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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457" ID-PMC="PMC4957028" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-66-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="704E9F435B62FFD93345FFD55178FFE6" ID-PubMed="27489494" ID-Zenodo-Dep="128816" ModsDocID="1314-2003-66-1" checkinTime="1468449185517" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra &amp; Vorontsova, Maria S." docDate="2016" docId="F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 66: 1-142" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 66" docPubDate="2016-07-13" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457" docTitle="Solanum africanum Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 26. 1768." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" id="704E9F435B62FFD93345FFD55178FFE6" lastPageNumber="28" masterDocId="704E9F435B62FFD93345FFD55178FFE6" masterDocTitle="A revision of the &quot; African Non-Spiny &quot; Clade of Solanum L. (Solanum sections Afrosolanum Bitter, Benderianum Bitter, Lemurisolanum Bitter, Lyciosolanum Bitter, Macronesiotes Bitter, and Quadrangulare Bitter: Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="142" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="25" updateTime="1668141734746" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A revision of the &quot; African Non-Spiny &quot; Clade of Solanum L. (Solanum sections Afrosolanum Bitter, Benderianum Bitter, Lemurisolanum Bitter, Lyciosolanum Bitter, Macronesiotes Bitter, and Quadrangulare Bitter: Solanaceae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Vorontsova, Maria S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW 7 3 AB, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2016-07-13</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>66</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>142</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-66-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">704E9F435B62FFD93345FFD55178FFE6</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">128816</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127878966" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName LSID="F72F17B6-1C21-D314-26DD-BA66BF63CF2C" authority="Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 26. 1768." authorityName="Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 26. 1768." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum africanum" order="Solanales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africanum">Solanum africanum Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 26. 1768.</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Flowers of species in the ANS clade. A Solanum africanum Mill. (South Africa, Rebelo s. n. - no herbarium voucher) B Solanum imamense Dunal (Madagascar, Rakotavao 5128) C Solanum madagascariense Dunal (Madagascar, Vorontsova et al. 498) D Solanum sambiranense D'Arcy &amp; Rakot. (Madagascar, Randrianasolo 580) E Solanum terminale Forssk. (Kenya, Vorontsova et al. 93) F Solanum truncicola Bitter (Madagascar, Antilahimena et al. 7846). Photo credits: A Tony Rebelo; B Charles Rakotavao; C, E Maria Vorontsova; D Richard Randrianasolo; E Patrice Antilahimena." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/95573" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figures 1A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Solanum africanum Mill. Lectotype of Solanum africanum &quot; Solanum Afric., frutescens, foliis angulatis, crassis et hirsutis, fl. caerulei H. Eltham 1726 &quot; from Dillenius, Hortus Elthamensis 365, t. 273. 1732. Reproduced with permission of the Natural History Museum Library." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/95576" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">, 3</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thunb. ex L. fil" authorityYear="1782" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum quadrangulare" order="Solanales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quadrangulare">Solanum quadrangulare</taxonomicName>
Thunb. ex L.f., Suppl. 147. 1781. Type. South Africa. Western Cape: &quot; CBS [Caput Bona Spei]&quot;,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">P. Thunberg [476</emphasis>
] (lectotype, designated here; LINN [LINN 248.26]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum crassifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crassifolium">Solanum crassifolium</taxonomicName>
Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 2: 16. 1794. Type. Based on Dillenius, Hortus Elthamensis 365, t. 273. 1732 (lectotype, designated here: Dillenius, Hortus Elthamensis 365, t. 273. 1732)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1813" baseAuthorityName="Lam." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Witheringia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Witheringia crassifolia" order="Solanales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crassifolia">Witheringia crassifolia</taxonomicName>
(Lam.) Dunal, Hist. Nat.
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
108. 1813. Type. Based on
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum crassifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crassifolium">Solanum crassifolium</taxonomicName>
Lam.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum bracteatum" order="Solanales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bracteatum">Solanum bracteatum</taxonomicName>
Thunb., Act. Gorensk. [Fl. Cap. 2: 57]. 1818. Type. South Africa. No specimens found.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dun" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum aggerum" order="Solanales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aggerum">Solanum aggerum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 103. 1852. Type. South Africa. Western Cape: &quot;Cape, in oasis Zitzikania&quot;,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">P.P.S. Krauss s.n.</emphasis>
(holotype: G [G00301688]; possible isotype: MO [MO-1811850]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum exasperatum" order="Solanales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="exasperatum">Solanum exasperatum</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Drège">Drege</normalizedToken>
ex Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 104. 1852. Type. South Africa. KwaZulu-Natal: &quot;in frutecetis haud procul a maris littore, inter Umcomas [Unkomaas] et Natal&quot;,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Drège">Drege</normalizedToken>
, J.F. s.n.
</emphasis>
(holotype: G-DC [G00145074]; isotype: MPU [MPU011259]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum geniculatum" order="Solanales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="geniculatum">Solanum geniculatum</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Drège">Drege</normalizedToken>
ex Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 105. 1852. Type. South Africa. KwaZulu-Natal: &quot;in frutecetis inter Umsamculo et Omcomas [Unkomaas], haud procul a maris littore (V, C)&quot;,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Drège">Drege</normalizedToken>
, J.F. s.n.
</emphasis>
(holotype: G-DC [G00145049]; isotype: K [K000414161]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum longipes" order="Solanales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longipes">Solanum longipes</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 85. 1852. Type. South Africa. KwaZulu-Natal: Natal, &quot;locis natalis incestus&quot;,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Drège">Drege</normalizedToken>
, J.F. s.n.
</emphasis>
(holotype: G-DC [G00144869]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum quadrangulare subsp. var. var. integrifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="quadrangulare" subSpecies="var." variety="integrifolium">Solanum quadrangulare L.f. var. integrifolium</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 77. 1852. Type. South Africa. Western Cape: Stellenbosch,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
J.F.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Drège">Drege</normalizedToken>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(holotype G-DC [G00144675]; isotype: K [K000414165]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum quadrangulare subsp. var. var. sinuato-angulatum" order="Solanales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="quadrangulare" subSpecies="var." variety="sinuato-angulatum">Solanum quadrangulare L.f. var. sinuato-angulatum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 77. 1852. Type. South Africa. Western Cape: between Cape Town and Stellenbosch,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
J.F.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Drège">Drege</normalizedToken>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(holotype: G-DC; isotype: K [K000414162]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum quadrangulare subsp. var. var. glabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="quadrangulare" subSpecies="var." variety="glabrum">Solanum quadrangulare L.f. var. glabrum</taxonomicName>
Dammer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38: 179. 1906. Type. South Africa. Western Cape: &quot;sudwestliches capland: Riversdale,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Rust 430</emphasis>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">484</emphasis>
&quot; (type at B [?]; no duplicates found of either collection).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1917" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum quadrangulare subsp. var. var. crassifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="quadrangulare" subSpecies="var." variety="crassifolium">Solanum quadrangulare L.f. var. crassifolium</taxonomicName>
(Lam.) Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54: 431. 1917. Type. Based on
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum crassifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crassifolium">Solanum crassifolium</taxonomicName>
Lam.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
&quot;
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2016-01-01" collectingDateMax="2016-12-31" collectingDateMin="2016-01-01" collectorName="H. Eltham" country="South Africa" location="Cape" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Cape" typeStatus="lectotype">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
dulcamarum Africanum, foliis crassis hirsutis&quot;, cultivated in England, at James
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sherard’s">Sherard's</normalizedToken>
garden in Eltham (Hortus Elthamensis) in 1726, originally from
<collectingCountry name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="Western Cape">Cape</collectingRegion>
of Good Hope,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Anonymous s.n.</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus>lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here: Dillenius, Hortus Elthamensis 365, t. 273. 1732). &quot;
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
Afric., frutescens, foliis angulatis, crassis et hirsutis, fl. caerulei.
<collectorName>H. Eltham</collectorName>
1726&quot; (epitype, designated here: OXF [Dill-HE 273-352, sheet 1])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Scrambling vine to shrublet, 0.5-2 m. Stems strongly 4-winged, the wings less prominent on older stems, glabrous, minutely papillate or sparsely to moderately pubescent with antrorse simple uniseriate trichomes to 0.5 mm long, these arising from a multicellular base and deciduous, leaving the base and the stems apparently toothed; new growth glabrous or minutely papillate especially on leaf margins. Bark of older stems pale yellowish brown. Sympodial units plurifoliate, the leaves not geminate, evenly distributed along branches. Leaves simple or shallowly lobed, (1)2-5.2 cm long, (0.6)0.9-2.5 cm wide, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, thick and fleshy, both surfaces glabrous; major veins 3-4 pairs, not easily visible, the finer venation not visible; base cuneate and decurrent onto the stem; margins entire or with up to 3 shallow lobes, pubescent with antrorse uniseriate trichomes from broad bases like those of the stems giving an appearance of minute teeth, revolute in herbarium specimens; apex acute to slightly rounded-acute; petiole indistinct, if discernible to 1 cm with a narrow wing of leaf tissue along entire length. Inflorescences terminal, 1-10 cm long, 2-4(6) times branched, with 10-30 flowers, glabrous or with scattered bulbous-based simple uniseriate trichomes &lt;0.5 mm long; peduncle 0.5-2.5 cm long, sometimes purple as are the pedicels; pedicels 0.8-1.2 cm long, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 1.5 mm in diameter at the apex, nodding or spreading at anthesis, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes &lt;0.5 mm long, articulated at or near the base, leaving a tiny raised peg ca. 0.5 mm in the inflorescence axis; pedicel scars irregularly spaced in clumps. Buds globose becoming ellipsoid before anthesis, strongly exserted from the calyx tube long before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, apparently all perfect. Calyx tube 1-1.5 mm long, openly cup-shaped, the lobes 1-1.5 mm long, deltate, fleshy and sometimes dark purple, the margins thickened in dry material, with a tuft of simple uniseriate trchomes at the tip, these ca. 0.25 mm long, yellowish when dry. Corolla 1.2-1.6 cm in diameter, violet-blue, stellate, lobed
<normalizedToken originalValue="¾">3/4</normalizedToken>
of the way to the base, the lobes 6-6.5 mm long, 2.5-4 mm wide, spreading at anthesis, glabrous adaxially, densely pubescent or papillate abaxially on the tips and margins, the trichomes &lt;0.2 mm long. Stamens equal; filament tube absent; free portion of the filaments 1-1.5 mm
<pageBreakToken pageId="25" pageNumber="26" start="start">long</pageBreakToken>
, minutely papillate at the base adaxially; anthers 2.5-3 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, ellipsoid, loosely connivent, bright yellow, smooth abaxially, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age, the tips paler and thickened in dry material. Ovary globose, glabrous; style 5.5-6.5 mm long, glabrous, apparently exserted from the bud before anthesis; stigma capitate, the surface minutely papillate. Fruit a globose to ellipsoid berry, 0.7-0.8 cm in diameter, purplish black when mature, juicy, the juice purple, the pericarp thin and shiny; fruiting pedicels 1.1-1.3 cm long, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the base, somewhat woody (?), nodding or spreading; fruiting calyx lobes slightly reflexed. Seeds 6-10 per berry, ca. 3 mm long, ca. 2.5 mm wide, flattened reniform with thickened margins, rusty brown, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells pentagonal in outline.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="980389" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/95576" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum africanum" order="Solanales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Solanum africanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Mill. Lectotype of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum africanum" order="Solanales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Solanum africanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot;
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
Afric., frutescens, foliis angulatis, crassis et hirsutis, fl. caerulei H. Eltham 1726&quot; from Dillenius,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Hortus Elthamensis</emphasis>
365, t. 273. 1732. Reproduced with permission of the Natural History Museum Library.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
(Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Distribution of Solanum africanum Mill." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/95577" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">4</figureCitation>
). Endemic to the coastal region of South Africa (most commonly collected in Eastern and Western Cape provinces, a few collections from North West, Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal provinces).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="980395" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/95577" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Distribution of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum africanum" order="Solanales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Solanum africanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Mill.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Dunes and strand habitats near the sea; 0-50 m elevation.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="common names and uses">
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="26">South Africa: dronkbessie (SANBI, http://www.ispotnature.org/species-dictionaries/sanbi/Solanum%20africanum).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
(
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Annales de Biologie" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B56" refString="IUCN, 2014. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 11., http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 11" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2014">IUCN 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Least Concern (LC). EOO 62,716 km2 (LC), AOO 36 km2 (EN).
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum africanum" order="Solanales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Solanum africanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widely distributed along the southern part of South Africa, and although the AOO calculated here indicates some conservation concern, this is in part due to the releatively low number of specimens we have examined. The species occurs in several protected areas, and is likely to be more common than our data suggest.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum africanum" order="Solanales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Solanum africanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was recognised by Linnaeus as part of his
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum dulcamara" order="Solanales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dulcamara">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Solanum dulcamara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. It is superficially similar to that species, but differs in its ellipsoid, rather than tapering, anthers (see
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="1 - 432" publicationUrl="10.3897/phytokeys.22.4041" refId="B63" refString="Knapp, S, 2013. A revision of the Dulcamaroid clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 22: 1 - 432, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.22.4041" title="A revision of the Dulcamaroid clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae)." url="10.3897/phytokeys.22.4041" volume="22" year="2013">Knapp 2013</bibRefCitation>
), its purple berries and in its strongly angled stems (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Flowers of species in the ANS clade. A Solanum africanum Mill. (South Africa, Rebelo s. n. - no herbarium voucher) B Solanum imamense Dunal (Madagascar, Rakotavao 5128) C Solanum madagascariense Dunal (Madagascar, Vorontsova et al. 498) D Solanum sambiranense D'Arcy &amp; Rakot. (Madagascar, Randrianasolo 580) E Solanum terminale Forssk. (Kenya, Vorontsova et al. 93) F Solanum truncicola Bitter (Madagascar, Antilahimena et al. 7846). Photo credits: A Tony Rebelo; B Charles Rakotavao; C, E Maria Vorontsova; D Richard Randrianasolo; E Patrice Antilahimena." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/95573" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">1A</figureCitation>
). It is sympatric with and could be confused with
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum guineense" order="Solanales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guineense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Solanum guineense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the
<pageBreakToken pageId="26" pageNumber="27" start="start">branched</pageBreakToken>
inflorescence with smaller flowers distinguish
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum africanum" order="Solanales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Solanum africanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The fruits of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum guineense" order="Solanales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guineense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Solanum guineense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are orange when ripe. Leaf shape and pubescence vary a great deal throughout the range of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum africanum" order="Solanales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Solanum africanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; plants from drier habitats near the sea appear to have fleshier leaves, but pubescence does not seem to be environmentally influenced. Juvenile leaves appear to have more deeply incised margins, but some flowering specimens also have incised leaves.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<bibRefCitation author="Miller, P" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" refId="B84" refString="Miller, P, 1768. The gardeners' dictionary. London" title="The gardeners' dictionary" year="1768">Miller (1768)</bibRefCitation>
coined the binomial
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum africanum" order="Solanales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Solanum africanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a replacement at the species level for
<normalizedToken originalValue="Linnaeus’">Linnaeus'</normalizedToken>
variety of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum dulcamara" order="Solanales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dulcamara">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Solanum dulcamara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot;β
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
dulcamarum
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="africanum" order="Solanales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africanum">africanum</taxonomicName>
, foliis crassis hirsutis&quot; (
<bibRefCitation author="Linnaeus, C" journalOrPublisher="Salvius, Stockholm" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" refId="B73" refString="Linnaeus, C, 1753. Species plantarum. Salvius, Stockholm" title="Species plantarum" year="1753">Linnaeus 1753</bibRefCitation>
), correctly recognising its distinctness. The only flowering material either author cited was the illustration (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Solanum africanum Mill. Lectotype of Solanum africanum &quot; Solanum Afric., frutescens, foliis angulatis, crassis et hirsutis, fl. caerulei H. Eltham 1726 &quot; from Dillenius, Hortus Elthamensis 365, t. 273. 1732. Reproduced with permission of the Natural History Museum Library." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.66.8457.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/95576" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">3</figureCitation>
) from
<bibRefCitation author="Dillenius, JJ" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refId="B38" refString="Dillenius, JJ, 1732. Hortus elthamensis. London" title="Hortus elthamensis" year="1732">Dillenius (1732)</bibRefCitation>
, although it is clear that Miller grew the plant at Chelsea and knew it from live material, at least vegetatively. He states clearly its differences to
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum dulcamara" order="Solanales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dulcamara">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Solanum dulcamara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- &quot;some who have supported this and our common nightshade to the be same, which is certainly a great mistake, for this sort will not live abroad [outside] through the winter in England in any situation, nor does it produce flowers here with any treatment, for there are plants in the Chelsea Physic Garden of several years old, which have been differently managed, and yet have never flowered.&quot; None of the four sheets in the Sherard herbarium at OXF match the plate from
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Hortus Elthamensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Dillenius, JJ" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refId="B38" refString="Dillenius, JJ, 1732. Hortus elthamensis. London" title="Hortus elthamensis" year="1732">Dillenius 1732</bibRefCitation>
) exactly (as is often the case, see
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum campechiense" order="Solanales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="campechiense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Solanum campechiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.,
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="325 - 367" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb02227.x" refId="B64" refString="Knapp, S, Jarvis, CE, 1989. The typification of the names of New World Solanum species described by Linnaeus. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 104: 325 - 367, DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb02227.x" title="The typification of the names of New World Solanum species described by Linnaeus." url="10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb02227.x" volume="104" year="1989">Knapp and Jarvis 1989</bibRefCitation>
); the plate seems to combine some elements from several of the sheets at OXF, or may have been drawn from live plants. Two are sterile branches, and two bear one flowering branch each in addition to a sterile branch with juvenile leaf morphology. The epitype we have selected is the sheet dated &quot;H. Eltham 1726&quot; with one branch whose inflorescence mostly closely matches that in the plate (Dill-HE 273-352, sheet 1) and that bears the date 1726.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thunb. ex L. fil" authorityYear="1782" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum quadrangulare" order="Solanales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quadrangulare">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Solanum quadrangulare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the name by which this plant was long known, was the name coined for this species by Carl Peter Thunberg,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Linneaus’">Linneaus'</normalizedToken>
pupil who collected extensively in South Africa. It refers to its quadrangular stems. We have selected the sheet in the herbarium of the Linnean Society of London (LINN 248.26) as the lectotype of this name; it has an annotation in
<normalizedToken originalValue="Linneaus’">Linneaus'</normalizedToken>
handwriting and a reference to Thunberg (&quot;T 476/ CBS&quot;).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum crassifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crassifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Solanum crassifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was based on the same
<bibRefCitation author="Dillenius, JJ" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refId="B38" refString="Dillenius, JJ, 1732. Hortus elthamensis. London" title="Hortus elthamensis" year="1732">Dillenius (1732)</bibRefCitation>
illustration as
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum africanum" order="Solanales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Solanum africanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and we consider the names homotypic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Thunberg’s">Thunberg's</normalizedToken>
species
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum bracteatum" order="Solanales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bracteatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Solanum bracteatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
first appears to have been effectively published in 1818, in his
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Flora Capensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Thunberg, CP" journalOrPublisher="Flora Capensis" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" refId="B105" refString="Thunberg, CP, 1818. . Flora Capensis vol. 2" volume="vol. 2" year="1818">Thunberg 1818</bibRefCitation>
). In that work he refers to &quot;Act. Gor.&quot; that is probably an earlier place of publication (in the entry for
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thunb. ex L. fil" authorityYear="1782" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum quadrangulare" order="Solanales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quadrangulare">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Solanum quadrangulare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
he refers to &quot;Acta Gor. 1812&quot;). This is a reference to the botanic gardens of Count Alexis de Razumovsky at Gorenki, just outside Moscow, whose director was Friedrich E.L. Fischer, who later went on to be director of the botanic gardens in St. Petersburg. We have been unable to find an 1812 publication attributable to the
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Société">&quot;Societe</normalizedToken>
Phytographique de Gorenki&quot;, nor is
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum bracteatum" order="Solanales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bracteatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Solanum bracteatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
listed among the plants grown at Gorenki at that time (
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, FEL" journalOrPublisher="Vsavoljsky, Moscow" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refId="B48" refString="Fischer, FEL, 1812. Catalogue du jardin des plantes de som excellence Monsieur le Compte Alexis de Razoumoffsky a Gorenki. Vsavoljsky, Moscow" title="Catalogue du jardin des plantes de som excellence Monsieur le Compte Alexis de Razoumoffsky a Gorenki" year="1812">Fischer 1812</bibRefCitation>
). Fischer also edited the
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mémoires">Memoires</normalizedToken>
de la
<normalizedToken originalValue="Société">Societe</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Impériale">Imperiale</normalizedToken>
des Naturalistes de Moscou
</emphasis>
, and in the preface to volume 5 (
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, FEL" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="III - IV" refId="B49" refString="Fischer, FEL, 1817. Preface. Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 5: III - IV" title="Preface." volume="5" year="1817">Fischer 1817</bibRefCitation>
) refers to the first four volumes of the
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mémoires">Memoires</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
being consumed by flames, presumably during the
<pageBreakToken pageId="27" pageNumber="28" start="start">Napoleonic</pageBreakToken>
sack of Moscow, and the fusion of the Gorenki society with that of Moscow (&quot;Les
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mémoires">Memoires</normalizedToken>
de la
<normalizedToken originalValue="Société">Societe</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Impériale">Imperiale</normalizedToken>
des Naturalistes de Moscou consistant en quatre volumes, avoient,
<normalizedToken originalValue="à">a</normalizedToken>
la catastrophe de 1812 les sort de tant
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’autres">d'autres</normalizedToken>
objects
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’être">d'etre</normalizedToken>
consumes par les flammes. Il
<normalizedToken originalValue="m’a">m'a</normalizedToken>
paru important de faire
<normalizedToken originalValue="paroître">paroitre</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="aussitôt">aussitot</normalizedToken>
de possible les
<normalizedToken originalValue="matériaux">materiaux</normalizedToken>
qui se sont depuis
<normalizedToken originalValue="rassemblés">rassembles</normalizedToken>
et qui, apres la
<normalizedToken originalValue="réunion">reunion</normalizedToken>
de la
<normalizedToken originalValue="Société">Societe</normalizedToken>
phytogeographique de Gorenki
<normalizedToken originalValue="à">a</normalizedToken>
la
<normalizedToken originalValue="nôtre">notre</normalizedToken>
, sont devenus si
<normalizedToken originalValue="intéressans">interessans</normalizedToken>
pour la botanique - et de recommencer
<normalizedToken originalValue="l’impression">l'impression</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’un">d'un</normalizedToken>
ouvrage
<normalizedToken originalValue="brûlé….”">brule....&quot;</normalizedToken>
). An article by
<bibRefCitation author="Thunberg, CP" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" pagination="39 - 44" refId="B104" refString="Thunberg, CP, 1817. Solana capensia. Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 5: 39 - 44" title="Solana capensia." volume="5" year="1817">Thunberg (1817)</bibRefCitation>
in the same volume of the
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mémoires">Memoires</normalizedToken>
does not include
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum bracteatum" order="Solanales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bracteatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Solanum bracteatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, nor any references to &quot;Act. Gor.&quot; It is possible (and seems to us probable) that the original Thunberg publication scheduled for publication in 1812 never appeared in print, and thus this name is effectively published only in the Flora Capensis of 1818 (
<bibRefCitation author="Thunberg, CP" journalOrPublisher="Flora Capensis" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" refId="B105" refString="Thunberg, CP, 1818. . Flora Capensis vol. 2" volume="vol. 2" year="1818">Thunberg 1818</bibRefCitation>
). The 1812 publication may, however, turn up, and that then would be the correct date of publication of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum bracteatum" order="Solanales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bracteatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Solanum bracteatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We have found no specimens or other original material for
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum bracteatum" order="Solanales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bracteatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Solanum bracteatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation author="Thunberg, CP" journalOrPublisher="Flora Capensis" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" refId="B105" refString="Thunberg, CP, 1818. . Flora Capensis vol. 2" volume="vol. 2" year="1818">Thunberg (1818)</bibRefCitation>
distinguished
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum bracteatum" order="Solanales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bracteatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Solanum bracteatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thunb. ex L. fil" authorityYear="1782" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum quadrangulare" order="Solanales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quadrangulare">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Solanum quadrangulare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its bracteate, less-branched inflorescences, but the branched inflorescence and black fruit clearly indicate it is a synonym of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum africanum" order="Solanales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Solanum africanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, rather than
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum guineense" order="Solanales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guineense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Solanum guineense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, M-F" journalOrPublisher="Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 690" refId="B41" refString="Dunal, M-F, 1852. . Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690" volume="13" year="1852">Dunal (1852)</bibRefCitation>
described a variety of taxa at both the species and subspecies level that we consider synonymous with
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum africanum" order="Solanales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Solanum africanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dun" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum aggerum" order="Solanales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aggerum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Solanum aggerum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described from a specimen collected at
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Zitzikania”">&quot;Zitzikania&quot;</normalizedToken>
in 1839 held in &quot;herb. Boiss.&quot;; a specimen at MO with the locality &quot;Goukania, Feb&quot; is possibly an isotype. These all represent leaf shape and pubescence variants of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum africanum" order="Solanales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Solanum africanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We have been unable to trace any duplicate material of the two collecctions cited by
<bibRefCitation author="Dammer, U" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="176 - 196" refId="B26" refString="Dammer, U, 1906 1907. Solanaceae africanae I. Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 38: 176 - 196" title="Solanaceae africanae I." volume="38" year="1906">Dammer (1906)</bibRefCitation>
in the protologue of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum quadrangulare subsp. var. var. glabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="quadrangulare" subSpecies="var." variety="glabrum">Solanum quadrangulare var. glabrum</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Rust 430</emphasis>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">484</emphasis>
); these specimens were likely to have been destroyed in Berlin.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Selected specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1813-12-13" collectingDateMax="1986-02-26" collectingDateMin="1813-12-13" collectorName="Haagner, Boknesstrand, Richmond, Dist. Alexandria, Johnson, Laidley, Co., Tzitzikama Park, Dist. Humansdorp, Liebenberg, Sea View, Long, Quora, Strey, Klipdrift, Div. Humansdorp, Thode, Bathurst, Kowie W., Tyson, Wells, Uitenhage, Zeyher" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" location="Port Elizabeth" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<collectingCountry name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
<collectingCounty>Thornhill</collectingCounty>
,
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.04672" unit="mi" value="5.0">5 miles</quantity>
W,
<collectingMunicipality>
Dist.
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:DC9822D5629CFE59DAF9689686650F2C" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Port Elizabeth" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Port Elizabeth</location>
</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingDate value="1947-04-27">27 Apr 1947</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:FF18F1A4DB70C5B3D09F7204CA5E5DD1" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Acocks" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Acocks</location>
13666
</emphasis>
(K);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:7FC978128DBE341A537AAF0B9A970EA7" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Bushman's River Mouth" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:E3A676B1BEEF032CFCF2F467A8D73157" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Bushman's River" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bushman’s">Bushman's</normalizedToken>
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:67B981515B78797BE202C1399CA045EC" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="River Mouth" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">River Mouth</location>
</location>
</location>
, left hand bank from sea,
<collectingDate value="1973-10">Oct 1973</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:31A6AD4C92A50762F4C14FFDE97227D0" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Arnold" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Arnold</location>
594
</emphasis>
(K);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:5CC1BDD76068AF1EC52DD0EC17C0AF2B" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Baviaans Kloof" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Baviaans Kloof</location>
,
<collectingDate value="1976-06-03">3 Jun 1976</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:787F3E0F19C925D2F4E5C2CD9EEB6AC0" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Bayliss" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Bayliss</location>
7484
</emphasis>
(G);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:394B4FAFB695E46161B0EA9138E37174" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Port Elizabeth" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Port Elizabeth</location>
, near the
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:0117A4ABB166C043F317CD595A558023" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Block House" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Block House</location>
,
<collectingDate value="1813-12-13">13 Dec 1813</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:812E2130ED2E1DB3176ECBA83470656D" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Burchell" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Burchell</location>
4342
</emphasis>
(K);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:0B1702A61DCD5DEA55030FEF57BB2295" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Port Elizabeth" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Port Elizabeth</location>
, at
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:329A1FC2B76FD541E45B6DB2B97B25AB" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Cape Recife" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Cape Recife</location>
,
<collectingDate value="1813-12-24">24 Dec 1813</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:2732E4D466AB566310AF11ED7FA6968D" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Burchell" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Burchell</location>
4389
</emphasis>
(K);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:A77C16C789A938FA1C1880899160DD8C" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Van Staden's River" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">
Van
<normalizedToken originalValue="Staden’s">Staden's</normalizedToken>
River
</location>
, near the ford (
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:A572268610C4B3789D17CDF47C854FA8" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Uitenhage Division" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Uitenhage Division</location>
),
<collectingDate value="1814-02-09">9 Feb 1814</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:9E75F5C7936D68E2BB5E4F34CAB949BA" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Burchell" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Burchell</location>
4668
</emphasis>
(K, LE);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:4E8A5D66444D2CC55A1C1E1462FAF90D" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Kowie" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Kowie</location>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:C2438CC9C5DC38BC1E23CA2A0EBE9D2C" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Dist. Bathurst" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Dist. Bathurst</location>
[Kowie River?],
<collectingDate value="1929-08">Aug 1929</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:DF29790BAEF4602756AA62ECAC0933E5" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Dyer" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Dyer</location>
2010
</emphasis>
(K);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:46BE09DBD51B38061F89B20B000C3DD1" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Slang River" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Slang River</location>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:FC5481443081AA079C2A00BD80339EE2" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Div. Humansdorp" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Div. Humansdorp</location>
,
<collectingDate value="1922-03">Mar 1922</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:7252C2DC63EC034DEA901DCCC1C58BBC" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Fourcade" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Fourcade</location>
2178
</emphasis>
(K);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:97BE9E0FA121407266338D6E9266F9DF" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Kahoon River" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Kahoon River</location>
, near river mouth,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:2AFA166DC86921CE028AD758062225EF" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Div. East London" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">
Div.
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:FB2ED44C40567409ED86CA8809E27891" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="East London" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">East London</location>
</location>
,
<collectingDate value="1900-04-15">15 Apr 1900</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:DDC46F1A18E4F2754A5749A8435D5FB9" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Galpin" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Galpin</location>
2690
</emphasis>
(K);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:F1E022219B8839C7AD44C62639F59751" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Alexandria forest" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Alexandria forest</location>
,
<collectingDate value="1931-04-28">28 Apr 1931</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:57D8B3B96FE96B231160FB45EE06D9A3" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Galpin" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Galpin</location>
10687
</emphasis>
(BM,K);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:C6F0E60EFB3860934971BDD526A204EE" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Uitenhage" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Uitenhage</location>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="33" direction="south" minutes="46" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-33.766666">33°46' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="25" direction="west" minutes="24" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-25.4">25°24' W</geoCoordinate>
,
<collectingDate value="1899-01">Jan 1899</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<collectorName>Haagner</collectorName>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(K);
<collectorName>Boknesstrand</collectorName>
,
<collectorName>Richmond</collectorName>
,
<collectorName>Dist. Alexandria</collectorName>
,
<collectingDate value="1954-05-20">20 May 1954</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<collectorName>Johnson</collectorName>
930
</emphasis>
(K);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:6803AFFE966CAD566D57D04CD7BA70F8" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Port Elizabeth" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Port Elizabeth</location>
, 1894,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<collectorName>Laidley</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName>Co.</collectorName>
274
</emphasis>
(G);
<collectorName>Tzitzikama Park</collectorName>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:0FC4BBBDA5DF15B07DB69E70152B74A6" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Storm's River" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Storm’s">Storm's</normalizedToken>
River
</location>
mouth near beach,
<collectorName>Dist. Humansdorp</collectorName>
,
<collectingDate value="1966-01-30">30 Jan 1966</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<collectorName>Liebenberg</collectorName>
7861
</emphasis>
(K);
<collectorName>Sea View</collectorName>
,
<collectingDate value="1931-03-16">16 Mar 1931</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<collectorName>Long</collectorName>
395
</emphasis>
(K);
<collectorName>Quora</collectorName>
mouth,
<collectingDate value="1973-03-25">25 Mar 1973</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<collectorName>Strey</collectorName>
11187
</emphasis>
(E, K);
<collectorName>Klipdrift</collectorName>
,
<collectorName>Div. Humansdorp</collectorName>
,
<collectingDate value="1860-05">May 1860</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<collectorName>Thode</collectorName>
A-2494
</emphasis>
(K);
<collectorName>Bathurst</collectorName>
,
<collectorName>Kowie W.</collectorName>
,
<collectingDate value="1914-05">May 1914</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<collectorName>Tyson</collectorName>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(G);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:5FC5403B830CB31967C38ED8113DF8D9" country="South Africa" county="Thornhill" latitude="-33.766666" longLatPrecision="1203" longitude="-25.4" municipality="Dist. Port Elizabeth" name="Alexandria Forest Station" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Alexandria Forest Station</location>
,
<collectorName>Dist. Alexandria</collectorName>
,
<collectingDate value="1986-02-26">26 Feb 1986</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<collectorName>Wells</collectorName>
2780
</emphasis>
(K);
<collectorName>Uitenhage</collectorName>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<collectorName>Zeyher</collectorName>
75
</emphasis>
(K)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1894-05-04" collectingDateMax="1969-02-23" collectingDateMin="1894-05-04" country="South Africa" county="Umzimkulo River" location="Uvongo Beach" municipality="Drege" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
<collectingCounty>Umzimkulo River</collectingCounty>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Drège">
<collectingMunicipality>Drege</collectingMunicipality>
</normalizedToken>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(K);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:B840C983191DE290C70A5E5A2B3907FD" country="South Africa" county="Umzimkulo River" municipality="Drege" name="Uvongo Beach" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Uvongo Beach</location>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:2B91605AA02AC2F899D40D4365C60BC8" country="South Africa" county="Umzimkulo River" municipality="Drege" name="Port Shepstone region" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Port Shepstone region</location>
,
<collectingDate value="1968-04">Apr 1968</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Liebenberg 8120</emphasis>
(K); Illovo,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:B7AA137C373140792181EB026F094A98" country="South Africa" county="Umzimkulo River" municipality="Drege" name="lower Illovo" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">lower Illovo</location>
[River],
<collectingDate value="1894-05-04">4 May 1894</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<pageBreakToken pageId="28" pageNumber="29" start="start">Medley</pageBreakToken>
Wood 6390
</emphasis>
(BM, E, K); Umdloti,
<collectingDate value="1969-02-23">23 Feb 1969</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ross 1991</emphasis>
(EA, K)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2016-01-01" collectingDateMax="2016-12-31" collectingDateMin="2016-01-01" collectorName="Uitenhaag, Ecklon, Zeyher" country="South Africa" location="Villa Paul Mare" municipality="Zwartkopsrivier" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="North West">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="North West">North West</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
<collectingMunicipality>Zwartkopsrivier</collectingMunicipality>
, in valley and surrounding hills from
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:DD50A5C1C528E215F5B0F1CBD314A221" country="South Africa" municipality="Zwartkopsrivier" name="Villa Paul Mare" stateProvince="North West">Villa Paul Mare</location>
to
<collectorName>Uitenhaag</collectorName>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<collectorName>Ecklon</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName>Zeyher</collectorName>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(CAS)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1847-08" collectingDateMax="2008-01-20" collectingDateMin="1847-08" collectorName="de Witsand, de Hoop" country="South Africa" county="Riversdale" location="Knysna District" municipality="Bilou River" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Western Cape">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="Western Cape">Western Cape</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
<collectingCounty>Riversdale</collectingCounty>
, playas y dunas
<collectorName>de Witsand</collectorName>
,
<collectingDate value="2008-01-20">20 Jan 2008</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Aedo et al. 18685</emphasis>
(MA); Strandfontein,
<collectingDate value="1956-06-19">19 Jun 1956</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Baker 1001</emphasis>
(BM); Kynsna,
<collectingDate value="1963-05-04">4 May 1963</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Bayliss 1402</emphasis>
(G);
<collectingMunicipality>Bilou River</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:38AA9B1638474B4ADB27025B8ACD6911" country="South Africa" county="Riversdale" municipality="Bilou River" name="Knysna District" stateProvince="Western Cape">Knysna District</location>
,
<collectingDate value="1910-03">Mar 1910</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fourcade 626</emphasis>
(K);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:E466EC4DC5DAE38BEBFB9F70A8CD9D73" country="South Africa" county="Riversdale" municipality="Bilou River" name="Gordan's Bay" stateProvince="Western Cape">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gordan’s">Gordan's</normalizedToken>
Bay
</location>
,
<collectingDate value="1914-04-16">16 Apr 1914</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Garside 484</emphasis>
(K);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:9FD7834A64A66A85D5332C390CE2A915" country="South Africa" county="Riversdale" municipality="Bilou River" name="Grootbos Forest" stateProvince="Western Cape">Grootbos Forest</location>
, Stanford,
<locationDeviation location="Hermanus">E of Hermanus</locationDeviation>
,
<collectingDate value="1982-02-02">2 Feb 1982</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hepper 7320</emphasis>
(K); Cape Agulhas, southernmost tip of Africa,
<collectingDate value="1982-02-02">2 Feb 1982</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hepper 7321</emphasis>
(K);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:C871A351BCA7D87F869A151486D4A2E0" country="South Africa" county="Riversdale" municipality="Bilou River" name="Bredasdorp de Hoop" stateProvince="Western Cape">
Bredasdorp
<collectorName>de Hoop</collectorName>
</location>
, edge of lake at south end of nature reserve,
<collectingDate value="1982-02-03">3 Feb 1982</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hepper 7323</emphasis>
(K); Muizenberg,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:650B413A3BBAE4DD8FF19F224DBAAC33" country="South Africa" county="Riversdale" municipality="Bilou River" name="Diep River" stateProvince="Western Cape">Diep River</location>
, prope Muizenberg,
<collectingDate value="1899-03">Mar 1899</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">MacOwan 1930</emphasis>
(BM, G, K);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:B4EFFCB88E8C0B83FC8C7A68FF33EB9D" country="South Africa" county="Riversdale" municipality="Bilou River" name="Cape of Good Hope" stateProvince="Western Cape">Cape of Good Hope</location>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Nelson s.n.</emphasis>
(BM); Strand, Stellenbosch Division,
<collectingDate value="1942-02-26">26 Feb 1942</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Parker 3652</emphasis>
(K);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:D1EEFF474D505C94EE9DF94C43D2586F" country="South Africa" county="Riversdale" municipality="Bilou River" name="Mossel Bay" stateProvince="Western Cape">Mossel Bay</location>
, near Klas
<normalizedToken originalValue="Meyer’s">Meyer's</normalizedToken>
,
<collectingDate value="1847-08">Aug 1847</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Prior s.n.</emphasis>
(K); Strand, Hottentots Holland,
<collectingDate value="1880-01">Jan 1880</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Rogers s.n.</emphasis>
(K);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:609039B660EC4F71D8013FCD6B647881" country="South Africa" county="Riversdale" municipality="Bilou River" name="False Bay" stateProvince="Western Cape">False Bay</location>
, prope Muizenberg,
<collectingDate value="1892-04-03">3 Apr 1892</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Schlechter 640</emphasis>
(G); Muizenberg, by railway,
<collectingDate value="1896-03-11">11 Mar 1896</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Wolley-Dod 1018</emphasis>
(K);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72F17B61C21D31426DDBA66BF63CF2C:EDA9E89083A9F328D6BEE013D5ED2698" country="South Africa" county="Riversdale" municipality="Bilou River" name="Walk Bay" stateProvince="Western Cape">Walk Bay</location>
, near Capetown,
<collectingDate value="1910-03">Mar 1910</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Worsdell s.n.</emphasis>
(K)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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