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<document id="81D1A5D99DD7E1EE537F139952F1270C" ID-CLB-Dataset="58517" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6514377" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58bf4faf-7498-4c12-bcb3-b6f085b58978" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514377" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1635374545975" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03A087C4FFCBFFCBFA6BF91EE77CFCB3" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Cervidae_0350.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Cervus wallichii G. Cuvier 1823" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="422" masterDocId="FF99FFBCFFC5FFC4FFCBFFB7E63DFFF9" masterDocTitle="Cervidae" masterLastPageNumber="443" masterPageNumber="350" pageNumber="421" updateTime="1699464900173" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="7721EAAD1A95D53162D576B55D5806DC" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="B0BE5B4538A6F7E5EF01C5F587CFC518">
<mods:title id="14BFDCB84FB4EC4FB60B8A3DCE5628D9">Cervidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="932D941B90748E81AB2FEC8F3847129D" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="FF396D74ACACE1E1F5EFA15448E72AF2">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5D5FC0B84576EB013B2C7CCAB6AA3EC0">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="974D5A03206B9F8096DF99E7859FBEFE">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="E38DEBE54A97B94768717638340D2473">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="07D84AF9595BF41FA506968E3D02C637">
<mods:placeTerm id="DD8A24B1003558D8F71B05960691CC77">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="AC2D1FEA476EE9E704BD2C698CBBA4D1">
<mods:title id="BC48920E0C4D446F1B2A6EFA9A5CD6A0">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:classification id="90D8C11CB79AD535C0E21B77F2808D91">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="3FE006E7E4231AC000B2555E336A8764" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6514377</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A087C4FFCBFFCBFA6BF91EE77CFCB3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514507" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195657960" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514507" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087C4FFCBFFCBFA6BF91EE77CFCB3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087C4FFCBFFCBFA6BF91EE77CFCB3" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="422" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCBFFCAFA6BF91EE3E4F92A" box="[1440,1497,1705,1747]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCBFFCAFA6BF91EE3E4F92A" blockId="14.[1438,2363,1705,1830]" box="[1440,1497,1705,1747]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
<heading id="D0FE81BEFFCBFFCAFA6BF91EE3E4F92A" box="[1440,1497,1705,1747]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
<figureCitation id="13322A57FFCBFFCAFA6BF91EE3E4F92A" box="[1440,1497,1705,1747]" captionStart="Plate 17" captionStartId="14.[170,202,3419,3440]" captionTargetBox="[13,2767,16,3635]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="23. Sika Deer (Cervus nippon), 24. Central Asian Red Deer (Cervus wallichii), 25. Western Red Deer (Cervus elaphus), 26. Wapiti (Cervus canadensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514474" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6514474/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">24.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCBFFCAFA21F91EE1EAF92A" box="[1514,2007,1705,1747]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCBFFCAFA21F91EE1EAF92A" blockId="14.[1438,2363,1705,1830]" box="[1514,2007,1705,1747]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
<heading id="D0FE81BEFFCBFFCAFA21F91EE1EAF92A" box="[1514,2007,1705,1747]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFCBFFCAFA21F91EE1EAF92A" box="[1514,2007,1705,1747]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">Central Asian Red Deer</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCBFFCAF7C5F91EEF07F92A" box="[2062,2362,1705,1747]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCBFFCAF7C5F91EEF07F92A" blockId="14.[1438,2363,1705,1830]" box="[2062,2362,1705,1747]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
<heading id="D0FE81BEFFCBFFCAF7C5F91EEF07F92A" box="[2062,2362,1705,1747]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCBFFCAF7C5F91EEF07F92A" authorityName="G. Cuvier" authorityYear="1823" box="[2062,2362,1705,1747]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallichii">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCBFFCAF7C5F91EEF07F92A" box="[2062,2362,1705,1747]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">Cervus wallichii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCBFFCAFA54F953EF1FF8D9" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCBFFCAFA54F953EE91F900" blockId="14.[1438,2363,1705,1830]" box="[1439,2220,1764,1785]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
<heading id="D0FE81BEFFCBFFCAFA54F953EE91F900" box="[1439,2220,1764,1785]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCBFFCAFA54F953E3D1F900" bold="true" box="[1439,1516,1764,1785]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFCBFFCAFA3EF953E0B1F900" box="[1525,1676,1764,1785]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">Cerf de Wallich</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCBFFCAF96AF953E0C0F900" bold="true" box="[1697,1789,1764,1785]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFCBFFCAF8CDF953E19FF900" box="[1798,1954,1764,1785]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">China-Rothirsch</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCBFFCAF87CF953EE2FF900" bold="true" box="[1975,2066,1764,1785]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFCBFFCAF7D7F953EE91F900" box="[2076,2220,1764,1785]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFCBFFCAF7D7F953EE67F900" box="[2076,2138,1764,1785]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">Ciervo</vernacularName>
asiatico
</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCBFFCAFA54F8BCEF1FF8D9" blockId="14.[1438,2363,1705,1830]" box="[1439,2338,1803,1824]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
<heading id="D0FE81BEFFCBFFCAFA54F8BCEF1FF8D9" box="[1439,2338,1803,1824]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCBFFCAFA54F8BCE0A8F8D9" bold="true" box="[1439,1685,1803,1824]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFCBFFCAF954F8BCE106F8D9" box="[1695,1851,1803,1824]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">Hangul (hangl/u)</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFCBFFCAF882F8BCEEBCF8D9" box="[1865,2177,1803,1824]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">MacNeill's Red Deer (macneilli)</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFCBFFCAF744F8BCEF1FF8D9" box="[2191,2338,1803,1824]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">Shou (wallichii)</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCBFFCAF7CEF8FAEE72F86F" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCBFFCAF7CEF8FAEE72F86F" blockId="14.[2053,2641,1869,2295]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCBFFCAF7CEF8FAEE9DF897" bold="true" box="[2053,2208,1869,1902]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCBFFCAF70BF8FAEE77F86F" authority="G. Cuvier, 1823" authorityName="G. Cuvier" authorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallichii">Cervus wallichii G. Cuvier, 1823</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCBFFCAF791F8CEEFE5F86F" box="[2138,2520,1913,1942]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCBFFCAF791F8CEEFE5F86F" blockId="14.[2053,2641,1869,2295]" box="[2138,2520,1913,1942]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
<materialsCitation id="3B613C8FFFCBFFCAF791F8CEEFE5F86F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785196306" box="[2138,2520,1913,1942]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
Lake Mansarovar (S
<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFCBFFCAF6B1F8CEEFF7F86F" box="[2426,2506,1913,1942]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">Tibet</collectingRegion>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCBFFCAF7CDF813EC73F66C" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCBFFCAF7CDF813EC73F66C" blockId="14.[2053,2641,1869,2295]" lastBlockId="14.[1440,2643,2302,3318]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
For decades the red deer complex, including European and North African Red Deer (
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCBFFCAF76EF858EF0EF7F5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[2213,2355,2031,2060]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaphus">C. elaphus</taxonomicName>
), Central Asian Red Deer (
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCBFFCAF7AAF7ADEEC6F7CA" authorityName="G. Cuvier" authorityYear="1823" box="[2145,2299,2074,2099]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallichii">C. wallichii</taxonomicName>
), and Eastern Asian and North American Wapiti (C.
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCBFFCAF679F78AEC7CF7A3" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" box="[2482,2625,2109,2138]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
), was considered as only one species. Several genetic studies have recently tried to clarify the taxonomy of this species complex, but their results are not always concordant. Two or three main clades are genetically distinguishable.
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCBFFCAF6AEF749EFC5F6E6" authorityName="G. Cuvier" authorityYear="1823" box="[2405,2552,2302,2335]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallichii">C. wallichii</taxonomicName>
is the most primitive representative of the red deer complex lineage. The scientific name refers to the Danish naturalist N. Wallich, who was superintendent of the Botanical Garden of the East
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCBFFCAF97BF6C3E0C4F66C" box="[1712,1785,2420,2453]" name="India" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">India</collectingCountry>
Company in Calcutta. Here three subspecies are recognized.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCBFFCAFA6BF617E06EF5A3" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" type="distribution">
<caption id="DF76665AFFCBFFCAFA6BF617E06EF5A3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514454" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6514454/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" targetBox="[1437,2030,1881,2296]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCBFFCAFA6BF617E112F644" blockId="14.[1440,2643,2302,3318]" box="[1440,1839,2464,2493]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCBFFCAFA6BF617E112F644" bold="true" box="[1440,1839,2464,2493]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCBFFCAFA6FF67CEF2EF61D" blockId="14.[1440,2643,2302,3318]" box="[1444,2323,2507,2532]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCBFFCAFA6FF67CEF2EF61D" authority=": G. Cuvier, 1823" authorityName=": G. Cuvier" authorityYear="1823" box="[1444,2323,2507,2532]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="wallichii" subSpecies="wallichi">
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCBFFCAFA6FF67CEF2EF61D" box="[1444,2323,2507,2532]" name="China" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">C.w.wallichi:G.Cuvier,1823—SWChina(SEXizang),Bhutan.</collectingCountry>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCBFFCAFA68F658EE05F5F5" blockId="14.[1440,2643,2302,3318]" box="[1443,2104,2543,2572]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCBFFCAFA68F658EE05F5F5" authority="Wagner, 1844" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1844" box="[1443,2104,2543,2572]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="wallichii" subSpecies="hanglu">
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCBFFCAFA68F658EE05F5F5" box="[1443,2104,2543,2572]" name="India" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">C.w.hangluWagner,1844—NIndia(Kashmir).</collectingCountry>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCBFFCAFA6FF5AEE06EF5A3" blockId="14.[1440,2643,2302,3318]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCBFFCAFA6FF5AEE109F5CB" authority="Lydekker, 1909" authorityName="Lydekker" authorityYear="1909" box="[1444,1844,2585,2610]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="wallichii" subSpecies="macneilli">C. w. macneilli Lydekker, 1909</taxonomicName>
—C &amp; SW
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCBFFCAF80EF5AEEE24F5CB" box="[1989,2073,2585,2610]" name="China" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">China</collectingCountry>
(N
<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFCBFFCAF79BF5AEEEFEF5CB" box="[2128,2243,2585,2610]" country="China" name="Qinghai" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">Qinghai</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFCBFFCAF718F5AEEF11F5CB" box="[2259,2348,2585,2610]" country="China" name="Gansu" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">Gansu</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFCBFFCAF6F0F5AEEF91F5CB" box="[2363,2476,2585,2610]" country="China" name="Shaanxi" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">Shaanxi</collectingRegion>
, W
<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFCBFFCAF62BF5AEEC6DF5CB" box="[2528,2640,2585,2610]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
&amp; E
<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFCBFFCAFA16F58AE078F5A3" box="[1501,1605,2621,2650]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">Xizang</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCBFFCAFA6BF5D3EFDAF3CB" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCBFFCAFA6BF5D3EFDAF3CB" blockId="14.[1440,2643,2302,3318]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCBFFCAFA6BF5D3E0A2F578" bold="true" box="[1440,1695,2660,2689]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head—body 190-205 cm for males (stags) and 180-195 cm for females (hinds), tail length 8-12 cm, shoulder height 125-145 cm (stags) and 110-120 cm (hinds); weight of stags 150-240 kg and hinds 110-170 kg. Large-sized deer, with basically a five-tined antler plan, large ears, a short neck mane, a shorttail, massive haunches, and large broad hooves. The rump patch and the tail coloration vary among subspecies. Antlers tend to have a terminal transverse fork and a well-developed bez tine. The “Hangul” (hanglu) has a small rump patch bordered below by a broad black band and a dark tail. The belly is whitish, legs and chest are dark. The “Shou” (
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCBFFCAF5D0F4CCE3DFF445" authorityName="G. Cuvier" authorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wallichii">wallichii</taxonomicName>
) seems to have a rump patch of variable size, often divided by a dark line. Thetail is whitish. The belly is gray, the lips are pale gray. “MacNeill’s Red Deer” (macneilli) has a narrow white rump patch that expands dorsally into a broad black croup patch, and a dark tail. The lips are gray-brown. This subspecies often has six-tined antlers.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCBFFCAFA6AF38FEF49F351" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCBFFCAFA6AF38FEF49F351" blockId="14.[1440,2643,2302,3318]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCBFFCAFA6AF38FE02DF3A0" bold="true" box="[1441,1552,3128,3161]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">Habitat.</emphasis>
Hanguls live in moist temperate forest. Shous occur in scrublands and alpine grasslands at 4300-4900 m above sea level. MacNeill’s Red Deeris found in montane conifer forest, willow-rhododendron scrublands, and alpine meadows.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCBFFCAFA6AF319E136F30F" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCBFFCAFA6AF319E136F30F" blockId="14.[1440,2643,2302,3318]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCBFFCAFA6AF319E096F336" bold="true" box="[1441,1707,3246,3279]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
As mixed feeders they may graze grasses and forbs, then turn to browsing leaves and twigs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF76665AFFCBFFCAFF61F2ECE29EF288" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514474" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514474" box="[170,1187,3418,3444]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6514474/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="421" startId="14.[170,202,3419,3440]" targetBox="[13,2767,16,3635]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCBFFCAFF61F2ECE29EF288" blockId="14.[170,1187,3418,3444]" box="[170,1187,3418,3444]" pageId="14" pageNumber="421">On following pages 25 Western Red Door (Corvus oluphusl, 26 Wapm (Corvus canodenswl</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCAFFCBFF0DFEB4E51CFEB2" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCAFFCBFF0DFEB4E51CFEB2" blockId="15.[197,1399,259,842]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCAFFCBFF0DFEB4E771FEDD" bold="true" box="[198,332,259,292]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Breeding.</emphasis>
The rutting call begins as a roar but ends in a Wapiti-like bugle. The calving season of the Hangul peaks in July-August.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCAFFCBFF0DFEE5E2DFFE38" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCAFFCBFF0DFEE5E2DFFE38" blockId="15.[197,1399,259,842]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCAFFCBFF0DFEE5E5B1FE8A" bold="true" box="[198,908,338,371]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
They are saltatorial, able to move with agility on steep slopes in scrub vegetation. They are gregarious, with large family groups. The rare Shou has been seen recently in herds of up to 55 animals.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCAFFCBFF0DFE7FE7A2FD02" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCAFFCBFF0DFE7FE7A2FD02" blockId="15.[197,1399,259,842]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCAFFCBFF0DFE7FE418FE10" bold="true" box="[198,549,456,489]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Hangul CITES Appendix I. Considered a subspecies of the
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCAFFCBFF02FE58E773FDE9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[201,334,495,528]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaphus">C. elaphus</taxonomicName>
complex by IUCN and thus not evaluated on The IUCN Red Lust. It is a very rare species, possibly threatened, the Hangul declined from 2000 animals in 1947 to less than 200 animals in the early 1970s, then increased to 1000 by 1989, but dropped again to 150-200 in the last decade. The Shou was considered extinct and rediscovered in a few localities of south-east
<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFCAFFCBFD02FD3BE529FD54" box="[713,788,652,685]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Tibet</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFCAFFCBFCE1FD3BE5B3FD54" box="[810,910,652,685]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Xizang</collectingRegion>
) in 1995. The status of MacNeill’s Red Deer is unknown. Poaching and pressure from stock grazing continue to be significant threats.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCAFFCBFF0DFCBDE77CFCB3" pageId="15" pageNumber="422" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCAFFCBFF0DFCBDE77CFCB3" blockId="15.[197,1399,259,842]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCAFFCBFF0DFCBDE75DFCDA" bold="true" box="[198,352,778,803]" pageId="15" pageNumber="422">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Dolan (1988), Dolan &amp; Killmar (1988), Geist (1998), Groves (2003, 2006), Schaller (1998), Wemmer (1998).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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