.84a (
<typeStatus id="549F14BC134CFFABFDCBFCCA343CFA84" box="[532,596,884,910]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Type</typeStatus>
), the latter (BMNH 1887.5.2.84a) is considered a species of
<taxonomicName id="4C24D19D134CFFABFED7FC2234F0FABC" authority="Kirkpatrick" authorityName="Kirkpatrick" authorityYear="1908" box="[264,664,924,950]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Latrunculia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="biformis">
<emphasis id="B950760C134CFFABFED7FC22346AFABF" box="[264,514,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Latrunculia biformis</emphasis>
Kirkpatrick
</taxonomicName>
(see below on this species) (
<tableCitation id="C6A69FA5134CFFABFBCDFC22321AFABC" box="[1042,1138,924,950]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="21.[264,352,283,307]" captionText="TABLE 2: Review of Latrunculia species worldwide, including material examined and new additions from recent collections and museum material. NE = Material not examined, dispersed in various collections worldwide." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Table 2</tableCitation>
&amp;
<tableCitation id="C6A69FA5134CFFABFB7AFC2232DDFABC" box="[1189,1205,924,950]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="26.[264,352,723,747]" captionText="TABLE 3: Spicule dimensions of four morphometric variables measured in species of Latrunculia. Measurements in micrometers are ranges of 20 spicules with ranges in parentheses." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">3</tableCitation>
). BMNH 1887.5.2.88 (
<typeStatus id="549F14BC134CFFABFE7DFC7A3788FAD4" box="[418,480,964,990]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Type</typeStatus>
) differs from BMNH 1887.5.2.84a in that the surface of the ectosome is lined with an erect layer of single aciculodiscorhabds and a multitude of oscules and areolate porefields. Although there is a great variability in the length of the acicula of the aciculodiscorhabd within BMNH 1887.5.2.88 (
<taxonomicName id="4C24D19D134CFFABFC84FB82323CFD5F" authorityName="Ridley and Dendy. The" authorityYear="1886" box="[859,1108,1084,1109]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Latrunculia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="apicalis">
<emphasis id="B950760C134CFFABFC84FB82323CFD5F" box="[859,1108,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Latrunculia apicalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), all possess an extended smooth acicula, indicating that only
<specimenCount id="9D226197134CFFABFC95FBDA35DCFD74" box="[842,948,1124,1150]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="generic" typeStatus="type">one type</specimenCount>
of anisodiscorhabd is present within this species. The ontogeny of the developing spicule also conforms to that described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB5D7EF134CFFABFE75FB0A343CFDC4" author="Dendy, A." box="[426,596,1204,1230]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="95 - 152" refId="ref35394" refString="Dendy, A. (1921) The tetraxonid sponge spicule: a study in evolution. Acta Zoologica, 1921, 95 - 152." type="journal article" year="1921">Dendy (1921)</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C24D19D134CFFABFDB2FB0A3537FDC7" authorityName="Ridley and Dendy. The" authorityYear="1886" box="[621,863,1204,1229]" class="Demospongiae" family="Latrunculiidae" genus="Latrunculia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="apicalis">
<emphasis id="B950760C134CFFABFDB2FB0A3537FDC7" box="[621,863,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Latrunculia apicalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has not been recorded since from the same or any other locality
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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