196 lines
18 KiB
XML
196 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document id="EF2727A3ED25C8009E86FA1AC5938897" ID-CLB-Dataset="58517" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6514377" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58bf4faf-7498-4c12-bcb3-b6f085b58978" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514377" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1635374545975" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03A087C4FFC6FFC7FF0DFEBDE573F8A5" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Cervidae_0350.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Muntiacus vuquangensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="410" masterDocId="FF99FFBCFFC5FFC4FFCBFFB7E63DFFF9" masterDocTitle="Cervidae" masterLastPageNumber="443" masterPageNumber="350" pageNumber="410" updateTime="1699464900173" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="7637E81AD1E06AEE3C99FB2ECCAB1882" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="96627519F822815CEDC8681597CF5109">
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<mods:title id="C1ED24A1350469EBAF91B0A03EC31CB5">Cervidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="5519B2DA89DF553D50D202219831844D" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="E39B42BABED9240043E217664C770004">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="CA8293024DEEE9C63F203B0F8B1981BC" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="97823155656F1DBF851AC1CBF9ABDC9C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="2D852152FD1DF86096CB7C0F7CDE479C">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="7AB8A22F58885D5C9467FDC8ECF3FB26">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="FE74F1F1D45F32012C3B84B772B7CF34" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="45A28A34DB3D0E5124591BF5C347AE84">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="3377F1A3B5B2DECABEB54F56F58FC82B">
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<mods:placeTerm id="6B926DCFDB50E6BBD6DCEF3F1610E46D">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="32C23116F2EAD68C76E0FE07BB231F96">
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<mods:title id="52BF4444FEEE8643D6A35003A2BC7EF2">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="4C35831827C711F042D04CF79AF00E44">
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<mods:classification id="C50044933837AD456F12CFDE87063DB8">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="56B802EC6EB1751DAE31012C06A53BD2" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6514377</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1F5132FA78A09B518A0FDB887462530F" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A087C4FFC6FFC7FF0DFEBDE573F8A5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514411" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195657968" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514411" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087C4FFC6FFC7FF0DFEBDE573F8A5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087C4FFC6FFC7FF0DFEBDE573F8A5" lastPageNumber="410" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFC6FFC7FF0DFEBDE6DBFEC1" box="[198,230,266,312]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFC6FFC7FF0DFEBDE6DBFEC1" blockId="3.[196,1078,266,396]" box="[198,230,266,312]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFC6FFC7FF0DFEBDE6DBFEC1" box="[198,230,266,312]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
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<figureCitation id="13322A57FFC6FFC7FF0DFEBDE6DBFEC1" box="[198,230,266,312]" captionStart="Plate 15: Cervidae" captionStartId="2.[137,168,3397,3418]" captionTargetBox="[13,2762,14,3634]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Tufted Deer (Elaphodus cephalophus), 2. Bornean Yellow Muntjac (Muntiacus atherodes), 3. Reeves’s Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi), 4. Giant Muntjac (Muntiacus vuquangensis), 5. Fea’s Muntjac (Muntiacus feae), 6. Gongshan Muntjac (Muntiacus gongshanensis), 7. Black Muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons), 8. Red Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak), 9. Leat Mungac (Muntiacus putaoensis), 10. Puhoat Muntjac (Muntiacus puhoatensis), 11. Annamite Mungac (Muntiacus truongsonensis), 12. Roosevelts’ Muntjac (Muntiacus rooseveltorum)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514468" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6514468/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">4.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFC6FFC7FF33FEBDE41FFEC1" box="[248,546,266,312]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFC6FFC7FF33FEBDE41FFEC1" blockId="3.[196,1078,266,396]" box="[248,546,266,312]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFC6FFC7FF33FEBDE41FFEC1" box="[248,546,266,312]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFC6FFC7FF33FEBDE41FFEC1" box="[248,546,266,312]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">Giant Muntjac</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFC6FFC7FD9DFEBDE208FEC1" box="[598,1077,266,312]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFC6FFC7FD9DFEBDE208FEC1" blockId="3.[196,1078,266,396]" box="[598,1077,266,312]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFC6FFC7FD9DFEBDE208FEC1" box="[598,1077,266,312]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFC6FFC7FD9DFEBDE208FEC1" ID-CoL="742Z3" baseAuthorityName="Do Tuoc, Vu Van Dung, Dawson, Arctander & Mackinnon" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[598,1077,266,312]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Muntiacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vuquangensis">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFC6FFC7FD9DFEBDE208FEC1" box="[598,1077,266,312]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">Muntiacus vuquangensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFC6FFC7FF0DFEFDE491FE7E" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFC6FFC7FF0DFEFDE5E3FEA6" blockId="3.[196,1078,266,396]" box="[198,990,330,351]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFC6FFC7FF0DFEFDE5E3FEA6" box="[198,990,330,351]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFC6FFC7FF0DFEFDE72EFEA6" bold="true" box="[198,275,330,351]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFC6FFC7FED7FEFDE796FEA6" box="[284,427,330,351]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">Muntjac géant</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFC6FFC7FE0BFEFDE427FEA6" bold="true" box="[448,538,330,351]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFC6FFC7FDEEFEFDE485FEA6" box="[549,696,330,351]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">Riesenmuntjak</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFC6FFC7FD06FEFDE51AFEA6" bold="true" box="[717,807,330,351]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFC6FFC7FCF9FEFDE5E3FEA6" box="[818,990,330,351]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFC6FFC7FCF9FEFDE5B3FEA6" box="[818,910,330,351]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">Muntiaco</vernacularName>
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gigante
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFC6FFC7FF0EFEC5E491FE7E" blockId="3.[196,1078,266,396]" box="[197,684,370,391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFC6FFC7FF0EFEC5E491FE7E" box="[197,684,370,391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFC6FFC7FF0EFEC5E786FE7E" bold="true" box="[197,443,370,391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFC6FFC7FE0DFEC5E491FE7E" box="[454,684,370,391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">Large-antlered Muntjac</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFC6FFC7FCE7FE0EE219FE04" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFC6FFC7FCE7FE0EE219FE04" blockId="3.[812,1399,441,863]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFC6FFC7FCE7FE0EE5FAFE2F" bold="true" box="[812,967,441,470]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFC6FFC7FC28FE0EE222FE04" authority="Tuoc et al., 1994" authorityName="Tuoc" authorityYear="1994" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Megamuntiacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vuquangensis">Megamuntiacus vuquangensis Tuoc et al., 1994</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFC6FFC7FBF8FE53E228FDDD" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFC6FFC7FBF8FE53E228FDDD" blockId="3.[812,1399,441,863]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
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<materialsCitation id="3B613C8FFFC6FFC7FBF8FE53E228FDDD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785196326" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
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Vu Quang Nature Reserve (
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFC6FFC7FC42FDB0E23AFDDD" box="[905,1031,519,548]" name="Vietnam" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFC6FFC7FCE6FD98E5ABFC55" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFC6FFC7FCE6FD98E5ABFC55" blockId="3.[812,1399,441,863]" lastBlockId="3.[193,1400,869,1884]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
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Some individuals belonging to this species were observed several decades ago but they were interpreted as large-sized specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFC6FFC7FC3DFD17E2A9FD38" baseAuthorityName="Zimmermann" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[1014,1172,672,705]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Muntiacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="muntjak">M. muntjak</taxonomicName>
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. It has only recently been recognized as a new species. The phylogenetic relationships with other muntjacs have been studied, but with contrasting results; a Chinese team considered it in the same clade with M.
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFC6FFC7FD15FCD2E511FC7F" authorityName="Ogilby" authorityYear="1839" box="[734,812,869,902]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reevesi">reevesi</taxonomicName>
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, but an American study suggested more affinities with the
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFC6FFC7FE0BFC3CE4A5FC55" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1932" box="[448,664,907,940]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Muntiacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rooseveltorum">M. rooseveltorum</taxonomicName>
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clade. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFC6FFC7FF0FFC00E278FC2D" box="[196,1093,951,980]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF76665AFFC6FFC7FF0FFC00E278FC2D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514395" box="[196,1093,951,980]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6514395/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" targetBox="[195,788,445,861]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFC6FFC7FF0FFC00E278FC2D" blockId="3.[193,1400,869,1884]" box="[196,1093,951,980]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFC6FFC7FF0FFC00E74EFC2D" bold="true" box="[196,371,951,980]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Annamite Mts (LLaos &
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFC6FFC7FD0FFC00E501FC2D" box="[708,828,951,980]" name="Vietnam" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
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) and E
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFC6FFC7FC64FC00E27CFC2D" box="[943,1089,951,980]" name="Cambodia" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFC6FFC7FF0FFC6CE4B0FB61" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFC6FFC7FF0FFC6CE4B0FB61" blockId="3.[193,1400,869,1884]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFC6FFC7FF0FFC6CE7FCFC05" bold="true" box="[196,449,987,1020]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 110-115 cm, tail
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFC6FFC7FC4AFC6CE5E5FC05" box="[897,984,987,1020]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" unit="cm" value="17.0">17 cm</quantity>
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, shoulder height 65-70 cm; weight
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFC6FFC7FEE1FBBDE74AFBDA" box="[298,375,1034,1059]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" unit="kg" value="34.0">34 kg</quantity>
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. The largest species of muntjac, with a short, broad, triangular tail; stout and short pedicles; antlers relatively long (about
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFC6FFC7FCB8FB9EE5F8FBB3" box="[883,965,1065,1098]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" unit="cm" value="23.0">23 cm</quantity>
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||
in length, up to 28-5 cm) with a well-developed brow tine (on average
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||
<quantity id="4CF19B37FFC6FFC7FD36FBE6E57CFB8B" box="[765,833,1105,1138]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
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in length). The coat is yellow-brown to tan; white spot on knee in males.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFC6FFC7FF08FB28E53BFACC" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFC6FFC7FF08FB28E53BFACC" blockId="3.[193,1400,869,1884]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
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||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFC6FFC7FF08FB28E70FFB39" bold="true" box="[195,306,1183,1216]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">Habitat.</emphasis>
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It is possibly tied to the evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of the Annamite Range, and normally occurs below
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFC6FFC7FD7BFB71E52EFB1E" box="[688,787,1222,1255]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
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||
above sea level, although it has been found at altitudes from
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFC6FFC7FE7FFB45E435FAF6" box="[436,520,1266,1295]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
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||
to
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFC6FFC7FDF0FB45E49CFAF6" box="[571,673,1266,1295]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" unit="m" value="1200.0">1200 m</quantity>
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||
. Although seemingly a denizen of primary forest, it has also been observed in second growth.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFC6FFC7FF08FAF7E5BCFAA4" box="[195,897,1344,1373]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" type="food_feeding">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFC6FFC7FF08FAF7E5BCFAA4" blockId="3.[193,1400,869,1884]" box="[195,897,1344,1373]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
|
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFC6FFC7FF08FAF7E7FAFAA4" bold="true" box="[195,455,1344,1373]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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It is a browser and a fruit-eater.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFC6FFC7FF08FAD3E273FA55" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFC6FFC7FF08FAD3E273FA55" blockId="3.[193,1400,869,1884]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
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||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFC6FFC7FF08FAD3E775FA7C" bold="true" box="[195,328,1380,1413]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">Breeding.</emphasis>
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||
Little is known, but only single young have been observed with females. A female Giant Muntjac was pregnant with a
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFC6FFC7FCD4FA38E55AFA55" box="[799,871,1423,1452]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.65" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" unit="g" value="165.0">165 g</quantity>
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fetus in January.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFC6FFC7FF0AFA05E4A1FA03" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFC6FFC7FF0AFA05E4A1FA03" blockId="3.[193,1400,869,1884]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFC6FFC7FF0AFA05E792FA2A" bold="true" box="[193,431,1458,1491]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The periods of activity have not been documented, butit is likely diurnal, like most other muntjacs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFC6FFC7FF09F9B6E7F7F9B1" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFC6FFC7FF09F9B6E7F7F9B1" blockId="3.[193,1400,869,1884]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFC6FFC7FF09F9B6E54BF9DB" bold="true" box="[194,886,1537,1570]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Although virtually unstudied, adults seem to be solitary.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFC6FFC7FF09F9F8E75FF8F4" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFC6FFC7FF09F9F8E75FF8F4" blockId="3.[193,1400,869,1884]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFC6FFC7FF09F9F8E41EF989" bold="true" box="[194,547,1615,1648]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix I. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List, due to the restricted range, the very low density, and presumably the small and decreasing total population. The Giant Muntjac continues to be threatened by heavy hunting pressure, as well as by habitat degradation due to logging and slash-and-burn agriculture.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFC6FFC7FF08F897E573F8A5" pageId="3" pageNumber="410" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFC6FFC7FF08F897E573F8A5" blockId="3.[193,1400,869,1884]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFC6FFC7FF08F897E760F8CC" bold="true" box="[195,349,1824,1845]" pageId="3" pageNumber="410">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Amato et al. (2000), Bauer (1997), Duckworth (1998), Evans etal. (2000), Schaller & Vrba (1996), Timmins et al. (1998), Timmins, Duckworth & Long (2008c).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |