193 lines
19 KiB
XML
193 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="9D749FCB94C1DA150DDC636C6044D127" ID-CLB-Dataset="58517" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6514377" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58bf4faf-7498-4c12-bcb3-b6f085b58978" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514377" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1635374545975" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03A087C4FFDAFFDBFA73FBAEEE34F3BB" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Cervidae_0350.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pudu puda" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="438" masterDocId="FF99FFBCFFC5FFC4FFCBFFB7E63DFFF9" masterDocTitle="Cervidae" masterLastPageNumber="443" masterPageNumber="350" pageNumber="438" updateTime="1699464900173" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="377401FA32727B2DBC45A54BC7E03170" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="2F20F6C17E7B7D8AEF81079E9D9166DC">
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<mods:title id="9E955E1CE651116FE3638F70BDD2F2B3">Cervidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="4DAFE49EF231A682949392E882EBE7A2" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="9B708C37A57374D7AA94ADA7A1CE3B0C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F595669864C3569437F690B9453878CF">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="0D495D5A7F86BD446B9D4F9508E0833C" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="17BF72C04D8222F39BB8963B934C83AE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="BB883FEC52828647132298E73F807853">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="9FFF54D65B74ED69B11B6641B89256A3">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="C9CB77E7BED9C67D00FEE6B3AA4A0A64" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="2C2A91CE468C97A46D32F44A4E32DAD7">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="3C0F86ECBE7F407AF54E1DE7BD628F74">
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<mods:placeTerm id="DC61B4B2B8C40A7A812CBEFAF90069F1">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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<mods:titleInfo id="A289321F55463069AD3273CDABFE26FF">
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<mods:title id="6E18A99752A8309733105816C584C9DE">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="82D7373A5E65DBA69058D289F13354F2">
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<mods:classification id="F133A9A3C0F7B9F6BCE8E7BCB29EC1A7">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="AC59C692FC3EFCB110B8786BE2C29BA2" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6514377</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="19BD274BC3CC7037BA2FF1C0B2D2C8EF" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A087C4FFDAFFDBFA73FBAEEE34F3BB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514579" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195657910" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514579" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087C4FFDAFFDBFA73FBAEEE34F3BB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087C4FFDAFFDBFA73FBAEEE34F3BB" lastPageNumber="438" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFA73FBAEE3CCFBBE" box="[1464,1521,1049,1095]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFA73FBAEE3CCFBBE" blockId="31.[1462,2125,1049,1173]" box="[1464,1521,1049,1095]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDAFFDBFA73FBAEE3CCFBBE" box="[1464,1521,1049,1095]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<figureCitation id="13322A57FFDAFFDBFA73FBAEE3CCFBBE" box="[1464,1521,1049,1095]" captionStart="Plate 20: Cervidae" captionStartId="28.[133,165,3398,3419]" captionTargetBox="[11,2785,16,3635]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="36. White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus), 37. Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus), 38. Marsh Deer (Blastocerus dichotomus), 39. Pampas Deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus), 41. South Andean Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus), 42. Northern Pudu (Pudu mephistophiles), 43. Southern Pudu (Pudu puda)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6514571/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">43.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBF9C9FBAEE17CFBBE" box="[1538,1857,1049,1095]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBF9C9FBAEE17CFBBE" blockId="31.[1462,2125,1049,1173]" box="[1538,1857,1049,1095]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDAFFDBF9C9FBAEE17CFBBE" box="[1538,1857,1049,1095]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFDAFFDBF9C9FBAEE17CFBBE" box="[1538,1857,1049,1095]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Southern Pudu</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBF843FBAEEE71FBBE" box="[1928,2124,1049,1095]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBF843FBAEEE71FBBE" blockId="31.[1462,2125,1049,1173]" box="[1928,2124,1049,1095]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDAFFDBF843FBAEEE71FBBE" box="[1928,2124,1049,1095]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFDAFFDBF843FBAEEE71FBBE" ID-CoL="4QFSJ" baseAuthorityName="Molina" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[1928,2124,1049,1095]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Pudu" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="puda">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBF843FBAEEE71FBBE" box="[1928,2124,1049,1095]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Pudu puda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFA7CFBEEE105FB6C" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFA7CFBEEEE21FB97" blockId="31.[1462,2125,1049,1173]" box="[1463,2076,1113,1134]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDAFFDBFA7CFBEEEE21FB97" box="[1463,2076,1113,1134]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFA7CFBEEE039FB97" bold="true" box="[1463,1540,1113,1134]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFDAFFDBF9C5FBEEE09DFB97" box="[1550,1696,1113,1134]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Poudou austral</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBF97DFBEEE12CFB97" bold="true" box="[1718,1809,1113,1134]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFDAFFDBF8D1FBEEE14CFB97" box="[1818,1905,1113,1134]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Siidpudu</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBF84CFBEEE1DCFB97" bold="true" box="[1927,2017,1113,1134]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFDAFFDBF827FBEEEE21FB97" box="[2028,2076,1113,1134]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Pudu</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFA7CFB37E105FB6C" blockId="31.[1462,2125,1049,1173]" box="[1463,1848,1152,1173]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDAFFDBFA7CFB37E105FB6C" box="[1463,1848,1152,1173]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFA7CFB37E090FB6C" bold="true" box="[1463,1709,1152,1173]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFDAFFDBF97DFB37E105FB6C" box="[1718,1848,1152,1173]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Chilean Pudu</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBF7D5FB73EC1EFB1C" box="[2078,2595,1220,1253]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBF7D5FB73EC1EFB1C" blockId="31.[2076,2664,1220,1645]" box="[2078,2595,1220,1253]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBF7D5FB73EE84FB1C" bold="true" box="[2078,2233,1220,1253]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFDAFFDBF70CFB73EC23FB1C" authority="Molina, 1782" authorityName="Molina" authorityYear="1782" baseAuthorityName="Molina" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[2247,2590,1220,1253]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="puda">Capra puda Molina, 1782</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBF5E5FB73EF7FFAF5" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBF5E5FB73EF7FFAF5" blockId="31.[2076,2664,1220,1645]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<materialsCitation id="3B613C8FFFDAFFDBF5E5FB73EF7FFAF5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785196325" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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Chiloé Province (
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDAFFDBF729FB58EF09FAF5" box="[2274,2356,1263,1292]" name="Chile" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Chile</collectingCountry>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBF7D5FAA1EFBAFACA" box="[2078,2439,1302,1331]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBF7D5FAA1EFBAFACA" blockId="31.[2076,2664,1220,1645]" box="[2078,2439,1302,1331]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBF7D6FA8DEF2CF994" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF76665AFFDAFFDBF7D6FA8DEF2CF994" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514539" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514539" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6514539/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" targetBox="[1460,2054,1227,1642]" targetPageId="31">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBF7D6FA8DEF2CF994" blockId="31.[2076,2664,1220,1645]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBF7D6FA8DEEF0FAA2" bold="true" box="[2077,2253,1338,1371]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Distribution.</emphasis>
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It is found in S
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDAFFDBF629FA8DEC16FAA2" box="[2530,2603,1338,1371]" name="Chile" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Chile</collectingCountry>
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between
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<geoCoordinate id="EE3D5015FFDAFFDBF7B7FAD6EEF9FA7B" box="[2172,2244,1377,1410]" degrees="35" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" precision="55555" value="-35.0">35° S</geoCoordinate>
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(Mataquito River) and
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<geoCoordinate id="EE3D5015FFDAFFDBF5D6FAD6EC5BFA7B" box="[2589,2662,1377,1410]" degrees="47" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" precision="55555" value="-47.0">47° S</geoCoordinate>
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(Lake
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<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFDAFFDBF7B2FA3BEF0FFA50" box="[2169,2354,1420,1449]" country="Argentina" name="Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Buenos Aires</collectingRegion>
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, Peninsula Esmeralda & Laguna San Rafael) and in adjacent W
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDAFFDBF786FA60EEE6FA01" box="[2125,2267,1495,1528]" name="Argentina" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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from SW
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<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFDAFFDBF643FA60EE64F9E6" country="Argentina" name="Neuquen" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Neuquén Province</collectingRegion>
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, southward along the foothills of the Andes to Los Alerces National Park in
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<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFDAFFDBF7D5F9FBEF30F994" box="[2078,2317,1612,1645]" country="Argentina" name="Chubut" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Chubut Province</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFA7EF9C4E095F85F" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFA7EF9C4E095F85F" blockId="31.[1457,2663,1651,3138]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFA7EF9C4E08FF96D" bold="true" box="[1461,1714,1651,1684]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDAFFDBF8B8F9C4E1F1F96D" box="[1907,1996,1651,1684]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" unit="cm" value="80.0">80 cm</quantity>
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, tail
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDAFFDBF7D2F9C4EE5FF96D" box="[2073,2146,1651,1684]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
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, shoulder height 30-40 cm; weight 9-10 kg (up to
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDAFFDBF95FF92CE0DEF945" box="[1684,1763,1691,1724]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.4" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" unit="kg" value="14.0">14 kg</quantity>
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). Small-sized deer,slightly larger than the Northern Pudu. The coat is rufous in summer, dark brown in winter; the legs are paler. Fawns are spotted until they are three months of age. A large preorbital gland and a small interdigital gland are present. Permanent dentition of 32 teeth. Antlers of adults are spikes 5-9 cm long (up to
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||
<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDAFFDBF90CF88FE120F8A0" box="[1735,1821,1848,1881]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
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). Thefirst true set of antlers develops at 9-12 months of age. Antler cycle is synchronized: antler casting is in June—July, velvet cleaning in October. Hooves are short.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFA7FF801E085F7E5" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="biology_ecology">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFA7FF801E085F7E5" blockId="31.[1457,2663,1651,3138]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFA7FF801E01EF836" bold="true" box="[1460,1571,1974,1999]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Habitat.</emphasis>
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It lives in temperate pristine rain forests, from sea level to
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||
<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDAFFDBF6A4F801EFEEF836" box="[2415,2515,1974,1999]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" unit="m" value="1700.0">1700 m</quantity>
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above sea level, more frequently at high elevations. It also occurs in secondary forests. It feeds along forest edges.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFA7FF793E07DF792" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFA7FF793E07DF792" blockId="31.[1457,2663,1651,3138]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFA7FF793E08BF7BC" bold="true" box="[1460,1718,2084,2117]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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As a browser,it eats young leaves, sprouts of trees and shrubs, forbs, and fruits.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFA7FF7C5EE6BF5E5" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="breeding">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFA7FF7C5EE6BF5E5" blockId="31.[1457,2663,1651,3138]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFA7FF7C5E007F76A" bold="true" box="[1460,1594,2162,2195]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Females attain puberty at 12-18 months of age, sometimes at 5—6 months. Males are able to reproduce at two or three years of age. Breeding is markedly seasonal, with a rut mainly in March-April and a fawning season in November-December. In the courtship approach males lower their body in an exaggerated crouched posture with belly almost touching the ground. Females have an estrous cycle of eleven days. The length of pregnancy is about 195 days. Females give birth to a single fawn weighing about 0.7-0.
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDAFFDBF95EF6E9E0EEF686" box="[1685,1747,2398,2431]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" unit="kg" value="9.0">9 kg</quantity>
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. The first solid food is eaten at twelve days of age. Weaning occurs very early, possibly at two months of age. Maximum longevity in captivity is 17-18 years. Main predators are Pumas (Puma concolor), Kodkods (Leopardus guigna), foxes and Magellanic horned owls (Bubo magellanicus). On Chiloé Island, pudus comprise 3-7% of the diet of Darwin’s Fox (Pseudalopexfulvipes).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFA7AF595EC5DF5BA" box="[1457,2656,2594,2627]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFA7AF595EC5DF5BA" blockId="31.[1457,2663,1651,3138]" box="[1457,2656,2594,2627]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFA7AF595E0A6F5BA" bold="true" box="[1457,1691,2594,2627]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
It is mainly crepuscular, but can be active both day and night as well.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFA79F5F9EE06F4FE" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFA79F5F9EE06F4FE" blockId="31.[1457,2663,1651,3138]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFA79F5F9EE57F592" bold="true" box="[1458,2154,2638,2667]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Its small and compact body enables it to move in the thick understory of the forest. It occupies home ranges of 15-25 ha, sometimes larger, which it defends actively. Fighting includes jumping at the rival, biting, and thrashing him with the front legs. Marking includes depositing feces in latrines. It lives solitarily or in temporary pairs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFA79F4B9E0B1F40B" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFA79F4B9E0B1F40B" blockId="31.[1457,2663,1651,3138]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFA79F4B9E12AF4D6" bold="true" box="[1458,1815,2830,2863]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix I. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List and decreasing. Total population is thought to be less than 10,000 animals. Poaching and habitat loss and fragmentation have caused a rapid decline in recent decades. Over 90% ofits former habitat in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDAFFDBF7C5F433EE6AF45C" box="[2062,2135,2948,2981]" name="Chile" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
has been lost. Predation by domestic dogs and competition with domestic livestock and exotic wildlife are important additional threats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFA79F3B1EE34F3BB" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFA79F3B1EE34F3BB" blockId="31.[1457,2663,1651,3138]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFA79F3B1E071F3E2" bold="true" box="[1458,1612,3078,3099]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Blainvillain et al. (1997), Eldridge et al. (1987), Feer (1984), Hershkovitz (1982), Jimenez (2010), MacNamara & Eldridge (1987), Meier & Merino (2007).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |