treatments-xml/data/08/27/7E/08277ED4DF475A94B3DE382BCCA11460.xml

<document id="2AD863FB7C03BD26CB65746160563FA1" ID-CLB-Dataset="307563" ID-DOI="10.3897/zse.101.136027" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2cde209f-719a-45c6-8ac7-edfda2971d2b" ID-ZooBank="DCDA29FC-E7EA-4056-A449-1D8A9C4E95B3" ID-publisher-id="136027" URI-arpha="B7C574BC-3DAF-5637-BDCD-82DCDB4B6E39" URI-zoobank="http://zoobank.org/DCDA29FC-E7EA-4056-A449-1D8A9C4E95B3" XM.bibliography_approvedBy="admin" XM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" XM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" article-type="research-article" checkinTime="1736954411048" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Zhao, Huifeng, Han, Anne Charis N., Liu, Min, Zhang, Yufeng, Aspe, Nonillon M., Miao, Pu &amp; Wu, Donghui" docDate="2025" docId="08277ED4DF475A94B3DE382BCCA11460" docLanguage="en" docName="Zoosystematics and Evolution 101(1): 81-89" docOrigin="Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1)" docSource="https://zse.pensoft.net/article/136027/download/xml/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docStyleName="PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docTitle="Metaphire liaoningensis Han &amp; Zhao 2025, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" dtd-version="3.0" lastPageNumber="89" masterDocId="B7C574BC3DAF5637BDCD82DCDB4B6E39" masterDocTitle="A new pheretimoid earthworm of the genus Metaphire Sims &amp; Easton, 1972 (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) from northeastern China with data from the mitochondrial genome" masterLastPageNumber="89" masterPageNumber="81" pageNumber="81" updateTime="1736974602043" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="52F78071726D5E1438C939C321BD74FB">A new pheretimoid earthworm of the genus Metaphire Sims &amp; Easton, 1972 (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) from northeastern China with data from the mitochondrial genome</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FC84A15D5A6D2AADE6F063BEE0BA3633">Zhao, Huifeng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FF88DC4398EDB3AB44CBE902A40F0969">Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Diversity, College of Life Science, Langfang Normal University, Langfang 065000, China &amp; Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9F92881FA830EAC14ECAF2EA17798A36">Han, Anne Charis N.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="62E4EEBD5679385B982E3C3E703A8DC4">Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Diversity, College of Life Science, Langfang Normal University, Langfang 065000, China &amp; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="47A61850CA017FE2063E51188E0D776D">Zhang, Yufeng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AF78F7F6A2AAE63EAECCDB11F8962D47">Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Diversity, College of Life Science, Langfang Normal University, Langfang 065000, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="13EB4F9058765EC3F32B1D5217951046">Aspe, Nonillon M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="08EAE5A7E1C6C54F088615015D6A914B">College of Marine and Allied Sciences, Mindanao State University at Naawan, Naawan 9023, Misamis Oriental, Philippines</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DA76FE14459390E0B14C41A0A48451E6">Miao, Pu</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="56BCB4A852C49B34AFD65C657D373496" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="3A1A6C1CE6497D67214D84DF425EDC54">
<taxonomicName id="4D16CB75F17E964FBBF79F1E9BAAB9D5" authority="Han &amp; Zhao" authorityName="Han &amp; Zhao" authorityYear="2025" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="liaoningensis" status="sp. nov." subClass="Oligochaeta">
<emphasis id="3A78DB283006C5B3F9856FBB16B7EBC1" italics="true">Metaphire liaoningensis</emphasis>
Han &amp; Zhao
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7AED3EFA8C1C9D1089B9C186517FE821" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="75AA83EE170315F06A8819687BA4CDC8" type="description">
<paragraph id="E33982EAF65396847ACBC17E26C4D98A">
<figureCitation id="F870CBFF12003A11E1FA7C76249CEE80" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Metaphire liaoningensis sp. nov., holotype (368 R 6 _ 02). A. Dorsal view of the prostomium; B 1. Ventral view of the spermathecal region; B 2. Lateral view of the left spermathecal region; C. Intestinal caeca; D. Copulatory pouches (everted); E. Right spermathecae; F. Right prostate gland. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.136027.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1220470">Figs 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0DB0A11E77BE6F72B602737CFDFB5070" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Variations in the spermatheca of Metaphire liaoningensis sp. nov. A. Poorly developed; B. Developed; C. Fully developed. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.136027.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1220471">2</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ERFAG" type="material">
<paragraph id="506319BCBA4B9AC7E9FCCCFFB433986F">
<heading id="180B2E2A9BD13E0F6D88CE66045D94C1" reason="title">Material examined.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1EB7648FAC361F7C6DED000901F197D3">
<materialsCitation id="EF58D0E1F18278ECEF433BFC28D77F5E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="5011068304" collectingDate="2023-07-01" collectionCode="C-HLU" collectorName="Yufeng Zhang &amp; Shixiong Ma &amp; Min Liu &amp; Mingyan Qin" county="Shenyang Prefecture" elevation="57" latitude="41.7884" location="Wanquan Park" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="123.4659" specimenCode="368 R 6_02" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Liaoning Province" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="8E4E52146265357296CFDC8852B0AB1B" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="F37698E044D8289D8A1ACB4BF34DC576" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: • 
<specimenCount id="C14C8708145AE83C19431ACB93428605" count="1" type="generic">1 clitellate</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCode id="09B9A69CC99488EA4167D429D97C2C4D">368 R 6_02</specimenCode>
), 
<location id="AA9C31E2E9B967ABC7999EEE1551F753" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:08277ED4DF475A94B3DE382BCCA11460:AA9C31E2E9B967ABC7999EEE1551F753" county="Shenyang Prefecture" latitude="41.7884" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="123.4659" name="Wanquan Park" stateProvince="Liaoning Province">Wanquan Park</location>
(
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0E6FAG" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[123.465900,41.788400]}">
<geoCoordinate id="577BBB4111D441F0E0C04C3D50186534" degrees="41.7884" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="41.7884">41.7884 ° N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="ADC5C7C7B574031669B829CF37F27722" degrees="123.4659" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="123.4659">123.4659 ° E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
, 
<quantity id="8E410D68A2FB477066651CAA9D94408D" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" unit="m" value="57.0">
<elevation id="3D4E7654D5D3256520268D1D7A5E94A9" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" unit="m" value="57.0">57 m</elevation>
</quantity>
elev.), 
<collectingCounty id="B3DF9D5B249B1DDF50E345F61D82C1C5">Shenyang Prefecture</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingRegion id="9D3AFFAA57E0C12DE0E279A46946A2BF" country="China" name="Liaoning">Liaoning Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingDate id="2DD07C491A701C95CA3B02EBC99C40F7">
<date id="666A552A8556FFD40AA43DA2E524AB40" value="2023-01-07">2023-07-01</date>
</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="9283DDFC511D8ECD9EBDD2986748EBC1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="5011068302" collectingDate="2023-07-01" collectionCode="C-HLU" collectorName="Yufeng Zhang &amp; Shixiong Ma &amp; Min Liu &amp; Mingyan Qin" county="Shenyang Prefecture" elevation="57" latitude="41.7884" location="Wanquan Park" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="123.4659" specimenCode="368 R 6_01, 368 R 6_04, 368 R 7_01, 368 R 7_02" specimenCount="4" stateProvince="Liaoning Province" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="4E5D787B17EE3C066CA93D4712448646" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="B7E5B87B41E2AF72524B30D03FAA26BA" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: • 
<specimenCount id="8F0FAA54DC96769A4891F9B243531ADE" count="4" type="generic">4 clitellates</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCode id="4972C5485DDBA94EEF2780E8B2ADF61D">368 R 6_01</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="D78AB97D34EAB801F796E601F799F155">368 R 6_04</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="CF222F5A52237FB5DD78307F6D105B71">368 R 7_01</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="F0A7D8A12E152A83045F2AEBBF5861CF">368 R 7_02</specimenCode>
), same data as of holotype
</materialsCitation>
; • 
<materialsCitation id="8FAF6D3B01DBA38B51E590BD113E6725" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="5011068306" collectingDate="2023-07-01" collectionCode="C-HLU" collectorName="Yufeng Zhang &amp; Shixiong Ma &amp; Min Liu &amp; Mingyan Qin" county="Shenyang Prefecture" elevation="60" latitude="41.7835" location="Zhongshan Park" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="123.4012" specimenCode="359 R 4_05" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Liaoning Province" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="4CBE89E9B1F4A316110393BA364B2D33" count="1" type="generic">1 clitellate</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCode id="681005AACE9B799E8E64109DFF1AC665">359 R 4_05</specimenCode>
), 
<location id="AC59D1825317B49A4E738B80155DE8EB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:08277ED4DF475A94B3DE382BCCA11460:AC59D1825317B49A4E738B80155DE8EB" county="Shenyang Prefecture" latitude="41.7835" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="123.4012" name="Zhongshan Park" stateProvince="Liaoning Province">Zhongshan Park</location>
(
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EKGAG" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[123.401200,41.783500]}">
<geoCoordinate id="2CB50A6E16760F3ACD10BF4F87FCA537" degrees="41.7835" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="41.7835">41.7835 ° N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="FFDF104360F77117DF5E62B8DAAE126C" degrees="123.4012" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="123.4012">123.4012 ° E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
, 
<quantity id="5572A88FB3F12AF765FD5B2CE8F657AD" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.04" unit="m" value="60.4">
<elevation id="62D28117C40CEAFB21B4C200EB09E4E2" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.04" unit="m" value="60.4">60.4 m</elevation>
</quantity>
elev.), 
<collectingCounty id="1092E867658E504C4B94B4ABACE42AF6">Shenyang Prefecture</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingRegion id="59217EEC793ED8120D0004199B103FA4" country="China" name="Liaoning">Liaoning Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingDate id="CA43CFF2B6A117F4CB16E3A8E86FCCF3">
<date id="F859BC9EC2A39254CAAE5F701D7311C1" value="2023-01-07">2023-07-01</date>
</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
. 
<emphasis id="9FEFEB9DB055A0616E4F9F284EEC7AC5" bold="true" italics="true">Other specimens</emphasis>
: • 
<materialsCitation id="1966C442D8C452E6C1CCD3F4BD69BF1F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="5011068301" collectingDate="2023-07-01" collectionCode="C-HLU" collectorName="Yufeng Zhang &amp; Shixiong Ma &amp; Min Liu &amp; Mingyan Qin" county="Shenyang Prefecture" elevation="60" latitude="41.7835" location="Zhongshan Park" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="123.4012" specimenCode="359 R 4_03, 359 R 5_03" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-juvenile="2" stateProvince="Liaoning Province">
<specimenCount id="656C1BDE8CD7CD55FEC3B1F9A7B3A4D9" count="2" type="juvenile">2 juveniles</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCode id="4D99C132D73897EF6521DB9FF7032E99">359 R 4_03</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="682D8E5B55781743053F86569FFED8C7">359 R 5_03</specimenCode>
), the same with 359 R 4_05
</materialsCitation>
; • 
<materialsCitation id="26568A67ABA5400B01FF40FBDF7DF8E1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="5011068303" collectingDate="2023-07-27" collectionCode="C-HLU" collectorName="Yufeng Zhang &amp; Shixiong Ma &amp; Min Liu &amp; Mingyan Qin" county="Huludao Prefecture" elevation="0" latitude="40.706" location="Shuangshu Town" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="120.791" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-juvenile="1" stateProvince="Liaoning Province">
<specimenCount id="588544609874AD8AEEC907BFB7A8A47B" count="1" type="juvenile">1 juvenile</specimenCount>
(551 _ 13), 
<location id="98A4984FECC587BC64902DA83C8E77F5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:08277ED4DF475A94B3DE382BCCA11460:98A4984FECC587BC64902DA83C8E77F5" county="Huludao Prefecture" latitude="40.706" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="120.791" name="Shuangshu Town" stateProvince="Liaoning Province">Shuangshu Town</location>
(
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EVGAG" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[120.791000,40.706000]}">
<geoCoordinate id="77B23484C504CD05445155BAEBF9B8EE" degrees="40.7060" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="40.706">40.7060 ° N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="3F3B7673A32085C7730C4D2D8DA2A23C" degrees="120.7910" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="120.791">120.7910 ° E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
, 
<elevation id="86037A0E819FB6B4BDAD2108F1D707C8">
<quantity id="70C74E14FCF950EF117EC912C44DAA0B" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" unit="in" value="25.0">25.0 m</quantity>
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elev.), 
<collectingCounty id="16BF7B0BD45A7A8C054D229ACDC6485D">Huludao Prefecture</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A7441FB3CC9B9686309B5CD0B40AFCEB" country="China" name="Liaoning">Liaoning Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<date id="07066CAB462EADB6614240A0BF5D2666" value="2023-07-27">
<collectingDate id="AC90F00071748ADB3076F3E37FA5C04B" value="2023-07-27">2023-07-27</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
; • 
<materialsCitation id="CED5BB6DC6DB73CF372D816B3F5312BE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="5011068305" collectingDate="2023-07-24" collectionCode="C-HLU" collectorName="Yufeng Zhang &amp; Shixiong Ma &amp; Min Liu &amp; Mingyan Qin" county="Tongliao Prefecture" elevation="184" latitude="43.5964" location="People's Park" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="122.2848" specimenCode="319 R 11_04, 319 R 31_04" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-juvenile="2" stateProvince="Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region">
<specimenCount id="A942BE2204B76EEF1D4EEB2304B91C9F" count="2" type="juvenile">2 juveniles</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCode id="96181E4B4D95BED4DAA4062E69721B9D">319 R 11_04</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="65B1725C4B78A5A8193E2C820F2C7E81">319 R 31_04</specimenCode>
), 
<location id="50D0C03FEEC6D59A9B2C8E069C24E696" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:08277ED4DF475A94B3DE382BCCA11460:50D0C03FEEC6D59A9B2C8E069C24E696" country="China" county="Tongliao Prefecture" latitude="43.5964" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="122.2848" municipality="Autonomous Region" name="People's Park" stateProvince="Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region">People’s Park</location>
(
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0E4GAG" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[122.284800,43.596400]}">
<geoCoordinate id="BB87BDD6950926DAD08FD8207AEBC790" degrees="43.5964" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="43.5964">43.5964 ° N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="443DCC673087715CBE3B55D9204CAF63" degrees="122.2848" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="122.2848">122.2848 ° E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
, 
<quantity id="6C06369226615F303F86F4EF02DFB89B" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.835" unit="m" value="183.5">
<elevation id="BB197C949A37EA0D02476D8439B11D2F" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.835" unit="m" value="183.5">183.5 m</elevation>
</quantity>
elev.), 
<collectingCounty id="C1A9CA89821AA72B1CF9D097709D3F22">Tongliao Prefecture</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingRegion id="CB47F69DCEB898FEA2E8E18314CB44CC">Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingDate id="6A6886414930986178C5C9C0FE8F849E">
<date id="FA702687136A795A1EFAF5F6B8A9FA99" value="2023-07-24">2023-07-24</date>
</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
. 
<collectorName id="34F8D1E579509D5FEF270B764C9A333A">All</collectorName>
above specimens were collected by 
<collectorName id="B122B22B579D667E5CE906DE8B220F85">Yufeng Zhang</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="63441CD059DDFAFACD46E95C287251C8">Shixiong Ma</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="BDF083E64A3150CA64B8E8405BF179D0">Min Liu</collectorName>
, and 
<collectorName id="1AA1B96CBD31170B7E595EAC0A168FF0">Mingyan Qin. All</collectorName>
the specimens are stored at the 
<collectingRegion id="149F8341D9E0DE41FC997C949738B40F" country="China" name="Hebei">Hebei</collectingRegion>
<collectingCounty id="76C1E06790C03094123D8310690A3CCC">Key Laboratory of Animal Diversity</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectorName id="A6708FD3936799F18705ACF88A357D3B">Langfang Normal University</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="3BA236193984DE94E09DF8FE1A6AA865">Langfang</collectorName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6D14833B4986AED1A08E3E9CA7E26AAB" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
(C-HLU).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ECHAG" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="2C66AEBD16D5B57C897F9A416A868F35">
<heading id="A12F62E084F6078E392CE3DC98AFF783" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="15693837C97E95759BB09FBE29AA7345">
The specific name refers to the first known distribution range, which is in the 
<collectingRegion id="0B302C28AD8551E7425C760498A6FBCE" country="China" name="Liaoning">Liaoning Province</collectingRegion>
, Northeast 
<collectingCountry id="0FA735D2D6F0CE4B5E3213347EBF9BF4" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EHHAG" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="0C15E533358788CE92786CD7EAD8066F">
<heading id="8513B09C8BADED991F27D47A3E9BBD0F" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A81400EEDE6709652BCA5055C30194F9">
Medium sized, length 
<quantity id="F40EFB4CAE29B16A70C492FD205BFE27" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.625" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.25" unit="mm" value="162.5" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="125.0">125–200 mm</quantity>
, diameter 6.0–7.0 mm, number of segments 120–145. Prostomium epilobic. First dorsal pore on 12 / 13. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in 6 / 7 / 8 / 9, ventrolaterally positioned. Male pore in XVIII in copulatory pouches (everted); ventral distance between openings of the pouches about 
<quantity id="2969B2568539FD33A2937B7E92E64B47" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.95" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.4" unit="mm" value="3.95" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="3.4">3.4–4.5 mm</quantity>
. Preclitellar genital markings small and prominently rounded. Intestinal caeca simple. Septa 8 / 9 / 10 absent. Spermathecael ampulla nearly elliptical, large, surface wrinkled, ampulla duct long, stout with a swollen basal portion. Diverticulum originating from below the swollen portion of the spermathecal duct, stalk slender at the proximal end, enlarged and greatly coiled toward distal end. Accessory glands, sessile, small and round. Prostate glands paired in XVIII, very follicular, extending anteriorly to XV (or XVI) and posteriorly to XX (or XXI), divided into many finger-shaped pieces. Prostatic duct U-shaped and slender.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EMHAG" type="description">
<paragraph id="B5909F731A0081B443A4433A8F47A800">
<heading id="695315CBDC91010BBDEED065437F5880" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="26364524D578E879797D115B5BBA9E2C">
<emphasis id="0E79458D26E2DF66F3374C71205041B0" bold="true">
<emphasis id="5D023DB98B058BC9CBD770B800C6181B" bold="true" italics="true">External characters</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Length 
<quantity id="528C3515DC9C916EDD3EBBACDF29B6C7" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.625" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.25" unit="mm" value="162.5" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="125.0">125–200 mm</quantity>
(n = 6). Color of preserved specimens may vary in shades because of the duration of preservation, but generally, dorsum region brown, covering half of the body length and fading to lighter brown towards posterior end with darker brown clitellum, while ventrum part is yellowish brown. Width 6.0–7.0 mm, segments 120–145. Prostomium epilobous (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="FFA48B2C2BBE855F7F5773236208D23B" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Metaphire liaoningensis sp. nov., holotype (368 R 6 _ 02). A. Dorsal view of the prostomium; B 1. Ventral view of the spermathecal region; B 2. Lateral view of the left spermathecal region; C. Intestinal caeca; D. Copulatory pouches (everted); E. Right spermathecae; F. Right prostate gland. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.136027.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1220470">1 A</figureCitation>
). First dorsal pore on 12 / 13. Clitellum annular at XIV – XVI; setae or dorsal pores and intersegmental furrow absent. Setal arrangement perichaetine; setae number 43 (
<collectionCode id="077F0F224CB69B830B66D1DEEAD4EB56" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
), 56 (IX), 70 (XIII). Setae between male porophores: 12–20 (20 setae count if reaching on porophore). Female pore single in slit-like opening, medioventral at XIV.
</paragraph>
<caption id="879C0B0F7D1F93732ABDAFC90FA5F83E" ID-DOI="10.3897/zse.101.136027.figure1" ID-arpha="7A60126D-B831-5006-8BED-349FB58138BA" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1220470" startId="F1">
<paragraph id="A2F445AA5578D090784A9B429660F9AC">
<label id="FF06F5C6FDB1B408899E826E606786E7">Figure 1.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D32FD1F6A58220E61FFF56EEA06BCA36">
<taxonomicName id="1A126B173F09310236BE38C38E635025" authorityName="Han &amp; Zhao" authorityYear="2025" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="liaoningensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B09FB004AC7FCCC784A121AABB4DBB34" italics="true">Metaphire liaoningensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="5E250F8F67EFF2742465FD44F1899CD4" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype (
<specimenCode id="0EB8B3734DB9F9E4D635DE5F6D8301DD">368 R 6_02</specimenCode>
). 
<emphasis id="5221E395CA78BDD10AFBCF49243BD3CD" bold="true">A.</emphasis>
Dorsal view of the prostomium; 
<emphasis id="3C0B8092935E61B9EE71BA4A602A4544" bold="true">B 1.</emphasis>
Ventral view of the spermathecal region; 
<emphasis id="B58DBE93BEC2875795340874D41E218C" bold="true">B 2.</emphasis>
Lateral view of the left spermathecal region; 
<emphasis id="E339C180985EFC9EFD6434923F6D74C4" bold="true">C.</emphasis>
Intestinal caeca; 
<emphasis id="CCFDAA88EB15E11430747CD7415D63D1" bold="true">D.</emphasis>
Copulatory pouches (everted); 
<emphasis id="BFE015F2FB11A721AABAB93FF4EA0F48" bold="true">E.</emphasis>
Right spermathecae; 
<emphasis id="1E960919BBDA19C446C17E134B756841" bold="true">F.</emphasis>
Right prostate gland. Scale bars: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="829D395E4058D35995C24D69D42F45A0">
Spermathecal pores three pairs, 6 / 7–8 / 9, ventrolateral; each pore is located inside a transverse slit cave-like opening with ridges in the lip opening, 0.28–0.30 C apart ventrally. Pre-clitellar genital markings small and prominently rounded with diameters ranging from 
<quantity id="59DCA60608BBF9386F772FCEF6DFC6E7" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" unit="mm" value="0.44999999999999996" valueMax="0.6" valueMin="0.3">0.3 to 0.6 mm</quantity>
, presetal on VII, XIII, and IX, 2–6 genital markings (rarely absent or with inconspicuous genital markings), paired or unilateral (rarely), located medio-vental to spermathecal pore slit opening, widely spaced 0.21–0.26 C apart ventrally (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="C3A6DE9842C573F94D00B78D51A23E8E" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Metaphire liaoningensis sp. nov., holotype (368 R 6 _ 02). A. Dorsal view of the prostomium; B 1. Ventral view of the spermathecal region; B 2. Lateral view of the left spermathecal region; C. Intestinal caeca; D. Copulatory pouches (everted); E. Right spermathecae; F. Right prostate gland. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.136027.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1220470">1 B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E906F50232A70F1D2205EE8CC284FEB1">
Male pores paired in XVIII (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="F42B7DFE903DFC06F18FEB6D2FBE13F5" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Metaphire liaoningensis sp. nov., holotype (368 R 6 _ 02). A. Dorsal view of the prostomium; B 1. Ventral view of the spermathecal region; B 2. Lateral view of the left spermathecal region; C. Intestinal caeca; D. Copulatory pouches (everted); E. Right spermathecae; F. Right prostate gland. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.136027.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1220470">1 D</figureCitation>
), situated ventro-laterally at everted copulatory pouches (diameters ranging 
<quantity id="268B3E94D7E4FB11E24CC36BE2DC4E89" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.8" unit="mm" value="2.15" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.8">1.8–2.5 mm</quantity>
); ventral distance between openings of the pouches 
<quantity id="8D6E51AA2C96A6FE071250C280197338" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.95" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.4" unit="mm" value="3.95" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="3.4">3.4–4.5 mm</quantity>
. All specimens displayed everted copulatory pouches and 2– 
<specimenCount id="60E71C3CDE3F8CDA436E7720E0B8CD04" count="3" type="male">3 male</specimenCount>
pore tubercles in each porophore (upper tubercles larger than lower tubercles). Post-clitellar genital marking absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7A43F917101E2D9CB5F89CEB79847A8C">
<emphasis id="C8192720478A57E81D3D5405A49817C8" bold="true">
<emphasis id="015676375B64B43DA568E78F7817D6AF" bold="true" italics="true">Internal characters</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Septa 8 / 9 / 10 aborted, 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 thick and muscular, 10 / 11 / 12 / 13 uniform thickness, 13 / 14 slightly thickened. Gizzard within IX – X (or only IX), small. Intestine enlarged from XV. Intestinal caeca are simple, originating in XXVII and extending anteriorly to XXIII (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="99A1260E647E5C27B10D0936DF96B6CE" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Metaphire liaoningensis sp. nov., holotype (368 R 6 _ 02). A. Dorsal view of the prostomium; B 1. Ventral view of the spermathecal region; B 2. Lateral view of the left spermathecal region; C. Intestinal caeca; D. Copulatory pouches (everted); E. Right spermathecae; F. Right prostate gland. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.136027.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1220470">1 C</figureCitation>
); however, some caeca extend up until XX. Last pair of hearts in XIII.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1DEDB3438ACAACA3C49470779E0BB628">
Spermathecae (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="0350DB904782811C1039F34010028786" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Metaphire liaoningensis sp. nov., holotype (368 R 6 _ 02). A. Dorsal view of the prostomium; B 1. Ventral view of the spermathecal region; B 2. Lateral view of the left spermathecal region; C. Intestinal caeca; D. Copulatory pouches (everted); E. Right spermathecae; F. Right prostate gland. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.136027.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1220470">1 E</figureCitation>
) three pairs in VII – IX, ampulla nearly elliptical, large, surface flattened and wrinkled, 
<quantity id="8B23968AC13C9DDA7918D81209151C99" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" metricValueMax="4.2" metricValueMin="2.2" unit="mm" value="3.2" valueMax="4.2" valueMin="2.2">2.2–4.2 mm</quantity>
long, 2.0– 
<quantity id="2B26E21E83641B018F4D2E2DA9BE378C" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" unit="mm" value="2.8">2.8 mm</quantity>
wide; ampulla duct long, stout, 
<quantity id="67EED363BF31DA3843E888E08773F5D4" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.4" unit="mm" value="1.45" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.4">1.4–1.5 mm</quantity>
long, with a swollen basal portion, 
<quantity id="C5C55920CAF234DD9F4911C370D6A9BB" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.2" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.3 mm</quantity>
wide; diverticulum originating from below the swollen portion of the spermathecal duct, stalk slender at the proximal end 
<quantity id="FE33282AA89FB3926A1557C394DCFC58" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.2" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="2.3" valueMin="1.2">1.2–2.3 mm</quantity>
long, enlarged and greatly coiled toward distal end, receptacle is 
<quantity id="252A7161CA5CBC9307AA1C13B9FC6DBA" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="2.2" unit="mm" value="2.9" valueMax="3.6" valueMin="2.2">2.2–3.6 mm</quantity>
long. Accessory glands, sessile, small and round. Variations of spermathecae are shown in Fig. 
<figureCitation id="23B2B12684214F504AB4898348C6BB13" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Variations in the spermatheca of Metaphire liaoningensis sp. nov. A. Poorly developed; B. Developed; C. Fully developed. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.136027.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1220471">2</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="1A6D2A42A7F78003D475DDF58E2BF90D" ID-DOI="10.3897/zse.101.136027.figure2" ID-arpha="2A778398-F997-5C2A-925E-68736F0C286C" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1220471" startId="F2">
<paragraph id="EC6FAC65C99497C07EB3153E7165CD84">
<label id="0B8679C1A31C0F45FE5DB965448F8BB0">Figure 2.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D6E878958AF355485745AB3EBCDD1F21">
Variations in the spermatheca of 
<taxonomicName id="F81C20DB18DBB5A7E625638D0FE63273" authorityName="Han &amp; Zhao" authorityYear="2025" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="liaoningensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="678714C2EF16B3D91148FF21E50A784E" italics="true">Metaphire liaoningensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6A1B2DC8DAAA341D084F23924BFDEEF8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="A5F495185DF0798A1A21CD3651A0F74B" bold="true">A.</emphasis>
Poorly developed; 
<emphasis id="41309971FAEAFD8F788ECC604409F1AE" bold="true">B.</emphasis>
Developed; 
<emphasis id="22D33DD69AAA6B3D5D6D7746AEE49154" bold="true">C.</emphasis>
Fully developed. Scale bars: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="439811DCDE78800489FE26275E306797">
Testis sac one pair, connected, in XI. Seminal vesicles are two pairs in XI and XII, well developed, follicular, posterior pair larger, each with a round or oval dorsal lobe. Prostate glands (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="3C412C9B222B0020710E14F361AE5232" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Metaphire liaoningensis sp. nov., holotype (368 R 6 _ 02). A. Dorsal view of the prostomium; B 1. Ventral view of the spermathecal region; B 2. Lateral view of the left spermathecal region; C. Intestinal caeca; D. Copulatory pouches (everted); E. Right spermathecae; F. Right prostate gland. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.136027.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1220470">1 F</figureCitation>
) large, paired in XVIII, follicular, divided into many finger-shaped pieces, extending anteriorly to XV (or XVI) and posteriorly to XX (or XXI). Prostatic duct U-shaped, slender.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EGLAG" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="59997C41B21E2B85E2DFEC9A4526BC5C">
<heading id="4D1B5EC764D83744225ECD227DD7D901" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B2340D5A903D7164DB1BDA51CAD5FEEB">
Northeastern 
<collectingCountry id="897BFF19DC7F9570A0314699D3624357" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="4D114D0563B32AC36D970A36DC630467" country="China" name="Liaoning">Liaoning province</collectingRegion>
and eastern 
<collectingRegion id="DE5B466B911B93E7C26DF2DDBAD10210" country="China" name="Nei Mongol">Inner Mongolia</collectingRegion>
Autonomous Region).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ELLAG" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="34737DBAF04F6AC0409AFA76EBD60A4B">
<heading id="3CA6D02DF634C2E1A5A7A4C802CD11A0" reason="title">Habitats.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1580EA28DD25641331024D5DF311380C">Municipal parks.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EQLAG" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="DF72CC55317364B0C7869E535D01BBED">
<heading id="FFE77BE9B9159E0F6BACA95A9318E3AA" reason="title">Remarks.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="954BF08DA1B92528273A8BB79E885777">
<taxonomicName id="C05CFD2812C9A8D12D5886DFFE5EC32B" authorityName="Han &amp; Zhao" authorityYear="2025" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="liaoningensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1FC9C7025D372C94AC6A6B863B15920C" italics="true">M. liaoningensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4F0F6D0D4AE8ABE7B47873F8A559539" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is classified into the 
<taxonomicName id="1166E78F300408FCACC196A05DA7F5B5" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1872" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="houlleti">
<emphasis id="33F6A825D17F15EB2C3FBFFD143E54FC" italics="true">M. houlleti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group (
<bibRefCitation id="14FC7571A650D4C3515C69D056FDEC89" DOI="10.1111/j.1095-8312.1972.tb00694.x" author="Sims and Easton" firstAuthor="Sims" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society" pagination="169-268" refId="B27" refString="Sims RW, Easton EG (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae, Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 4 (3): 169–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1972.tb00694.x" title="A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae, Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition." volume="4" year="1972">Sims and Easton 1972</bibRefCitation>
), which includes an estimate of 47 named species (
<bibRefCitation id="522EFBD06185E3352E9EAD2388F925B3" DOI="10.18348/opzool.2016.1.9" author="Blakemore" firstAuthor="Blakemore" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Opuscula Zoologica (Budapest)" pagination="9-30" refId="B6" refString="Blakemore RJ (2016) Darwin’s earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea) with review of cosmopolitan Metaphire peguana - species group from Philippines. Opuscula Zoologica (Budapest) 47 (1): 9–30. https://doi.org/10.18348/opzool.2016.1.9" title="Darwin’s earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea) with review of cosmopolitan Metaphire peguana - species group from Philippines." volume="47" year="2016">Blakemore 2016</bibRefCitation>
). This group is characterized by having three pairs of spermathecal pores in 6 / 7 / 8 / 9, a male pore on XVIII, bithecate, and post-clitellar genital markings absent (
<bibRefCitation id="23F1B45681C4961D72D7DABD78AD71A1" DOI="10.1111/j.1095-8312.1972.tb00694.x" author="Sims and Easton" firstAuthor="Sims" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society" pagination="169-268" refId="B27" refString="Sims RW, Easton EG (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae, Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 4 (3): 169–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1972.tb00694.x" title="A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae, Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition." volume="4" year="1972">Sims and Easton 1972</bibRefCitation>
). Currently, 
<collectingCountry id="35C79AC1FC5E83499665759425F1387D" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
has recognized 23 species belonging to the 
<taxonomicName id="7AE4685B21DF6ACB33BC0431DEA4CC0C" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1872" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="houlleti">
<emphasis id="068233C83C3A2A860EA4A863CFA1AF53" italics="true">M. houlleti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group, of which 20 species were recorded by 
<bibRefCitation id="547151D81BF2AEC0C49FE03FB9A50507" author="Xiao N" firstAuthor="Xiao" refId="B32" refString="Xiao N (2019) Terrestrial Earthworms (Oligochaeta, Opisthopora) of China. Elsevier Inc, China, 296, 301–303, 309." year="2019">Xiao (2019)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<taxonomicName id="9590799B339D40BE719031E339DA61BF" authorityName="Sun, Jiang, Bartlam, Qiu &amp; Hu" authorityYear="2018" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sanmingensis">
<emphasis id="C797C04329042F72410989E220B12569" italics="true">M. sanmingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="05EA0BE87E6D17962C803520C5AD8FF7" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.24" author="Sun J &amp; Jiang J &amp; Bartlam S &amp; Qiu J &amp; Hu F" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sun" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="287-301" refId="B29" refString="Sun J, Jiang J, Bartlam S, Qiu J, Hu F (2018) Four new Amynthas and Metaphire earthworm species from nine provinces in southern China. Zootaxa 4496 (1): 287–301. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.24" title="Four new Amynthas and Metaphire earthworm species from nine provinces in southern China." volume="4496" year="2018">Sun et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
, and two recently identified species, 
<taxonomicName id="33EFC4C0132BF68E0CA00F2758138563" authority="(Jin &amp; Jiang, 2024)" baseAuthorityName="Jin &amp; Jiang" baseAuthorityYear="2024" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="donganensis">
<emphasis id="F6780191FF96F696E3C8747BD128AF54" italics="true">M. donganensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A746E31D2688E85CF3FD676436B1C4E8" DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1210.125963" author="Jin Q &amp; Li J &amp; Jiang J &amp; Qiu J" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pagination="247-271" refId="B18" refString="Jin Q, Li J, Jiang J, Qiu J (2024) Four new earthworm species of the genera Amynthas and Metaphire (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) from Hunan and Anhui provinces, China. Zookeys 1210: 247 - 271. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 1210.125963" title="Four new earthworm species of the genera Amynthas and Metaphire (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) from Hunan and Anhui provinces, China." volume="1210" year="2024">Jin &amp; Jiang, 2024</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="FF608D8CDEFA438F9DCB50724E22B303" authority="(Dong &amp; Sun, 2024)" baseAuthorityName="Dong &amp; Sun" baseAuthorityYear="2024" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hanbaiduensis">
<emphasis id="16323D13C26BD202836877DF3465A962" italics="true">M. hanbaiduensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D43E0CA7BFF10012166FF17059D8F9C2" DOI="10.13859/j.cjz.202423079" author="Dong Y &amp; Jiang J &amp; Zhang J &amp; Shen Z &amp; Sun J" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Chinese Journal of Zoology" pagination="397-407" refId="B10" refString="Dong Y, Jiang J, Zhang J, Shen Z, Sun J (2024) Three New Earthworm Species of the Genus Metaphire (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) From Eastern and Southern China. Chinese Journal of Zoology 59 (3): 397 - 407. https: // doi. org / 10.13859 / j. cjz. 202423079" title="Three New Earthworm Species of the Genus Metaphire (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) From Eastern and Southern China." volume="59" year="2024">Dong &amp; Sun, 2024</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from southern 
<collectingCountry id="47CFBD1F987262819A4F3FFFEA21F46D" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
. However, only 10 of these species have been recognized in 
<bibRefCitation id="3632E137D4AB5E70F12D5F63C6012231" author="Blakemore RJ" refId="B4" refString="Blakemore RJ (2007 b) Updated checklist of pheretimoids (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae, Pheretima auct.) taxa. https://docslib.org/doc/4773666/updated-checklist-of-pheretimoids-oligochaeta-megascolecidae-pheretima-auct" url="https://docslib.org/doc/4773666/updated-checklist-of-pheretimoids-oligochaeta-megascolecidae-pheretima-auct">Blakemore (2007 b</bibRefCitation>
), mainly due to the known species recorded at that time and some changes at the genus and subspecies levels.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F2E75392C0E34D17B5C8A8AF04CEA5A">
Collected specimens of the new species were all observed to have everted copulatory pouches and exhibit male pore tubercles. Table 
<tableCitation id="1618E379914919B0AD1A31CAA84FB7F4" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Comparison of species belonging to the M. houlleti species group. The species are listed in order of size from largest to smallest." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/AB5D917A48A45CE0BABD00E67538D5FA" tableUuid="AB5D917A48A45CE0BABD00E67538D5FA">2</tableCitation>
presents a comparison of morphologically similar members of the 
<taxonomicName id="EC9CA76D35045FAA3C559613126DA4A1" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1872" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="houlleti">
<emphasis id="5892CDE270C6D45A451B4F598FFCE59F" italics="true">M. houlleti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group in 
<collectingCountry id="C9224478236E0ACA3F926A3594A25C0C" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
with 
<taxonomicName id="31DE8B626FBC587519BD2B7C84F38A60" authorityName="Han &amp; Zhao" authorityYear="2025" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="liaoningensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="DFFBF39957D367D5E47D14005AF82ABD" italics="true">M. liaoningensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="086C92BE01214CF4D4D0DC07D335A408" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Among all the 
<taxonomicName id="26B4B331EB0E3F1BF0E810EC0A98D569" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1872" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="houlleti">
<emphasis id="6785816C6B32B51634D69E0275E03697" italics="true">M. houlleti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group species in 
<collectingCountry id="5940A73816E9B5AA88BED16B345B056B" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
, the new species is clearly seen to be unique from the rest by having round and prominent pre-clitellar genital markings reaching up to a maximum of three pairs and having a large and flattened ampulla with a swollen base of the ampulla duct. Although live specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="1E3BE6CDD69398228939F3D80C33CB03" authorityName="Han &amp; Zhao" authorityYear="2025" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="liaoningensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0A950CBB2082EBD1F461244C46C85A61" italics="true">M. liaoningensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A47648A3F6D4F73862C7713588A56085" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
share similar outward morphological characters (such as size and pigmentation) with 
<taxonomicName id="71631676728A927A845448217B3ED8BF" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1928" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tschiliensis">
<emphasis id="8E010F8292F5BBA9A1B460DF9E0680F2" italics="true">M. tschiliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, internal structures differ, such as in the shape of the spermathecae ampulla, diverticulum length, and prostate gland structures.
</paragraph>
<caption id="AB5D917A48A45CE0BABD00E67538D5FA" ID-Table-UUID="AB5D917A48A45CE0BABD00E67538D5FA" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/AB5D917A48A45CE0BABD00E67538D5FA" startId="T2" targetIsTable="true">
<paragraph id="3F59D2199E320DDEAAB199CFE3CE0AA4">
<label id="61DB19FBAEE66C8B309C3AE55623C81A">Table 2.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9DE38AADD1BADCAEC81ACA3454CBE51D">
Comparison of species belonging to the 
<taxonomicName id="A19FB3AD0E5AA72B580A35260D50DE70" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1872" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="houlleti">
<emphasis id="4DC631EBDCA537B8972C4479A4A6D0DB" italics="true">M. houlleti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group. The species are listed in order of size from largest to smallest.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="F8D1039CA0180BCC0AEEE1561C0C1F22">
<table id="TID0EOQBG" rules="all">
<tbody id="7F5FEB3DDD38D52375B385A70EAE007F">
<tr id="5056BCF035E0E89C0BC11CB8BC4DA578">
<th id="08D783C3D1158A80D422504A2D07572D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Descriptions</th>
<th id="466563F4A92B0815ECEECF597F8AF1B8" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="3402262BF6E6FB42C88DD2BC79854272" authority="(Chen, 1930)" baseAuthorityName="Chen" baseAuthorityYear="1930" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="vulgaris" subSpecies="agricola">
<emphasis id="0F4395F83E5F01BFFC2D2B38A6458B28" italics="true">M. vulgaris agricola</emphasis>
(Chen, 1930)
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="80EFFB0631C82A081B4097701F687B5A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="37B7515C1D5CC2469BE64C293F0B13EE" authority="(Michaelsen, 1928)" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1928" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tschiliensis">
<emphasis id="59074046465D1FA5DBB3E87361C25931" italics="true">M. tschiliensis</emphasis>
(Michaelsen, 1928)
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="64CDC7D0C8CD946EDCB4024C894566F8" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="F9EEAAA2FDD1158B5C07698789B80C9C" authority="(Chen, 1930)" baseAuthorityName="Chen" baseAuthorityYear="1930" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="vulgaris" subSpecies="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="757808CC7CC507A9FC878FDACB4678E2" italics="true">M. vulgaris vulgaris</emphasis>
(Chen, 1930)
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="1C5ED453896F4D7091D448CFF6DD2E3D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="2B4B2A6465B4CC1B0DF923B1B2786CD1" authority="(Nguyen)" baseAuthorityName="Nguyen" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="acampanulata">
<emphasis id="6D5A6161ACA5D33770F38A788CE65C51" italics="true">M. acampanulata</emphasis>
(Nguyen)
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="01159837296085285DD69BD0685D1D97" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="F94863BDE41B8C553507DA5A613C8B1E" authority="(Kobayashi, 1934)" baseAuthorityName="Kobayashi" baseAuthorityYear="1934" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="aggera">
<emphasis id="E4877B19814062C5187CC77B05D8159D" italics="true">M. aggera</emphasis>
(Kobayashi, 1934)
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="A6679890B31CF38901284F4814CBFE01" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="80E2AE3F0D29EDAB730EC8A6D85BDB15" authorityName="Han &amp; Zhao" authorityYear="2025" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="liaoningensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3C76ECC4816DDC05105200E87CEF81AD" italics="true">M. liaoningensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0B3F8D13F368006B886E5643EC774DE1" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</th>
<th id="AE993A83124BB046A9938CB1419E77D3" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="27D377DBB732B5E0F4A3CF1AEC3CA056" authority="(Chen &amp; Fong, 1975)" baseAuthorityName="Chen &amp; Fong" baseAuthorityYear="1975" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kokoana">
<emphasis id="EAC5492719730F0F72907FF23E533A7D" italics="true">M. kokoana</emphasis>
(Chen &amp; Fong, 1975)
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<taxonomicName id="E3EB7E2BE3FBAFFFE7890346F733DABB" authority="(Michaelsen, 1895) Length" authorityName="Length" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1895" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="guillelmi">
<th id="39F02E0992A0AB39A20A35C1DCDA14B7" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis id="783FEA8AE99371332C46C4F32FA34A67" italics="true">M. guillelmi</emphasis>
(Michaelsen, 1895)
</th>
<tr id="CB10F4BBFDC43FF2A8BCA5D9416B2DE0">
<td id="CAB137BC4F9D825DF016F6E54F748FE7" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Length (mm)</td>
<td id="EDED01C0B27FB8BF901FE706EDF5A75D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">154–240</td>
<td id="46F9288739C5D2070BF204C89027F1E8" colspan="1" rowspan="1">115–240</td>
<td id="5F60DB7E284D8FE44A0E1AC9226B886B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">120–215</td>
<td id="4E46D3F9101551FDE80B040317C4B5D9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">98–198</td>
<td id="036F294F4CB22482B9E33D7D30897766" colspan="1" rowspan="1">175–198</td>
<td id="6E1256DD2EDD17C3A38CB506D7E5A174" colspan="1" rowspan="1">125–190</td>
<td id="02D67DD6853824BCD65DEEE457688C1E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">107–160</td>
<td id="663A91CF9F0BB6F843C3F1239094176E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">96–150</td>
</tr>
</taxonomicName>
</tr>
<tr id="1914F3808179D184FE82F8E6ED413778">
<td id="01202EC180067FA79692EC4489F66C53" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Width (mm)</td>
<td id="ED2FB20408FB9797198D081C14F75A95" colspan="1" rowspan="1">6–9</td>
<td id="449BA522BDBA2D78DBF3A24BF8345046" colspan="1" rowspan="1">6.5–7</td>
<td id="07291FBD3C32AC92F6F370EE1695A085" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5–8</td>
<td id="A9B45CA904A83033875E2F354BADAF62" colspan="1" rowspan="1">4.03–6.91</td>
<td id="DCEAB1453E71B7D71DE2C88672C75BD9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5.5–10</td>
<td id="7F1D72421373BBAE7C51417246490D52" colspan="1" rowspan="1">7</td>
<td id="CE587C3A1D720E4E12733454B8E93C71" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5.5–8</td>
<td id="8A3C08E397E88365B5B4E9E28F6EE856" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5–8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BEE0F9365D40CC7313A111696D6E91A1">
<td id="16E43ABB25A22AA3F06858BA823CE4BF" colspan="1" rowspan="1">No. of segments</td>
<td id="D3C5E5A4C9280646E4E9138CA3DC027F" colspan="1" rowspan="1">80–122</td>
<td id="99A4C50CD2BDF18E4A8EC4E96DEA539C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">111–165</td>
<td id="121F1DC05DE4FB147A9F5C0DED629944" colspan="1" rowspan="1">90–124</td>
<td id="6F48FB21E62BBE1B0942A955C186BDD2" colspan="1" rowspan="1">56–144</td>
<td id="FF46CB2B1C5C633387408AE70D89D5B6" colspan="1" rowspan="1">150–171</td>
<td id="89C579DC3405136F7F280C2369FBA0D9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">120–145</td>
<td id="F9625DABBC321C20EF4704E02212A8DA" colspan="1" rowspan="1">66–120</td>
<td id="BD8518BEC0F96FC33860E93A401E9B1F" colspan="1" rowspan="1">88–156</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D4DF6D8966963D3F562E42DABFE2E8EE">
<td id="8C3207E2BCA337926E2711889691B818" colspan="1" rowspan="1">First dorsal pore</td>
<td id="2C6D18FAEEFC6E3D3D72655875172D92" colspan="1" rowspan="1">12 / 13</td>
<td id="F13D9B345C3E7E551AEAA1BCD29EF174" colspan="1" rowspan="1">11 / 12 or 12 / 13</td>
<td id="34F69845DF714A25CB8B913E8FDD7A3E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">11 / 12</td>
<td id="D94D08258FC7DE079EEE05D223F1B10E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">12 / 13</td>
<td id="5F34B3B4371EFFA8CCFD9A6336F81782" colspan="1" rowspan="1">12 / 13</td>
<td id="514C84DABF0C929356C9D3FB1D044FF2" colspan="1" rowspan="1">12 / 13</td>
<td id="25C8F1F986BB90CDF05EB1B8FC2D256A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">12 / 13</td>
<td id="FAEB5DF2D4D887C1E7226AE9AFC14BBA" colspan="1" rowspan="1">12 / 13 or 13 / 14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0D9C74692CBA72C32D3D849BAFF7EC03">
<td id="62379D27F18F4F11BB25BE437C5332FB" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Setae on V, XIII, XX</td>
<td id="990D33C5495E05AFB809837D9B105B6A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="260F2C9A6D96F1FB7124D2C054BBFD0C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">45–50 (V), 70–72 (XIII)</td>
<td id="7E736CDABD58E9D9E57310F19630603B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="83D4D6B982A64C4767E5D9F3747E54A5" colspan="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="E9B140B24626666F37F9D3FD73C1CF03" colspan="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="1F76D063823FD6FB103344706AC54BBA" colspan="1" rowspan="1">43 (V), 70 (XIII)</td>
<td id="E04B55D90649459B90EF324B41376176" colspan="1" isEmpty="true" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="32017DEF896BF6630960090E164A86E6" colspan="1" rowspan="1">44–64 (XX)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="C25E19A1125B8818AB899857F6E53921">
<td id="C2ED959339B2EEBAFC1FEC9215D52131" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Sper. pore distance apart</td>
<td id="BC4F624F352D59112075B701268A47E1" colspan="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="B118E3CF0253B2C0642B6DF5E5BCA796" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.29–0.30 C</td>
<td id="7F8C578C86E80C945E7815D923151C32" colspan="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="D5B140526DDC80E0C5FA064E59975984" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.36–0.50 C</td>
<td id="D21C816A93134DF9DE1BB9B914ACD5F2" colspan="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="2CAAF1CC23A30B1072DCA22ED0E730D3" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.28–0.30 C</td>
<td id="2163E18FCA54B6E77C9E5E62379732AE" colspan="1" rowspan="1">½ circumference apart ventrally</td>
<td id="870BDBE8BE79418FE12CE107031F3DC2" colspan="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="83C11C5B30D366D874D955E3AF2BBA49">
<td id="F110B70562ECBFBA8D2CCAFCB48AB769" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Male pore distance apart</td>
<td id="0B681E3B82DAE8B87BF46A181DF50E19" colspan="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="923259D69F30468724D3CD2DB71AAEA3" colspan="1" rowspan="1">2 / 5 circumference apart</td>
<td id="8B685BB2AF4ABAC7F406D108A56EFF92" colspan="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="B645F768A519E763172FBBAC030EEA97" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.21–0.37 C</td>
<td id="1D9719E4017015D67447003968B107E8" colspan="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="05E17D660719B9E6E2C182817CDFC7FC" colspan="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="5329E0C991A221ABF68A727386C4860F" colspan="1" rowspan="1">1 / 3 circumference apart ventrally</td>
<td id="BC10A83D7CF74F565D580D15F57BF43C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CF284F110D3A19FB42738ABD53F99D66">
<td id="BDC81E43C66DB54E8CDA67978198FD0F" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Setae between mp</td>
<td id="0A2AE009A15F38A69FD75CDB0CCF9AA0" colspan="1" rowspan="1">16–20</td>
<td id="EF4939CB24A930C78BC30003B37DF7BB" colspan="1" rowspan="1">10–17</td>
<td id="6CC2416A0A5C17E56D11A78679CFB7F0" colspan="1" rowspan="1">12–22</td>
<td id="38D36544936FB405E1FAEF917F951DC1" colspan="1" rowspan="1">8–25</td>
<td id="F1EECEF8DEC6F9A4B5E9637DD4EBD0AD" colspan="1" rowspan="1">16–23</td>
<td id="85A2D5FD170B11642A0F70F743006403" colspan="1" rowspan="1">12–20</td>
<td id="567594E3F1CDD49FAABD8AF36E9F558F" colspan="1" rowspan="1">13–20</td>
<td id="27ED427B2D5B89745A3BED0F123FF6B7" colspan="1" rowspan="1">14–21</td>
</tr>
<tr id="936AE46932DE233AC865D6CB3F6D103C">
<td id="15B04EB335AA3064C0FE70EA50083F2A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Pre-clitellar gm</td>
<td id="8C2E41517F592CCFC3E18B50F8DC6CC5" colspan="1" rowspan="1">present or absent</td>
<td id="CB8B88BBB39550A58C4D82C1A5BFEF93" colspan="1" rowspan="1">present or absent</td>
<td id="69EAC47D0E673A8713443026B39AB908" colspan="1" rowspan="1">present</td>
<td id="358902EBFF3613B9358624B4270E80E4" colspan="1" rowspan="1">present</td>
<td id="881268BF86583E90B7B30D4EB2A7127C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">present</td>
<td id="4AA5369DEBD91271C4EADB03C982023C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">present</td>
<td id="0BA5740CDAA8045334E22EF86E8C9DA7" colspan="1" rowspan="1">present</td>
<td id="D061394065A854D86C7E3B146D356D23" colspan="1" rowspan="1">absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="F08C2A5AD6AB521209471B29EBA723A0">
<td id="C03924AC6F1EBABF591B787EE79E5413" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Post-clitellar gm</td>
<td id="D7877374D97CCBBC6D2E0A6C8BC896DE" colspan="1" rowspan="1">absent</td>
<td id="555AB405EE8895BCDCAA5D22C26DE06E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">absent</td>
<td id="D550F2DCD63DB9A75150480919DAE9A4" colspan="1" rowspan="1">present</td>
<td id="0ED8AC2F050F54BF2417F129ACCF3F90" colspan="1" rowspan="1">present</td>
<td id="986A8253CB16FF24A1F84ABE2587714E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">present</td>
<td id="73189C97579121E5BE410999444C9B84" colspan="1" rowspan="1">absent</td>
<td id="C5FB2586DA4CB006D318044B06D38A14" colspan="1" rowspan="1">present</td>
<td id="FE45E6A830D9DE16B6D61BD6840D1987" colspan="1" rowspan="1">absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9FACAC55C449A7060D2B6039D8EEBFA7">
<td id="5775E5713411C3C85B1D597DB35DA345" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Gizzard</td>
<td id="81A4B262148B4FEBFC117B074540DF83" colspan="1" rowspan="1">IX – X</td>
<td id="F99AA3B85E89D9DFE8308D009AA96EAA" colspan="1" rowspan="1">IX – X</td>
<td id="7D2A61EAA5D79D29A3DF0A5FDDD4524B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">IX – X</td>
<td id="054742AD90747F86E957A9624FE47498" colspan="1" rowspan="1">between 7 / 8 and 10 / 11</td>
<td id="ABE2EADB4069C282B0AC79C39CAFA0B3" colspan="1" rowspan="1">IX – X</td>
<td id="3A325930EFC9705FE6C8061788AE2AA2" colspan="1" rowspan="1">IX – X</td>
<td id="51D5B71687DB741D2884B9AA17E3FDB9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">7 / 8</td>
<td id="7AEDC64ACAD124D2F0F825A78CCA2DA1" colspan="1" rowspan="1">VIII and IX</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E5FA360040502A9C43A5985B1A30DA0C">
<td id="4A7836921418813EDF8C4EBF3A52520A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Caeca</td>
<td id="CAA5DDF10AB8D33DC3A3616B943E696B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">XXVII – XXIII</td>
<td id="E5482B3E979865AE3AFDCABA35E2BA41" colspan="1" rowspan="1">XXVII – XXIII</td>
<td id="843A566568A253FCA1B1AB479306D3A2" colspan="1" rowspan="1">XXVII – XXIII</td>
<td id="82C77A778B10BF65522B09A2BA2A634B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">XXVII – XXIV</td>
<td id="5A5A9E78F89601520FE1A8087BCF1AED" colspan="1" rowspan="1">XXVII – XXIII</td>
<td id="952799E0FD5DBB99A60B98D43917E848" colspan="1" rowspan="1">XXVII – XXIII (or some XX)</td>
<td id="573855814CF6AD9C465E50819649D014" colspan="1" rowspan="1">XXVII – XXII or XXIII</td>
<td id="E05796E44FE9AC5087963DEC7F76A3ED" colspan="1" rowspan="1">XXVII to XXII</td>
</tr>
<tr id="22D81163EA1701FCD02ADB98AD99708F">
<td id="8B1FB767F76DB2AE32CFE3B97DA081E4" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Accessory glands</td>
<td id="D91079F84EC57C52BE4057E88E5B917F" colspan="1" rowspan="1">present</td>
<td id="316E3D86FBADDBD388B7655D32C50567" colspan="1" rowspan="1">absent</td>
<td id="2609080CCB4EFD51FB189D49F7E1854B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">present</td>
<td id="41055BE3CAEA18825DFF30BB9FE27E7E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">present</td>
<td id="B3ECFF0AAB59B410198A263C7A792509" colspan="1" rowspan="1">present</td>
<td id="9FF72660D28330866892F11936F4C6C1" colspan="1" rowspan="1">present</td>
<td id="B4026F162A19639452AAB1A664AAA7E9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">present</td>
<td id="B69EB1923DDC07A31BC8B5C08503C01B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">absent</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4FAABB40937D9EDB56C7F8226C1EC679">
In addition, 
<taxonomicName id="8B32B100CB91F42172A2BCB2D3DFE649" authorityName="Han &amp; Zhao" authorityYear="2025" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="liaoningensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="319F4B26E5E13AC65762C9FA276C7D0D" italics="true">M. liaoningensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F30EE49BD854210B3EE165665CBCA5F1" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
differs from the other morphologically similar species with dorsal pore in 12 / 13 by the following specific traits: pre-clitellar genital markings present [vs. present or absent in 
<taxonomicName id="54BDAE3A73E692336C947E444AE4956F" authority="(Chen, 1930)" baseAuthorityName="Chen" baseAuthorityYear="1930" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="vulgaris" subSpecies="agricola">
<emphasis id="56C43F514ED4581446C5A44F4DCD70FC" italics="true">M. vulgaris agricola</emphasis>
(Chen, 1930)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="13F26046BCAC72E81BF5BB204AD9CDD8" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1928" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tschiliensis">
<emphasis id="C8A28C7089BABAAE481198CDBB1AD4DD" italics="true">M. tschiliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
], accessory glands present and sessile [vs. present and stalked in 
<taxonomicName id="224DFF6A187FFD14430DA601FC284F41" authority="(Chen &amp; Fong, 1975)" baseAuthorityName="Chen &amp; Fong" baseAuthorityYear="1975" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kokoana">
<emphasis id="648071CEC1252B27AD703C0BE7EA3B59" italics="true">M. kokoana</emphasis>
(Chen &amp; Fong, 1975)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="CB987F8D04469B08A305142EEC32FDC3" authority="(Kobayashi, 1934)" baseAuthorityName="Kobayashi" baseAuthorityYear="1934" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="aggera">
<emphasis id="94C876268FD957B66171C93F2963083B" italics="true">M. aggera</emphasis>
(Kobayashi, 1934)
</taxonomicName>
; vs. absent in 
<taxonomicName id="1E531FA9216AB02FE6F57379C74E9D5B" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1928" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tschiliensis">
<emphasis id="C050A275157F5892D7DCFE07EC065F59" italics="true">M. tschiliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="C3E8A96188911BB93378545732E62F81" authorityName="Length" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1895" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="guillelmi">
<emphasis id="0CA2213FB87D4C4E50B8C268F0CFBA04" italics="true">M. guillelmi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and vs. bundle of strands in 
<taxonomicName id="43BA9760F5248000FEB8ED241DFC4210" baseAuthorityName="Chen" baseAuthorityYear="1930" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="vulgaris" subSpecies="agricola">
<emphasis id="18A69F8668EB692E9A4D627F692E455E" italics="true">M. vulgaris agricola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91BE27E5183F0EFD65B3C2F63AEC8651">
Moreover, it may seem that the new species also has some internal similarities to 
<taxonomicName id="28252A0051FD4A8831E28E8D141CD362" authority="(Perrier, 1872)" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1872" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="houlleti">
<emphasis id="55F92429F0D1D058C123D25965642C84" italics="true">M. houlleti</emphasis>
(Perrier, 1872)
</taxonomicName>
, such as the very follicular prostate gland with a slender U-shaped duct, yet the follicle coverage according to segment count and number differs. These differences may be attributed to the body size of the species, since 
<taxonomicName id="9B424E92CFCFE6A2E7EFB27143218224" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1872" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="houlleti">
<emphasis id="B76EA911ECF48AD630B3C7AAB08E88AF" italics="true">M. houlleti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens are smaller than those of the 
<taxonomicName id="1144D130F142A6CD1B7762C966BA7AF2" authorityName="Han &amp; Zhao" authorityYear="2025" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="liaoningensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C31F24EC964A6F2F58EA295AAA9C0E0F" italics="true">M. liaoningensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="380FE93FAB3960047089FEE034F14894" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6C87D5867D5EBD577152FD60548B470A">
Likewise, other species of the 
<taxonomicName id="E92EDAD7A8D8E2E7E766E43A40564C1F" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1872" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="houlleti">
<emphasis id="1AB42C0204A86594046C6FE8AEB6E56B" italics="true">M. houlleti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group, which are non-endemic to 
<collectingCountry id="D6671E1796144E26F7443295DAC74625" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
, such as 
<taxonomicName id="489D109C4BCCE9066B78AF97BD64B85C" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="acampanulata">
<emphasis id="A3A742A746D04BCE3293F16CF35401F1" italics="true">M. acampanulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="7AAFF93940CF2EFABC67F5293CC5AB25" name="Vietnam">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
, which share similar size with 
<taxonomicName id="1EB5AFFCCB1D6220E4D7D25D7E91595C" authorityName="Han &amp; Zhao" authorityYear="2025" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="liaoningensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B7ABC0B967F59C6A617CF46136D3FEE6" italics="true">M. liaoningensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8BF559EBE8AEA340B13343067475FDC8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, also manifested obvious dissimilarities in both external and internal morphologies, such as the presence and count of genital markings on both pre-clitellar and post-clitellar regions, the presence of penial setae, the orientation of accessory glands, the ampulla shape and size, and the diverticulum length.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>