173 lines
20 KiB
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173 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="97C5842DBBCA9594A5B0077A17D688E2" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3904.1.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d5fb22ca-57ee-4e70-86a7-8cd52b912b92" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="287633" ID-ZooBank="03505E63-0FDB-48F6-BABA-93213E4D2AFE" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460884586436" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ruhnke, Timothy R., Caira, Janine N. & Cox, Allison" docDate="2015" docId="03D787C62676743ABBC2FEC1FAFAFAC6" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03904p081.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3904 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Escherbothriidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="77" masterDocId="FFEEFFBE266C7420BB55FFE9FFDFFFCD" masterDocTitle="The cestode order Rhinebothriidea no longer family-less: A molecular phylogenetic investigation with erection of two new families and description of eight new species of Anthocephalum" masterLastPageNumber="81" masterPageNumber="51" pageNumber="77" updateTime="1698358809355" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="DFEFD11A3ED466F6667C7EB05CB9C5D9">The cestode order Rhinebothriidea no longer family-less: A molecular phylogenetic investigation with erection of two new families and description of eight new species of Anthocephalum</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7FB215F1A117EDDA8ED78937867B562A">Ruhnke, Timothy R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="517D16575586FFDB6535B95DDF7D0BBE">Caira, Janine N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="ACE106D82B93E36CA550ABDF767F7894">Cox, Allison</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="568874884E9AFC593CF3F03AE996BF94">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="CEC4D8415B1522DD494C636652DA1121">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="08F598369E24DF46664F1CFBB91D1E34">3904</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="6FA6A49D0191F028EFEE4588719B2DDD" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3904.1.3</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D787C62676743ABBC2FEC1FAFAFAC6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6113011" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127671176" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6113011" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D787C62676743ABBC2FEC1FAFAFAC6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D787C62676743ABBC2FEC1FAFAFAC6" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">
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<subSubSection id="C364655B2676743ABBC2FEC1FE11FE8F" box="[151,462,296,322]" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC136D02676743ABBC2FEC1FE11FE8F" blockId="26.[151,462,296,322]" box="[151,462,296,322]" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">
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<heading id="D08981BC2676743ABBC2FEC1FE11FE8F" bold="true" box="[151,462,296,322]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC22676743ABBC2FEC1FE11FE8F" bold="true" box="[151,462,296,322]" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D532676743ABBC2FEC1FEAFFE8F" ID-CoL="7NHJ6" box="[151,368,296,322]" class="Cestoda" family="Escherbothriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Escherbothriidae</taxonomicName>
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n. fam.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C364655B2676743ABBC2FE87FD7EFDDA" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BC136D02676743ABBC2FE87FD7EFDDA" blockId="26.[151,1437,366,1291]" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC22676743ABBC2FE87FECEFE4A" bold="true" box="[151,273,366,391]" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Scolex with 4 bothridia; bothridia with or without marginal loculi; with facial loculi arranged in one or more columns at anterior of bothridia and in rows at posterior of bothridia; bothridial apical sucker present or occasionally absent; conspicuous anterior/posterior orientation of bothridia present; myzorhynchus lacking in adult stage. Postvaginal testes lacking. Vitelline follicles usually interrupted by ovary. Parasites of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D532676743ABFE5FE33FAB3FE3E" box="[1200,1388,474,499]" class="Elasmobranchii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Myliobatiformes</taxonomicName>
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and Rhinopristiformes (sensu
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B212676743ABAEDFE17FD49FDDA" author="Naylor" box="[440,662,510,535]" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" refString="Naylor, G., Caira, J. N., Jensen, K., Rosana, K. A., Straube, N. & Lakner, C. (2012 a) Elasmobranch phylogeny: a mitochondrial estimate based on 595 species. In: Carrier, J. C., Musick, J. A. & Heithaus, M. R. (Eds.), Biology of Sharks and their Relatives. CRC Press, Boca Raton. pp. 31 - 56." type="book chapter" year="2012" yearSuffix="a">
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Naylor
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC22676743AB958FE16FDE1FDDA" box="[525,574,510,535]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">et al</emphasis>
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. 2012a
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C364655B2676743ABB92FDCBFE44FD92" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC136D02676743ABB92FDCBFE44FD92" blockId="26.[151,1437,366,1291]" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC22676743ABB92FDCBFE8BFDF6" bold="true" box="[199,340,546,571]" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">
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<typeStatus id="54C588722676743ABB92FDCBFEDDFDF6" box="[199,258,546,571]" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">Type</typeStatus>
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genus.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D532676743ABA0FFDCBFCF4FDF6" authority="Berman & Brooks, 1994" authorityName="Berman & Brooks" authorityYear="1994" box="[346,811,546,571]" class="Cestoda" family="Triloculariidae" genus="Escherbothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC22676743ABA0FFDCBFDD0FDF6" box="[346,527,546,571]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">Escherbothrium</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B212676743AB940FDCAFCF4FDF6" author="Berman" box="[533,811,546,571]" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" refString="Berman, R. & Brooks, D. R. (1994) Escherbothrium molinae n. gen. et n. sp. (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea: Triloculariidae) in Urotrygon chilensis (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Urolophidae) from the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. Journal of Parasitology, 80, 775 - 780. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3283257" type="journal article" year="1994">Berman & Brooks, 1994</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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. Additional genera: New Genus 3 of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B212676743ABF9CFDCBFA43FDF6" box="[1225,1436,546,571]" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" refString="Healy, C., Caira, J. N., Jensen, K., Webster, B. & Littlewood, D. T. J. (2009) Proposal for a new tapeworm order, Rhinebothriidea. International Journal of Parasitology, 39, 497 - 511. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijpara. 2008.09.002" type="journal article">
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Healy
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC22676743ABE46FDCDFA9BFDF6" box="[1299,1348,546,571]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">et al</emphasis>
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. (2009)
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</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B212676743ABB93FDAFFE48FD92" box="[198,407,582,607]" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" refString="Caira, J. N., Jensen, K., Waeschenbach, A., Olson, P. D. & Littlewood, D. T. J. (2014) Orders out of chaos-molecular phylogenetics reveals the complexity of shark and stingray tapeworm relationships. International Journal for Parasitology, 44, 55 - 73. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijpara. 2013.10.004" type="journal article">
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Caira
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC22676743ABA5FFDAEFEE4FD92" box="[266,315,582,607]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">et al</emphasis>
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. (2014)
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</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C364655B2676743ABB92FD83FAFAFAC6" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BC136D02676743ABB92FD83FAFAFAC6" blockId="26.[151,1437,366,1291]" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC22676743ABB92FD83FEE4FD4E" bold="true" box="[199,315,618,643]" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">Remarks.</emphasis>
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The genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D532676743ABA91FD83FDA6FD4E" box="[452,633,618,643]" class="Cestoda" family="Triloculariidae" genus="Escherbothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC22676743ABA91FD83FDA6FD4E" box="[452,633,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">Escherbothrium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is included here for the first time in a molecular analysis. While this monotypic genus was originally described by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B212676743AB9F2FD66FC12FD6A" author="Berman" box="[679,973,654,679]" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" refString="Berman, R. & Brooks, D. R. (1994) Escherbothrium molinae n. gen. et n. sp. (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea: Triloculariidae) in Urotrygon chilensis (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Urolophidae) from the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. Journal of Parasitology, 80, 775 - 780. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3283257" type="journal article" year="1994">Berman & Brooks (1994)</bibRefCitation>
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from
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D532676743ABF40FD66FAB1FD6A" authority="Gunther" authorityName="Gunther" box="[1045,1390,654,679]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urotrygonidae" genus="Urotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chilensis">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC22676743ABF40FD66FB29FD6A" box="[1045,1270,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">Urotrygon chilensis</emphasis>
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(Günther)
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</taxonomicName>
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our specimen came from
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D532676743ABADDFD5DFDB6FD06" box="[392,617,690,715]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Urotrygonidae" genus="Urotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aspidura">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC22676743ABADDFD5DFDB6FD06" box="[392,617,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">Urotrygon aspidura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and appears to represent a second, as-of-yet undescribed, member of the genus. Nonetheless, this species grouped relatively robustly with the eight species of New Genus 3 (of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B212676743ABE4FFD3FFF0EFCDE" author="Healy" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" refString="Healy, C., Caira, J. N., Jensen, K., Webster, B. & Littlewood, D. T. J. (2009) Proposal for a new tapeworm order, Rhinebothriidea. International Journal of Parasitology, 39, 497 - 511. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijpara. 2008.09.002" type="journal article" year="2009">
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Healy
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC22676743ABE31FD3EFA4AFD22" box="[1380,1429,726,751]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2009
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</bibRefCitation>
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) included in our analyses.
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<collectingCountry id="F36976402676743ABAAAFD12FDC1FCDE" box="[511,542,763,787]" name="American Samoa" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">As</collectingCountry>
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the latter genus is known in published literature only from molecular data (i.e., New genus 3 of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B212676743ABA19FCF7FDD5FCFA" author="Healy" box="[332,522,798,823]" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" refString="Healy, C., Caira, J. N., Jensen, K., Webster, B. & Littlewood, D. T. J. (2009) Proposal for a new tapeworm order, Rhinebothriidea. International Journal of Parasitology, 39, 497 - 511. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijpara. 2008.09.002" type="journal article" year="2009">
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Healy
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC22676743ABAC0FCF6FE1AFCFA" box="[405,453,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">et al</emphasis>
|
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. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B212676743AB96AFCF7FD24FCFA" author="Caira" box="[575,763,798,823]" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" refString="Caira, J. N., Jensen, K., Waeschenbach, A., Olson, P. D. & Littlewood, D. T. J. (2014) Orders out of chaos-molecular phylogenetics reveals the complexity of shark and stingray tapeworm relationships. International Journal for Parasitology, 44, 55 - 73. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijpara. 2013.10.004" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Caira
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC22676743AB9D6FCF6FD64FCFA" box="[643,699,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">et al.</emphasis>
|
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2014
|
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</bibRefCitation>
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) and has not yet been formally described, the morphological information of
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B212676743ABA17FCABFE07FC96" author="Healy" box="[322,472,834,859]" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" refString="Healy, C. J. (2006) A revision of selected Tetraphyllidea (Cestoda): Caulobothrium, Rhabdotobothrium, Rhinebothrium, Scalithrium, and Spongiobothrium. Ph. D. Dissertation, The University of Connecticut, 382 pp." type="book" year="2006">Healy (2006)</bibRefCitation>
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for several species (figs. 1.27–1.30) was used to generate the diagnosis of the family presented here. The most problematic element of the diagnosis is whether all species possess an apical sucker. Both
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D532676743ABBC2FC63FD13FC6E" authority="Berman & Brooks 1994" authorityName="Berman & Brooks" authorityYear="1994" box="[151,716,906,931]" class="Cestoda" family="Triloculariidae" genus="Escherbothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="molinae">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC22676743ABBC2FC63FE70FC6E" box="[151,431,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">Escherbothrium molinae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B212676743ABAEDFC62FD13FC6E" author="Berman" box="[440,716,906,931]" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" refString="Berman, R. & Brooks, D. R. (1994) Escherbothrium molinae n. gen. et n. sp. (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea: Triloculariidae) in Urotrygon chilensis (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Urolophidae) from the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. Journal of Parasitology, 80, 775 - 780. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3283257" type="journal article" year="1994">Berman & Brooks 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
and the new species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D532676743AB8B3FC63FB44FC6E" box="[998,1179,906,931]" class="Cestoda" family="Triloculariidae" genus="Escherbothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B90AEAC22676743AB8B3FC63FB44FC6E" box="[998,1179,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">Escherbothrium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
exhibit a conspicuous apical sucker on each bothridium. The presence of this feature in
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D532676743AB8DEFC46FBD9FC0A" box="[907,1030,942,967]" class="Cestoda" family="Triloculariidae" genus="Escherbothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="molinae">
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||
<emphasis id="B90AEAC22676743AB8DEFC46FC43FC0B" box="[907,924,943,966]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">E</emphasis>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC22676743AB8F9FC47FBD9FC0A" box="[940,1030,942,967]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">molinae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
was treated in detail by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B212676743ABE71FC46FEE6FC26" author="Berman" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" refString="Berman, R. & Brooks, D. R. (1994) Escherbothrium molinae n. gen. et n. sp. (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea: Triloculariidae) in Urotrygon chilensis (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Urolophidae) from the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. Journal of Parasitology, 80, 775 - 780. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3283257" type="journal article" year="1994">Berman & Brooks (1994)</bibRefCitation>
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and it is clearly visible on the undescribed species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D532676743AB8C2FC3BFB94FC26" box="[919,1099,978,1003]" class="Cestoda" family="Triloculariidae" genus="Escherbothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEAC22676743AB8C2FC3BFB94FC26" box="[919,1099,978,1003]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="77">Escherbothrium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
included here (LRP 8519). In both species the apical sucker is located on the anterior margin of a single apical loculus and this loculus is followed by a row of four loculi. However, only some of Healy’s (2006) illustrations of New Genus 3 show a feature that could be interpreted as an apical sucker. Thus, the presence of an apical sucker remains to be confirmed in the formal descriptions of species of New Genus 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D532676743AB847FB8BFC0FFBB6" box="[786,976,1122,1147]" class="Cestoda" family="Escherbothriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Escherbothriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
n. fam. is easily distinguished from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D532676743ABBC2FB6FFEBCFB52" box="[151,355,1158,1183]" class="Cestoda" family="Echeneibothriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Echeneibothriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its lack of a myzorhynchus in adult worms and from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D532676743AB8A9FB6FFB6EFB52" box="[1020,1201,1158,1183]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Rhinebothriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in possessing a clear anterior/posterior orientation to its bothridia signaled by a conspicuous apical sucker and/or an anterior column of facial loculi. It most closely resembles the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D532676743AB92AFB27FC9AFB2A" box="[639,837,1230,1255]" class="Cestoda" family="Anthocephaliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="26" pageNumber="77" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Anthocephaliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
but differs in that its bothridia bear facial loculi that are arranged in columns anteriorly and rows posteriorly, rather than in multiple rows or entirely lacking.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |