treatments-xml/data/03/91/97/0391977EFFB2FF83603D629D3829FD64.xml

<document id="E029B90007A4C253398EBF2129FDA36F" ID-DOI="10.26107/RBZ-2021-0007" ID-ISSN="2345-7600" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13256872" ID-ZooBank="A9E97760-A5C2-4FC1-A760-71145414B549" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1723049900425" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Conway, Kevin W., , Amanda K. Pinion, Kottelat, &amp; Maurice" docDate="2021" docId="0391977EFFB2FF83603D629D3829FD64" docLanguage="en" docName="RafflesBZool.69.80-101.pdf" docOrigin="Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 69" docStyle="DocumentStyle:AF09A0581917EACD12E7F0991C3E7C26.5:RafflesBZool.2019-.journal_article" docStyleId="AF09A0581917EACD12E7F0991C3E7C26" docStyleName="RafflesBZool.2019-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Pethia pollux Conway, , Kottelat &amp; Maurice, 2021, new species" docType="treatment" docUuid="73F6051D-48C4-4896-B444-EA2CD3BDBB02" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="96" masterDocId="FFA8EF06FFBEFF936121607F394AFFB1" masterDocTitle="Two new species of Pethia (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), representing a sympatric species pair, from the Ayeyarwady drainage, Myanmar" masterLastPageNumber="101" masterPageNumber="80" pageNumber="92" updateTime="1723053337666" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="F475BAAE95ECAB783F7B33BE6A95BB1C">Two new species of Pethia (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), representing a sympatric species pair, from the Ayeyarwady drainage, Myanmar</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3C5EFFED50CF373F2129106B5A2E2944">Conway, Kevin W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="393A81754BBA9AA0DE49FF9666D18295">, Amanda K. Pinion</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E3BAA443D0D71D334BD152C3698D382E">Kottelat,</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="97BA1C2EEB184F468D60C31EBFF34967">Maurice</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="06D1600E981453145EF6BE417A1EA6A7">Raffles Bulletin of Zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E185A5F2F66C0C8A0ACAE9B39A38803C">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="DBE17AE892ED4B041FA3E006B1AF093F">2021-03-15</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="EE5FB87602C53A09A10303B7583DF26F" type="ISSN">2345-7600</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="C32275E3FFB2FF9F603D629D3B0CFD4B" box="[284,582,738,763]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB2FF9F603D629D3B0CFD4B" blockId="12.[284,582,738,795]" box="[284,582,738,763]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">
<heading id="D0CF9104FFB2FF9F603D629D3B0CFD4B" bold="true" box="[284,582,738,763]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB2FF9F603D629D3B0CFD4B" bold="true" box="[284,582,738,763]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB2FF9F603D629D38F8FD4B" authorityName="Conway &amp;  &amp; Kottelat &amp; Maurice" authorityYear="2021" box="[284,434,738,762]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB2FF9F603D629D38F8FD4B" bold="true" box="[284,434,738,762]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Pethia pollux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27F4701FFB2FF9F60E0629C3B0CFD4B" box="[449,582,738,763]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32275E3FFB2FF9F60A0637D38ABFCAA" box="[385,481,770,795]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB2FF9F60A0637D38ABFCAA" blockId="12.[284,582,738,795]" box="[385,481,770,795]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">
(
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB2FF9F60A8637D3892FCAA" box="[393,472,770,795]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[136,171,2064,2086]" captionTargetBox="[243,1366,205,2049]" captionTargetId="figure-8@11.[243,1366,190,2049]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 11. Pethia pollux, Myanmar, Kachin State. A–C, MHNG 2785.034, holotype, female, 40.4 mm SL (right side, images reversed); D, CMK 28804, paratype, female, 41.3 mm SL; E, CMK 28804, paratype, male, 33.2 mm SL." pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32275E3FFB2FF9F6150633C38F5F8CA" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB2FF9F6150633C3B52FC0A" blockId="12.[113,753,834,955]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFB2FF9F6150633C3B52FC0A" collectingDate="2017-06-27" collectionCode="MHNG" collectorName="M. Kottelat &amp; Nyein Chan" country="Myanmar" county="Tan Pway Kone Chaung" latitude="24.304167" location="Indaw Inn" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="96.81167" municipality="Thila Pha Inn" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" specimenCode="MHNG 2785.034" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kachin" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB2FF9F6150633C3994FCEA" bold="true" box="[113,222,835,859]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">
<typeStatus id="548398CAFFB2FF9F6150633C3993FCEA" box="[113,217,835,859]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F61C2633C38D7FCEB" box="[227,413,834,859]" collectionCode="MHNG" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2jyg-xmd2" name="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" type="Museum">MHNG 2785.034</specimenCode>
, 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFB2FF9F6087633C3B48FCEB" box="[422,514,835,859]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.04" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="40.4">40.4 mm</quantity>
SL; 
<collectingCountry id="F32F66F8FFB2FF9F6313633C3BD6FCEA" box="[562,668,835,859]" name="Myanmar" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFB2FF9F6385633D39E0FCCA" country="Myanmar" name="Kachin" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Kachin State</collectingRegion>
: 
<collectingCounty id="62E65EE4FFB2FF9F6195631C38FDFCCB" box="[180,439,866,891]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Tan Pway Kone Chaung</collectingCounty>
at northern edge of 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE3BC12FFB2FF9F63AB631D39DDFC2B" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Thila Pha Inn</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="8EE770B3FFB2FF9F618263FD3858FC2B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0391977EFFB2FF83603D629D3829FD64:8EE770B3FFB2FF9F618263FD3858FC2B" box="[163,274,898,922]" country="Myanmar" county="Tan Pway Kone Chaung" latitude="24.304167" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="96.81167" municipality="Thila Pha Inn" name="Indaw Inn" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" stateProvince="Kachin">Indaw Inn</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFB2FF9F603F63FE38D7FC2B" box="[286,413,897,922]" degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="18" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" precision="15" seconds="15" value="24.304167">24°18′15″N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFB2FF9F608563FE3B6AFC2B" box="[420,544,897,922]" degrees="96" direction="east" minutes="48" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" precision="15" seconds="42" value="96.81167">96°48′42″E</geoCoordinate>
[near Shwegu]; 
<collectorName id="26CD43BEFFB2FF9F63F363FC398DFC0B" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">M. Kottelat</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="26CD43BEFFB2FF9F61CC63DD3838FC0B" box="[237,370,930,954]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Nyein Chan</collectorName>
, 
<date id="FF8600A8FFB2FF9F605E63DC3B5FFC0A" box="[383,533,931,955]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" value="2017-06-27">
<collectingDate id="EFC2F940FFB2FF9F605E63DC3B5FFC0A" box="[383,533,931,955]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" value="2017-06-27">27 June 2017</collectingDate>
</date>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB2FF9F6150639C3B75FB4A" blockId="12.[113,752,994,1275]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFB2FF9F6150639C3B76FB4A" collectingDate="2017-06-27" collectionCode="CMK, ZRC, TCWC" collectorName="M. Kottelat &amp; Nyein Chan" country="Myanmar" latitude="24.21889" location="All" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="96.82361" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" specimenCode="CMK 27070, 3, CMK 28804, 12, ZRC 61663, 5, TCWC 20250.01, 1, TCWC 20250.02, 4, TCWC 20250.03" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Kachin" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB2FF9F6150639C39A0FC4A" bold="true" box="[113,234,995,1019]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">
<typeStatus id="548398CAFFB2FF9F6150639C39AFFC4A" box="[113,229,995,1019]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<location id="8EE770B3FFB2FF9F61D5639D385CFC4B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0391977EFFB2FF83603D629D3829FD64:8EE770B3FFB2FF9F61D5639D385CFC4B" box="[244,278,994,1018]" country="Myanmar" latitude="24.21889" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="96.82361" name="All" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" stateProvince="Kachin">All</location>
<collectingCountry id="F32F66F8FFB2FF9F6001639C38C1FC4A" box="[288,395,995,1019]" name="Myanmar" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
. 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB2FF9F60B9639D3B72FC4B" bold="true" box="[408,568,994,1018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFB2FF9F60B9639D3B79FC4B" box="[408,563,994,1018]" country="Myanmar" name="Kachin" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Kachin State</collectingRegion>
:
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F6363639C3B84FC4A" box="[578,718,995,1019]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">CMK 27070</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F63FD639C3BA1FC4A" box="[732,747,995,1019]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">3</specimenCode>
, 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFB2FF9F6150647D3859FBAB" box="[113,275,1026,1050]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7700000000000005" metricValueMax="3.9299999999999997" metricValueMin="3.6100000000000003" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="37.7" valueMax="39.3" valueMin="36.1">36.1–39.3 mm</quantity>
SL; 2, 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFB2FF9F604F647C3B45FBAB" box="[366,527,1027,1051]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9549999999999996" metricValueMax="4.09" metricValueMin="3.82" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="39.55" valueMax="40.9" valueMin="38.2">38.2–40.9 mm</quantity>
SL [DNA voucher, fixed in 95% ethanol]; same as 
<typeStatus id="548398CAFFB2FF9F60F1645D3B7BFB8B" box="[464,561,1058,1082]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. — 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F6340645C3BA6FB8A" box="[609,748,1059,1083]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">CMK 28804</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F6150643C39C4FBEA" box="[113,142,1091,1115]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">12</specimenCode>
, 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFB2FF9F61BD643D3870FBEB" box="[156,314,1090,1114]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.09" metricValueMax="4.32" metricValueMin="3.86" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="40.9" valueMax="43.2" valueMin="38.6">38.6–43.2 mm</quantity>
SL; 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F6055643C38BDFBEB" box="[372,503,1090,1115]" collectionCode="ZRC" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">ZRC 61663</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F6325643D3B59FBEB" box="[516,531,1090,1114]" collectionCode="ZRC" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">5</specimenCode>
, 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFB2FF9F6303643D3BF5FBEB" box="[546,703,1090,1114]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8099999999999996" metricValueMax="3.9899999999999998" metricValueMin="3.63" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="38.099999999999994" valueMax="39.9" valueMin="36.3">36.3–39.9 mm</quantity>
SL; 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F6150641C3865FBCB" box="[113,303,1122,1147]" collectionCode="TCWC" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dj6p-xxc3" name="Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">TCWC 20250.01</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F601A641C3802FBCA" box="[315,328,1123,1147]" collectionCode="TCWC" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dj6p-xxc3" name="Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">1</specimenCode>
[CT voucher, M87992], 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFB2FF9F637E641C3B8AFBCB" box="[607,704,1123,1147]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.71" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="37.1">37.1 mm</quantity>
SL; 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F615064FC3866FB2B" box="[113,300,1154,1179]" collectionCode="TCWC" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dj6p-xxc3" name="Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">TCWC 20250.02</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F601764FC380FFB2A" box="[310,325,1155,1179]" collectionCode="TCWC" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dj6p-xxc3" name="Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">4</specimenCode>
, 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFB2FF9F607164FD38A0FB2B" box="[336,490,1154,1178]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.875" metricValueMax="4.17" metricValueMin="3.5799999999999996" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="38.75" valueMax="41.7" valueMin="35.8">35.8–41.7 mm</quantity>
SL; 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F633F64FC3B93FB2B" box="[542,729,1154,1179]" collectionCode="TCWC" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dj6p-xxc3" name="Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">TCWC 20250.03</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F63C264FC3BBAFB2A" box="[739,752,1155,1179]" collectionCode="TCWC" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dj6p-xxc3" name="Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">3</specimenCode>
[C&amp;S], 35.4 –40.0 mm SL; mouth of outlet of Indaw Inn into 
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFB2FF9F615064BD39B3FB6B" box="[113,249,1218,1242]" country="Myanmar" name="Ayeyawady" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Ayeyarwady</collectingRegion>
River, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFB2FF9F606664BE388CFB6B" box="[327,454,1217,1242]" degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="13" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" precision="15" seconds="08" value="24.21889">24°13′08″N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFB2FF9F60ED64BE3B02FB6B" box="[460,584,1217,1242]" degrees="96" direction="east" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" precision="15" seconds="25" value="96.82361">96°49′25″E</geoCoordinate>
[near Shwegu]; 
<collectorName id="26CD43BEFFB2FF9F6150649C39A4FB4B" box="[113,238,1250,1274]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">M. Kottelat</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="26CD43BEFFB2FF9F6035649D38D3FB4B" box="[276,409,1250,1274]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Nyein Chan</collectorName>
, 
<date id="FF8600A8FFB2FF9F6087649C3B76FB4A" box="[422,572,1251,1275]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" value="2017-06-27">
<collectingDate id="EFC2F940FFB2FF9F6087649C3B76FB4A" box="[422,572,1251,1275]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" value="2017-06-27">27 June 2017</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB2FF9F6150655D38D7FA4A" blockId="12.[113,753,1314,1531]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFB2FF9F6150655D3BA1FA8A" box="[113,747,1314,1339]" collectionCode="CMK" location="Sagaing Region" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" specimenCode="CMK 28807, 2" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sagaing">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB2FF9F6150655D3874FA8B" bold="true" box="[113,318,1314,1338]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFB2FF9F6150655D3872FA8B" box="[113,312,1314,1338]" country="Myanmar" name="Sagaing" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Sagaing Region</collectingRegion>
:
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F606B655C3895FA8A" box="[330,479,1315,1339]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">CMK 28807</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F60D1655C3B4AFA8A" box="[496,512,1315,1339]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">2</specimenCode>
, 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFB2FF9F6330655D3BF6FA8B" box="[529,700,1314,1338]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.72" metricValueMax="2.83" metricValueMin="2.61" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="27.2" valueMax="28.3" valueMin="26.1">26.1–28.3 mm</quantity>
SL
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFB2FF9F6153653D3B80FACA" collectingDate="2017-06-30" collectorName="M. Kottelat &amp; Nyein Chan" latitude="23.733055" location="Hti Chaint Myit Yoe" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="96.16389" municipality="River" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Ayeyawady">
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFB2FF9F6153653D39B0FAEB" box="[114,250,1346,1370]" country="Myanmar" name="Ayeyawady" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Ayeyarwady</collectingRegion>
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE3BC12FFB2FF9F6025653D3875FAEB" box="[260,319,1346,1370]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">River</collectingMunicipality>
near 
<location id="8EE770B3FFB2FF9F605E653D3B2FFAEB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0391977EFFB2FF83603D629D3829FD64:8EE770B3FFB2FF9F605E653D3B2FFAEB" box="[383,613,1346,1370]" latitude="23.733055" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="96.16389" municipality="River" name="Hti Chaint Myit Yoe" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" stateProvince="Ayeyawady">Hti Chaint Myit Yoe</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFB2FF9F6353653E3BBBFAEB" box="[626,753,1345,1370]" degrees="23" direction="north" minutes="43" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" precision="15" seconds="59" value="23.733055">23°43′59″N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFB2FF9F6150651E39BAFACB" box="[113,240,1377,1402]" degrees="96" direction="east" minutes="09" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" precision="15" seconds="50" value="96.16389">96°09′50″E</geoCoordinate>
; 
<collectorName id="26CD43BEFFB2FF9F61DF651C3831FACB" box="[254,379,1378,1402]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">M. Kottelat</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="26CD43BEFFB2FF9F6080651D3B6CFACB" box="[417,550,1378,1402]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Nyein Chan</collectorName>
, 
<date id="FF8600A8FFB2FF9F6312651C3B80FACA" box="[563,714,1379,1403]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" value="2017-06-30">
<collectingDate id="EFC2F940FFB2FF9F6312651C3B80FACA" box="[563,714,1379,1403]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" value="2017-06-30">30 June 2017</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
. — 
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFB2FF9F615065FC3986FA0B" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" specimenCode="CMK 27937, 1" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Ayeyawady">
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F615065FC39B1FA2A" box="[113,251,1411,1435]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">CMK 27937</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F602965FC385FFA2A" box="[264,277,1411,1435]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">1</specimenCode>
, 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFB2FF9F600565FC38CEFA2B" box="[292,388,1411,1435]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9299999999999997" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="39.3">39.3 mm</quantity>
SL [DNA voucher, fixed in 95% ethanol]
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFB2FF9F61FA65DD386DFA6B" location="Hti Kone village" municipality="River" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Ayeyawady">
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFB2FF9F61FA65DD382EFA0B" box="[219,356,1442,1466]" country="Myanmar" name="Ayeyawady" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Ayeyarwady</collectingRegion>
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE3BC12FFB2FF9F604C65DD38E2FA0B" box="[365,424,1442,1466]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">River</collectingMunicipality>
near 
<location id="8EE770B3FFB2FF9F60CA65DD3BECFA0B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0391977EFFB2FF83603D629D3829FD64:8EE770B3FFB2FF9F60CA65DD3BECFA0B" box="[491,678,1442,1466]" municipality="River" name="Hti Kone village" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" stateProvince="Ayeyawady">Hti Kone village</location>
, about 
<locationDeviation id="9A353F4AFFB2FF9F615065BD384FFA6B" box="[113,261,1474,1498]" location="North" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFB2FF9F615065BD39F0FA6B" box="[113,186,1474,1498]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" unit="km" value="55.0">55 km</quantity>
North
</locationDeviation>
of
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFB2FF9F601065BD38D0FA4A" collectingDate="2017-07-02" collectorName="M. Kottelat" latitude="22.444721" location="Mandalay" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="96.005" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Mandalay">
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFB2FF9F601065BD38E8FA6B" box="[305,418,1474,1498]" country="Myanmar" name="Mandalay" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Mandalay</collectingRegion>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFB2FF9F609065BE3B7EFA6B" box="[433,564,1473,1498]" degrees="22" direction="north" minutes="26" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" precision="15" seconds="41" value="22.444721">22°26′41″N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFB2FF9F631E65BE3B88FA6B" box="[575,706,1473,1498]" degrees="96" direction="east" minutes="00" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" precision="15" seconds="18" value="96.005">96°00′18″E</geoCoordinate>
; 
<collectorName id="26CD43BEFFB2FF9F63F365BC3982FA4B" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">M. Kottelat</collectorName>
et al., 
<date id="FF8600A8FFB2FF9F6037659C38D0FA4A" box="[278,410,1506,1531]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" value="2017-07-02">
<collectingDate id="EFC2F940FFB2FF9F6037659C38D0FA4A" box="[278,410,1506,1531]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" value="2017-07-02">2 July 2017</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB2FF9F6150665D38F5F8CA" blockId="12.[113,754,1570,1915]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB2FF9F6150665D381DF98B" bold="true" box="[113,343,1570,1594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Additional material</emphasis>
(non-types). 
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFB2FF9F60CC665C38F9F92A" collectingDate="2017-06-27" collectionCode="CMK" collectorName="M. Kottelat &amp; Nyein Chan" country="Myanmar" latitude="24.21889" location="River" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="96.82361" municipality="Indaw Inn" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" specimenCode="CMK 28805, 56, 33.6, 41.6" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kachin">
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F60CC665C3B30F98B" box="[493,634,1570,1595]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">CMK 28805</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F63A9665D3BEFF98B" box="[648,677,1570,1594]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">56</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F6395665D3BA8F98B" box="[692,738,1570,1594]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">33.6</specimenCode>
– 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F6150663D39E9F9EB" box="[113,163,1602,1626]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">41.6</specimenCode>
; 
<collectingCountry id="F32F66F8FFB2FF9F618F663C3850F9EA" box="[174,282,1603,1627]" name="Myanmar" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFB2FF9F6005663D38FBF9EA" box="[292,433,1602,1627]" country="Myanmar" name="Kachin" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Kachin State</collectingRegion>
: mouth of outlet of 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE3BC12FFB2FF9F63A2663D3BBBF9EB" box="[643,753,1602,1626]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Indaw Inn</collectingMunicipality>
into 
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFB2FF9F61BE661D386FF9CB" box="[159,293,1634,1658]" country="Myanmar" name="Ayeyawady" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Ayeyarwady</collectingRegion>
<location id="8EE770B3FFB2FF9F600B661D382DF9CB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0391977EFFB2FF83603D629D3829FD64:8EE770B3FFB2FF9F600B661D382DF9CB" box="[298,359,1634,1658]" country="Myanmar" latitude="24.21889" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="96.82361" municipality="Indaw Inn" name="River" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" stateProvince="Kachin">River</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFB2FF9F6051661E38A7F9CB" box="[368,493,1633,1658]" degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="13" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" precision="15" seconds="08" value="24.21889">24°13′08″N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFB2FF9F60D3661E3B25F9CB" box="[498,623,1633,1658]" degrees="96" direction="east" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" precision="15" seconds="25" value="96.82361">96°49′25″E</geoCoordinate>
; 
<collectorName id="26CD43BEFFB2FF9F6359661C3BBAF9CB" box="[632,752,1634,1658]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">M. Kottelat</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="26CD43BEFFB2FF9F61AF66FD3858F92B" box="[142,274,1666,1690]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Nyein Chan</collectorName>
, 
<date id="FF8600A8FFB2FF9F603F66FC38F9F92A" box="[286,435,1667,1691]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" value="2017-06-27">
<collectingDate id="EFC2F940FFB2FF9F603F66FC38F9F92A" box="[286,435,1667,1691]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" value="2017-06-27">27 June 2017</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
. — 
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFB2FF9F60C066FC3BA5F94A" collectingDate="2002-04" collectionCode="UF" collectorName="T. R. Roberts" country="Myanmar" latitude="24.25" location="Bhamo Market" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="97.21" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" specimenCode="UF 191631, 10" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kachin">
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F60C066FC3B14F92B" box="[481,606,1666,1690]" collectionCode="UF" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" type="Museum">UF 191631</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F634B66FC3BCFF92A" box="[618,645,1667,1691]" collectionCode="UF" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" type="Museum">10</specimenCode>
[2 C&amp;S], 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFB2FF9F615066DD385BF90B" box="[113,273,1698,1722]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.28" metricValueMax="3.5799999999999996" metricValueMin="2.98" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="32.8" valueMax="35.8" valueMin="29.8">29.8–35.8 mm</quantity>
SL; 
<collectingCountry id="F32F66F8FFB2FF9F606D66DC38F3F90A" box="[332,441,1699,1723]" name="Myanmar" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFB2FF9F60E666DD3B13F90A" box="[455,601,1698,1723]" country="Myanmar" name="Kachin" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Kachin State</collectingRegion>
: 
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFB2FF9F634766DD3BA5F90B" box="[614,751,1698,1722]" country="Myanmar" name="Ayeyawady" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Ayeyarwady</collectingRegion>
drainage, 
<location id="8EE770B3FFB2FF9F61CC66BD38E9F96B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0391977EFFB2FF83603D629D3829FD64:8EE770B3FFB2FF9F61CC66BD38E9F96B" box="[237,419,1730,1754]" country="Myanmar" latitude="24.25" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="97.21" name="Bhamo Market" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" stateProvince="Kachin">Bhamo Market</location>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFB2FF9F609966BE3B0DF96B" box="[440,583,1729,1754]" degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="15" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" precision="15" seconds="00" value="24.25">24°15′00″N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFB2FF9F637566BE3BA8F96B" box="[596,738,1729,1754]" degrees="97" direction="east" minutes="12" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" precision="15" seconds="36" value="97.21">97°12′36″E</geoCoordinate>
), purchased from fishermen by 
<collectorName id="26CD43BEFFB2FF9F60E7669C3B28F94B" box="[454,610,1762,1786]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">T. R. Roberts</collectorName>
, 
<date id="FF8600A8FFB2FF9F6350669D3BA5F94A" box="[625,751,1762,1787]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" value="2002-04">
<collectingDate id="EFC2F940FFB2FF9F6350669D3BA5F94A" box="[625,751,1762,1787]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" value="2002-04">April 2002</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
. — 
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFB2FF9F61B7677C38F1F8CA" collectingDate="2017-02-09" collectionCode="CMK" collectorName="Nyein Chan" country="Myanmar" elevation="92" latitude="24.286388" location="Shwegu" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="96.475" municipality="River" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" specimenCode="CMK 26822, 2" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sagaing">
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F61B7677C386BF8AB" box="[150,289,1794,1819]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">CMK 26822</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFB2FF9F600F677C3877F8AA" box="[302,317,1795,1819]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">2</specimenCode>
, 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFB2FF9F606D677D38A3F8AB" box="[332,489,1794,1818]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.01" metricValueMax="3.38" metricValueMin="2.6399999999999997" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="30.099999999999998" valueMax="33.8" valueMin="26.4">26.4–33.8 mm</quantity>
SL; 
<collectingCountry id="F32F66F8FFB2FF9F6303677C3BC4F8AA" box="[546,654,1795,1819]" name="Myanmar" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFB2FF9F63BB677D398EF88B" country="Myanmar" name="Sagaing" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Sagaing Region</collectingRegion>
: oxbow lake of 
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFB2FF9F605E675D3B40F88B" box="[383,522,1826,1850]" country="Myanmar" name="Ayeyawady" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Ayeyarwady</collectingRegion>
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE3BC12FFB2FF9F6335675D3B19F88B" box="[532,595,1826,1850]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">River</collectingMunicipality>
, about 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFB2FF9F6388675C3BBAF88B" box="[681,752,1826,1851]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" unit="km" value="37.0">37 km</quantity>
downriver of 
<location id="8EE770B3FFB2FF9F602C673D382DF8EB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0391977EFFB2FF83603D629D3829FD64:8EE770B3FFB2FF9F602C673D382DF8EB" box="[269,359,1858,1882]" country="Myanmar" latitude="24.286388" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="96.475" municipality="River" name="Shwegu" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" stateProvince="Sagaing">Shwegu</location>
, 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFB2FF9F6054673C389AF8EB" box="[373,464,1858,1883]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" unit="m" value="92.0">
<elevation id="0015C15BFFB2FF9F6054673C389AF8EB" box="[373,464,1858,1883]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" unit="m" value="92.0">92 masl</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFB2FF9F60FE673E3B2AF8EB" box="[479,608,1857,1882]" degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="17" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" precision="15" seconds="11" value="24.286388">24°17′11″N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFB2FF9F634A673E3BA6F8EB" box="[619,748,1857,1882]" degrees="96" direction="east" minutes="28" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" precision="15" seconds="30" value="96.475">96°28′30″E</geoCoordinate>
; 
<collectorName id="26CD43BEFFB2FF9F6153671D39BCF8CB" box="[114,246,1890,1914]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Nyein Chan</collectorName>
, 
<date id="FF8600A8FFB2FF9F6022671C38F1F8CA" box="[259,443,1890,1915]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" value="2017-02-09">
<collectingDate id="EFC2F940FFB2FF9F6022671C38F1F8CA" box="[259,443,1890,1915]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" value="2017-02-09">9 February 2017</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32275E3FFB2FF9F615067DD3AD0F86A" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB2FF9F615067DD3CE6FCAA" blockId="12.[113,752,1954,2106]" lastBlockId="12.[813,1454,739,795]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB2FF9F615067DD39AFF80B" bold="true" box="[113,229,1954,1978]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB2FF9F61CB67DD383DF80B" authorityName="Conway &amp;  &amp; Kottelat &amp; Maurice" authorityYear="2021" box="[234,375,1954,1978]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB2FF9F61CB67DD383DF80B" box="[234,375,1954,1978]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Pethia pollux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from all congeners, except 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB2FF9F61E067BC386FF86B" box="[193,293,1987,2010]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB2FF9F61E067BC386FF86B" box="[193,293,1987,2010]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">P. castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, by the absence of black blotches (round or vertically elongate) on the body and by the presence of two black markings on anterior half of dorsal fin, including a larger marking over base of second unbranched to third branched ray and intervening fin membranes, and a smaller marking covering distal, flexible tip of third unbranched ray.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB2FF9F620C633C3C5DFA0A" blockId="12.[812,1453,835,1467]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">
The external differences in preserved material of 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB2FF9F6468633B3CE6FCEA" authorityName="Conway &amp;  &amp; Kottelat &amp; Maurice" authorityYear="2021" box="[1353,1452,835,859]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB2FF9F6468633B3CE6FCEA" box="[1353,1452,835,859]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">P. pollux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB2FF9F627C631B3A8BFCCA" box="[861,961,868,891]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB2FF9F627C631B3A8BFCCA" box="[861,961,868,891]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">P. castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not striking and may not be discernible in not optimally preserved specimens. 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB2FF9F65D263FC3CC7FC2A" authorityName="Conway &amp;  &amp; Kottelat &amp; Maurice" authorityYear="2021" box="[1267,1421,899,923]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB2FF9F65D263FC3CC7FC2A" box="[1267,1421,899,923]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Pethia pollux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB2FF9F62DF63DB3D2AFC0A" box="[1022,1120,932,955]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB2FF9F62DF63DB3D2AFC0A" box="[1022,1120,932,955]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">P. castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by: lacking a horizontal stripe along body side (vs. a weak stripe present, most evident in males); scales located on lower half of caudal peduncle, with dense scattering of dark brown melanophores, forming distinct reticulate pattern (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB2FF9F6564645C3DD3FB8A" box="[1093,1177,1059,1083]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[835,870,947,969]" captionTargetBox="[835,1474,189,932]" captionTargetId="figure-746@3.[835,1474,189,932]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Pigmentation pattern on caudal peduncle scales in Pethia. A, P. castor, MHNG 2785.033, holotype, female, 36.9 mm SL; B, P. pollux, MHNG 2785.034, holotype, female, 40.4 mm SL." pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
; vs. with few faint brown melanophores forming weak or barely discernible reticulate pattern); presence of isolated lateral-line canal ossicles on scales in lateral line canal row on posterior part of body (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB2FF9F621464DC3ACFFB0A" box="[821,901,1187,1211]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[113,148,662,684]" captionTargetBox="[103,1467,178,653]" captionTargetId="figure-330@12.[103,1467,178,653]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 12. Schematic diagram of Pethia pollux illustrating lateral line canal on body." pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
; vs. absence); a slightly larger eye (orbit diameter 32–36% HL vs. 29–33); a slightly longer (23–29% HL vs. 19–25), more pointed (vs. rounded) snout; upper lip swollen posteriorly (vs. upper lip uniform thickness along lateral margin of jaw); lateral fold on snout well developed (vs. poorly developed) along anterior margin of lachrymal; rostral cap swollen, obvious in lateral view, overlapping upper lip at midline (vs. rostral cap barely discernible from remainder of snout, not overlapping upper lip dorsally).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB2FF9F620C659C3AD0F86A" blockId="12.[813,1453,1507,2011]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">
The following osteological characters too, distinguish 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB2FF9F64B5659B3A39F9AA" authorityName="Conway &amp;  &amp; Kottelat &amp; Maurice" authorityYear="2021" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB2FF9F64B5659B3A39F9AA" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">P. pollux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB2FF9F629F667B3D6DF9AA" box="[958,1063,1540,1563]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB2FF9F629F667B3D6DF9AA" box="[958,1063,1540,1563]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">P. castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: ascending process of premaxilla moderately developed, posteriormost tip reaching past midpoint of kinethmoid when jaws closed (vs. poorly developed, posteriormost tip not reaching to midpoint of kinethmoid when jaws closed); posterior part of anguloarticular with flat dorsal margin (vs. posterior part of anguloarticular elevated dorsally as large triangular process); central part of mesethmoid with cavernous indentation (vs. weakly concave); supraorbital relatively wide anteriorly, tapering in width abruptly towards posterior, without contact to lateral ethmoid (vs. relatively narrow anteriorly, tapering in width gently towards posterior, firmly attached to lateral ethmoid anteriorly); anterior edge of epibranchial 1 with poorly developed (vs. well-developed), shelf-like anterior extension.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32275E3FFB2FF9C620C687C3D80F825" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB2FF9F620C687C3CE6F78A" blockId="12.[813,1452,2051,2107]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB2FF9F620C687C3AF7F7AA" bold="true" box="[813,957,2051,2075]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Description.</emphasis>
See 
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB2FF9F62DA687C3D23F7AA" box="[1019,1129,2051,2075]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[136,171,2064,2086]" captionTargetBox="[243,1366,205,2049]" captionTargetId="figure-8@11.[243,1366,190,2049]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 11. Pethia pollux, Myanmar, Kachin State. A–C, MHNG 2785.034, holotype, female, 40.4 mm SL (right side, images reversed); D, CMK 28804, paratype, female, 41.3 mm SL; E, CMK 28804, paratype, male, 33.2 mm SL." pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Figure 11</figureCitation>
for general appearance and 
<tableCitation id="C6BA13D3FFB2FF9F620C685C3A35F78A" box="[813,895,2083,2107]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[113,168,189,211]" captionText="Table 1. Morphometric characters of Pethia castor (10 total, including holotype and 9 paratypes from TCWC 20251.02) and P. pollux (10 total, including holotype, 3 paratypes from CMK 27070, 2 from CMK 28804, and 4 from TCWC 20250.02). Range values include value obtained from holotype." pageId="12" pageNumber="92">Table 1</tableCitation>
for morphometric data obtained from 
<typeStatus id="548398CAFFB2FF9F6401685C3C37F78A" box="[1312,1405,2083,2107]" pageId="12" pageNumber="92" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4776E0FFB3FF9E61A964773842FB8A" pageId="13" pageNumber="93" startId="13.[136,171,1032,1054]" targetBox="[136,1474,189,1016]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB3FF9E61A964773842FB8A" blockId="13.[136,1474,1032,1083]" pageId="13" pageNumber="93">
Fig. 13. 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB3FF9E61FC647738ECFBAC" authority=", CMK" authorityName="CMK" box="[221,422,1032,1053]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB3FF9E61FC6477382BFBAC" box="[221,353,1032,1053]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="93">Pethia pollux</emphasis>
, CMK
</taxonomicName>
28804, 41.3 mm SL. 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB3FF9E63A464773BDCFBAC" bold="true" box="[645,662,1032,1053]" pageId="13" pageNumber="93">A</emphasis>
, head in lateral view; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB3FF9E625864773AC3FBAC" bold="true" box="[889,905,1032,1053]" pageId="13" pageNumber="93">B</emphasis>
, close up of snout in lateral view; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB3FF9E65CA64773DB6FBAF" bold="true" box="[1259,1276,1032,1054]" pageId="13" pageNumber="93">C</emphasis>
, head in dorsal and ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB3FF9E61A9640D38C8FA1B" blockId="13.[136,775,1138,1450]" pageId="13" pageNumber="93">
<specimenCount id="9D3EEDE1FFB3FF9E61A9640D3847FB3B" box="[136,269,1138,1162]" count="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="93" type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">9 paratypes</specimenCount>
. Body laterally compressed, relatively deep, greatest depth at dorsal-fin origin. Caudal peduncle depth approximately equal to head depth through orbit. Dorsal profile continuous between head and body, with slight hump at nape; ascending, almost straight, prior to dorsal fin, descending, almost straight, from dorsal-fin origin to just anterior of base of caudal fin, slightly concave at base of caudal fin. Ventral profile of head and body continuous, rounded through pelvic- and anal-fin base, slightly concave along caudal peduncle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB3FF9E61A965AD3B30F7FB" blockId="13.[135,776,1490,2122]" pageId="13" pageNumber="93">
Head short, laterally compressed (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB3FF9E60DE65AD3B1BFA5B" box="[511,593,1490,1514]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[136,171,1032,1054]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1016]" captionTargetId="figure-261@13.[136,1474,189,1016]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 13. Pethia pollux, CMK 28804, 41.3 mm SL. A, head in lateral view; B, close up of snout in lateral view; C, head in dorsal and ventral view." pageId="13" pageNumber="93">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). Orbit diameter greater than snout length. Pupil oval, with apex located within anteroventral part of eye in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB3FF9E63BC666D39D7F9FB" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[136,171,1032,1054]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1016]" captionTargetId="figure-261@13.[136,1474,189,1016]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 13. Pethia pollux, CMK 28804, 41.3 mm SL. A, head in lateral view; B, close up of snout in lateral view; C, head in dorsal and ventral view." pageId="13" pageNumber="93">Fig. 13A, B</figureCitation>
). Snout moderately pointed. Mouth small, subterminal, reaching vertical line through anterior margin of anterior nostril. Lips exposed, smooth, moderately thick; lower lip fold interrupted medially; upper lip slightly expanded posteriorly, starting at point opposite lateral fold on snout. Lateral fold on snout located along anterior margin of lachrymal (IO1), well-developed, continuous with shallow groove over dorsal surface of snout. Rostral cap conspicuous, visible in lateral view as swelling at anterior tip of snout; anteriormost part of rostral cap overlapping dorsal part of upper lip along midline (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB3FF9E61CF670D381CF83B" box="[238,342,1906,1930]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[136,171,1032,1054]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1016]" captionTargetId="figure-261@13.[136,1474,189,1016]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 13. Pethia pollux, CMK 28804, 41.3 mm SL. A, head in lateral view; B, close up of snout in lateral view; C, head in dorsal and ventral view." pageId="13" pageNumber="93">Fig. 13B</figureCitation>
). Barbels absent. Skin anterior to eye thick, depigmented, opaque (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB3FF9E609667ED3B5CF81B" box="[439,534,1938,1962]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[136,171,1032,1054]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1016]" captionTargetId="figure-261@13.[136,1474,189,1016]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 13. Pethia pollux, CMK 28804, 41.3 mm SL. A, head in lateral view; B, close up of snout in lateral view; C, head in dorsal and ventral view." pageId="13" pageNumber="93">Fig. 13B</figureCitation>
), visible in dorsal view as a clear, slightly bulbous patch of skin between posterior nostril and orbit (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB3FF9E606167AD38EAF85B" box="[320,416,2002,2026]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[136,171,1032,1054]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1016]" captionTargetId="figure-261@13.[136,1474,189,1016]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 13. Pethia pollux, CMK 28804, 41.3 mm SL. A, head in lateral view; B, close up of snout in lateral view; C, head in dorsal and ventral view." pageId="13" pageNumber="93">Fig. 13C</figureCitation>
). Opaque skin overlaying a dense aggregation of connective tissue, closely associated with anterolateral extension of lateral ethmoid and dorsal edge and upper lateral face of the lachrymal (IO1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB3FF9E6264640D3CDEF91B" blockId="13.[834,1475,1138,1706]" pageId="13" pageNumber="93">
Supraorbital well-ossified (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB3FF9E65B3640D3DBFFB3B" box="[1170,1269,1138,1162]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[136,171,1751,1773]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[136,1474,189,1736]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. CT scanned head skeleton of Pethia in dorsal (A, D), lateral (B, E), and anterolateral view (C, F). A–C, P. castor, TCWC 20251.01, paratype, 34.7 mm SL; D–F, P. pollux, TCWC 20250.01, paratype, 37.1 mm SL. Circumorbital bones highlighted in green. Abbreviations: IO1–5, infraorbital bones 1–5; So, supraorbital." pageId="13" pageNumber="93">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
), widest at point approximately ⅓ from anterior tip, tapering in width abruptly towards posterior; separate from lateral ethmoid anteriorly. Mesethmoid irregularly shaped; centre with cavernous indentation (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB3FF9E6519648D3DDAFABB" box="[1080,1168,1266,1290]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[136,171,1751,1773]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[136,1474,189,1736]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. CT scanned head skeleton of Pethia in dorsal (A, D), lateral (B, E), and anterolateral view (C, F). A–C, P. castor, TCWC 20251.01, paratype, 34.7 mm SL; D–F, P. pollux, TCWC 20250.01, paratype, 37.1 mm SL. Circumorbital bones highlighted in green. Abbreviations: IO1–5, infraorbital bones 1–5; So, supraorbital." pageId="13" pageNumber="93">Figs. 4F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB3FF9E65BB648D3DF0FABB" box="[1178,1210,1266,1290]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[113,148,1268,1290]" captionTargetBox="[113,1451,189,1253]" captionTargetId="figure-10@6.[113,1451,189,1253]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 5. CT scanned head skeleton of Pethia in frontal view. A, P. castor, TCWC 20251.01, paratype, 34.7 mm SL; B, P. pollux, TCWC 20250.01, paratype, 37.1 mm SL. Select bones highlighted, including: mesethmoid (light orange); kinethmoid (blue); maxilla (dark orange); premaxilla (green)." pageId="13" pageNumber="93">5B</figureCitation>
), extended dorsolaterally into poorly ossified flanges of membrane bone. Skull roof complete, without post-epiphyseal fontanelle. Masticatory plate broad, oval in ventral view; centre of plate slightly concave. Pharyngeal process of basioccipital process well-developed, extending beyond vertical through centre of compound centrum 2+3. General appearance of neurocranium otherwise similar to that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB3FF9E654065AD3DE6FA58" box="[1121,1196,1490,1513]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ticto">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB3FF9E654065AD3DE6FA58" box="[1121,1196,1490,1513]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="93">P. ticto</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA95B99FFB3FF9E65C165AD3CFCFA5B" author="Katwate U &amp; Raghavan R &amp; Dahanukar N" box="[1248,1462,1490,1514]" pageId="13" pageNumber="93" pagination="401 - 418" refId="ref13256" refString="Katwate U, Raghavan R &amp; Dahanukar N (2015) The identity of Hamilton's Ticto Barb, Pethia ticto (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa, 3964: 401 - 418." type="journal article" year="2015">Katwate et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
). Ascending process of premaxilla moderately developed (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB3FF9E64B4658D3A3FF99B" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[113,148,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[227,1349,195,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-215@14.[215,1349,189,1789]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 14. Viscerocranium of Pethia pollux, TCWC 20250.03, paratype, 35.4 mm SL. A, hyopalatine arch and opercular series, right side in lateral view (image reversed). Preoperculo-mandibular canal outlined in green. Inset box shows close-up of posterior part of lower jaw in medial view; B, dorsal gill arch elements, right side in dorsal view; C, ventral gill arch elements in dorsal view; D, hyoid bar, right side in lateral view (image reversed) and urohyal in ventral view; E, ceratobranchial 5, right side in oblique dorsolateral view and lateral view; F, close up of ceratobranchial 5 teeth, right side in dorsal view (image reversed), anterior to bottom of page. Abbreviations: Aa, anguloarticular; ACh, anterior ceratohyal; Apa, autopalatine; Bb1–3, basibranchials 1–3; Bb4C, basibranchial 4 cartilage; Bh, basihyal; BR, branchiostegal rays; Cb1–5, ceratobranchials 1–5; Cm, coronomeckelian; De, dentary; DHh, dorsal hypohyal; Eb1–4, epibranchial 1–4; Eb5C, epibranchial 5 cartilage; Ectp, ectopterygoid; Enpt, endopterygoid; Hb1–3, hypobranchials 1–3; Hy, hyomandibular; Ih, interhyal; Iop, interopercle; GR, gill raker; K, kinethmoid; MC, Meckel’s cartilage; Mx, maxilla; Op, opercle; Pb2–3, pharyngobranchial 2–3; PC, pulp cavity; PCh, posterior ceratohyal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Q, quadrate; Ra, retroarticular; RT, replacement tooth; Sop, subopercle; Sy, symplectic; Uh, urohyal; VHh, ventral hypohyal." pageId="13" pageNumber="93">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
), terminating at point posterior to imaginary vertical line through midpoint of kinethmoid with jaws closed. Autopalatine process of maxilla and coronoid process of dentary both well developed (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB3FF9E65AA660D3DBBF93B" box="[1163,1265,1650,1674]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[113,148,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[227,1349,195,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-215@14.[215,1349,189,1789]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 14. Viscerocranium of Pethia pollux, TCWC 20250.03, paratype, 35.4 mm SL. A, hyopalatine arch and opercular series, right side in lateral view (image reversed). Preoperculo-mandibular canal outlined in green. Inset box shows close-up of posterior part of lower jaw in medial view; B, dorsal gill arch elements, right side in dorsal view; C, ventral gill arch elements in dorsal view; D, hyoid bar, right side in lateral view (image reversed) and urohyal in ventral view; E, ceratobranchial 5, right side in oblique dorsolateral view and lateral view; F, close up of ceratobranchial 5 teeth, right side in dorsal view (image reversed), anterior to bottom of page. Abbreviations: Aa, anguloarticular; ACh, anterior ceratohyal; Apa, autopalatine; Bb1–3, basibranchials 1–3; Bb4C, basibranchial 4 cartilage; Bh, basihyal; BR, branchiostegal rays; Cb1–5, ceratobranchials 1–5; Cm, coronomeckelian; De, dentary; DHh, dorsal hypohyal; Eb1–4, epibranchial 1–4; Eb5C, epibranchial 5 cartilage; Ectp, ectopterygoid; Enpt, endopterygoid; Hb1–3, hypobranchials 1–3; Hy, hyomandibular; Ih, interhyal; Iop, interopercle; GR, gill raker; K, kinethmoid; MC, Meckel’s cartilage; Mx, maxilla; Op, opercle; Pb2–3, pharyngobranchial 2–3; PC, pulp cavity; PCh, posterior ceratohyal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Q, quadrate; Ra, retroarticular; RT, replacement tooth; Sop, subopercle; Sy, symplectic; Uh, urohyal; VHh, ventral hypohyal." pageId="13" pageNumber="93">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
). Dorsal margin of posterior part of anguloarticular horizontal (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB3FF9E640266ED3CC2F91B" box="[1315,1416,1682,1706]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[113,148,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[227,1349,195,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-215@14.[215,1349,189,1789]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 14. Viscerocranium of Pethia pollux, TCWC 20250.03, paratype, 35.4 mm SL. A, hyopalatine arch and opercular series, right side in lateral view (image reversed). Preoperculo-mandibular canal outlined in green. Inset box shows close-up of posterior part of lower jaw in medial view; B, dorsal gill arch elements, right side in dorsal view; C, ventral gill arch elements in dorsal view; D, hyoid bar, right side in lateral view (image reversed) and urohyal in ventral view; E, ceratobranchial 5, right side in oblique dorsolateral view and lateral view; F, close up of ceratobranchial 5 teeth, right side in dorsal view (image reversed), anterior to bottom of page. Abbreviations: Aa, anguloarticular; ACh, anterior ceratohyal; Apa, autopalatine; Bb1–3, basibranchials 1–3; Bb4C, basibranchial 4 cartilage; Bh, basihyal; BR, branchiostegal rays; Cb1–5, ceratobranchials 1–5; Cm, coronomeckelian; De, dentary; DHh, dorsal hypohyal; Eb1–4, epibranchial 1–4; Eb5C, epibranchial 5 cartilage; Ectp, ectopterygoid; Enpt, endopterygoid; Hb1–3, hypobranchials 1–3; Hy, hyomandibular; Ih, interhyal; Iop, interopercle; GR, gill raker; K, kinethmoid; MC, Meckel’s cartilage; Mx, maxilla; Op, opercle; Pb2–3, pharyngobranchial 2–3; PC, pulp cavity; PCh, posterior ceratohyal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Q, quadrate; Ra, retroarticular; RT, replacement tooth; Sop, subopercle; Sy, symplectic; Uh, urohyal; VHh, ventral hypohyal." pageId="13" pageNumber="93">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB3FF9E626266AD3D7CF8FB" blockId="13.[835,1475,1746,1866]" pageId="13" pageNumber="93">
Cephalic lateral line canal system as described for 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB3FF9E647D66AD3CF6F958" box="[1372,1468,1746,1769]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB3FF9E647D66AD3CF6F958" box="[1372,1468,1746,1769]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="93">P. castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, except preoperculo-mandibular lateral line canal open (roof formed by skin only) along entire horizontal part of preopercle (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB3FF9E62E5674D3D60F8FB" box="[964,1066,1842,1866]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[113,148,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[227,1349,195,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-215@14.[215,1349,189,1789]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 14. Viscerocranium of Pethia pollux, TCWC 20250.03, paratype, 35.4 mm SL. A, hyopalatine arch and opercular series, right side in lateral view (image reversed). Preoperculo-mandibular canal outlined in green. Inset box shows close-up of posterior part of lower jaw in medial view; B, dorsal gill arch elements, right side in dorsal view; C, ventral gill arch elements in dorsal view; D, hyoid bar, right side in lateral view (image reversed) and urohyal in ventral view; E, ceratobranchial 5, right side in oblique dorsolateral view and lateral view; F, close up of ceratobranchial 5 teeth, right side in dorsal view (image reversed), anterior to bottom of page. Abbreviations: Aa, anguloarticular; ACh, anterior ceratohyal; Apa, autopalatine; Bb1–3, basibranchials 1–3; Bb4C, basibranchial 4 cartilage; Bh, basihyal; BR, branchiostegal rays; Cb1–5, ceratobranchials 1–5; Cm, coronomeckelian; De, dentary; DHh, dorsal hypohyal; Eb1–4, epibranchial 1–4; Eb5C, epibranchial 5 cartilage; Ectp, ectopterygoid; Enpt, endopterygoid; Hb1–3, hypobranchials 1–3; Hy, hyomandibular; Ih, interhyal; Iop, interopercle; GR, gill raker; K, kinethmoid; MC, Meckel’s cartilage; Mx, maxilla; Op, opercle; Pb2–3, pharyngobranchial 2–3; PC, pulp cavity; PCh, posterior ceratohyal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Q, quadrate; Ra, retroarticular; RT, replacement tooth; Sop, subopercle; Sy, symplectic; Uh, urohyal; VHh, ventral hypohyal." pageId="13" pageNumber="93">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB3FF9C6262670D387DFE24" blockId="13.[835,1475,1906,2122]" lastBlockId="15.[136,775,189,406]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="13" pageNumber="93">
Gill rakers present on gill arches 1–5 (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB3FF9E642F670D3C3DF83B" box="[1294,1399,1906,1930]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[113,148,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[227,1349,195,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-215@14.[215,1349,189,1789]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 14. Viscerocranium of Pethia pollux, TCWC 20250.03, paratype, 35.4 mm SL. A, hyopalatine arch and opercular series, right side in lateral view (image reversed). Preoperculo-mandibular canal outlined in green. Inset box shows close-up of posterior part of lower jaw in medial view; B, dorsal gill arch elements, right side in dorsal view; C, ventral gill arch elements in dorsal view; D, hyoid bar, right side in lateral view (image reversed) and urohyal in ventral view; E, ceratobranchial 5, right side in oblique dorsolateral view and lateral view; F, close up of ceratobranchial 5 teeth, right side in dorsal view (image reversed), anterior to bottom of page. Abbreviations: Aa, anguloarticular; ACh, anterior ceratohyal; Apa, autopalatine; Bb1–3, basibranchials 1–3; Bb4C, basibranchial 4 cartilage; Bh, basihyal; BR, branchiostegal rays; Cb1–5, ceratobranchials 1–5; Cm, coronomeckelian; De, dentary; DHh, dorsal hypohyal; Eb1–4, epibranchial 1–4; Eb5C, epibranchial 5 cartilage; Ectp, ectopterygoid; Enpt, endopterygoid; Hb1–3, hypobranchials 1–3; Hy, hyomandibular; Ih, interhyal; Iop, interopercle; GR, gill raker; K, kinethmoid; MC, Meckel’s cartilage; Mx, maxilla; Op, opercle; Pb2–3, pharyngobranchial 2–3; PC, pulp cavity; PCh, posterior ceratohyal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Q, quadrate; Ra, retroarticular; RT, replacement tooth; Sop, subopercle; Sy, symplectic; Uh, urohyal; VHh, ventral hypohyal." pageId="13" pageNumber="93">Fig. 14C</figureCitation>
), with following distribution in 3 C&amp;S specimens: arch 1, a7, 5cb+1eb+1cej/p13–14, 10–11cb+2eb+1cej; arch 2, a13–15, 9–10cb+3–4eb+1cej/p14–16, 10–11cb+3–4eb+1cej; arch 3, a14–16, 10–11cb+3–4eb+1cej/p15–16, 11–12cb+3– 4eb+1cej; arch 4, a15–16, 11cb+3–4eb+1cej/p11–12cb; arch 5, a10–11cb. Pharyngeal teeth on ceratobranchial 5 unicuspid, arranged in three rows, with formula 5,3,2 (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB1FF9C637C60C23BB0FF64" box="[605,762,189,213]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[113,148,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[227,1349,195,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-215@14.[215,1349,189,1789]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 14. Viscerocranium of Pethia pollux, TCWC 20250.03, paratype, 35.4 mm SL. A, hyopalatine arch and opercular series, right side in lateral view (image reversed). Preoperculo-mandibular canal outlined in green. Inset box shows close-up of posterior part of lower jaw in medial view; B, dorsal gill arch elements, right side in dorsal view; C, ventral gill arch elements in dorsal view; D, hyoid bar, right side in lateral view (image reversed) and urohyal in ventral view; E, ceratobranchial 5, right side in oblique dorsolateral view and lateral view; F, close up of ceratobranchial 5 teeth, right side in dorsal view (image reversed), anterior to bottom of page. Abbreviations: Aa, anguloarticular; ACh, anterior ceratohyal; Apa, autopalatine; Bb1–3, basibranchials 1–3; Bb4C, basibranchial 4 cartilage; Bh, basihyal; BR, branchiostegal rays; Cb1–5, ceratobranchials 1–5; Cm, coronomeckelian; De, dentary; DHh, dorsal hypohyal; Eb1–4, epibranchial 1–4; Eb5C, epibranchial 5 cartilage; Ectp, ectopterygoid; Enpt, endopterygoid; Hb1–3, hypobranchials 1–3; Hy, hyomandibular; Ih, interhyal; Iop, interopercle; GR, gill raker; K, kinethmoid; MC, Meckel’s cartilage; Mx, maxilla; Op, opercle; Pb2–3, pharyngobranchial 2–3; PC, pulp cavity; PCh, posterior ceratohyal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Q, quadrate; Ra, retroarticular; RT, replacement tooth; Sop, subopercle; Sy, symplectic; Uh, urohyal; VHh, ventral hypohyal." pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Fig. 14C, E, F</figureCitation>
); tip of crown strongly hooked with weakly serrated surface medial to hooked portion visible on some teeth (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB1FF9C63BB60823BB1FEA4" box="[666,763,253,277]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[113,148,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[227,1349,195,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-215@14.[215,1349,189,1789]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 14. Viscerocranium of Pethia pollux, TCWC 20250.03, paratype, 35.4 mm SL. A, hyopalatine arch and opercular series, right side in lateral view (image reversed). Preoperculo-mandibular canal outlined in green. Inset box shows close-up of posterior part of lower jaw in medial view; B, dorsal gill arch elements, right side in dorsal view; C, ventral gill arch elements in dorsal view; D, hyoid bar, right side in lateral view (image reversed) and urohyal in ventral view; E, ceratobranchial 5, right side in oblique dorsolateral view and lateral view; F, close up of ceratobranchial 5 teeth, right side in dorsal view (image reversed), anterior to bottom of page. Abbreviations: Aa, anguloarticular; ACh, anterior ceratohyal; Apa, autopalatine; Bb1–3, basibranchials 1–3; Bb4C, basibranchial 4 cartilage; Bh, basihyal; BR, branchiostegal rays; Cb1–5, ceratobranchials 1–5; Cm, coronomeckelian; De, dentary; DHh, dorsal hypohyal; Eb1–4, epibranchial 1–4; Eb5C, epibranchial 5 cartilage; Ectp, ectopterygoid; Enpt, endopterygoid; Hb1–3, hypobranchials 1–3; Hy, hyomandibular; Ih, interhyal; Iop, interopercle; GR, gill raker; K, kinethmoid; MC, Meckel’s cartilage; Mx, maxilla; Op, opercle; Pb2–3, pharyngobranchial 2–3; PC, pulp cavity; PCh, posterior ceratohyal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Q, quadrate; Ra, retroarticular; RT, replacement tooth; Sop, subopercle; Sy, symplectic; Uh, urohyal; VHh, ventral hypohyal." pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Fig. 14F</figureCitation>
). Anterior edge of epibranchial 1 weakly convex (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB1FF9C63B661623BB0FE84" box="[663,762,285,309]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[113,148,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[227,1349,195,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-215@14.[215,1349,189,1789]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 14. Viscerocranium of Pethia pollux, TCWC 20250.03, paratype, 35.4 mm SL. A, hyopalatine arch and opercular series, right side in lateral view (image reversed). Preoperculo-mandibular canal outlined in green. Inset box shows close-up of posterior part of lower jaw in medial view; B, dorsal gill arch elements, right side in dorsal view; C, ventral gill arch elements in dorsal view; D, hyoid bar, right side in lateral view (image reversed) and urohyal in ventral view; E, ceratobranchial 5, right side in oblique dorsolateral view and lateral view; F, close up of ceratobranchial 5 teeth, right side in dorsal view (image reversed), anterior to bottom of page. Abbreviations: Aa, anguloarticular; ACh, anterior ceratohyal; Apa, autopalatine; Bb1–3, basibranchials 1–3; Bb4C, basibranchial 4 cartilage; Bh, basihyal; BR, branchiostegal rays; Cb1–5, ceratobranchials 1–5; Cm, coronomeckelian; De, dentary; DHh, dorsal hypohyal; Eb1–4, epibranchial 1–4; Eb5C, epibranchial 5 cartilage; Ectp, ectopterygoid; Enpt, endopterygoid; Hb1–3, hypobranchials 1–3; Hy, hyomandibular; Ih, interhyal; Iop, interopercle; GR, gill raker; K, kinethmoid; MC, Meckel’s cartilage; Mx, maxilla; Op, opercle; Pb2–3, pharyngobranchial 2–3; PC, pulp cavity; PCh, posterior ceratohyal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Q, quadrate; Ra, retroarticular; RT, replacement tooth; Sop, subopercle; Sy, symplectic; Uh, urohyal; VHh, ventral hypohyal." pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
). Three branchiostegal rays; tip of posteriormost ray expanded, approximately 3–4 times deeper than pointed tip of anterior rays (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB1FF9C61E461023861FE24" box="[197,299,381,405]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[113,148,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[227,1349,195,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-215@14.[215,1349,189,1789]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 14. Viscerocranium of Pethia pollux, TCWC 20250.03, paratype, 35.4 mm SL. A, hyopalatine arch and opercular series, right side in lateral view (image reversed). Preoperculo-mandibular canal outlined in green. Inset box shows close-up of posterior part of lower jaw in medial view; B, dorsal gill arch elements, right side in dorsal view; C, ventral gill arch elements in dorsal view; D, hyoid bar, right side in lateral view (image reversed) and urohyal in ventral view; E, ceratobranchial 5, right side in oblique dorsolateral view and lateral view; F, close up of ceratobranchial 5 teeth, right side in dorsal view (image reversed), anterior to bottom of page. Abbreviations: Aa, anguloarticular; ACh, anterior ceratohyal; Apa, autopalatine; Bb1–3, basibranchials 1–3; Bb4C, basibranchial 4 cartilage; Bh, basihyal; BR, branchiostegal rays; Cb1–5, ceratobranchials 1–5; Cm, coronomeckelian; De, dentary; DHh, dorsal hypohyal; Eb1–4, epibranchial 1–4; Eb5C, epibranchial 5 cartilage; Ectp, ectopterygoid; Enpt, endopterygoid; Hb1–3, hypobranchials 1–3; Hy, hyomandibular; Ih, interhyal; Iop, interopercle; GR, gill raker; K, kinethmoid; MC, Meckel’s cartilage; Mx, maxilla; Op, opercle; Pb2–3, pharyngobranchial 2–3; PC, pulp cavity; PCh, posterior ceratohyal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Q, quadrate; Ra, retroarticular; RT, replacement tooth; Sop, subopercle; Sy, symplectic; Uh, urohyal; VHh, ventral hypohyal." pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Fig. 14D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4776E0FFB0FF9D615067723BA5F7F2" pageId="14" pageNumber="94" startId="14.[113,148,1805,1827]" targetBox="[227,1349,195,1789]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB0FF9D615067723BA5F7F2" blockId="14.[113,1452,1804,2115]" pageId="14" pageNumber="94">
Fig. 14. Viscerocranium of 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB0FF9D60A367723B12F893" authority=", TCWC" authorityName="TCWC" box="[386,600,1805,1826]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="94" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB0FF9D60A367723B4FF893" box="[386,517,1805,1826]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="94">Pethia pollux</emphasis>
, TCWC
</taxonomicName>
20250.03, paratype, 35.4 mm SL. 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB0FF9D629267733A8EF890" bold="true" box="[947,964,1804,1825]" pageId="14" pageNumber="94">A</emphasis>
, hyopalatine arch and opercular series, right side in lateral view (image reversed). Preoperculo-mandibular canal outlined in green. Inset box shows close-up of posterior part of lower jaw in medial view; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB0FF9D603267393869F8EA" bold="true" box="[275,291,1862,1883]" pageId="14" pageNumber="94">B</emphasis>
, dorsal gill arch elements, right side in dorsal view; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB0FF9D621267393A0EF8ED" bold="true" box="[819,836,1862,1884]" pageId="14" pageNumber="94">C</emphasis>
, ventral gill arch elements in dorsal view; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB0FF9D65D367393C49F8EA" bold="true" box="[1266,1283,1862,1883]" pageId="14" pageNumber="94">D</emphasis>
, hyoid bar, right side in lateral view (image reversed) and urohyal in ventral view; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB0FF9D63D9671C3A42F8C9" bold="true" box="[760,776,1891,1912]" pageId="14" pageNumber="94">E</emphasis>
, ceratobranchial 5, right side in oblique dorsolateral view and lateral view; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB0FF9D618F67FF39F7F824" bold="true" box="[174,189,1920,1941]" pageId="14" pageNumber="94">F</emphasis>
, close up of ceratobranchial 5 teeth, right side in dorsal view (image reversed), anterior to bottom of page. Abbreviations: Aa, anguloarticular; ACh, anterior ceratohyal; Apa, autopalatine; Bb1–3, basibranchials 1–3; Bb4C, basibranchial 4 cartilage; Bh, basihyal; BR, branchiostegal rays; Cb1–5, ceratobranchials 1–5; Cm, coronomeckelian; De, dentary; DHh, dorsal hypohyal; Eb1–4, epibranchial 1–4; Eb5C, epibranchial 5 cartilage; Ectp, ectopterygoid; Enpt, endopterygoid; Hb1–3, hypobranchials 1–3; Hy, hyomandibular; Ih, interhyal; Iop, interopercle; GR, gill raker; K, kinethmoid; MC, Meckel’s cartilage; Mx, maxilla; Op, opercle; Pb2–3, pharyngobranchial 2–3; PC, pulp cavity; PCh, posterior ceratohyal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Q, quadrate; Ra, retroarticular; RT, replacement tooth; Sop, subopercle; Sy, symplectic; Uh, urohyal; VHh, ventral hypohyal.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB1FF9C61A961C23B6DFB84" blockId="15.[136,775,445,1077]" pageId="15" pageNumber="95">
Dorsal-fin rays iii.8.i (3) or iii.9 (2). Anal-fin rays iii.5.i (3) or iii.6 (2). Principal caudal-fin rays 10+9; dorsal procurrent rays 6 (4) or 7 (1), ventral procurrent rays 5 (4) or 6 (1). Pelvic-fin rays i.7.i (2), i.8 (1) or i.8.i (2). Pectoral-fin rays i.10.i (1), i.11.i (2), i.11.ii (1) or i.12 (1). Dorsal-fin origin slightly anterior to pelvic-fin origin; posterior margin slightly concave. Last unbranched ray almost as long as first branched ray (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB1FF9C619B62E23846FD04" box="[186,268,669,693]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[113,148,1112,1134]" captionTargetBox="[113,1451,189,1096]" captionTargetId="figure-559@8.[113,1451,189,1096]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 7. Dorsal fin and skeleton of Pethia castor (A–C) and P. pollux (D–F). A, B, CMK 27085, 41.3 mm SL, in lateral (A) and dorsal (B) view; C, TCWC 20251.03, paratype, 38.4 mm SL, cleared and stained, inset shows close up of distal tip of last unbranched ray; D, E, CMK 28804, 35.4 mm SL, in lateral (D) and dorsal (E) view; F, TCWC 20250.03, paratype, 35.4 mm SL, cleared and stained. White arrow points to black pigmentation at distal tip of last unbranched ray in B and E." pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Fig. 7F</figureCitation>
); proximal ⅔ compact, approximately twice as thick as first branched ray, rigid, strongly serrated, with 14–15 pairs of serrae on distal ⅔; apical ⅓ flexible, segmented, without serrae, or with poorly developed serrae on one or two proximal segments; apical ⅓ of ray (developing portion) fragile, missing from majority of specimens (including preserved 
<typeStatus id="548398CAFFB1FF9C61DE63223829FCC4" box="[255,355,861,885]" pageId="15" pageNumber="95" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, but present at time of capture; 
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB1FF9C63FA632239F0FC24" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[136,171,2064,2086]" captionTargetBox="[243,1366,205,2049]" captionTargetId="figure-8@11.[243,1366,190,2049]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 11. Pethia pollux, Myanmar, Kachin State. A–C, MHNG 2785.034, holotype, female, 40.4 mm SL (right side, images reversed); D, CMK 28804, paratype, female, 41.3 mm SL; E, CMK 28804, paratype, male, 33.2 mm SL." pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
). Anal-fin origin posterior to vertical through base of posteriormost dorsal-fin ray; posterior margin straight to slightly concave. Caudal fin deeply emarginate; tip of lobes weakly pointed. Pelvic-fin tip pointed, adpressed fin reaching vent. Pectoral-fin tip rounded, adpressed fin reaching one scale row anterior to pelvic-fin origin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB1FF9C61A964223B4FF904" blockId="15.[135,775,1117,1717]" pageId="15" pageNumber="95">
Body lateral line incomplete, continuous for 8 (1), 9 (3), 10 (1), 11 (1 
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), 12 (1), 13 (1), 14 (1) or 16 (1) scales, followed in majority of specimens by several (most commonly 1–2, up to 5) isolated lateral line canal ossicles on scales in lateral line row along caudal peduncle (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB1FF9C636C64A23BE8FB44" box="[589,674,1245,1269]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[113,148,662,684]" captionTargetBox="[103,1467,178,653]" captionTargetId="figure-330@12.[103,1467,178,653]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 12. Schematic diagram of Pethia pollux illustrating lateral line canal on body." pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). Lateral line gently curved, lowest point located on 7 
<superScript id="7C4D8B20FFB1FF9C635564833BCAFABB" attach="left" box="[628,640,1276,1290]" fontSize="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="95">th</superScript>
or 8 
<superScript id="7C4D8B20FFB1FF9C639764833B88FABB" attach="left" box="[694,706,1276,1290]" fontSize="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="95">th</superScript>
scale. Scales in lateral-line scale row 23 (4) or 24 (5 
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), plus 1 (4) or 2 (5 
<superScript id="7C4D8B20FFB1FF9C602765433844FAFB" attach="none" box="[262,270,1340,1354]" fontSize="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="95">*</superScript>
) on base of caudal fin. Predorsal scales 8. Circumpeduncular scales 12 (½/5/½). Scales in transverse row starting at dorsal-fin origin ½4/1/2½. Four to five well-developed radii on anterior and posterior field of each scale. Pseudotympanum located beneath third and fourth scales in lateral-line row (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB1FF9C607A65A23899FA44" box="[347,467,1501,1525]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[136,171,1101,1123]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1085]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[136,1474,189,1085]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 8. Pseudotympanum of Pethia castor (A, B) and P. pollux (C, D). A, P. castor, 20251.02, paratype, male, 35.2 mm SL; B, P. castor, TCWC 20251.02, paratype, female, 36.2 mm SL; C, P. pollux, TCWC 20250.02, paratype, male, 35.8 mm SL; D, P. pollux, TCWC 20250.02, paratype, female, 38.2 mm SL. Overlying scales and skin removed. Asterisks (*, **, ***) indicate openings in body musculature. Abbreviations: AS, anterior swimbladder chamber; EpM, epaxial musculature; HpM, hypaxial musculature; LLN, lateral line nerve; O, operculum; Ri5–6, ribs 5–6." pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Fig. 8C, D</figureCitation>
), comprising three openings in hypaxial body musculature; two small, round openings located anterior to 5 
<superScript id="7C4D8B20FFB1FF9C60496663383EF99B" attach="left" box="[360,372,1564,1578]" fontSize="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="95">th</superScript>
rib, larger elongate opening located between 5 
<superScript id="7C4D8B20FFB1FF9C61D766433848F9FB" attach="left" box="[246,258,1596,1610]" fontSize="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="95">th</superScript>
and 6 
<superScript id="7C4D8B20FFB1FF9C60646643381BF9FB" attach="left" box="[325,337,1596,1610]" fontSize="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="95">th</superScript>
rib through which anterior swimbladder chamber is visible. Myosepta anterior to pseudotympanum; musculature associated with 5 
<superScript id="7C4D8B20FFB1FF9C60E46603389BF93B" attach="left" box="[453,465,1660,1674]" fontSize="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="95">th</superScript>
rib more pronounced in male (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB1FF9C61AE66E239A8F904" box="[143,226,1693,1717]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[136,171,1101,1123]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1085]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[136,1474,189,1085]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 8. Pseudotympanum of Pethia castor (A, B) and P. pollux (C, D). A, P. castor, 20251.02, paratype, male, 35.2 mm SL; B, P. castor, TCWC 20251.02, paratype, female, 36.2 mm SL; C, P. pollux, TCWC 20250.02, paratype, male, 35.8 mm SL; D, P. pollux, TCWC 20250.02, paratype, female, 38.2 mm SL. Overlying scales and skin removed. Asterisks (*, **, ***) indicate openings in body musculature. Abbreviations: AS, anterior swimbladder chamber; EpM, epaxial musculature; HpM, hypaxial musculature; LLN, lateral line nerve; O, operculum; Ri5–6, ribs 5–6." pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
) than in female (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB1FF9C608166E238B2F904" box="[416,504,1693,1717]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[136,171,1101,1123]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1085]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[136,1474,189,1085]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 8. Pseudotympanum of Pethia castor (A, B) and P. pollux (C, D). A, P. castor, 20251.02, paratype, male, 35.2 mm SL; B, P. castor, TCWC 20251.02, paratype, female, 36.2 mm SL; C, P. pollux, TCWC 20250.02, paratype, male, 35.8 mm SL; D, P. pollux, TCWC 20250.02, paratype, female, 38.2 mm SL. Overlying scales and skin removed. Asterisks (*, **, ***) indicate openings in body musculature. Abbreviations: AS, anterior swimbladder chamber; EpM, epaxial musculature; HpM, hypaxial musculature; LLN, lateral line nerve; O, operculum; Ri5–6, ribs 5–6." pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB1FF9C61A966A23BDFF7A4" blockId="15.[136,776,1757,2069]" pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Total number of vertebrae 30, with 16 abdominal+14 caudal. Total number of ribs 12, on vertebrae 5–16. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserted between neural spines of vertebrae 8/9 (4) or 9/10 (1). First anal-fin pterygiophore inserted between hemal spines of vertebrae 17/18 (4) or 18/10 (1). Free supraneurals 3, well developed, inserted between neural spines of vertebrae 4/5, 6/7, 8/9. Outer arm of os suspensorium elongate, reaching past imaginary horizontal line through dorsalmost tip of postcleithrum. 6 hypurals in caudal skeleton. Free uroneural (second) absent.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB1FF9C626260C23D3EFA24" blockId="15.[834,1475,189,1429]" pageId="15" pageNumber="95">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB1FF9C626260C23A90FF64" bold="true" box="[835,986,189,213]" pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Colouration.</emphasis>
In formalin, about 1 month after fixation (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB1FF9C626D60A23AFCFF44" box="[844,950,221,245]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[136,171,2064,2086]" captionTargetBox="[243,1366,205,2049]" captionTargetId="figure-8@11.[243,1366,190,2049]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 11. Pethia pollux, Myanmar, Kachin State. A–C, MHNG 2785.034, holotype, female, 40.4 mm SL (right side, images reversed); D, CMK 28804, paratype, female, 41.3 mm SL; E, CMK 28804, paratype, male, 33.2 mm SL." pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
). Body background colour yellowish to light cream. Scales (excluding those of lowermost abdomen) with variable brown pigment (see below). Thin black axial streak along horizontal septum, most evident on posterior ⅔ of body, obscured by scale pigment anteriorly. Scales above horizontal septum generally with dense scattering of light brown melanophores over most of scale surface, excluding an anterior depigmented area posterior to anterior scale base and a posterior, crescent-shaped depigmented area close to posterior margin. Scales below horizontal septum (excluding those on lower abdomen) with cluster of dark brown melanophores on scale pocket, forming a regular pattern of small vertically elongate markings, most obvious on lateral line canal bearing scales and those scales in row immediately below, indistinct on lower part of caudal peduncle. Scales on lower half of caudal peduncle with single row of brown melanophores along posterior margin, creating weak reticulate pattern (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB1FF9C659262823C46FCA4" box="[1203,1292,765,789]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[835,870,947,969]" captionTargetBox="[835,1474,189,932]" captionTargetId="figure-746@3.[835,1474,189,932]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Pigmentation pattern on caudal peduncle scales in Pethia. A, P. castor, MHNG 2785.033, holotype, female, 36.9 mm SL; B, P. pollux, MHNG 2785.034, holotype, female, 40.4 mm SL." pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
). Dorsal surface of head and lateral surface of snout with dense scattering of dark brown melanophores (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB1FF9C65A863423D93FCE4" box="[1161,1241,829,853]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[136,171,1032,1054]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1016]" captionTargetId="figure-261@13.[136,1474,189,1016]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 13. Pethia pollux, CMK 28804, 41.3 mm SL. A, head in lateral view; B, close up of snout in lateral view; C, head in dorsal and ventral view." pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). Sparse scattering of dark brown melanophores on skin covering upper part of opercle and around ventral margin of orbit (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB1FF9C642863023C20FC24" box="[1289,1386,893,917]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[136,171,1032,1054]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1016]" captionTargetId="figure-261@13.[136,1474,189,1016]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 13. Pethia pollux, CMK 28804, 41.3 mm SL. A, head in lateral view; B, close up of snout in lateral view; C, head in dorsal and ventral view." pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Fig. 13A</figureCitation>
). Dorsal fin with two black markings on anterior half (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB1FF9C641C63E23CFFFC04" box="[1341,1461,925,949]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[113,148,1112,1134]" captionTargetBox="[113,1451,189,1096]" captionTargetId="figure-559@8.[113,1451,189,1096]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 7. Dorsal fin and skeleton of Pethia castor (A–C) and P. pollux (D–F). A, B, CMK 27085, 41.3 mm SL, in lateral (A) and dorsal (B) view; C, TCWC 20251.03, paratype, 38.4 mm SL, cleared and stained, inset shows close up of distal tip of last unbranched ray; D, E, CMK 28804, 35.4 mm SL, in lateral (D) and dorsal (E) view; F, TCWC 20250.03, paratype, 35.4 mm SL, cleared and stained. White arrow points to black pigmentation at distal tip of last unbranched ray in B and E." pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Fig. 7D, E</figureCitation>
), including a larger marking over base of second unbranched to third branched ray and intervening fin membranes, and a smaller, indistinct marking covering distal, flexible tip of third unbranched ray. Dorsal fin with light scattering of brown or black melanophores distally, most obvious along branched tips of rays. Caudal fin hyaline in alcohol, except for light scattering of brown melanophores over base of upper- and lowermost principal caudal-fin rays. Anal fin with light scattering of brown melanophores, most obvious over branched tips of rays. Pectoral fin hyaline, except for light scattering of dark brown to black melanophores over four anteriormost rays; melanophores associated with anteriormost pectoral-fin ray darker than on other rays, creating faint black to dark brown stripe, better developed in males. Pelvic fin hyaline.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB1FF9C626265C23D91F9C4" blockId="15.[835,1475,1469,1653]" pageId="15" pageNumber="95">
In life. Upper part of body and caudal peduncle blueishsilver (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB1FF9C62B465A23ABFFA44" box="[917,1013,1501,1525]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[136,171,2064,2086]" captionTargetBox="[243,1366,205,2049]" captionTargetId="figure-8@11.[243,1366,190,2049]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 11. Pethia pollux, Myanmar, Kachin State. A–C, MHNG 2785.034, holotype, female, 40.4 mm SL (right side, images reversed); D, CMK 28804, paratype, female, 41.3 mm SL; E, CMK 28804, paratype, male, 33.2 mm SL." pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Fig.11A</figureCitation>
). Abdominal region silvery. Infraorbital and opercular bones with large amounts of guanine and reflective, appearing silvery. Larger marking over anterior dorsal-fin base black. Smaller marking at tip of dorsal fin and markings on other fins indistinct.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB1FF9C626266E23D80F825" blockId="15.[835,1475,1693,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="95">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB1FF9C626266E23D6AF904" bold="true" box="[835,1056,1693,1717]" pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Sexual dimorphism.</emphasis>
No obvious external sexual dimorphism. Hypaxial musculature surrounding pseudotympanum slightly hypertrophied in male, most obvious in hypaxial myomeres anterior to structure and hypaxial musculature surrounding 5 
<superScript id="7C4D8B20FFB1FF9C627067643A17F898" attach="left" box="[849,861,1819,1833]" fontSize="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="95">th</superScript>
rib. Mature females with swollen abdomens; ripe ovaries visible through body side in preserved specimens, light cream in colour. One dissected female with ripe ovary containing ~ 
<specimenCount id="9D3EEDE1FFB1FF9C627067023AF9F824" box="[849,947,1917,1941]" count="250" pageId="15" pageNumber="95" type="egg">250 eggs</specimenCount>
of diameter 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFB1FF9C656067023D8DF825" box="[1089,1223,1917,1941]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="95" unit="mm" value="0.7" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.6">0.6–0.8 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32275E3FFB1FF83626267C23814FEE4" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="15" pageNumber="95" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB1FF83626267C23814FEE4" blockId="15.[835,1475,1981,2101]" lastBlockId="16.[113,753,189,341]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="15" pageNumber="95">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB1FF9C626267C23A9CF864" bold="true" box="[835,982,1981,2005]" pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Distribution.</emphasis>
Known to date from only a few sites in the middle 
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFB1FF9C62B367A23D53F844" box="[914,1049,2013,2037]" country="Myanmar" name="Ayeyawady" pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Ayeyarwady</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB1FF9C650767A23D2FF844" box="[1062,1125,2013,2037]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[113,148,1172,1194]" captionTargetBox="[112,753,189,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-11@10.[108,757,184,1162]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 9. Map of Myanmar showing localities from which specimens of Pethia castor and P. pollux were collected. Black circles, P. castor; white circles, P. pollux; grey symbols, both species. Triangle represents type locality of P. castor. Square represents type locality of P pollux." pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
), between Bhamo and 
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFB1FF9C647067A23CF4F844" box="[1361,1470,2013,2037]" country="Myanmar" name="Mandalay" pageId="15" pageNumber="95">Mandalay</collectingRegion>
. The 
<typeStatus id="548398CAFFB1FF9C625567823AE8F7A4" box="[884,930,2045,2069]" pageId="15" pageNumber="95">type</typeStatus>
locality, Tan Pway Kone Chaung at northern edge of Thila Pha Inn, was a pond in a very slow-flowing stream at the edge of the floodplain (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFAEFF8360E060C23B6CFF64" box="[449,550,189,213]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[813,848,1055,1077]" captionTargetBox="[813,1451,189,1039]" captionTargetId="figure-233@10.[813,1451,189,1039]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 10. Ayeyarwady River plain. A, backwaters of Ayeyarwady River upstream of Hti Chaint (Sagaing Region), habitat of Pethia castor (CMK 27144); B, ponded stream near floodplain lake near Shwegu (Kachin State, Myanmar), habitat of both P. castor (CMK 28806) and P. pollux (CMK 27070; type locality)." pageId="16" pageNumber="96">Fig. 10B</figureCitation>
), with moderately clear water (as compared to the murky adjacent marsh and lake). Numerous submerged aquatic plants were present (in contrast to the adjacent flooded lakes). See under 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFAEFF8363AF61613BBAFE84" box="[654,752,286,309]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFAEFF8363AF61613BBAFE84" box="[654,752,286,309]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="96">P. castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for more information.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32275E3FFAEFF83615061023829FD64" pageId="16" pageNumber="96" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFAEFF8361506102380EFE44" blockId="16.[113,753,381,501]" pageId="16" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFAEFF836150610239BFFE24" bold="true" box="[113,245,381,405]" pageId="16" pageNumber="96">Etymology.</emphasis>
Pollux, divine twin half-brother of Castor in Greek mythology, alluded also in the name of a star of the constellation and astrological sign of Gemini (twins). A noun in apposition.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFAEFF83615062623829FD64" blockId="16.[113,753,541,725]" pageId="16" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFAEFF83615062623808FD84" bold="true" box="[113,322,541,565]" pageId="16" pageNumber="96">Genetic Distances.</emphasis>
The mean genetic distance (uncorrected 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFAEFF83615062413934FDE4" box="[113,126,574,597]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="96">p</emphasis>
-distance) between the COI sequences obtained for 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFAEFF8363F8624139FCFDC4" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFAEFF8363F8624139FCFDC4" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="96">P. pollux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n=3; see Appendix 1 for GenBank numbers and museum voucher numbers) differed by 0.1% (range 0–0.1%). Sequences obtained for 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFAEFF83605762E13893FD04" box="[374,473,669,693]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFAEFF83605762E13893FD04" box="[374,473,669,693]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="96">P. pollux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differed from those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFAEFF8363F862E139FEFD64" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFAEFF8363F862E139FEFD64" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="96">P. castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n=2) by 8.2%.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>