298 lines
31 KiB
XML
298 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e0a7142d-1eae-4254-b91a-30b70eb9b5ee" ID-PMC="PMC6690523" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-860-183" ID-PubMed="31413657" ID-ZooBank="A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C" ModsDocID="1313-2970-860-183" checkinTime="1565091121862" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Horvath, Elizabeth Anne" docDate="2019" docId="82C3D42D5FF619773CC800EDE4CA593F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 860: 183-306" docOrigin="ZooKeys 860" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317" docTitle="Swiftia torreyi Nutting 1909" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="209" masterDocId="D577415D00092007FFDF4B2B606EFFFB" masterDocTitle="A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia" masterLastPageNumber="306" masterPageNumber="183" pageNumber="207" updateTime="1668167482081" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Horvath, Elizabeth Anne</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>860</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>183</mods:start>
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<mods:end>306</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-860-183</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="158525299" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:82C3D42D5FF619773CC800EDE4CA593F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/82C3D42D5FF619773CC800EDE4CA593F" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="209" pageId="24" pageNumber="207">
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="207" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="207">
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<taxonomicName LSID="82C3D42D5FF619773CC800EDE4CA593F" authority="Nutting, 1909" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1909" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia torreyi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="207" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="torreyi">Swiftia torreyi (Nutting, 1909)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="207" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="207">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia torreyi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="207" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="torreyi">Swiftia torreyi</taxonomicName>
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Nutting, 1909: 721 pl 89 (figs 1, 2), pl 90 (fig. 5) [=
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia torreyi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="207" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="torreyi">Psammogorgia torreyi</taxonomicName>
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Nutting, 1909].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="207" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="207">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="207">
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[USA], California, Monterey Bay,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="36" direction="north" minutes="38" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="36.633335">36°38'00"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="121" direction="west" minutes="55" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="-121.916664">121°55'00"W</geoCoordinate>
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(bearing S 78°E, 6.8 miles) off Point
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Piños">Pinos</normalizedToken>
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light-house, 755-958 fm [1373-1742 m].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="207" type="type specimens">
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="207">Type specimens.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="207">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="207">Holotype</emphasis>
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USNM 25433, [wet]; specimen was examined.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="207" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="207">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="207">None of the material examined (~16 lots) came from the SBMNH collection (see Appendix 3: List of material examined).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="207" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="207">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="207">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="207">Colonies</emphasis>
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strictly flabellate (usually), ~15-30 cm tall, ~16-17 cm in breadth. Branches commonly anastomosed; branches dense, closely spaced. Main stem bears branches on opposite sides separated by distance of 4.5 mm to +7.0 mm; branches generally thin (no more than 1.0 mm wide) in appearance. The whole forms a loose reticulation, somewhat comparable to that seen in a few species of the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Pacifigorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pacifigorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="207" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="207">Pacifigorgia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, such as
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. gracilis" pageId="24" pageNumber="207" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="207">P. gracilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
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, 1924). Polyp mounds slightly truncated to (commonly) tubular cones, 1.0 mm high or less, can be as wide as high; extended polyp can add ~1.0 mm to height; distributed primarily on sides of branches, ~2.0 mm or less apart on one lateral side. In front view, there appeared to be two opposite rows, but can be alternate; body and tentacles of polyps tend to bend (curl) toward front of colony somewhat, giving appearance of numerous polyps on the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="colony’s">colony's</normalizedToken>
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front, when just a very few, scattered, are present; often back of colony without polyps or very few. Curling of polyp body and polyp tentacles gives colony a somewhat lacy look. Color of living colony dark, purplish-red (maroon), deep brick red to nearly black throughout; when placed in alcohol, tends to nearly black. Sclerites warty spindles, generally; those on stem, branches smaller than those on polyps. Largest appear to be those in polyp walls and basal parts of tentacles; large, warty, fusiform, sometimes curved, arranged longitudinally, extending downward in meridional bands to near base of polyps. Smaller spindle-types almost with appearance of a radiate (capstan) shape; some few almost appear as disk spindles. Some few club-shaped sclerites, nearly all of which are the warty, fusiform type. Rods (fingerbiscuit shape) very conspicuous, when present, though not always numerous; generally not heavily warted; most sclerites rich reddish-purple; conspicuous rods vibrant pumpkin orange. The color combination of purple-red and orange is unmistakable.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="208" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="208">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="25" pageNumber="208" start="start">Etymology</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="208">Named in honor of Dr Harry B Torrey from the University of California.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="208" type="common name">
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<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="208">Common name.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="208">Dwarf red gorgonian.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="208" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="208">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="208">
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From MBARI, CAS and Moss Landing Marine Lab (MLML) collection data, found in Monterey Bay (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Albatross’">'Albatross'</normalizedToken>
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stations 4514, 4537, 4546). Range may extend from northern-most end of California Bight to areas off mid-Washington coast (Quinault Canyon,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="47" direction="north" minutes="28" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="59" value="47.483055">47°28'59"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="125" direction="west" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="45" value="-125.19583">125°11'45"W</geoCoordinate>
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; some specimens listed as this species may be
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pacifica" pageId="25" pageNumber="208" rank="species" species="pacifica">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="208">S. pacifica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; further examination required). If specimens, identified as this species off Oregon and Washington coasts, are actually
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pacifica" pageId="25" pageNumber="208" rank="species" species="pacifica">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="208">S. pacifica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, then range for this species from at least Rodriquez Seamount, ~
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<geoCoordinate degrees="33" direction="north" minutes="59" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="16" value="33.987778">33°59'16"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="120" direction="west" minutes="59" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="52" value="-120.99777">120°59'52"W</geoCoordinate>
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(west of San Miguel Passage) to Pioneer Seamount (~
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<geoCoordinate degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="17" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="44" value="37.295555">37°17'44"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="123" direction="west" minutes="29" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="58" value="-123.49944">123°29'58"W</geoCoordinate>
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) off California; there are ample records at MBARI for sightings of this species in the region between these two seamounts. NMNH records extend the range up through Oregon and Washington, as far north as the mouth of the Strait of Juan de Fuca (
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<geoCoordinate degrees="48" direction="north" minutes="32" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="42" value="48.545">48°32'42"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="124" direction="west" minutes="52" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="44" value="-124.87889">124°52'44"W</geoCoordinate>
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). A recent collection by Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (2008), with specimen collected at ~
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<geoCoordinate degrees="47" direction="north" minutes="55" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="16" value="47.921112">47°55'16"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="125" direction="west" minutes="30" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="-125.5">125°30'00"W</geoCoordinate>
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, 429 m, was examined, confirming species does extend up into waters of Washington State. As well, one specimen (apparently this species, not examined) was collected from San Diego, Point Loma, at 201-262 m [USNM 49522]. This would put the species in the Bight, but identification may be incorrect. Species most commonly found in the region of Monterey Bay.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="208" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="208">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="208">MBARI records would indicate a moderately deep-water form (1,029-2,200 m). It also seems to prefer steep walls of seamounts based on collection details.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="210" pageId="25" pageNumber="208" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="208">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="208">
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A brief description is included here as this species is often confused with others in the genus by field investigators, when simply viewing colony morphology in situ (it has been found just north of the California
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bight’s">Bight's</normalizedToken>
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upper geographic limit), and completes, to date, descriptions for all colored species within the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="208" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="208">Swiftia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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currently known to exist in the waters along the western North American continent.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="209" pageId="25" pageNumber="208">
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In minor ways, previously published descriptions roughly matched that published for
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Muricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricella complanata" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="208" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="complanata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="208">Muricella complanata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Wright & Studer, 1889;
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<bibRefCitation author="Harden, DG" journalOrPublisher="PhD Thesis, Illinois State University, Illinois" pageId="94" pageNumber="277" refId="B104" refString="Harden, DG, 1979. Intuitive and Numerical Classification of East Pacific Gorgonacea (Octocorallia). . PhD Thesis, Illinois State University, Illinois" title="Intuitive and Numerical Classification of East Pacific Gorgonacea (Octocorallia)." year="1979">Harden (1979)</bibRefCitation>
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listed
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. complanata" pageId="25" pageNumber="208" rank="species" species="complanata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="208">M. complanata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as synonymous with this species, and an unpublished Bayer annotation noted: "
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Muricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricella complanata" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="208" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="complanata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="208">Muricella complanata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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= a
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="208" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="208">Swiftia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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?" Overall, however, descriptions did not match. A brief study of CAS specimens identified by Harden was undertaken, but did not sufficiently clear up his proposed synonymy. For two specimens identified by Harden as this species, one had no locality data; the other was from Monterey Bay. Identifications made by Harden often proved problematic. While definitive specimens with correct identification were needed, was not able to locate specimens with confirmed identification as
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Muricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Muricella complanata" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="208" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="complanata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="208">Muricella complanata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in any of the research collections examined so as to compare known specimens of
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia torreyi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="208" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="torreyi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="208">Swiftia torreyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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against it; study of new material, which needs to be collected, is required. As well,
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<bibRefCitation author="Harden, DG" journalOrPublisher="PhD Thesis, Illinois State University, Illinois" pageId="94" pageNumber="277" refId="B104" refString="Harden, DG, 1979. Intuitive and Numerical Classification of East Pacific Gorgonacea (Octocorallia). . PhD Thesis, Illinois State University, Illinois" title="Intuitive and Numerical Classification of East Pacific Gorgonacea (Octocorallia)." year="1979">Harden (1979</bibRefCitation>
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: 171, unpublished PhD dissertation) did designate
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia torreyi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="208" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="torreyi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="208">Psammogorgia torreyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Nutting, 1909 (=
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia torreyi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="208" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="torreyi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="208">Swiftia torreyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Nutting, 1909). Cordeiro et al. (2018) does show
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. torreyi" pageId="25" pageNumber="208" rank="species" species="torreyi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="208">P. torreyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with accepted status, but that as well,
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia torreyi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="208" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="torreyi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="208">Swiftia torreyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is also given accepted status (Cordeiro et al. 2019). Based on a number of descriptions given for members of the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="208" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="208">Psammogorgia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<bibRefCitation author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="88" pageNumber="271" pagination="175 - 182" publicationUrl="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/6195" refId="B16" refString="Bayer, FM, Deichmann, E, 1960. The Ellisellidae (Octocorallia) and their bearing on the zoogeography of the eastern Pacific. . Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 73: 175 - 182" title="The Ellisellidae (Octocorallia) and their bearing on the zoogeography of the eastern Pacific." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/6195" volume="73" year="1960">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="26" pageNumber="209" start="start">Bayer</pageBreakToken>
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and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Deichmann’s">Deichmann's</normalizedToken>
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(1960)
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</bibRefCitation>
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statement regarding the marine province where
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="209" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="209">Psammogorgia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is likely to be found, specimens examined and studied, identified as
|
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia torreyi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="209" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="torreyi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="209">Swiftia torreyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, cannot be synonymously identified with any
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="209" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="209">Psammogorgia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species. At the time that Bayer and Deichmann were working (1960), they suggested that
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="209" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="209">Psammogorgia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would not/does not occur anywhere outside of the Panamanian province, which then encompassed the area from Cape Blanco, Peru to Lower Baja California, including the Gulf of California (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Academie des Sciences, Paris" pageId="98" pageNumber="281" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" refId="B174" refString="Verrill, AE, 1868a. . https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" year="1868 a">Verrill 1868a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences (Second Edition)" pageId="98" pageNumber="281" pagination="377 - 422" refId="B175" refString="Verrill, AE, 1868b. Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America. . Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences (Second Edition) 1: 377 - 422" title="Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America." volume="1" year="1868 b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Science and Arts" pageId="98" pageNumber="281" pagination="411 - 415" publicationUrl="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044072277114;view=1up;seq=5" refId="B176" refString="Verrill, AE, 1868c. Critical remarks on halcyonoid polyps in the museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera. . American Journal of Science and Arts 45: 411 - 415" title="Critical remarks on halcyonoid polyps in the museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera." url="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044072277114;view=1up;seq=5" volume="45" year="1868 c">c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1870). As discussed in current literature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02613x" author="Briggs, JC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="89" pageNumber="272" pagination="12 - 30" refId="B27" refString="Briggs, JC, Bowen, BW, 2011. A realignment of marine biogeographic provinces with particular reference to fish distributions. . Journal of Biogeography 39: 12 - 30" title="A realignment of marine biogeographic provinces with particular reference to fish distributions." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02613x" volume="39" year="2011">Briggs and Bowen 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), there now exists a California Transition Zone (CTZ), within the Oregon province, extending from Monterey, California to Los Angeles; the California province then extends from Los Angeles to Magdalena Bay, Mexico. Running south of Magdalena Bay around the tip of the Baja California Peninsula, and including all of the Gulf of California, is the Cortez province, with the Panamanian province now extending from the mouth of the Gulf of California to the Gulf of Guayaquil on the border between Ecuador and Peru. Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="209" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="209">Swiftia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described in this work barely make an appearance in upper portions of the California province, but appear no further south, based on a review of all the collection location data for all specimens examined. What is of interest is their appearance in the upper California province, the CTZ and the northeastern Pacific province. In any event, that still definitively puts all specimen/species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="209" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="209">Psammogorgia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
outside of the California Bight, either in the Cortez or Panamanian provinces.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="209">
|
||
Bayer (unpublished annotations) contemplated differences between this species,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. kofoidi" pageId="26" pageNumber="209" rank="species" species="kofoidi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="209">S. kofoidi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pacifica" pageId="26" pageNumber="209" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="209">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; his comments do not entirely fit with what has been determined for the species here, and in
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.35-1658.681" author="Nutting, CC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="97" pageNumber="280" pagination="681 - 727" refId="B144" refString="Nutting, CC, 1909. Alcyonaria of the California coast. . Proceedings of the United States National Museum 35: 681 - 727" title="Alcyonaria of the California coast." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.35-1658.681" volume="35" year="1909">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Nutting’s">Nutting's</normalizedToken>
|
||
1909
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
description. However, he stated that the species is a "slender form,..." whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. kofoidi" pageId="26" pageNumber="209" rank="species" species="kofoidi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="209">S. kofoidi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is "stouter than
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="209">torreyi</emphasis>
|
||
..." (this can be confirmed). "Similar to
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="209">Callistephanus pacificus</emphasis>
|
||
Nutting, 1912, pg. 96." "
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="209">P. pacificus</emphasis>
|
||
is
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="209" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="209">Swiftia pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a brighter red species, with more robust branches, found commonly in waters of Washington and Alaska (bathyal North Pacific).
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. pacifica" pageId="26" pageNumber="209" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="209">S. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is, generally, comparatively more sparsely-branched, with distinctive bar-like sclerites on the anthocodiae and eight-radiates," than is this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="209">
|
||
Several portions of statements in the discussion section of
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3919.2.5" author="Breedy, O" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="88" pageNumber="271" pagination="327 - 334" refId="B26" refString="Breedy, O, Cairns, SD, Haeussermann, V, 2015. A new alcyonacean octocoral (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Octocorallia) from Chilean fjords. . Zootaxa 3919: 327 - 334" title="A new alcyonacean octocoral (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Octocorallia) from Chilean fjords." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3919.2.5" volume="3919" year="2015">Breedy et al. (2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 332) were of interest. Those sections read much the same as several statements this author made regarding the above five species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="209" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="209">Swiftia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in an earlier, pre-revision draft of this volume submitted for review in the spring of 2014. It was interesting to see those comments used as contrast for the new Chilean species that was described.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="210" pageId="26" pageNumber="209">
|
||
In the MLML collection, one specimen (C0072) of this species was found; the orange rod sclerite form, generally seen below the tentacles, and anastomosing branches were present (a note furnished with the specimen made a point of the distinctive rods). Two others were labeled as such, but either color was markedly off or, more significantly, branching pattern did not match (no branch anastomoses). Of the MBARI specimens examined, at least six appeared to be this species. Some were originally identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. kofoidi" pageId="26" pageNumber="209" rank="species" species="kofoidi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="209">S. kofoidi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it is fairly certain they are this species; the deep purple-red color is a consistent characteristic, along with many anastomosed branches. As well, presence (or absence) of the vibrant orange rods was a telling feature; if other colonies seen in videos
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="27" pageNumber="210" start="start">were</pageBreakToken>
|
||
collected, they should be examined for their sclerites. Overall, colony C0072 has a very distinct deep red-wine color, numerous, dense, thin, anastomosing branches, with polyps having a tendency to curl. In most colonies, a definite front and back is present; the sclerite form that is most evident and obvious in this species is the vibrant orange bacillus-shaped, fingerbiscuit rod, easily seen in a light microscopy array.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |