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<document id="1B05BD4B4080F65CE630DE5D77A416ED" ID-CLB-Dataset="3000" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5081.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0ccfa02b-ad51-4a1e-bcb0-f570370d6441" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5775710" ID-ZooBank="5C42BEA8-4D3E-4659-9A16-B60C19012B7B" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1639387773225" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Baptista, Ninda L., Pinto, Pedro Vaz, Keates, Chad, Edwards, Shelley, Rödel, Mark-Oliver &amp; Conradie, Werner" docDate="2021" docId="27058785FFCC204BFF0A22862DA6553D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5081.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5081 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Schismaderma branchi Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="325" masterDocId="DB3CFFFDFFDF2052FF9D2148290E5421" masterDocTitle="A new species of red toad, Schismaderma Smith, 1849 (Anura: Bufonidae), from central Angola" masterLastPageNumber="332" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="320" updateTime="1699472313780" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="8B0E6D80D56794B028ADCBAF9367EB74">
<mods:title id="AD6A329E9E1892740B16DE96C5D06D33">A new species of red toad, Schismaderma Smith, 1849 (Anura: Bufonidae), from central Angola</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E16CCB2D56DFE9ECA16FF31FDF677F42">Baptista, Ninda L.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="449532C3479706471EACC262A3F0DD21" type="ORCID">0000-0002-2859-6606</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="03AC73B73D34A96D9D7EAE2618F0E762">CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485 - 661 Vairão, Portugal &amp; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169 - 007 Porto, Portugal &amp; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485 - 661 Vairão, Portugal &amp; Instituto Superior de Ciências da Educação da Huíla (ISCED-Huíla), Rua Sarmento Rodrigues, Lubango, Angola &amp; Museum für Naturkunde-Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany Fundação Kissama, Luanda, Angola &amp; nindabaptista @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 2859 - 6606</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="6989AB18A9222F6F6AC43CF73DF5D0BA" type="email">nindabaptista@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="24CC25E490393DCAECC555275E3600D0" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="3AE6A4B7E8DB4CDB121A40080BAA5D14">Pinto, Pedro Vaz</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="2BE17A127EC2230E23184A2F69FBBA63" type="ORCID">0000-0003-4487-1310</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="C9DF123BC9A417AB43FA71A625A65B34">CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485 - 661 Vairão, Portugal &amp; pedrovazpinto @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 4487 - 1310</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="0CF711E5BF2424FD8919701FBD3F36AE" type="email">pedrovazpinto@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="5AD6AAE07B19AB4FB4C62266F8CD0A3D" type="personal">
<mods:role id="58253FB7374F36F31C554807581FE8B9">
<mods:roleTerm id="5A679F6E1DA0CF7DAB1BFD998C2AAD45">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="33E8A1B51EC48104930FA5A138C5E764">Keates, Chad</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="0163DD2F305943A3CCE2B94FB8903D19" type="ORCID">0000-0003-3125-9536</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="17770AA254FB009823B7278960EA4F14">Zoology and Entomology Molecular Lab, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Makhanda, South Africa &amp; chadkeates 97 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3125 - 9536</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="2C1F692B998337B42AE47E03D02AE243" type="email">chadkeates97@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="BBBDB68C48A5AE4346EC8C2EB285704C">Edwards, Shelley</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="8B28B4886922B685294A97B9161BC8F0" type="ORCID">0000-0002-0962-6523</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="A1351B0E6395659A01B2371901DB245E">Zoology and Entomology Molecular Lab, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Makhanda, South Africa &amp; s. edwards @ ru. ac. za; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0962 - 6523</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="7F4840224702F818A1B6D1875811DA3C" type="email">s.edwards@ru.ac.za</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="98CF373FF5A84AA729C98B759211C0BE">Rödel, Mark-Oliver</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="77393EC853DB137C6ED95D37BC53B686" type="ORCID">0000-0002-1666-195X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="78487473F2813FEE1E09ED390E601276">Museum für Naturkunde-Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany Fundação Kissama, Luanda, Angola &amp; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research-BBIB, Altensteinstr. 34, 14195 Berlin, Germany &amp; Mark-Oliver. Roedel @ mfn. berlin; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 1666 - 195 X</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="FEADDDAAF214FB740FC4245555976F0F" type="email">oedel@mfn.berlin</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="172B2861FE20D8760A84C849FD5DD001">Conradie, Werner</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="9F80306E3220E0C7FDF74A54D79B7C08" type="ORCID">0000-0003-0805-9683</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="975C2B772AD0E5A09E8728C3DFDABD97">Port Elizabeth Museum (Bayworld), P. O. Box 13147, Humewood 6013, South Africa &amp; Department of Nature Conservation Management, Natural Resource Science and Management Cluster, Faculty of Science, George Campus, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa &amp; werner @ bayworld. co. za; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0805 - 9683</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="D84295FACBCD080306D9039005BC979C" type="email">werner@bayworld.co.za</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="126463C05AAFEC94C0BEB0ADEDE68F76">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="6FB8E1927C6E682FA6A211C8E01584EB">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="EFC1FFA0D170069361991D562E2F0482">
<mods:date id="0563AD9ED2738663451570A0B6291475">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="42E9DB6886D93F189F8A24D0809089EB">5081</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="597AC766097F8C4A22D9AB91FF22E942" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5081.3.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="27058785FFCC204BFF0A22862DA6553D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5776640" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191503657" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5776640" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:27058785FFCC204BFF0A22862DA6553D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/27058785FFCC204BFF0A22862DA6553D" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="325" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
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<heading id="F45B81FFFFCC2041FF0A22862B1B57C8" bold="true" box="[151,533,974,1001]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" reason="1">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCC2041FF0A22862B1B57C8" bold="true" box="[151,533,974,1001]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFCC2041FF0A228628BF57C8" authority="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie, 2021" authorityName="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,433,974,1001]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="branchi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCC2041FF0A228628BF57C8" bold="true" box="[151,433,974,1001]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Schismaderma branchi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86EB57FAFFCC2041FE2522872B1B57C8" box="[440,533,975,1001]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="E7B66518FFCC2041FF0A22BB2ADD5010" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" type="description">
<paragraph id="AF133693FFCC2041FF0A22BB282E502C" blockId="19.[151,979,974,1073]" box="[151,288,1010,1037]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
(
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFCC2041FF0222BB2816502C" box="[159,280,1010,1037]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStart-2="FIGURE 8" captionStart-3="FIGURE 9" captionStart-4="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="20.[151,250,884,908]" captionStartId-1="20.[151,250,1784,1808]" captionStartId-2="21.[151,250,1560,1584]" captionStartId-3="23.[151,253,694,718]" captionStartId-4="24.[151,250,1468,1492]" captionTargetBox-0="[166,1432,197,845]" captionTargetBox-1="[162,1426,1041,1760]" captionTargetBox-2="[173,1415,777,1537]" captionTargetBox-3="[156,1435,185,670]" captionTargetBox-4="[234,1353,247,1433]" captionTargetId-0="figure-24@20.[156,1432,181,860]" captionTargetId-1="figure-91@20.[161,1426,1040,1760]" captionTargetId-2="figure-305@21.[173,1415,777,1537]" captionTargetId-3="figure-19@23.[152,1435,181,671]" captionTargetId-4="figure-42@24.[228,1359,237,1444]" captionTargetPageId-0="20" captionTargetPageId-1="20" captionTargetPageId-2="21" captionTargetPageId-3="23" captionTargetPageId-4="24" captionText-0="FIGURE 6. Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. holotype (ZMB 91630). A. Dorsal surface, showing adult coloration, particularly the absence of obvious dorsal paired sacral dark blotches and presence of lateral dark stripe. B. Ventral surface showing characteristic white ground colour and heavily semi-reticulate, dark blotches on ventrum, throat and limbs. C. Lateral shot of head. D. Left hand. E. Left foot. Photographs by N.L. Baptista." captionText-1="FIGURE 7. A–C. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral view of preserved Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. paratype female (PEMA14246). Photographs by W.R. Branch." captionText-2="FIGURE 8. Ventral surface and tuberculation of left hand and feet in Schismaderma. A–B. S. carens, adult male (PEM A10766). C–D. S. carens, adult male (PEM A2523). E–F. S. branchi sp. nov. paratype, adult female (PEM A14246). G–H. S. branchi sp. nov. holotype, adult male (ZMB 91630). Photographs by W.R. Branch (A–D) and N.L. Baptista (E–H)." captionText-3="FIGURE 9. Preserved tadpole of Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. (PEM A14307). A–C. Lateral, dorsal, and ventral view. D. Oral disc with LRTF of 2/3 (posterior 3rd low above 2nd row, not captured in photograph). Photographs by N.L. Baptista (A–C), W. Conradie (D)." captionText-4="FIGURE 10. Oscillogram and sonogram of advertisement calls of: A. Schismaderma carens. B. Schismaderma branchi sp. nov." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775722" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775724" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775726" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775728" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775730" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5775722/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5775724/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5775726/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5775728/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5775730/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Figs. 6–10</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:
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</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E7B66518FFCC2041FF0A251028A35267" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="AF133693FFCC2041FF0A25102C6750B7" blockId="19.[151,1437,1112,1894]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<materialsCitation id="1FC43CCEFFCC2041FF0A25102C6750B7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3417683303" accessionNumber="ZMB 91630" collectingDate="2016-09-26" collectionCode="ZMB" collectorName="Pedro Vaz Pinto." country="Angola" elevation="1100" latitude="-10.111112" location="Mussolo" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="17.332779" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Malanje" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCC2041FF0A251028075053" bold="true" box="[151,265,1112,1138]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<typeStatus id="70178831FFCC2041FF0A2510280A5053" box="[151,260,1112,1138]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="C9BDAE56FFCC2041FE90251028475053" box="[269,329,1112,1138]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
91630, adult male, road between
<location id="AA736048FFCC2041FD3325102A025053" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:27058785FFCC204BFF0A22862DA6553D:AA736048FFCC2041FD3325102A025053" box="[686,780,1112,1138]" country="Angola" latitude="-10.111112" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="17.332779" name="Mussolo" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" stateProvince="Malanje">Mussolo</location>
and Dumba Cambango,
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,
<geoCoordinate id="CA985054FFCC2041FB3B25102C235053" box="[1190,1325,1112,1139]" degrees="17" direction="east" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" precision="15" seconds="58" value="17.332779">17º19’58’’ E</geoCoordinate>
, elevation ~
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<quantity id="68549B76FFCC2041FF38253429F750B7" box="[165,249,1148,1174]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
<collectingRegion id="6D68F871FFCC2041FEA225342B0D50B7" box="[319,515,1148,1174]" country="Angola" name="Malanje" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Malanje Province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="D7BB7603FFCC2041FD9125342B5150B7" box="[524,607,1148,1174]" name="Angola" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Angola</collectingCountry>
, small depression near road,
<date id="DB121053FFCC2041FC0125342D7E50B7" box="[924,1136,1148,1174]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" value="2016-09-26">
<collectingDate id="CB56E9BBFFCC2041FC0125342D7E50B7" box="[924,1136,1148,1174]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" value="2016-09-26">26September 2016</collectingDate>
</date>
, coll.
<collectorName id="02595345FFCC2041FB2F25342C6750B7" box="[1202,1385,1148,1174]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Pedro Vaz Pinto.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF133693FFCC2041FF5A25E829D451FB" blockId="19.[151,1437,1112,1894]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<materialsCitation id="1FC43CCEFFCC2041FF5A25E82ABB5123" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3417683311" accessionNumber="A14246" collectingDate="2015-10-27" collectionCode="PEM" collectorName="Pedro Vaz Pinto" country="Angola" county="Strict Reserve" elevation="1100" latitude="-10.148889" location="Female." longLatPrecision="21" longitude="17.35" municipality="Cangandala National Park" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Luanda" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCC2041FF5A25E82831509B" bold="true" box="[199,319,1184,1210]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<typeStatus id="70178831FFCC2041FF5A25E82831509B" box="[199,319,1184,1210]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCC2041FED025E828A6509B" box="[333,424,1184,1210]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<location id="AA736048FFCC2041FED025E828A6509B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:27058785FFCC204BFF0A22862DA6553D:AA736048FFCC2041FED025E828A6509B" box="[333,424,1184,1210]" country="Angola" county="Strict Reserve" latitude="-10.148889" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="17.35" municipality="Cangandala National Park" name="Female." pageId="19" pageNumber="320" stateProvince="Luanda">Female.</location>
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="C9BDAE56FFCC2041FE3325E828E6509B" box="[430,488,1184,1210]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/xqn4-34sv" name="Port Elizabeth Museum" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" type="Museum">PEM</collectionCode>
A14246, a few kilometres south of
<location id="AA736048FFCC2041FCEA25E82AD9509B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:27058785FFCC204BFF0A22862DA6553D:AA736048FFCC2041FCEA25E82AD9509B" box="[887,983,1184,1210]" country="Angola" county="Strict Reserve" latitude="-10.148889" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="17.35" municipality="Cangandala National Park" name="Mussolo" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" stateProvince="Luanda">Mussolo</location>
on a road between
<collectingMunicipality id="4F77ACE9FFCC2041FB2C25E829C450FF" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Cangandala National Park</collectingMunicipality>
and
<collectingRegion id="6D68F871FFCC2041FE99258C285450FF" box="[260,346,1220,1246]" country="Angola" name="Luanda" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Luando</collectingRegion>
<collectingCounty id="46724E1FFFCC2041FEFE258C2B0B50FF" box="[355,517,1220,1246]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Strict Reserve</collectingCounty>
,
<geoCoordinate id="CA985054FFCC2041FD8F258C2BAE50FF" box="[530,672,1220,1247]" degrees="10" direction="south" minutes="08" orientation="latitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" precision="15" seconds="56" value="-10.148889">10º08’56’’ S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="CA985054FFCC2041FD33258C2A3050FF" box="[686,830,1220,1246]" degrees="17" direction="east" minutes="21" orientation="longitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" precision="15" seconds="00" value="17.35">17º21’00’’ E</geoCoordinate>
, elevation ~
<elevation id="2481D1A0FFCC2041FC57258C2D5150FF" box="[970,1119,1220,1246]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="m" value="1100.0">
<quantity id="68549B76FFCC2041FC57258C2D2E50FF" box="[970,1056,1220,1246]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
<collectingRegion id="6D68F871FFCC2041FBF0258C2C3950FF" box="[1133,1335,1220,1246]" country="Angola" name="Malanje" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Malanje Province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="D7BB7603FFCC2041FADE258C2C9650FF" box="[1347,1432,1220,1246]" name="Angola" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Angola</collectingCountry>
, small pond near road,
<date id="DB121053FFCC2041FE0B25A02B565122" box="[406,600,1256,1283]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" value="2015-10-27">
<collectingDate id="CB56E9BBFFCC2041FE0B25A02B565122" box="[406,600,1256,1283]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" value="2015-10-27">27 October 2015</collectingDate>
</date>
, coll.
<collectorName id="02595345FFCC2041FD0325A02A5A5123" box="[670,852,1256,1282]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Pedro Vaz Pinto</collectorName>
(
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFCC2041FCF825A02AA55123" box="[869,939,1256,1282]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1784,1808]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,1041,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-91@20.[161,1426,1040,1760]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 7. A–C. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral view of preserved Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. paratype female (PEMA14246). Photographs by W.R. Branch." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775724/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="1FC43CCEFFCC2041FC5F25A02BE9516B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3417683304" collectingDate="2016-09-26" collectorName="Pedro Vaz Pinto" country="Angola" elevation="1100" latitude="-10.1475" location="Males." longLatPrecision="21" longitude="17.349722" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Malanje" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCC2041FC5F25A02D005123" box="[962,1038,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<location id="AA736048FFCC2041FC5F25A02D005123" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:27058785FFCC204BFF0A22862DA6553D:AA736048FFCC2041FC5F25A02D005123" box="[962,1038,1256,1282]" country="Angola" latitude="-10.1475" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="17.349722" name="Males." pageId="19" pageNumber="320" stateProvince="Malanje">Males.</location>
</emphasis>
CHL 0338, road
<locationDeviation id="BEA12FB1FFCC2041FB4B25A028955107" firstLocation="Mussolo" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" secondLocation="Dumba Cambango">between Mussolo and Dumba Cambango</locationDeviation>
,
<geoCoordinate id="CA985054FFCC2041FE3B24442B3C5107" box="[422,562,1292,1319]" degrees="10" direction="south" minutes="08" orientation="latitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" precision="15" seconds="51" value="-10.1475">10º08’51’’ S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="CA985054FFCC2041FDA324442BC25107" box="[574,716,1292,1319]" degrees="17" direction="east" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" precision="15" seconds="59" value="17.349722">17º20’59’’ E</geoCoordinate>
, elevation ~
<elevation id="2481D1A0FFCC2041FCCE24442AED5107" box="[851,995,1292,1318]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="m" value="1100.0">
<quantity id="68549B76FFCC2041FCCE24442AA95107" box="[851,935,1292,1318]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
<collectingRegion id="6D68F871FFCC2041FC7224442DB65107" box="[1007,1208,1292,1318]" country="Angola" name="Malanje" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Malanje Province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="D7BB7603FFCC2041FB5C24442C185107" box="[1217,1302,1292,1318]" name="Angola" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Angola</collectingCountry>
, small pond near road,
<date id="DB121053FFCC2041FE92247828E4516B" box="[271,490,1328,1354]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" value="2016-09-26">
<collectingDate id="CB56E9BBFFCC2041FE92247828E4516B" box="[271,490,1328,1354]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" value="2016-09-26">26 September 2016</collectingDate>
</date>
, coll.
<collectorName id="02595345FFCC2041FDB324782BE9516B" box="[558,743,1328,1354]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Pedro Vaz Pinto</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="1FC43CCEFFCC2041FD6E247828DE51B3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3417683307" accessionNumber="ZMB 91628" collectingDate="2016-09-26" collectionCode="ZMB" collectorName="Pedro Vaz Pinto" country="Angola" elevation="1100" latitude="-10.1475" location="between Mussolo and Dumba Cambango" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="17.349722" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Malanje" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectionCode id="C9BDAE56FFCC2041FD6E24782A3E516B" box="[755,816,1328,1354]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
91628, road
<location id="AA736048FFCC2041FC5824782C96516B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:27058785FFCC204BFF0A22862DA6553D:AA736048FFCC2041FC5824782C96516B" box="[965,1432,1328,1354]" country="Angola" latitude="-10.1475" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="17.349722" name="between Mussolo and Dumba Cambango" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" stateProvince="Malanje">between Mussolo and Dumba Cambango</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="CA985054FFCC2041FF0A241C282D514F" box="[151,291,1364,1391]" degrees="10" direction="south" minutes="08" orientation="latitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" precision="15" seconds="51" value="-10.1475">10º08’51’’ S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="CA985054FFCC2041FEB2241C28B2514F" box="[303,444,1364,1391]" degrees="17" direction="east" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" precision="15" seconds="59" value="17.349722">17º20’59’’ E</geoCoordinate>
, elevation ~
<elevation id="2481D1A0FFCC2041FDDF241C2BDC514F" box="[578,722,1364,1390]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="m" value="1100.0">
<quantity id="68549B76FFCC2041FDDF241C2B99514F" box="[578,663,1364,1390]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
<collectingRegion id="6D68F871FFCC2041FD43241C2AA8514F" box="[734,934,1364,1390]" country="Angola" name="Malanje" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Malanje Province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="D7BB7603FFCC2041FC32241C2D0A514F" box="[943,1028,1364,1390]" name="Angola" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Angola</collectingCountry>
, small pond near road,
<date id="DB121053FFCC2041FA98241C29DC51B3" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" value="2016-09-26">
<collectingDate id="CB56E9BBFFCC2041FA98241C29DC51B3" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" value="2016-09-26">26September 2016</collectingDate>
</date>
, coll.
<collectorName id="02595345FFCC2041FE8A243028DE51B3" box="[279,464,1400,1426]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Pedro Vaz Pinto</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="1FC43CCEFFCC2041FE46243029D451FB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3417683302" accessionNumber="ZMB 91629" collectingDate="2016-09-26" collectionCode="ZMB" collectorName="Pedro Vaz Pinto." country="Angola" elevation="1100" latitude="-10.1475" location="between Mussolo and Dumba Cambango" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="17.349722" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Malanje" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectionCode id="C9BDAE56FFCC2041FE4624302B1651B3" box="[475,536,1400,1426]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
91629, road
<location id="AA736048FFCC2041FD3324302D8F51B3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:27058785FFCC204BFF0A22862DA6553D:AA736048FFCC2041FD3324302D8F51B3" box="[686,1153,1400,1426]" country="Angola" latitude="-10.1475" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="17.349722" name="between Mussolo and Dumba Cambango" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" stateProvince="Malanje">between Mussolo and Dumba Cambango</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="CA985054FFCC2041FB1024302C1451B3" box="[1165,1306,1400,1427]" degrees="10" direction="south" minutes="08" orientation="latitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" precision="15" seconds="51" value="-10.1475">10º08’51’’ S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="CA985054FFCC2041FAB5243029A45197" degrees="17" direction="east" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" precision="15" seconds="59" value="17.349722">17º20’59’’ E</geoCoordinate>
, elevation ~
<elevation id="2481D1A0FFCC2041FEA924D428C65197" box="[308,456,1436,1462]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="m" value="1100.0">
<quantity id="68549B76FFCC2041FEA924D428845197" box="[308,394,1436,1462]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
<collectingRegion id="6D68F871FFCC2041FE4824D42B915197" box="[469,671,1436,1462]" country="Angola" name="Malanje" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Malanje Province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="D7BB7603FFCC2041FD3724D42BF15197" box="[682,767,1436,1462]" name="Angola" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Angola</collectingCountry>
, small pond near road,
<date id="DB121053FFCC2041FB9424D42DEA5197" box="[1033,1252,1436,1462]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" value="2016-09-26">
<collectingDate id="CB56E9BBFFCC2041FB9424D42DEA5197" box="[1033,1252,1436,1462]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" value="2016-09-26">26 September 2016</collectingDate>
</date>
, coll.
<collectorName id="02595345FFCC2041FAB424D429D451FB" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Pedro Vaz Pinto.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF133693FFCC2041FF5A24AC28A35267" blockId="19.[151,1437,1112,1894]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCC2041FF5A24AC28B251DF" bold="true" box="[199,444,1508,1534]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Additional material.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCC2041FE5824AC2B3F51DF" box="[453,561,1508,1534]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Tadpoles.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="1FC43CCEFFCC2041FDA724AC28A75267" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3417683301" accessionNumber="A14307" collectingDate="2017-11-17" collectionCode="PEM" collectorName="Pedro Vaz Pinto" country="Angola" elevation="1100" latitude="-10.102222" location="Mussolo" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="17.330557" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Malanje">
<collectionCode id="C9BDAE56FFCC2041FDA724AC2B7A51DF" box="[570,628,1508,1534]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/xqn4-34sv" name="Port Elizabeth Museum" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" type="Museum">PEM</collectionCode>
A14307, road between
<location id="AA736048FFCC2041FC1A24AC2AE951DF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:27058785FFCC204BFF0A22862DA6553D:AA736048FFCC2041FC1A24AC2AE951DF" box="[903,999,1508,1534]" country="Angola" latitude="-10.102222" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="17.330557" name="Mussolo" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" stateProvince="Malanje">Mussolo</location>
and Dumba Cambango,
<geoCoordinate id="CA985054FFCC2041FA9524AC2C9951DF" box="[1288,1431,1508,1534]" degrees="10" direction="south" minutes="06" orientation="latitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" precision="15" seconds="08" value="-10.102222">10º06’08’’ S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="CA985054FFCC2041FF0A274028265203" box="[151,296,1544,1571]" degrees="17" direction="east" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" precision="15" seconds="50" value="17.330557">17º19’50’’ E</geoCoordinate>
, elevation ~
<elevation id="2481D1A0FFCC2041FE2827402B455203" box="[437,587,1544,1570]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="m" value="1100.0">
<quantity id="68549B76FFCC2041FE2827402B025203" box="[437,524,1544,1570]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
<collectingRegion id="6D68F871FFCC2041FDC727402A2B5203" box="[602,805,1544,1570]" country="Angola" name="Malanje" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Malanje Province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="D7BB7603FFCC2041FCAF27402A895203" box="[818,903,1544,1570]" name="Angola" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Angola</collectingCountry>
, pond near the road,
<date id="DB121053FFCC2041FBE327402C505203" box="[1150,1374,1544,1570]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" value="2017-11-17">
<collectingDate id="CB56E9BBFFCC2041FBE327402C505203" box="[1150,1374,1544,1570]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" value="2017-11-17">17 November 2017</collectingDate>
</date>
, coll.
<collectorName id="02595345FFCC2041FF0A276428455267" box="[151,331,1580,1606]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Pedro Vaz Pinto</collectorName>
(
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFCC2041FEC7276428915267" box="[346,415,1580,1606]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,253,694,718]" captionTargetBox="[156,1435,185,670]" captionTargetId="figure-19@23.[152,1435,181,671]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Preserved tadpole of Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. (PEM A14307). A–C. Lateral, dorsal, and ventral view. D. Oral disc with LRTF of 2/3 (posterior 3rd low above 2nd row, not captured in photograph). Photographs by N.L. Baptista (A–C), W. Conradie (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775728/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E7B66518FFCC2041FF5A27182A845347" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="AF133693FFCC2041FF5A27182A845347" blockId="19.[151,1437,1112,1894]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCC2041FF5A27182840524B" bold="true" box="[199,334,1616,1642]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Etymology.</emphasis>
This new species is named after William Roy (Bill) Branch (1946–2018) as a tribute to this inspiring and passionate scientist, in recognition of his crucial role in African herpetology. He correctly suggested from an early stage that we were dealing with an undescribed Angolan
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFCC2041FC5227D02D7A5293" box="[975,1140,1688,1714]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCC2041FC5227D02D7A5293" box="[975,1140,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Schismaderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and strongly encouraged the collection of additional material and the investigative work leading to the current paper. Bill tragically passed away in
<date id="DB121053FFCC2041FF6A27A8289A52DB" box="[247,404,1760,1786]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" value="2018-10">October 2018</date>
, but his efforts and dedication during the last few years of his career had a major impact on the renascence of Angolan herpetology. His legacy will continue to inspire future generations. The species epithet is used as an invariable noun in apposition to the generic name. We suggest Angolan Red Toad and Sapo-vermelho de
<collectingCountry id="D7BB7603FFCC2041FF2A260428075347" box="[183,265,1868,1894]" name="Angola" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Angola</collectingCountry>
as English and Portuguese common names, respectively.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="FBD3661BFFCB2046FF0A223C2A1957D9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775722" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5775722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775722/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" startId="20.[151,250,884,908]" targetBox="[166,1432,197,845]" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph id="AF133693FFCB2046FF0A223C2A1957D9" blockId="20.[151,1436,884,1016]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCB2046FF0A223C281D57AD" bold="true" box="[151,275,884,908]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFCB2046FE87223C2B0B57AD" authority="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie, 2021" authorityName="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie" authorityYear="2021" box="[282,517,884,908]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="branchi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCB2046FE87223C2B0B57AD" box="[282,517,884,908]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Schismaderma branchi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCB2046FD91223C2B5357AD" bold="true" box="[524,605,884,908]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86EB57FAFFCB2046FD91223C2B5357AD" box="[524,605,884,908]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
holotype (ZMB 91630). A. Dorsal surface, showing adult coloration, particularly the absence of obvious dorsal paired sacral dark blotches and presence of lateral dark stripe. B. Ventral surface showing characteristic white ground colour and heavily semi-reticulate, dark blotches on ventrum, throat and limbs. C. Lateral shot of head. D. Left hand. E. Left foot. Photographs by N.L. Baptista.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="FBD3661BFFCB2046FF0A27B028CB5314" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775724" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5775724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775724/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" startId="20.[151,250,1784,1808]" targetBox="[162,1426,1041,1760]" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph id="AF133693FFCB2046FF0A27B028CB5314" blockId="20.[151,1437,1784,1845]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCB2046FF0A27B0281F5330" bold="true" box="[151,273,1784,1809]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
A–C. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral view of preserved
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFCB2046FC8827B12AF05330" authority="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie, 2021" authorityName="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie" authorityYear="2021" box="[789,1022,1785,1809]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="branchi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCB2046FC8827B12AF05330" box="[789,1022,1785,1809]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Schismaderma branchi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCB2046FB9F27B12D5F5330" bold="true" box="[1026,1105,1785,1809]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86EB57FAFFCB2046FB9F27B12D5F5330" box="[1026,1105,1785,1809]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
paratype female (PEM A14246). Photographs by W.R. Branch.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="E7B66518FFCB2047FF5A26CF2B5B56D0" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="322" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="AF133693FFCB2047FF5A26CF2A405638" blockId="20.[151,1436,1927,2025]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1437,151,753]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="322" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCB2046FF5A26CF284C5380" bold="true" box="[199,322,1927,1953]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
The molecular results confirm that the new species is a member of the family
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFCB2046FB5626CF2C4E5380" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[1227,1344,1927,1953]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bufonidae</taxonomicName>
and the genus
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFCB2046FF7C26E3288853E4" box="[225,390,1963,1989]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCB2046FF7C26E3288853E4" box="[225,390,1963,1989]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Schismaderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This is also shown by the presence of granular ventral skin, pupil horizontally elongated in bright light, a conspicuous tarsal fold, inner metatarsal tubercle small and not flanged, no adhesive terminal discs on fingers and toes, and no hard claws on toes on adults (
<bibRefCitation id="CB3D4B62FFCA2047FC8221DF2D675490" author="Du Preez, L. &amp; Carruthers, V." box="[799,1129,151,177]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" refId="ref18844" refString="Du Preez, L. &amp; Carruthers, V. (2017) Frogs of Southern Africa, a complete guide. Struik Nature, Cape Town, 519 pp." type="book" year="2017">Du Preez &amp; Carruthers 2017</bibRefCitation>
). The genus
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFCA2047FB6A21DF2C925490" box="[1271,1436,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCA2047FB6A21DF2C925490" box="[1271,1436,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Schismaderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by moderate-size, presence of external tympanum and tarsal fold, absence of externally visible parotoid glands, a prominent glandular fold running from above the tympanum laterally to near the groin and demarcating dorsal and ventral surfaces, dorsal skin granular, with reddish colouration and flat warts, ventral colouration white with bold black reticulations. This combination of features distinguishes
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFCA2047FB0B206F2C355560" box="[1174,1339,295,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCA2047FB0B206F2C355560" box="[1174,1339,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Schismaderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from all other southern African bufonid genera and all other toad species in
<collectingCountry id="D7BB7603FFCA2047FC1D20032AD85544" box="[896,982,331,357]" name="Angola" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Angola</collectingCountry>
. The back is usually uniformly coloured, sometimes carrying a pair of mid-dorsal dark blotches. The venter is heavily mottled in black, the gular region in males suffused with dark grey. The soles of hand and feet are black, with white single subarticular tubercles. The tympanum is clearly discernible, very large and rounded, the horizontal diameter larger than distance between eye and nostril. The tadpoles are also characteristic of
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFCA2047FD5D20932A6B55D4" box="[704,869,475,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCA2047FD5D20932A6B55D4" box="[704,869,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Schismaderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with a horse-shoe shaped fold of vascularised skin on the back (
<bibRefCitation id="CB3D4B62FFCA2047FEBA20B72B195638" author="Channing, A. &amp; Rodel, M. - O. &amp; Channing, J." box="[295,535,511,537]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" refId="ref18480" refString="Channing, A., Rodel, M. - O. &amp; Channing, J. (2012) Tadpoles of Africa: the biology and identification of all known tadpoles in sub-Saharan Africa. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 402 pp." type="book" year="2012">
Channing
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCA2047FE0120B728DB5638" box="[412,469,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CB3D4B62FFCA2047FDBF20B72A4C5638" author="Viertel, B. &amp; Channing, A." box="[546,834,511,537]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" pagination="38 - 46" refId="ref22557" refString="Viertel, B. &amp; Channing, A. (2017) The larva of Schismaderma carens (Smith, 1849) (Anura: Bufonidae) - a redescription. Alytes, 33, 38 - 46." type="journal article" year="2017">Viertel &amp; Channing 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF133693FFCA2047FF5A236B2B5B56D0" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,753]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFCA2047FF5A236B28C2561C" authority="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie, 2021" authorityName="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie" authorityYear="2021" box="[199,460,547,573]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="branchi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCA2047FF5A236B28C2561C" box="[199,460,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Schismaderma branchi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCA2047FE48236B2B3F561C" bold="true" box="[469,561,547,573]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86EB57FAFFCA2047FE48236B2B3F561C" box="[469,561,547,573]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
can be distinguished from the only other congener,
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCA2047FB14236B2DF6561D" box="[1161,1272,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFCA2047FB14236B2DFA561D" box="[1161,1268,547,573]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carens">S. carens</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
by its smaller size; ventral skin of hind limbs, belly, chest and throat heavily mottled in black (
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFCA2047FBA4230F2D905640" box="[1081,1182,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,884,908]" captionTargetBox="[166,1432,197,845]" captionTargetId="figure-24@20.[156,1432,181,860]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. holotype (ZMB 91630). A. Dorsal surface, showing adult coloration, particularly the absence of obvious dorsal paired sacral dark blotches and presence of lateral dark stripe. B. Ventral surface showing characteristic white ground colour and heavily semi-reticulate, dark blotches on ventrum, throat and limbs. C. Lateral shot of head. D. Left hand. E. Left foot. Photographs by N.L. Baptista." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775722/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Figs. 6B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFCA2047FB36230F2DC35640" box="[1195,1229,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1784,1808]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,1041,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-91@20.[161,1426,1040,1760]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 7. A–C. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral view of preserved Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. paratype female (PEMA14246). Photographs by W.R. Branch." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775724/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">7B</figureCitation>
) (lightly speckled or immaculate in
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFCA2047FEFA232328DE56A5" box="[359,464,619,645]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carens">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCA2047FEFA232328DE56A5" box="[359,464,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">S. carens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); fewer and smoother tubercles on the palm of hands and sole of feet (
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFCA2047FA8723232C9A56A4" box="[1306,1428,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1560,1584]" captionTargetBox="[173,1415,777,1537]" captionTargetId="figure-305@21.[173,1415,777,1537]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 8. Ventral surface and tuberculation of left hand and feet in Schismaderma. A–B. S. carens, adult male (PEM A10766). C–D. S. carens, adult male (PEM A2523). E–F. S. branchi sp. nov. paratype, adult female (PEM A14246). G–H. S. branchi sp. nov. holotype, adult male (ZMB 91630). Photographs by W.R. Branch (A–D) and N.L. Baptista (E–H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775726/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Fig. 8E–H</figureCitation>
) (prominent, well-developed, and more numerous in
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFCA2047FD7723C72A5C5689" box="[746,850,655,681]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carens">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCA2047FD7723C72A5C5689" box="[746,850,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">S. carens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); and larger inner metatarsal tubercle in relation to shortest toe. Males of
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFCA2047FE0B23FB2B0556EC" authority="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie, 2021" authorityName="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie" authorityYear="2021" box="[406,523,691,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="branchi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCA2047FE0B23FB2B0556EC" box="[406,523,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">S. branchi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCA2047FD8923FB2B6156EC" bold="true" box="[532,623,691,717]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86EB57FAFFCA2047FD8923FB2B6156EC" box="[532,623,691,717]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
have shorter NL, TLB, TE, UEW, TypH and IMT, and longer EL, ED, TypW and FTL than males of
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFCA2047FE75239F2B4056D1" box="[488,590,727,753]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carens">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCA2047FE75239F2B4056D1" box="[488,590,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">S. carens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="FBD3661BFFCA2047FF0A27502DA15258" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775726" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5775726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775726/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" startId="21.[151,250,1560,1584]" targetBox="[173,1415,777,1537]" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph id="AF133693FFCA2047FF0A27502DA15258" blockId="21.[151,1437,1560,1657]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCA2047FF0A2750281C5211" bold="true" box="[151,274,1560,1584]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Ventral surface and tuberculation of left hand and feet in
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCA2047FCD127502AE65211" box="[844,1000,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFCA2047FCD127502AEA5211" box="[844,996,1560,1584]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Schismaderma</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A–B.
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCA2047FBB527512D875211" box="[1064,1161,1561,1584]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFCA2047FBB527512D8B5211" box="[1064,1157,1561,1584]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carens">S. carens</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
adult male (PEM A10766). C–D.
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCA2047FF49277528385275" box="[212,310,1597,1620]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFCA2047FF492775283C5275" box="[212,306,1597,1620]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carens">S. carens</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
adult male (PEM A2523). E–F.
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFCA2047FDE027752BEB5275" authority="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie, 2021" authorityName="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie" authorityYear="2021" box="[637,741,1596,1620]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="branchi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCA2047FDE027752BEB5275" box="[637,741,1596,1620]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">S. branchi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCA2047FD7627752A355274" bold="true" box="[747,827,1597,1621]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86EB57FAFFCA2047FD7627752A355274" box="[747,827,1597,1621]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
paratype, adult female (PEM A14246). G–H.
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFCA2047FA8D27752C765275" authority="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie, 2021" authorityName="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie" authorityYear="2021" box="[1296,1400,1596,1620]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="branchi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCA2047FA8D27752C765275" box="[1296,1400,1596,1620]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">S. branchi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCA2047FAE3277529CD5258" bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86EB57FAFFCA2047FAE3277529CD5258" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
holotype, adult male (ZMB 91630). Photographs by W.R. Branch (A–D) and N.L. Baptista (E–H).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="E7B66518FFCA204AFF5A27EE283454F4" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="325" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" type="description">
<paragraph id="AF133693FFCA2047FF5A27EE2C2053C0" blockId="21.[151,1437,1702,2017]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFCA2047FF5A27EE2B1D52E0" bold="true" box="[199,531,1702,1729]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
Description of the
<typeStatus id="70178831FFCA2047FE3827EF2B0052E0" box="[421,526,1703,1729]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
ZMB 91630 (
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFCA2047FD2927EF2BF652E0" box="[692,760,1702,1729]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,884,908]" captionTargetBox="[166,1432,197,845]" captionTargetId="figure-24@20.[156,1432,181,860]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. holotype (ZMB 91630). A. Dorsal surface, showing adult coloration, particularly the absence of obvious dorsal paired sacral dark blotches and presence of lateral dark stripe. B. Ventral surface showing characteristic white ground colour and heavily semi-reticulate, dark blotches on ventrum, throat and limbs. C. Lateral shot of head. D. Left hand. E. Left foot. Photographs by N.L. Baptista." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775722/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
) is a moderate-sized adult male (
<collectingRegion id="6D68F871FFCA2047FBF027EF2DAD52E0" box="[1133,1187,1703,1729]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">SUL</collectingRegion>
<quantity id="68549B76FFCA2047FB3727EE2C1F52E0" box="[1194,1297,1702,1729]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.67" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" unit="mm" value="66.7">66.7 mm</quantity>
, with robust limbs (
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFCA2047FF7B2783282552C4" box="[230,299,1738,1765]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,884,908]" captionTargetBox="[166,1432,197,845]" captionTargetId="figure-24@20.[156,1432,181,860]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. holotype (ZMB 91630). A. Dorsal surface, showing adult coloration, particularly the absence of obvious dorsal paired sacral dark blotches and presence of lateral dark stripe. B. Ventral surface showing characteristic white ground colour and heavily semi-reticulate, dark blotches on ventrum, throat and limbs. C. Lateral shot of head. D. Left hand. E. Left foot. Photographs by N.L. Baptista." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775722/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). Head triangular, longer than wide (
<quantity id="68549B76FFCA2047FD5327832A3B52C4" box="[718,821,1739,1765]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4899999999999998" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" unit="mm" value="24.9">24.9 mm</quantity>
x
<quantity id="68549B76FFCA2047FCCE27832AB252C4" box="[851,956,1739,1765]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.34" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" unit="mm" value="23.4">23.4 mm</quantity>
); short snout (
<quantity id="68549B76FFCA2047FBC327832DB452C4" box="[1118,1210,1739,1765]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" unit="mm" value="8.1">8.1 mm</quantity>
), projecting slightly beyond upper jaw; rostral tip slightly rounded in dorsal, ventral and lateral views. Loreal region concave, canthus rostralis rounded. Internarial region flat, small nostrils, directed dorsolaterally, much closer to the snout tip than to eyes. Tympanum and tympanic annulus clearly discernible. Tympanum diameter (
<quantity id="68549B76FFCA2047FBBA267E2D715370" box="[1063,1151,1846,1873]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" unit="mm" value="6.9">6.9 mm</quantity>
) approximately 1.1 times eye diameter (
<quantity id="68549B76FFCA2047FEA9261228805354" box="[308,398,1882,1909]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" unit="mm" value="6.1">6.1 mm</quantity>
). Eye diameter approximately 1.3 times eye-nostril distance (
<quantity id="68549B76FFCA2047FBA826132D815354" box="[1077,1167,1883,1909]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" unit="mm" value="4.7">4.7 mm</quantity>
); eye diameter 0.6 times interorbital distance (
<quantity id="68549B76FFCA2047FE17263728D153B8" box="[394,479,1919,1945]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
). Interorbital distance approximately 2.8 times internarial distance (
<quantity id="68549B76FFCA2047FB7926362C4C53B8" box="[1252,1346,1918,1945]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" unit="mm" value="3.6">3.6 mm</quantity>
). Upper eyelid width
<quantity id="68549B76FFCA2047FEB526EA288E539C" box="[296,384,1954,1981]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" unit="mm" value="5.3">5.3 mm</quantity>
. Prominent eyes; not projecting laterally out of margin of head in dorsal view, projecting about 50% above margin of head in lateral view, not visible ventrally. Eye pupil ellipsoid oriented horizontally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF133693FFC92044FF5A21DF2C4C55F3" blockId="22.[151,1437,150,1941]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
Well-developed limbs and digits. Thigh length
<quantity id="68549B76FFC92044FD4321DE2A485490" box="[734,838,150,177]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.59" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" unit="mm" value="25.9">25.9 mm</quantity>
. Crus (tibiofibula) length 24.0 mm. Foot length
<quantity id="68549B76FFC92044FAF621DF29C854F4" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.29" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" unit="mm" value="22.9">22.9 mm</quantity>
. First toe length
<quantity id="68549B76FFC92044FE1E21F228D254F4" box="[387,476,186,213]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" unit="mm" value="5.2">5.2 mm</quantity>
. Hand length
<quantity id="68549B76FFC92044FDE521F32BEE54F4" box="[632,736,187,213]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.47" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" unit="mm" value="14.7">14.7 mm</quantity>
. Forearm length
<quantity id="68549B76FFC92044FC0321F32D0B54F4" box="[926,1029,187,213]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.49" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" unit="mm" value="14.9">14.9 mm</quantity>
. Tarsal fold present. No webbing on hands. Fingers with no terminal bulbs or discs. Nuptial pads on fingers absent. Relative length of fingers IV&gt;III&gt;I&gt;II. Fingers and toes with rounded tips, and rounded, not very prominent single subarticular tubercles. A small round thenar tubercle and a large flat palmar tubercle on right hand (
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFC92044FCF6206F2ACB5563" box="[875,965,295,322]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,884,908]" captionTargetBox="[166,1432,197,845]" captionTargetId="figure-24@20.[156,1432,181,860]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. holotype (ZMB 91630). A. Dorsal surface, showing adult coloration, particularly the absence of obvious dorsal paired sacral dark blotches and presence of lateral dark stripe. B. Ventral surface showing characteristic white ground colour and heavily semi-reticulate, dark blotches on ventrum, throat and limbs. C. Lateral shot of head. D. Left hand. E. Left foot. Photographs by N.L. Baptista." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775722/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
). Relative length of toes IV&gt;III=V&gt;II&gt;I. Three phalanges of toe IV free of webbing; a well-developed margin of web reaching distal phalanges. Toes with small and single subarticular tubercles. Prominent oval inner metatarsal tubercle (2.8 x
<quantity id="68549B76FFC92044FBF820272DB055A8" box="[1125,1214,367,393]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9 mm</quantity>
), more than half the size of shortest toe, and around two times the size of outer metatarsal tubercle (1.7 x
<quantity id="68549B76FFC92044FBCB20DB2DA3558C" box="[1110,1197,403,429]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
) (
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFC92044FB5820DB2C2E558C" box="[1221,1312,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1560,1584]" captionTargetBox="[173,1415,777,1537]" captionTargetId="figure-305@21.[173,1415,777,1537]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 8. Ventral surface and tuberculation of left hand and feet in Schismaderma. A–B. S. carens, adult male (PEM A10766). C–D. S. carens, adult male (PEM A2523). E–F. S. branchi sp. nov. paratype, adult female (PEM A14246). G–H. S. branchi sp. nov. holotype, adult male (ZMB 91630). Photographs by W.R. Branch (A–D) and N.L. Baptista (E–H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775726/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Fig. 8H</figureCitation>
). Both feet have an oval abrasion of the skin on the heel, between the inner and outer metatarsal tubercles (
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFC92044FB5920FF2C3A55F3" box="[1220,1332,439,466]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,884,908]" captionTargetBox="[166,1432,197,845]" captionTargetId="figure-24@20.[156,1432,181,860]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. holotype (ZMB 91630). A. Dorsal surface, showing adult coloration, particularly the absence of obvious dorsal paired sacral dark blotches and presence of lateral dark stripe. B. Ventral surface showing characteristic white ground colour and heavily semi-reticulate, dark blotches on ventrum, throat and limbs. C. Lateral shot of head. D. Left hand. E. Left foot. Photographs by N.L. Baptista." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775722/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Fig. 6B,E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF133693FFC92044FF5A209328825643" blockId="22.[151,1437,150,1941]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
Dorsal granular skin with flat warts and with numerous, prominent conical asperities (
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFC92044FB3220932C0455D7" box="[1199,1290,475,502]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,884,908]" captionTargetBox="[166,1432,197,845]" captionTargetId="figure-24@20.[156,1432,181,860]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. holotype (ZMB 91630). A. Dorsal surface, showing adult coloration, particularly the absence of obvious dorsal paired sacral dark blotches and presence of lateral dark stripe. B. Ventral surface showing characteristic white ground colour and heavily semi-reticulate, dark blotches on ventrum, throat and limbs. C. Lateral shot of head. D. Left hand. E. Left foot. Photographs by N.L. Baptista." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775722/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
) with a pale edge and a very small dark tip, only visible with magnifying glass. Parotoid glands absent or not visible externally. Lateral glandular ridge extending from above tympanum to near leg insertion. Skin of ventral surfaces and flanks granular (
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFC92044FE99230F288E5643" box="[260,384,583,610]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,884,908]" captionTargetBox="[166,1432,197,845]" captionTargetId="figure-24@20.[156,1432,181,860]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. holotype (ZMB 91630). A. Dorsal surface, showing adult coloration, particularly the absence of obvious dorsal paired sacral dark blotches and presence of lateral dark stripe. B. Ventral surface showing characteristic white ground colour and heavily semi-reticulate, dark blotches on ventrum, throat and limbs. C. Lateral shot of head. D. Left hand. E. Left foot. Photographs by N.L. Baptista." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775722/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Fig. 6A–B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF133693FFC92044FF5A232328125078" blockId="22.[151,1437,150,1941]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC92044FF5A2323285E56A4" box="[199,336,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Colouration</emphasis>
: After four years preserved in formalin, dorsal ground colour greyish-brown; plain dorsum with no markings; small darker blotches in fore and hind limbs. Lateral ridge paler dorsally and darker ventrally, flanks greyish-brown, darker than dorsum, mottled in black (
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFC92044FD6223FB2A5456EF" box="[767,858,691,718]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,884,908]" captionTargetBox="[166,1432,197,845]" captionTargetId="figure-24@20.[156,1432,181,860]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. holotype (ZMB 91630). A. Dorsal surface, showing adult coloration, particularly the absence of obvious dorsal paired sacral dark blotches and presence of lateral dark stripe. B. Ventral surface showing characteristic white ground colour and heavily semi-reticulate, dark blotches on ventrum, throat and limbs. C. Lateral shot of head. D. Left hand. E. Left foot. Photographs by N.L. Baptista." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775722/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
). Tympanum with colour similar to dorsum, centre of tympanum with a paler blotch. Dorsal snout similar in colour and pattern to dorsum. Dorsal surface of forelimbs and fingers white with black blotches similar to ventral colouration. Lateral surface dark red speckled with black markings becoming more evident towards the belly. Dorsal surface of hind limbs greyish-brown with dark black markings. One dark blotch in middle of thigh. Base colour of dorsal foot greyish-brown; with scattered dark blotches, extending across toes. Region surrounding cloaca white heavily mottled in black. Margin of upper jaw greyish-brown with small dark markings posterior and anterior to eye. Vocal sac diffuse dark grey. Throat, belly, and ventral and anterior surfaces of fore and hind limbs white, heavily mottled in black; mottling slightly thinner in posterior part of the ventral region (
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFC92044FDC9229B2BA157CF" box="[596,687,979,1006]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,884,908]" captionTargetBox="[166,1432,197,845]" captionTargetId="figure-24@20.[156,1432,181,860]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. holotype (ZMB 91630). A. Dorsal surface, showing adult coloration, particularly the absence of obvious dorsal paired sacral dark blotches and presence of lateral dark stripe. B. Ventral surface showing characteristic white ground colour and heavily semi-reticulate, dark blotches on ventrum, throat and limbs. C. Lateral shot of head. D. Left hand. E. Left foot. Photographs by N.L. Baptista." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775722/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
). Soles of hands and feet black with white tubercles. Webbing of feet black with thin white edge (
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFC92044FD9F22BF2B525030" box="[514,604,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1560,1584]" captionTargetBox="[173,1415,777,1537]" captionTargetId="figure-305@21.[173,1415,777,1537]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 8. Ventral surface and tuberculation of left hand and feet in Schismaderma. A–B. S. carens, adult male (PEM A10766). C–D. S. carens, adult male (PEM A2523). E–F. S. branchi sp. nov. paratype, adult female (PEM A14246). G–H. S. branchi sp. nov. holotype, adult male (ZMB 91630). Photographs by W.R. Branch (A–D) and N.L. Baptista (E–H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775726/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Fig. 8H</figureCitation>
). The
<typeStatus id="70178831FFC92044FD3F22BF2A0A5030" box="[674,772,1015,1041]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
was collected in the breeding season (as all other collected adults, see below). It is unclear if the colour might be duller during other parts of the year, as observed in
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC92044FAAA25532C935015" box="[1335,1437,1051,1077]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carens">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC92044FAAA25532C935015" box="[1335,1437,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">S. carens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFC92044FF56257728015078" box="[203,271,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1310,1334]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,458,1283]" captionTargetId="figure-158@8.[159,1428,453,1286]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Life colour of Schimaderma carens, showing typical pattern with dorsum varying from bright red to orange-grey and mid-dorsal dark spots usually present. All photographs by Louis Du Preez." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775716" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775716/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF133693FFC92044FF5A252A2DD45228" blockId="22.[151,1437,150,1941]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC92044FF5A252A285B505D" bold="true" box="[199,341,1122,1148]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Variation of</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="1FC43CCEFFC92044FEC6252B2B3E5080" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3417683309" collectorName="Little &amp; Three" location="Iris" municipality="In" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC92044FEC6252B28D8505C" bold="true" box="[347,470,1123,1149]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<typeStatus id="70178831FFC92044FEC6252B28DF505C" box="[347,465,1123,1149]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingMunicipality id="4F77ACE9FFC92044FE41252B28FD505C" box="[476,499,1123,1149]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">In</collectingMunicipality>
life, dorsal ground colour bright red.
<location id="AA736048FFC92044FC13252B2ABC505C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:27058785FFCC204BFF0A22862DA6553D:AA736048FFC92044FC13252B2ABC505C" box="[910,946,1123,1149]" municipality="In" name="Iris" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Iris</location>
golden with black pupil.
<collectorName id="02595345FFC92044FB55252B2C0D505C" box="[1224,1283,1123,1149]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Little</collectorName>
variation was observed in the
<specimenCount id="B9AAFD1AFFC92044FED825CF28E85080" box="[325,486,1159,1185]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="generic" typeStatus="paratypes">four paratypes</specimenCount>
.
<collectorName id="02595345FFC92044FE6D25CF2B3E5080" box="[496,560,1159,1185]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Three</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="1FC43CCEFFC92044FDAB25CF2C3B5080" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3417683305" accessionNumber="ZMB 91628, ZMB 91629" box="[566,1333,1159,1186]" collectionCode="ZMB" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" specimenCode="CHL 0338" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="70178831FFC92044FDAB25CF2B915080" box="[566,671,1159,1185]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
(
<specimenCode id="FF0A9EE8FFC92044FD3025CF2A285080" box="[685,806,1159,1185]" collectionCode="CHL" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12793" name="Cheltenham Grammar School" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="Herbarium">CHL 0338</specimenCode>
;
<collectionCode id="C9BDAE56FFC92044FCAC25CF2A635080" box="[817,877,1159,1185]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
91628;
<collectionCode id="C9BDAE56FFC92044FC5A25CF2D0D5080" box="[967,1027,1159,1185]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
91629) are smaller than the
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="1FC43CCEFFC92044FAA125CF2D3051BC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3417683310" accessionNumber="A14246, ZMB 91628, ZMB 91629" collectionCode="PEM, ZMB" collectorName="Measurements &amp; All" location="In" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" specimenCode="CHL 0338" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kusini Unguja" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="70178831FFC92044FAA125CF2C925080" box="[1340,1436,1159,1185]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<collectingRegion id="6D68F871FFC92044FF0225E329DA50E4" box="[159,212,1195,1221]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">SUL</collectingRegion>
&lt;
<quantity id="68549B76FFC92044FF6925E3284950E4" box="[244,327,1195,1221]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
), and one (
<collectionCode id="C9BDAE56FFC92044FE5E25E328F350E4" box="[451,509,1195,1221]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/xqn4-34sv" name="Port Elizabeth Museum" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="Museum">PEM</collectionCode>
A14246), the only female of the series, is larger (
<collectingRegion id="6D68F871FFC92044FBB625E32D6E50E4" box="[1067,1120,1195,1221]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">SUL</collectingRegion>
=
<quantity id="68549B76FFC92044FB1D25E32DE650E4" box="[1152,1256,1195,1221]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.87" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" unit="mm" value="68.7">68.7 mm</quantity>
).
<collectorName id="02595345FFC92044FB6125E32C9250E4" box="[1276,1436,1195,1221]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Measurements</collectorName>
for the types are provided in
<tableCitation id="E22E0328FFC92044FE4B25872B2450C8" box="[470,554,1231,1257]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABLE 4. Measurements and foot webbing formulae of the type series of Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. All linear measurements in millimetres (mm), rounded to one decimal. See Material and methods section for measurement abbreviations. M—male, F—female. Catalog no. ZMB 91630 CHL 0338 ZMB 91628 ZMB 91629 PEM A14246" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FBD3661BFFD2205FFF0A21DF2C7E553E" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" tableUuid="FBD3661BFFD2205FFF0A21DF2C7E553E">Table 4</tableCitation>
.
<location id="AA736048FFC92044FDA825872B4250C8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:27058785FFCC204BFF0A22862DA6553D:AA736048FFC92044FDA825872B4250C8" box="[565,588,1231,1257]" name="In" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" stateProvince="Kusini Unguja">In</location>
preserved specimens, dorsal ground colour varied from uniform dark to pale brownish, in formalin-preserved specimens (
<specimenCode id="FF0A9EE8FFC92044FD1325BB2A04512C" box="[654,778,1267,1293]" collectionCode="CHL" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12793" name="Cheltenham Grammar School" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="Herbarium">CHL 0338</specimenCode>
;
<collectionCode id="C9BDAE56FFC92044FC8425BB2A5B512C" box="[793,853,1267,1293]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
91628;
<collectionCode id="C9BDAE56FFC92044FC2825BB2AFF512C" box="[949,1009,1267,1293]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
91629) and bright red in a specimen preserved in ethanol (
<collectionCode id="C9BDAE56FFC92044FE1C245F28B55110" box="[385,443,1303,1329]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/xqn4-34sv" name="Port Elizabeth Museum" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="Museum">PEM</collectionCode>
A14246).
<collectorName id="02595345FFC92044FDB0245F2B5E5110" box="[557,592,1303,1329]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">All</collectorName>
preserved specimens have plain immaculate dorsum, except for
<collectionCode id="C9BDAE56FFC92044FA92245F2C455110" box="[1295,1355,1303,1329]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
91628, which has a pair of mid-dorsal dark blotches.
<collectionCode id="C9BDAE56FFC92044FD1A24732BCE5174" box="[647,704,1339,1365]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/xqn4-34sv" name="Port Elizabeth Museum" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="Museum">PEM</collectionCode>
A14246 had sacral markings in life, which faded after preservation in ethanol. CHL 0338 and
<collectionCode id="C9BDAE56FFC92044FE5B24172B0C5158" box="[454,514,1375,1401]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
91629 have darker markings in dorsal surface of head, and CHL 0338 has darker markings on dorsal surfaces of fore and hind limbs slightly more conspicuous than the
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="1FC43CCEFFC92044FBD824CB2AF851E0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3417683306" location="Ventral" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kusini Unguja">
other specimens.
<location id="AA736048FFC92044FA9C24CB2C5E51BC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:27058785FFCC204BFF0A22862DA6553D:AA736048FFC92044FA9C24CB2C5E51BC" box="[1281,1360,1411,1437]" name="Ventral" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" stateProvince="Kusini Unguja">Ventral</location>
colour pattern, soles of hand and feet, tubercles and feet webbing are similar among
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="1FC43CCEFFC92044FC6324EF2DD85228" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3417683308" location="The" municipality="Nuptial" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Kusini Unguja" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="70178831FFC92044FC6324EF2D6951E0" box="[1022,1127,1447,1473]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
and
<typeStatus id="70178831FFC92044FB3D24EF2C0D51E0" box="[1184,1283,1447,1473]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
<collectingMunicipality id="4F77ACE9FFC92044FA9224EF2C6F51E0" box="[1295,1377,1447,1473]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Nuptial</collectingMunicipality>
pads present but inconspicuous in all breeding males.
<location id="AA736048FFC92044FD3124832BD951C4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:27058785FFCC204BFF0A22862DA6553D:AA736048FFC92044FD3124832BD951C4" box="[684,727,1483,1509]" municipality="Nuptial" name="The" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" stateProvince="Kusini Unguja">The</location>
only collected female is larger than all collected males, a pattern that is expected for the species, like reported for its congeneric
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC92044FCD424A72DD85228" authority="(Channing &amp; Rodel 2019)" baseAuthorityName="Channing &amp; Rodel" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[841,1238,1519,1545]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carens">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC92044FCD424A72AA35229" box="[841,941,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">S. carens</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CB3D4B62FFC92044FC2624A72DC05228" author="Channing, A. &amp; Rodel, M. - O." box="[955,1230,1519,1545]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" refId="ref18445" refString="Channing, A. &amp; Rodel, M. - O. (2019) Field guide to the frogs and other amphibians of Africa. Struik Nature, Cape Town, 408 pp." type="book" year="2019">Channing &amp; Rödel 2019</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF133693FFC92044FF5A275B2C4853B4" blockId="22.[151,1437,150,1941]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC92044FF5A275B28CB520C" bold="true" box="[199,453,1555,1581]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Tadpole morphology.</emphasis>
Tadpoles at Gosner stage 26 (
<bibRefCitation id="CB3D4B62FFC92044FC83275B2ABD520F" author="Gosner, K. L." box="[798,947,1555,1582]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" pagination="183 - 190" refId="ref19337" refString="Gosner, K. L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica, 16 (3), 183 - 190." type="journal article" year="1960">Gosner 1960</bibRefCitation>
) have a morphology and behaviour typical of
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC92044FF2A277F28525270" box="[183,348,1591,1617]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC92044FF2A277F28525270" box="[183,348,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Schismaderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tadpoles, i.e. concerning body shape, presence of a horse-shoe shaped fold of vascularised skin on the back (
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFC92044FEB62713288A5254" box="[299,388,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,253,694,718]" captionTargetBox="[156,1435,185,670]" captionTargetId="figure-19@23.[152,1435,181,671]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Preserved tadpole of Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. (PEM A14307). A–C. Lateral, dorsal, and ventral view. D. Oral disc with LRTF of 2/3 (posterior 3rd low above 2nd row, not captured in photograph). Photographs by N.L. Baptista (A–C), W. Conradie (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775728/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
), and congregating in compact schools (
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFC92044FCD227132ABE5254" box="[847,944,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1541,1565]" captionTargetBox="[197,1391,316,1510]" captionTargetId="figure-81@25.[189,1398,308,1517]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. Photographs of live individuals of Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. A. Live adult female paratype (PEM A14246) B. Mating ball. C. Pair in amplexus. D. Female and recently laid eggs. E. Egg strings. F. Habitat and tadpoles in schools. Photographs A–D, F by P. Vaz Pinto; photograph E by K. Luchansky." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775733/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Fig. 11F</figureCitation>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="CB3D4B62FFC92044FC5527132DB35254" author="Channing, A. &amp; Rodel, M. - O. &amp; Channing, J." box="[968,1213,1627,1653]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" refId="ref18480" refString="Channing, A., Rodel, M. - O. &amp; Channing, J. (2012) Tadpoles of Africa: the biology and identification of all known tadpoles in sub-Saharan Africa. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 402 pp." type="book" year="2012">
Channing
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC92044FBA227132D765254" box="[1087,1144,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
). Lateral view (
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFC92044FAF2271329B052B8" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,253,694,718]" captionTargetBox="[156,1435,185,670]" captionTargetId="figure-19@23.[152,1435,181,671]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Preserved tadpole of Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. (PEM A14307). A–C. Lateral, dorsal, and ventral view. D. Oral disc with LRTF of 2/3 (posterior 3rd low above 2nd row, not captured in photograph). Photographs by N.L. Baptista (A–C), W. Conradie (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775728/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
): body round to ovoid. Head fold is present with the posterior edge free from the main body. Body width nearly equal to the body height. Snout oblique. Mouth directed ventrally. Spiracle sinistral, tubular, small, joined to body wall, positioned laterally and situated midbody. Dorsal view (
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFC92044FCAD278F2A8B52C0" box="[816,901,1735,1761]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,253,694,718]" captionTargetBox="[156,1435,185,670]" captionTargetId="figure-19@23.[152,1435,181,671]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Preserved tadpole of Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. (PEM A14307). A–C. Lateral, dorsal, and ventral view. D. Oral disc with LRTF of 2/3 (posterior 3rd low above 2nd row, not captured in photograph). Photographs by N.L. Baptista (A–C), W. Conradie (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775728/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
): snout rounded. Nasals rounded, large (
<quantity id="68549B76FFC92044FAA5278F2C9E52C0" box="[1336,1424,1735,1761]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
), positioned laterally, closer to eyes than to pupils. Eyes moderately sized (ED 8.6% of body length), positioned and directed dorsally; central parietal eye clearly visible. Ventral view (
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFC92044FCE526472ADE5308" box="[888,976,1807,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,253,694,718]" captionTargetBox="[156,1435,185,670]" captionTargetId="figure-19@23.[152,1435,181,671]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Preserved tadpole of Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. (PEM A14307). A–C. Lateral, dorsal, and ventral view. D. Oral disc with LRTF of 2/3 (posterior 3rd low above 2nd row, not captured in photograph). Photographs by N.L. Baptista (A–C), W. Conradie (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775728/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
): internal collided intestine clearly visible through dermal skin. LTRF: 2/3. Size: Total length
<quantity id="68549B76FFC92044FD4E267B2A7A536C" box="[723,884,1843,1869]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.575" metricValueMax="1.78" metricValueMin="1.3699999999999999" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" unit="mm" value="15.75" valueMax="17.8" valueMin="13.7">13.7–17.8 mm</quantity>
and BL
<quantity id="68549B76FFC92044FC4A267A2D51536C" box="[983,1119,1842,1869]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.55" metricValueMax="7.8" metricValueMin="5.3" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" unit="mm" value="6.55" valueMax="7.8" valueMin="5.3">5.3–7.8 mm</quantity>
. Tail 135% of the BL.
<tableCitation id="E22E0328FFC92044FAFD267B29AB5350" captionStart="TABLE 9" captionStartId="18.[151,239,652,678]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="TABLE 9. Measurements (mm), ratios, and labial tooth row formula, of Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. tadpoles." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FBD3661BFFCD2040FF0A23C42C575687" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" tableUuid="FBD3661BFFCD2040FF0A23C42C575687">Table 9</tableCitation>
summarizes all measurements. Colouration in preservative: Body dark brown-black. Ventrum paler with scattered darker pigmentation and transparent anterior dermal skin. Tail musculature more heavily pigmented than fins.
</paragraph>
<caption id="FBD3661BFFC82045FF0A23FE289A5736" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775728" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5775728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775728/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" startId="23.[151,253,694,718]" targetBox="[156,1435,185,670]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph id="AF133693FFC82045FF0A23FE289A5736" blockId="23.[151,1437,694,791]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FF0A23FE281856EF" bold="true" box="[151,278,694,718]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
Preserved tadpole of
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC82045FE6023FF2BFD56EE" authority="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie, 2021" authorityName="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie" authorityYear="2021" box="[509,755,695,719]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="branchi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FE6023FF2BFD56EE" box="[509,755,695,719]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Schismaderma branchi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FD6423FF2A4056EE" bold="true" box="[761,846,695,719]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86EB57FAFFC82045FD6423FF2A4056EE" box="[761,846,695,719]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(PEM A14307). A–C. Lateral, dorsal, and ventral view. D. Oral disc with LRTF of 2/3 (posterior 3
<superScript id="58D99BDBFFC82045FDC423932B6B56C8" attach="left" box="[601,613,731,745]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">rd</superScript>
low above 2
<superScript id="58D99BDBFFC82045FD7323932BF356C8" attach="left" box="[750,765,731,745]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">nd</superScript>
row, not captured in photograph). Photographs by N.L. Baptista (A–C), W. Conradie (D).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="AF133693FFC82045FF5A220C2C53505A" blockId="23.[151,1437,836,2033]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FF5A220C28BE577F" bold="true" box="[199,432,836,862]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Advertisement call.</emphasis>
The species was first found while calling in large, loud choruses from small ponds. The toads were observed calling while floating in the water, on two independent occasions in the early rainy season (see below). The call is a characteristic deep and loud “whoob, whoob.” Temporal and spectral parameters of the calls of
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC82045FF0A22E7280557E8" authority="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie, 2021" authorityName="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,267,943,969]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="branchi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FF0A22E7280557E8" box="[151,267,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">S. branchi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FE8F22E7286257E8" bold="true" box="[274,364,943,969]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86EB57FAFFC82045FE8F22E7286257E8" box="[274,364,943,969]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
are provided in
<tableCitation id="E22E0328FFC82045FDB922E72B8B57E8" box="[548,645,943,969]" captionStart="TABLE 10" captionStartId="19.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="TABLE 10. Advertisement call parameters measured for Schismaderma carens (n = 3) and S. branchi sp. nov. (n = 3). All temporal and spectral parameters are presented in seconds (s) and Hertz (Hz) respectively, except when noted. Values are mean ± standard deviation with the range provided in square brackets." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FBD3661BFFCC2041FF0A21DF2AA254D6" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" tableUuid="FBD3661BFFCC2041FF0A21DF2AA254D6">Table 10</tableCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFC82045FD2122E72A2C57E8" box="[700,802,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1468,1492]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,247,1433]" captionTargetId="figure-42@24.[228,1359,237,1444]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 10. Oscillogram and sonogram of advertisement calls of: A. Schismaderma carens. B. Schismaderma branchi sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775730" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775730/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Fig. 10B</figureCitation>
. Calls of
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC82045FC1022E72D0E57E8" authority="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie, 2021" authorityName="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie" authorityYear="2021" box="[909,1024,943,969]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="branchi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FC1022E72D0E57E8" box="[909,1024,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">S. branchi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FB9522E72D6C57E8" bold="true" box="[1032,1122,943,969]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86EB57FAFFC82045FB9522E72D6C57E8" box="[1032,1122,943,969]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
consist of a single note that is repeated in time, lasting 0.70 to
<geoCoordinate id="CA985054FFC82045FD85229A2B5557CC" box="[536,603,978,1005]" degrees="0.80" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" precision="555" value="-0.8">0.80 s</geoCoordinate>
(average 0.76 ±
<geoCoordinate id="CA985054FFC82045FC8A229A2A5257CC" box="[791,860,978,1005]" degrees="0.04" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" precision="555" value="-0.04">0.04 s</geoCoordinate>
; n = 3), and inter-call intervals longer than the calls varying between 1.81 and 2.73 (average 2.19 ±
<geoCoordinate id="CA985054FFC82045FD2622BE2A0E5031" box="[699,768,1014,1040]" degrees="0.48" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" precision="555" value="-0.48">0.48 s</geoCoordinate>
). Average call repetition rate 24.57 times/minute (n = 24); average pulses per note 61–64 (average 62.33 ± 1.25; n = 3); pulse repetition rate 76.05–87.98 pulses per second (average 82.60 ± 4.94; n = 3); pulse duration 11.37–13.15 ms (average 12.15 ± 0.74 ms; n = 3). Dominant frequency of 375.0 (375.0 Hz; n = 3), mostly constant throughout the call; 90% frequency bandwidth 281.25–562.5 Hz.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF133693FFC8204AFF5A25CB283454F4" blockId="23.[151,1437,836,2033]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="325" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FF5A25CB2B3B50BF" bold="true" box="[199,565,1155,1182]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Habitat and life history notes.</emphasis>
All specimens of
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC82045FC9525CC2A7050BC" authority="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie, 2021" authorityName="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie" authorityYear="2021" box="[776,894,1155,1182]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="branchi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FC9525CC2A7050BC" box="[776,894,1155,1182]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">S. branchi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FC1B25CC2AEC50BF" bold="true" box="[902,994,1156,1182]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86EB57FAFFC82045FC1B25CC2AEC50BF" box="[902,994,1156,1182]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
were found during the early rains, the species’ peak breeding season. Adults were breeding during the day in temporary pans that consisted of fairly small (
<quantity id="68549B76FFC82045FF792583284E50C4" box="[228,320,1226,1253]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="m" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2 to 5 m</quantity>
across) but relatively deep (
<quantity id="68549B76FFC82045FD1C25832BD450C4" box="[641,730,1227,1253]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="m" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1 to 2 m</quantity>
at the deepest section), and irregularly distributed depressions filled with murky water, recently accumulated after storms at the onset of the rainy season. These small pans were associated with small streams connected to large inland lakes within the
<collectingRegion id="6D68F871FFC82045FBBC24592D76510A" box="[1057,1144,1297,1323]" country="Angola" name="Luanda" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Luando</collectingRegion>
River sub-basin (
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFC82045FADA24592C84510A" box="[1351,1418,1297,1323]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1113,1137]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,187,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-24@2.[151,1436,181,1089]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of sub-Saharan Africa with the known distribution of Schismaderma carens, and localities of S. branchi sp. nov. (pink circles) and S. carens specimens analysed morphologically (blue triangles) and genetically (red circles). Map adapted from IUCN (2020) and compiled by L. Veríssimo." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775712" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775712/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). They had little vegetation apart from flooded grass (
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFC82045FD6E247D2A56516E" box="[755,856,1333,1359]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1541,1565]" captionTargetBox="[197,1391,316,1510]" captionTargetId="figure-81@25.[189,1398,308,1517]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. Photographs of live individuals of Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. A. Live adult female paratype (PEM A14246) B. Mating ball. C. Pair in amplexus. D. Female and recently laid eggs. E. Egg strings. F. Habitat and tadpoles in schools. Photographs A–D, F by P. Vaz Pinto; photograph E by K. Luchansky." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775733/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Fig. 11F</figureCitation>
), and some were artificial, having originated from abandoned road construction works. The first time the species was found, in
<date id="DB121053FFC82045FB8524102DD05152" box="[1048,1246,1368,1395]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" value="2015-10-27">27 October 2015</date>
, it was breeding in two of these temporary ponds. On a second visit to the site, in
<date id="DB121053FFC82045FC3124342D9A51B7" box="[940,1172,1404,1430]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" value="2016-09-26">26 September 2016</date>
, red toads were found breeding in other additional temporary ponds near the original site. Breeding was observed after heavy rains at the beginning of the rainy season in two consecutive years. On the first occasion, between 100 and 200 toads were seen in three ponds over a distance of around
<quantity id="68549B76FFC82045FD3624AE2BE45221" box="[683,746,1510,1537]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
. On the second visit, around 50 toads were observed in two ponds. No red toads were found in the nearby streams’ main channels nor in larger perennial ponds. Observed breeding behaviour was typical of
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC82045FD8227652BC95266" box="[543,711,1581,1607]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FD8227652BC95266" box="[543,711,1581,1607]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Schismaderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
toads (
<bibRefCitation id="CB3D4B62FFC82045FC8527652ACD5266" author="Balinsky, B. I." box="[792,963,1581,1607]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" pagination="37 - 93" refId="ref17867" refString="Balinsky, B. I. (1969) The reproductive ecology of amphibians of the Transvaal highveld. African Zoology, 4 (1), 37 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00445096.1969.11447365" type="journal article" year="1969">Balinsky 1969</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CB3D4B62FFC82045FC5027652DB75266" author="Tandy, M. &amp; Keith, R." box="[973,1209,1581,1607]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" pagination="119 - 170" refId="ref22308" refString="Tandy, M. &amp; Keith, R. (1972) Bufo of Africa. In: Blair, W. F. (Ed.), Evolution in the Genus Bufo. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas and London, pp. 119 - 170." type="book chapter" year="1972">Tandy &amp; Keith 1972</bibRefCitation>
), with males calling loudly and incessantly throughout the day in shallow water at the edges of the pond, during a mating frenzy. Egg strings were observed floating in the water and attached to vegetation (
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFC82045FC5E273C2D2752AF" box="[963,1065,1652,1678]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1541,1565]" captionTargetBox="[197,1391,316,1510]" captionTargetId="figure-81@25.[189,1398,308,1517]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. Photographs of live individuals of Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. A. Live adult female paratype (PEM A14246) B. Mating ball. C. Pair in amplexus. D. Female and recently laid eggs. E. Egg strings. F. Habitat and tadpoles in schools. Photographs A–D, F by P. Vaz Pinto; photograph E by K. Luchansky." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775733/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Fig. 11E</figureCitation>
). The eggs were arranged in one row; the number of eggs was not counted.Although
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC82045FD7927D02A455290" baseAuthorityName="Channing &amp; Rodel" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[740,843,1688,1714]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carens">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FD7927D02A455290" box="[740,843,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">S. carens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is reported to have eggs in double strings (
<bibRefCitation id="CB3D4B62FFC82045FAB127DF29DA52F4" author="Channing, A." pageId="23" pageNumber="324" refId="ref18408" refString="Channing, A. (2001) Amphibians of Central and Southern Africa. Cornell University Press, New York, New York, 470 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.7591 / 9781501733697" type="book" year="2001">Channing 2001</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CB3D4B62FFC82045FF7C27F32B3D52F4" author="Du Preez, L. &amp; Carruthers, V." box="[225,563,1723,1749]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" refId="ref18844" refString="Du Preez, L. &amp; Carruthers, V. (2017) Frogs of Southern Africa, a complete guide. Struik Nature, Cape Town, 519 pp." type="book" year="2017">Du Preez &amp; Carruthers 2017</bibRefCitation>
), the single strings we observed were very likely from
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC82045FB2527F32C2152F4" authority="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie, 2021" authorityName="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie" authorityYear="2021" box="[1208,1327,1723,1749]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="branchi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FB2527F32C2152F4" box="[1208,1327,1723,1749]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">S. branchi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FAA527F32C9B52F4" bold="true" box="[1336,1429,1723,1749]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86EB57FAFFC82045FAA527F32C9B52F4" box="[1336,1429,1723,1749]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, as no other amphibian species was recorded reproducing in the same ponds. Further observations are necessary to confirm if egg strings differ between the two species or not. Tadpoles moved through the pools in large dense schools, this schooling behaviour being characteristic of
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC82045FCBE266D2AC5531E" box="[803,971,1829,1855]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FCBE266D2AC5531E" box="[803,971,1829,1855]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Schismaderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFC82045FC47266D2D31531E" box="[986,1087,1829,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1541,1565]" captionTargetBox="[197,1391,316,1510]" captionTargetId="figure-81@25.[189,1398,308,1517]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. Photographs of live individuals of Schismaderma branchi sp. nov. A. Live adult female paratype (PEM A14246) B. Mating ball. C. Pair in amplexus. D. Female and recently laid eggs. E. Egg strings. F. Habitat and tadpoles in schools. Photographs A–D, F by P. Vaz Pinto; photograph E by K. Luchansky." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775733/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Fig. 11F</figureCitation>
). Although only found in pans while mating,
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC82045FEA7260128A15342" authority="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie, 2021" authorityName="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie" authorityYear="2021" box="[314,431,1865,1891]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="branchi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FEA7260128A15342" box="[314,431,1865,1891]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">S. branchi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FE2826012B1E5342" bold="true" box="[437,528,1865,1891]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86EB57FAFFC82045FE2826012B1E5342" box="[437,528,1865,1891]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is expected to be terrestrial outside the breeding season like
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC82045FB5D260129D053A6" authority="(Balinsky 1969)" baseAuthorityName="Balinsky" baseAuthorityYear="1969" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carens">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FB5D26012C285342" box="[1216,1318,1865,1891]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">S. carens</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CB3D4B62FFC82045FAA8260129DB53A6" author="Balinsky, B. I." pageId="23" pageNumber="324" pagination="37 - 93" refId="ref17867" refString="Balinsky, B. I. (1969) The reproductive ecology of amphibians of the Transvaal highveld. African Zoology, 4 (1), 37 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00445096.1969.11447365" type="journal article" year="1969">Balinsky 1969</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Habitat in the surrounding areas, where they likely spend most of the year, consisted of mesic woodlands and savannas within the Angolan Miombo woodlands ecoregion (
<bibRefCitation id="CB3D4B62FFC82045FC3C26D82D80538B" author="Burgess, N. &amp; Hales, J. A. &amp; Underwood, E. &amp; Dinerstein, E. &amp; Olson, D. &amp; Itoua, I. &amp; Schipper, J. &amp; Ricketts, T. &amp; Newman, K." box="[929,1166,1936,1962]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" refId="ref18204" refString="Burgess, N., Hales, J. A., Underwood, E., Dinerstein, E., Olson, D., Itoua, I., Schipper, J., Ricketts, T. &amp; Newman, K. (2004) Terrestrial ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: a conservation assessment. Island Press, Washington, 497 pp." type="book" year="2004">
Burgess
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FB9426D92D49538B" box="[1033,1095,1936,1962]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CB3D4B62FFC82045FB0026D82C4C538B" author="Huntley, B. J." box="[1181,1346,1936,1962]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" pagination="15 - 42" refId="ref19626" refString="Huntley, B. J. (2019) Angola in outline: physiography, climate and patterns of biodiversity. In: Huntley, B. J., Russo, V., Lages, F. &amp; Ferrand, N. (Eds.), Biodiversity of Angola. Science &amp; conservation: a modern synthesis. Springer, Cham, pp. 15 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 030 - 03083 - 4 _ 2" type="book chapter" year="2019">Huntley 2019</bibRefCitation>
). Just a few kilometres to the east, there were extensive floodplains with papyrus reed beds surrounding large inland lakes. The species was found in sympatry with
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC82045FD4C269F2A8B53D1" baseAuthorityName="Laurent" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[721,901,2007,2033]" class="Amphibia" family="Hyperoliidae" genus="Afrixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wittei">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FD4C269F2A8B53D1" box="[721,901,2007,2033]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Afrixalus wittei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC82045FC0A269F2D9453D0" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1867" box="[919,1178,2007,2033]" class="Amphibia" family="Hyperoliidae" genus="Hyperolius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angolensis">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FC0A269F2D9453D0" box="[919,1178,2007,2033]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Hyperolius angolensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC82045FB31269F2C6153D0" baseAuthorityName="Bocage" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[1196,1391,2007,2033]" class="Amphibia" family="Hyperoliidae" genus="Hyperolius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="benguellensis">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC82045FB31269F2C6153D0" box="[1196,1391,2007,2033]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">H. benguellensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC8204AFA1C269F28795491" authorityName="Bocage" authorityYear="1866" class="Amphibia" family="Hyperoliidae" genus="Hyperolius" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="325" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinnamomeoventris">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC8204AFA1C269F28795491" italics="true" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="325" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">H. cinnamomeoventris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC7204AFE1721DF2B8C5490" baseAuthorityName="Dumeril &amp; Bibron" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[394,642,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Hyperoliidae" genus="Kassina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="senegalensis">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC7204AFE1721DF2B8C5490" box="[394,642,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Kassina senegalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC7204AFD0921DF2A635490" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[660,877,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Arthroleptidae" genus="Leptopelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bocagii">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC7204AFD0921DF2A635490" box="[660,877,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Leptopelis bocagii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC7204AFCE221DF2D8E5490" baseAuthorityName="Bocage" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[895,1152,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Ptychadenidae" genus="Ptychadena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anchietae">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC7204AFCE221DF2D8E5490" box="[895,1152,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Ptychadena anchietae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC7204AFB0E21DF2C9B5490" baseAuthorityName="Power" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[1171,1429,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sclerophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gutturalis">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC7204AFB0E21DF2C9B5490" box="[1171,1429,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Sclerophrys gutturalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC7204AFF5521F3283D54F4" baseAuthorityName="Merten's" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[200,307,187,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sclerophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pusilla">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC7204AFF5521F3283D54F4" box="[200,307,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">S. pusilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="FBD3661BFFC7204AFF0A24F429CD51D9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775730" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5775730" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775730/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" startId="24.[151,250,1468,1492]" targetBox="[234,1353,247,1433]" targetPageId="24">
<paragraph id="AF133693FFC7204AFF0A24F429CD51D9" blockId="24.[151,1436,1468,1528]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC7204AFF0A24F4282C51F5" bold="true" box="[151,290,1468,1492]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
Oscillogram and sonogram of advertisement calls of: A.
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC7204AFCE724F42D5551F5" baseAuthorityName="Balinsky" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[890,1115,1468,1492]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carens">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC7204AFCE724F42D5551F5" box="[890,1115,1468,1492]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Schismaderma carens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. B.
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC7204AFB1424F42C7851F5" authority="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie, 2021" authorityName="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie" authorityYear="2021" box="[1161,1398,1468,1492]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="branchi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC7204AFB1424F42C7851F5" box="[1161,1398,1468,1492]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Schismaderma branchi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86EB57FAFFC7204AFAE324F429CD51D9" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="E7B66518FFC7204BFF5A276D2DA6553D" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="326" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="AF133693FFC7204AFF5A276D2D4C537A" blockId="24.[151,1437,1573,2025]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC7204AFF5A276D286A521E" bold="true" box="[199,356,1573,1599]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Distribution.</emphasis>
So far,
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC7204AFE59276D2B32521E" authority="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie, 2021" authorityName="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie" authorityYear="2021" box="[452,572,1573,1599]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="branchi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC7204AFE59276D2B32521E" box="[452,572,1573,1599]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">S. branchi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC7204AFDD8276D2BAD521E" bold="true" box="[581,675,1573,1599]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86EB57FAFFC7204AFDD8276D2BAD521E" box="[581,675,1573,1599]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
was only found in four nearby sites spanning
<quantity id="68549B76FFC7204AFB5B276D2C0F521E" box="[1222,1281,1573,1600]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
along a road where it crosses small streams flowing to Lussechi and Loge rivers, both tributaries of the larger
<collectingRegion id="6D68F871FFC7204AFB6527002C415243" box="[1272,1359,1608,1634]" country="Angola" name="Luanda" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Luando</collectingRegion>
River, part of the Cuanza River basin (
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFC7204AFD8F27242B5652A7" box="[530,600,1644,1670]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1113,1137]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,187,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-24@2.[151,1436,181,1089]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of sub-Saharan Africa with the known distribution of Schismaderma carens, and localities of S. branchi sp. nov. (pink circles) and S. carens specimens analysed morphologically (blue triangles) and genetically (red circles). Map adapted from IUCN (2020) and compiled by L. Veríssimo." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775712" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775712/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Just east of these sites are two large lakes, Capalanga and Quipemba surrounded by extensive swamps and floodplains and connected via the Loge River. Even though many sites have been surveyed within a
<quantity id="68549B76FFC7204AFE3A27FB28E152EC" box="[423,495,1715,1742]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" unit="km" value="50.0">50 km</quantity>
radius, mostly to the north, west, and south, the species has not yet been recorded elsewhere. It is likely for
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC7204AFE2B279F2B2452D1" authority="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie, 2021" authorityName="Baptista &amp; Pinto &amp; Keates &amp; Edwards &amp; Rödel &amp; Conradie" authorityYear="2021" box="[438,554,1750,1777]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="branchi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC7204AFE2B279F2B2452D1" box="[438,554,1750,1777]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">S. branchi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC7204AFDAD279F2B8552D0" bold="true" box="[560,651,1751,1777]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="86EB57FAFFC7204AFDAD279F2B8552D0" box="[560,651,1751,1777]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
to have a wider distribution, which may extend into the neighbouring Cuango River drainage, but for the moment it appears to be restricted to the
<collectingRegion id="6D68F871FFC7204AFB9727B22D6F5335" box="[1034,1121,1786,1812]" country="Angola" name="Luanda" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Luando</collectingRegion>
River sub-basin, bordering the Cuanza-Congo watershed. The region where the species was found constitutes a fairly large inland depression stretching for about
<quantity id="68549B76FFC7204AFEE2260928D6537A" box="[383,472,1857,1883]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
, roughly between the towns of Mussolo and Quirima.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF133693FFC7204BFF5A262C2DA6553D" blockId="24.[151,1437,1573,2025]" lastBlockId="25.[151,1437,150,285]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="326" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC7204AFF5A262C28CE535F" bold="true" box="[199,448,1892,1918]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Conservation status.</emphasis>
This species is currently known from a very small area in central
<collectingCountry id="D7BB7603FFC7204AFB33262C2C0C535F" box="[1198,1282,1892,1918]" name="Angola" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Angola</collectingCountry>
and might be endemic to that region. It is expected to occur in a wider area in the surroundings of the
<typeStatus id="70178831FFC7204AFB0B26C02DC95383" box="[1174,1223,1928,1954]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">type</typeStatus>
locality, but it has not yet been recorded in two formally protected areas nearby that were proclaimed primarily for the conservation of the endemic and threatened giant sable antelope (
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC7204AFD6E26872D2D53C9" baseAuthorityName="Estes" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[755,1059,1999,2024]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Hippotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="niger" subSpecies="variani">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC7204AFD6E26872D2D53C9" box="[755,1059,1999,2024]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Hippotragus niger variani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
): Cangandala National Park and
<collectingRegion id="6D68F871FFC6204BFF0A21DF29E05490" box="[151,238,151,177]" country="Angola" name="Luanda" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Luando</collectingRegion>
Strict Nature Reserve, both within
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radius to the northwest and southwest from the
<typeStatus id="70178831FFC6204BFA9A21DF2C365490" box="[1287,1336,151,177]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">type</typeStatus>
locality, respectively (
<figureCitation id="37972A16FFC6204BFEAB21F2287054F5" box="[310,382,186,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1113,1137]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,187,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-24@2.[151,1436,181,1089]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of sub-Saharan Africa with the known distribution of Schismaderma carens, and localities of S. branchi sp. nov. (pink circles) and S. carens specimens analysed morphologically (blue triangles) and genetically (red circles). Map adapted from IUCN (2020) and compiled by L. Veríssimo." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5775712" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5775712/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Its habitat does not appear to be locally threatened and the species probably tolerates disturbance, similar to
<taxonomicName id="68AC4D10FFC6204BFE3D21972B0654D9" baseAuthorityName="Balinsky" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[416,520,223,249]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carens">
<emphasis id="9DD8EA81FFC6204BFE3D21972B0654D9" box="[416,520,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">S. carens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CB3D4B62FFC6204BFD8521962BB054D9" author="Poynton, J. C." box="[536,702,222,248]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref21244" refString="Poynton, J. C. (1996) Diversity and conservation of African bufonids (Anura): some preliminary findings. African Journal of Herpetology, 45, 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 21564574.1996.9649958" type="journal article" year="1996">Poynton 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CB3D4B62FFC6204BFD5721962A5B54D9" author="IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group" box="[714,853,222,248]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" pagination="54885" refId="ref19767" refString="IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2013) Schismaderma carens. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2013, e. T 54885 A 3021025. https: // doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2013 - 2. RLTS. T 54885 A 3021025. en" type="journal article" year="2013">IUCN 2013</bibRefCitation>
). Following IUCN criteria, uncertainties regarding abundance and distribution recommends it to be classified as Data Deficient (
<bibRefCitation id="CB3D4B62FFC6204BFB92204A2D92553D" author="IUCN" box="[1039,1180,258,284]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" refId="ref19740" refString="IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. 2 nd Edition. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge, 32 pp." type="book" year="2012">IUCN 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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