194 lines
26 KiB
XML
194 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="1F4DC7116281D9A2990C484B991C8CC5" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.4532981" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4532981" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1612994740723" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Penz, Carla M." docDate="2008" docId="0F1331235505230DFF4FD83451E47C6B" docLanguage="en" docName="InsectaMundi.2008.0035.1-25.pdf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 2008 (35)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:A87B5EC635B7D5A430FC1D805C706BD1.3:InsectaMundi.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="A87B5EC635B7D5A430FC1D805C706BD1" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Eryphanis bubocula" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="F32A495B55082303FF8FDA5653137D50" masterDocTitle="Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)" masterLastPageNumber="25" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="12" updateTime="1698870476287" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods id="8B39CFA5203EF2DB7E341980EF225BA9" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FF4D060895A8736BBD06C28EA4D0B1BC">
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<mods:title id="769A7723B65FEC5ABC242B930EF937BC">Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="019257A008120F411BCAF15E4E2CD353" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="340A07AE8DD00D8094DBF1093B33E54D">
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<mods:roleTerm id="652D956D9F4E94FE9CC5484C7E2C0FAA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="D7F952CC4ECD0214836BA97FC28FC238">Penz, Carla M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6A0D29D4F970FE6F7B721C5C477F30A6">Department of Biological Sciences University of New Orleans 2000 Lakeshore Drive New Orleans, Louisiana, 70148, USA cpenz @ uno. edu</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="95C8F8997F202D05E0AD86EFC1330140">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem id="6C1564726858B3581B83A4509D6CF7D2" type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A95B4210F17068BAB380610E42331C4E">
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<mods:title id="3067E69D8C4A34407E7EEF61CB4D6143">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="055B7406EA68AA995D04479A20389A3A">
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<mods:date id="59E0790A0AE14CFE9FD63357F994A681">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="5B320BC218AFE2DC05CC74809236110F" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="39CBDBA01F4F480D3C6F13064D710A6E">2008-06-06</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="51B4963CBCB4B1A3F0F75EEF91318DE1" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="71CA605D00F5DBA4CA98BE2F7002B73B">2008</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="FF8113019D50CA4A1A4DF0488420CB15" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="1BEC62765D4EC98CA77E0BC48A1E3756">35</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="FE1813B4A63B1E0DC4431BF5DEDBDE3F" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="6DFFEA86622C6AC2BF0CEF9301AF5269">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="AAA3093D4D5226E0DAFC5B27A1244675">25</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:classification id="0D1210F0154D9FDB3344EC53859F574C">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="696C6F931BBAEB9A5138CD72E2BE8431" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.4532981</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8626EF5AF640DF25C809631335621C0E" type="ISSN">1942-1354</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0117C933F7C8965BDC3BFF51D99EA3B2" type="Zenodo-Dep">4532981</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0F1331235505230DFF4FD83451E47C6B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4533091" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4533091" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0F1331235505230DFF4FD83451E47C6B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F1331235505230DFF4FD83451E47C6B" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
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<subSubSection id="CFA0D3BE5505230EFF4FD834504F7F2B" box="[192,860,610,635]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="870580355505230EFF4FD834504F7F2B" blockId="13.[192,860,610,635]" box="[192,860,610,635]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
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<heading id="DC4D37595505230EFF4FD834504F7F2B" bold="true" box="[192,860,610,635]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="B5CE5C275505230EFF4FD834504F7F2B" bold="true" box="[192,860,610,635]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
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<taxonomicName id="40BAFBB65505230EFF4FD83451827F2B" authority="(Butler, 1872)" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[192,657,610,635]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Eryphanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bubocula">
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<emphasis id="B5CE5C275505230EFF4FD83452C07F2B" bold="true" box="[192,467,610,635]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Eryphanis bubocula</emphasis>
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(Butler, 1872)
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</taxonomicName>
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, status revised
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CFA0D3BE5505230EFF4FD8D451117FCB" box="[192,514,642,667]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="description">
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<paragraph id="870580355505230EFF4FD8D451117FCB" blockId="13.[192,514,642,667]" box="[192,514,642,667]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
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<heading id="DC4D37595505230EFF4FD8D451117FCB" bold="true" box="[192,514,642,667]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="B5CE5C275505230EFF4FD8D451117FCB" bold="true" box="[192,514,642,667]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
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(
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<figureCitation id="1F819CB05505230EFF46D8D4523F7FCB" box="[201,300,642,667]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[192,275,1387,1409]" captionTargetBox="[198,1437,201,1373]" captionTargetId="figure-132@3.[192,1443,195,1374]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Eryphanis adult males, dorsal side on the left, ventral side on the right. Scale bar next to A = 1cm. A) E. automedon, Colombia, Cali. B) E. lycomedon, Colombia, Cali. C) E. reevesii, Brazil, São Paulo, Pinhal. D) E. bubocula, Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Rio San Lorenzo. E) E. aesacus, [Mexico], Catemaco. F) E. gerhardi, Bolivia. G) E. zolzivora, Bolivia. H) E. greeneyi, Ecuador, Napo, Yanayacu Biological Station, HOLOTYPE. I) E. opimus, Colombia, Cali." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4532985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4532985/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1F819CB05505230EFEB6D8D5524C7FCB" box="[313,351,643,667]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[192,276,1405,1427]" captionTargetBox="[195,1438,197,1377]" captionTargetId="figure-144@4.[192,1444,194,1380]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Eryphanis adult females, dorsal side on the left, ventral side on the right. Scale bar next to A = 1cm. A) E. automedon, Paraguay, Pedro Juan Caballero. B) E. lycomedon, Colombia, Cali. C) E. reevesii, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo. D) E. bubocula, Costa Rica, Cartago, Tapanti. E) E. aesacus, Mexico, Oaxaca, Tuxtepec.F) E. gerhardi,Brazil, Rondonia, Jaru.G) E.zolzivora, Bolivia, Cochabamba. H) E. greeneyi,Ecuador, Napo, Yanayacu Biological Station, PARATYPE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4532987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4532987/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">2D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1F819CB05505230EFEE3D8D552817FCB" box="[364,402,643,667]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[193,276,1750,1772]" captionTargetBox="[261,1378,190,1718]" captionTargetId="figure-15@7.[257,1382,189,1721]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Eryphanis male genitalia in lateral view, with separate drawings of the phallus. Scale bar next to A = 1mm. Note that the phallus was not removed from the genitalic capsule, and the drawing angles are thus not homogeneous across species. A) E. automedon, Colombia, Cali. B) E. lycomedon, Colombia, Cali. C) E. reevesii, Brazil, São Paulo, Pinhal. D) E. bubocula, Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Rio San Lorenzo. E) E. aesacus, Mexico, San Luis Potosi. F) E. gerhardi, Bolivia, Cochabamba. G) E. zolzivora, Bolivia, Cochabamba. H) E. greeneyi, Ecuador, near Baños, PARATYPE. I) E. opimus, Colombia, Cali." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4532989" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4532989/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">4D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1F819CB05505230EFE10D8D552D67FCB" box="[415,453,643,667]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[194,277,1776,1798]" captionTargetBox="[259,1375,204,1738]" captionTargetId="figure-21@8.[255,1383,201,1740]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Eryphanis male genitalia in ventral view, with separate drawings of the juxta and dorsal view of tegumen+uncus. Scale bar next to A = 1mm. A) E. automedon, Colombia, Cali. B) E. lycomedon, Colombia, Cali. C) E. reevesii, Brazil, São Paulo, Pinhal. D) E. bubocula, Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Rio San Lorenzo. E) E. aesacus, Mexico, San Luis Potosi. F) E. gerhardi, Bolivia, Cochabamba. G) E. zolzivora, Bolivia, Cochabamba. H) E. greeneyi, Ecuador, near Baños, PARATYPE. I) E. opimus, Colombia, Cali." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4532991" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4532991/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">5D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1F819CB05505230EFE5DD8D452EB7FCB" box="[466,504,642,667]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[192,276,1236,1258]" captionTargetBox="[200,1439,199,1223]" captionTargetId="figure-197@9.[192,1443,194,1244]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Eryphanis female sterigma and corpus bursa. Ribs of the intersegmental sac were omitted. Scale bars next to F = 1mm, note that sterigma and corpus bursa are in different magnifications. A) E. automedon, Peru, Puerto Maldonado. B) E. lycomedon, Costa Rica, Puntarenas. C) E. reevesii, Brazil, São Paulo, Pinhal. D) E. bubocula, Costa Rica, Cartago, Tapanti. E) E. aesacus,Mexico. F) E. gerhardi, Brazil, Rondonia, Jaru. G) E. zolzivora, Bolivia, Cochabamba. H) E. greeneyi, Ecuador, Napo, Yanayacu Biological Station, PARATYPE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4532993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4532993/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">6D</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CFA0D3BE5505230EFF4FD895511E7F8B" box="[192,525,707,731]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="870580355505230EFF4FD895511E7F8B" blockId="13.[192,525,707,731]" box="[192,525,707,731]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
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<materialsCitation id="37D28A685505230EFF4FD895511A7F8B" box="[192,521,707,731]" country="Costa Rica" location="Costa Rica" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B5CE5C275505230EFF4FD89552687F8B" bold="true" box="[192,379,707,731]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
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<typeStatus id="58013E975505230EFF4FD89552167F8B" box="[192,261,707,731]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="FFADC0A55505230EFE0ED895511A7F8B" box="[385,521,707,731]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CFA0D3BE5505230EFF4FD95552CF78EB" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="870580355505230EFF4FD95556B37ECB" blockId="13.[192,1441,771,923]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="B5CE5C275505230EFF4FD955525C7E4B" bold="true" box="[192,335,771,795]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Males similar to
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<taxonomicName id="40BAFBB65505230EFD93D95251897E4B" baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[540,666,772,795]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Eryphanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aesacus">
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<emphasis id="B5CE5C275505230EFD93D95251897E4B" box="[540,666,772,795]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">E. aesacus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but distinguished from this species by the larger size, the larger dorsal FW iridescent patch, and by the reduced size of the dorsal HW iridescent patch, which usually does not extend toward the medial area. Males have rounded gnathos, and wider valva in ventral view. Females distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="40BAFBB65505230EFE73D93251687E2B" baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[508,635,868,891]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Eryphanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aesacus">
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<emphasis id="B5CE5C275505230EFE73D93251687E2B" box="[508,635,868,891]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">E. aesacus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by their larger size, pale grayish blue dorsal iridescent sheen from basal to medial areas of both wings, and sterigma with a broader posterior ridge and larger midline keel.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="870580355505230EFF4FD99551CF798B" blockId="13.[192,1440,963,1467]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="B5CE5C275505230EFF4FD99551067E8B" bold="true" box="[192,533,963,987]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Annotated redescription</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B5CE5C275505230EFDACD995517C7E8B" bold="true" box="[547,623,963,987]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Male.</emphasis>
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FW length
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<quantity id="40422DD05505230EFD74D995505C7E8B" box="[763,847,963,987]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
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(n=1). Dorsal FW and HW with conspicuous and localized mid-night blue to purple iridescent patches extended from medial to postmedial areas of the FW, occupying half the length of the FW discal cell. Iridescent patches restricted to the postmedial area of the HW. Dorsal FW submarginal line faint, diffuse, continuous. HW edge rounded with a vestigial marginal outline dorsally. Dorsal HW with a large broad patch of black androconial scales above tornus. Androconial patch usually occupying a larger space of cell M2 than
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<taxonomicName id="40BAFBB65505230EFCDDDE3250C1792B" baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[850,978,1124,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Eryphanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aesacus">
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<emphasis id="B5CE5C275505230EFCDDDE3250C1792B" box="[850,978,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">E. aesacus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, taking up approximately one-third of the length of the cell. Ventral FW and HW main color brown. Ventral HW white postmedial transverse band well developed. HW ventral eyespot in cell Cu1 large, expanding to cell Cu2. Uncus elongate and slender, valva narrow, and gnathos rounded.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="870580355505230EFF7FDEB552CF78EB" blockId="13.[192,1440,963,1467]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="B5CE5C275505230EFF7FDEB5524D79AB" bold="true" box="[240,350,1251,1275]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Female.</emphasis>
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FW length
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<quantity id="40422DD05505230EFE79DEB5515D79AB" box="[502,590,1251,1275]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="67.0">67 mm</quantity>
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(n=2). Dorsal FW and HW with pale grayish blue iridescent sheen extended from basal to postmedial areas of the FW, stronger below Cu2, and from basal to medial areas of the HW, slightly more intense than in the FW. Dorsal FW orange submarginal line well developed, continuous, fading in cell Cu2. Submarginal branch of FW submarginal line starts above M1, and postmedial branch starts at wing margin or below the R stem. Dorsal HW marginal outline absent. HW edge rounded and slightly undulated. Ventral FW and HW as in male. Sterigma with a broad posterior ridge and narrow projections.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CFA0D3BE5505230EFF4FDFB5574E7A6B" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="870580355505230EFF4FDFB5521B7B6B" blockId="13.[192,1440,1507,1595]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="B5CE5C275505230EFF4FDFB5526678AB" bold="true" box="[192,373,1507,1531]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="FFADC0A55505230EFEF3DFB5511278AB" box="[380,513,1507,1531]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="FFADC0A55505230EFDA8DFB5518F78AB" box="[551,668,1507,1531]" name="Colombia" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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and the Amazon basin (
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<bibRefCitation id="E32BFDC45505230EFC49DFB5561078AB" author="Godman, F. A. & O. Salvin" box="[966,1283,1507,1531]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref12304" refString="Godman, F. A., and O. Salvin. 1879 - 1901. Insecta, Rhopalocera, Lepidoptera. Biologia Centrali Americana, vol. I, II, III. Dulau & Co.; London. 440 p." type="book" year="1879">Godman and Salvin 1879</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="E32BFDC45505230EFA81DFB553ED7B4B" author="Fruhstorfer, H." pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="285 - 332" refId="ref12225" refString="Fruhstorfer, H. 1912. Family: Brassolidae, p 285 - 332. In: A. Seitz (ed.). Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Volume 5. Alfred Kernen; Stuttgart. 1024 p." type="book chapter" year="1912">Frühstorfer 1912</bibRefCitation>
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, Appendix 1). In
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<collectingCountry id="FFADC0A55505230EFE48DC55515B7B4B" box="[455,584,1539,1563]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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it is reported from 500 to
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<quantity id="40422DD05505230EFCF4DC5550C87B4B" box="[891,987,1539,1563]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="1.8">1,800 m</quantity>
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on both slopes (
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<bibRefCitation id="E32BFDC45505230EFB18DC5556207B4B" author="Cubero, R." box="[1175,1331,1539,1563]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="33 - 43" refId="ref12026" refString="Cubero, R. 1985. Notes on the life cycle and natural history of Opsiphanes quiteria quirinus Godman and Eryphanis aesacus buboculus Butler (Brassolidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 39: 33 - 43." type="journal article" year="1985">Cubero 1985</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="E32BFDC45505230EFAB2DC5553EF7B6B" author="DeVries, P. J." pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref12097" refString="DeVries, P. J. 1987. The Butterflies of Costa Rica and their Natural History. Princeton University Press; Princeton, New Jersey. 327 p." type="book" year="1987">DeVries 1987</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="870580355505230EFF4FDC35574E7A6B" blockId="13.[192,1440,1635,1851]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="B5CE5C275505230EFF4FDC3552947B2B" bold="true" box="[192,391,1635,1659]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Species status.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="40BAFBB65505230EFE03DC3551937B2B" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[396,640,1635,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Eryphanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bubocula">
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<emphasis id="B5CE5C275505230EFE03DC3551937B2B" box="[396,640,1635,1659]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Eryphanis bubocula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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differs from
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<taxonomicName id="40BAFBB65505230EFC98DC3250867B2B" baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[791,917,1636,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Eryphanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aesacus">
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<emphasis id="B5CE5C275505230EFC98DC3250867B2B" box="[791,917,1636,1659]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">E. aesacus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in wing pattern and genitalia.
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<bibRefCitation id="E32BFDC45505230EFA8ADC35524C7BCB" author="Godman, F. A. & O. Salvin" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref12304" refString="Godman, F. A., and O. Salvin. 1879 - 1901. Insecta, Rhopalocera, Lepidoptera. Biologia Centrali Americana, vol. I, II, III. Dulau & Co.; London. 440 p." type="book" year="1879">Godman and Salvin (1879)</bibRefCitation>
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considered these taxa separate species, and pointed to diagnostic differences in wing length and color for both sexes. Their characters were confirmed here, and additional diagnostic characters are also provided for both taxa (see diagnoses). It is worth noting that
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<taxonomicName id="40BAFBB65505230EFC6FDC9257637B8B" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[992,1136,1731,1755]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Eryphanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bubocula">
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<emphasis id="B5CE5C275505230EFC6FDC9257637B8B" box="[992,1136,1731,1755]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">E. bubocula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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females resemble
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<taxonomicName id="40BAFBB65505230EFADFDC95510B7BAB" authority="Butler, 1870" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1870" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Caligo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="illioneus" subSpecies="oberon">
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<emphasis id="B5CE5C275505230EFADFDC95526D7BAB" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Caligo illioneus oberon</emphasis>
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Butler, 1870
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</taxonomicName>
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(see
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<bibRefCitation id="E32BFDC45505230EFDDDDCB551E77BAB" author="DeVries, P. J." box="[594,756,1763,1787]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref12097" refString="DeVries, P. J. 1987. The Butterflies of Costa Rica and their Natural History. Princeton University Press; Princeton, New Jersey. 327 p." type="book" year="1987">DeVries 1987</bibRefCitation>
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for illustrations) while those of
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<taxonomicName id="40BAFBB65505230EFBE3DCB257FB7BAB" baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[1132,1256,1764,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Eryphanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aesacus">
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<emphasis id="B5CE5C275505230EFBE3DCB257FB7BAB" box="[1132,1256,1764,1787]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">E. aesacus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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assume a more ordinary
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<taxonomicName id="40BAFBB65505230EFEA0DD5552BC7A4B" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityYear="1870" box="[303,431,1795,1819]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Eryphanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B5CE5C275505230EFEA0DD5552BC7A4B" box="[303,431,1795,1819]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Eryphanis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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female pattern (compare
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<figureCitation id="1F819CB05505230EFD6DDD55509A7A4B" box="[738,905,1795,1819]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[192,276,1405,1427]" captionTargetBox="[195,1438,197,1377]" captionTargetId="figure-144@4.[192,1444,194,1380]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Eryphanis adult females, dorsal side on the left, ventral side on the right. Scale bar next to A = 1cm. A) E. automedon, Paraguay, Pedro Juan Caballero. B) E. lycomedon, Colombia, Cali. C) E. reevesii, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo. D) E. bubocula, Costa Rica, Cartago, Tapanti. E) E. aesacus, Mexico, Oaxaca, Tuxtepec.F) E. gerhardi,Brazil, Rondonia, Jaru.G) E.zolzivora, Bolivia, Cochabamba. H) E. greeneyi,Ecuador, Napo, Yanayacu Biological Station, PARATYPE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4532987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4532987/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2D and E</figureCitation>
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). In concert, differences in both wing characters and genitalia support the reinstatement of species status of
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<taxonomicName id="40BAFBB65505230EFC48DD7257457A6B" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[967,1110,1827,1851]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Eryphanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bubocula">
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<emphasis id="B5CE5C275505230EFC48DD7257457A6B" box="[967,1110,1827,1851]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">E. bubocula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CFA0D3BE5506230DFF4FDA9551E47C6B" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="870580355506230DFF4FDA9551E47C6B" blockId="14.[192,1440,195,315]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis id="B5CE5C275506230DFF4FDA95522E7D8B" bold="true" box="[192,317,195,219]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Remarks</emphasis>
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. It would be interesting to compare specimens from higher elevations with those from the Amazon Basin (possibly from the subspecies
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<emphasis id="B5CE5C275506230DFD51DAB250517DAB" box="[734,834,228,251]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">juruana</emphasis>
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|
<bibRefCitation id="E32BFDC45506230DFCC7DAB557307DAB" author="Fruhstorfer, H." box="[840,1059,227,251]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="285 - 332" refId="ref12225" refString="Fruhstorfer, H. 1912. Family: Brassolidae, p 285 - 332. In: A. Seitz (ed.). Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Volume 5. Alfred Kernen; Stuttgart. 1024 p." type="book chapter" year="1912">Frühstorfer, 1912</bibRefCitation>
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|
), which were unavailable to me for examination. The life history of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="40BAFBB65506230DFDD3DB5251FA7C4B" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[604,745,259,283]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Eryphanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bubocula">
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|
<emphasis id="B5CE5C275506230DFDD3DB5251FA7C4B" box="[604,745,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">E. bubocula</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was described and illustrated by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="E32BFDC45506230DFBFEDB55560B7C4B" author="Cubero, R." box="[1137,1304,259,283]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="33 - 43" refId="ref12026" refString="Cubero, R. 1985. Notes on the life cycle and natural history of Opsiphanes quiteria quirinus Godman and Eryphanis aesacus buboculus Butler (Brassolidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 39: 33 - 43." type="journal article" year="1985">Cubero (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
from
|
|
<collectingCountry id="FFADC0A55506230DFAD4DB5553EA7C6B" name="Costa Rica" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
|
, including observations on adult behavior.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
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|
</treatment>
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</document> |