229 lines
18 KiB
XML
229 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729" ID-GBIF-Dataset="84c8a2ac-d7b8-46f3-9888-ce6c1485ac65" ID-PMC="PMC3088436" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-68-1" ID-PubMed="21594036" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2010" ModsDocID="1313-2970-68-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 68" ModsDocTitle="Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho–)calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)" checkinTime="1451250894870" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Van Soest, Rob W. M., Beglinger, Elly J. & De Voogd, Nicole J." docDate="2010" docId="57C7ECA675FDB7F81BB7C1AAF8693775" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 68: 1-88" docOrigin="ZooKeys 68" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729" docTitle="Dercitus (Stoeba) fijiensis Soest, Beglinger & Voogd, 2010, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="27" masterDocId="5D0AFFB7C87613675E79FFF7DA38AE2E" masterDocTitle="Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="25" updateTime="1668164561298" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Van Soest, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Beglinger, Elly J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>De Voogd, Nicole J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>68</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>88</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-68-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360717" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7C305768-7C98-4417-A603-624E25D86FE9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/57C7ECA675FDB7F81BB7C1AAF8693775" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7C305768-7C98-4417-A603-624E25D86FE9" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) fijiensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fijiensis" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus Stoeba fijiensis</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="24" pageNumber="25">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 12
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halina plicata" order="Suberitida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicata">Halina plicata</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Tendal, OS" journalOrPublisher="Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="31 - 44" title="Demospongiae from the Fiji islands." volume="132" year="1969">Tendal 1969</bibRefCitation>
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: 34, figs 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Holotype ZMUC unnumbered, Fiji Islands, Vitu Levu, Suva Harbour, coll. T. Wolff, 18 May 1965.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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According to
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<bibRefCitation author="Tendal, OS" journalOrPublisher="Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="31 - 44" title="Demospongiae from the Fiji islands." volume="132" year="1969">Tendal (1969)</bibRefCitation>
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the sponge formed an irregular mass of 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×5×">x5x</normalizedToken>
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4 mm, situated in a crevice in a dead piece of coral. Smooth surface. Colour dark grey, oscules and pores not visible. Consistency hard. The material available to us consisted of a tiny fragment, approx. 1 mm3, half of which was sacrificed for SEM and a residue spicule slide.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Skeleton: unknown but presumably confused, with an ectosomal cover of microscleres.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Spicules: calthrops and dichocalthrops megascleres in approximately equal quantities, sanidasters.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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Calthrops (Fig. 12A), with cladi occasionally crooked or bifid at the apex, size relatively uniform with few smaller spicules, cladi 96
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–222.7–">-222.7-</normalizedToken>
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258
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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19
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–31.2–">-31.2-</normalizedToken>
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37
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, cladome 186
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–347.1–">-347.1-</normalizedToken>
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420
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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Dichocalthrops (Fig. 12B), with smaller sizes normal shaped, but characteristically with very short protocladi and long conical deuterocladi when larger, protocladi 19
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–26.5–">-26.5-</normalizedToken>
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30
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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13
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–25.2–">-25.2-</normalizedToken>
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42
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, deuterocladi 55
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–112.5–">-112.5-</normalizedToken>
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192
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–20.2–">-20.2-</normalizedToken>
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31
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, rhabdomes 58
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–84.6–">-84.6-</normalizedToken>
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132
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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11
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–13.6–">-13.6-</normalizedToken>
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21
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, and cladomes 129
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–248.4–">-248.4-</normalizedToken>
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361
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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Sanidasters (Fig. 12C), relatively thick, pointed-fusiform at low magnifications, in SEM mostly with blunt endings, relatively uniform in size and shape, 15
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–16.9–">-16.9-</normalizedToken>
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21
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–3.6–">-3.6-</normalizedToken>
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4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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Figure 12.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) fijiensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fijiensis" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) fijiensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., holotype from ZMUC, A calthrops B dichocalthrops, with type characteristic of the species at the right C sanidasters.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Named after its type locality.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="habitat">
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Shallow-water, in crevices in dead corals.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Known only from the Fijian type locality.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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The distinctive feature of this new species, apart from details of spicule sizes, is the characteristic shape of the larger dichotriaenes with very short protocladi and long conical deuterocladi (represented most clearly in the dichocalthops at the right of Fig. 12B).
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<bibRefCitation author="Tendal, OS" journalOrPublisher="Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="31 - 44" title="Demospongiae from the Fiji islands." volume="132" year="1969">Tendal (1969)</bibRefCitation>
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assigned this material to
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus</taxonomicName>
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(as
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halina" order="Suberitida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Halina</taxonomicName>
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), but this Mediterranean species has much smaller dichocalthrops (cladomes
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<pageBreakToken pageId="25" pageNumber="26" start="start">only</pageBreakToken>
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up to approx. 200
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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) in a lower quantity than the calthrops, and is white in colour.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Tendal’s">Tendal's</normalizedToken>
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measurements of the spicules differs slightly from our measurements. We did not see any sanidasters thinner than approx. 3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, whereas Tendal mentions 1-4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in thickness and protocladi of the dichocalthrops were never longer than 30
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, whereas Tendal gives 24-66
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. Possibly, the limited size of our fragment and the few spicules we could measure explains the differences. Even with
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Tendal’s">Tendal's</normalizedToken>
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measurements included, the differences with
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus</taxonomicName>
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in the size of the dichocalthrops and calthrops remain clear. Furthermore, Tendal stressed that the deuterocladi are always longer than the protocladi and gave an excellent drawing of the characteristically shaped dichocalthrops. Thus the differences with
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus</taxonomicName>
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are distinct and unambiguous.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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The species closest to
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) fijiensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fijiensis" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) fijiensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. is probably
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) extensus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="extensus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) extensus</taxonomicName>
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from Sri Lanka. Colour and other macroscopic features appear similar, as is the shape
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<pageBreakToken pageId="26" pageNumber="27" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
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the microscleres. Calthrops and dichocalthrops are slightly smaller (cladomes of both approx. 200
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, against up to 400 and 300
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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respectively in
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) fijiensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fijiensis" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) fijiensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.). The characteristic shape of the dichocalthrops of
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) fijiensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fijiensis" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) fijiensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. is not found in
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) extensus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="extensus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) extensus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) occultus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="occultus" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) occultus</taxonomicName>
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Hentschel (1909) has its dichocalthrops shaped rather similarly to
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) fijiensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fijiensis" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) fijiensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. but cladome size is distinctly smaller; moreover this species lacks calthrops.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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Other species with a complement of both calthrops and dichocalthrops,
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) lesinensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lesinensis" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) lesinensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) dissimilis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dissimilis" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) dissimilis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) pauper" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pauper" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) pauper</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) reptans" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="reptans" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) reptans</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Stoeba) bahamensis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bahamensis" subGenus="Stoeba">Dercitus (Stoeba) bahamensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. likewise differ in (dicho-)calthrops size and shape.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |