537 lines
66 KiB
XML
537 lines
66 KiB
XML
<document id="C600423FAE39064C6ACD204ADCCE7946" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.180605" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e529ceb8-ac30-4d1e-9a37-74bb41123662" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="180605" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459810426331" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Foley, Ian A. & Ivie, Michael A." docDate="2008" docId="753687D8FFBAFFAB1DC17DA9FA07FB07" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01689p028.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1689" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Phellopsis LeConte" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="890FFFA0FFBEFFAC1D56783BFF9BFFED" masterDocTitle="A revision of the genus Phellopsis LeConte (Coleoptera: Zopheridae)" masterLastPageNumber="28" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1698220950120" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="FDCF133FAD0C022F54B9D43CC9048C8A">A revision of the genus Phellopsis LeConte (Coleoptera: Zopheridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4ABE7C553D269F0444BDA741DD866634">2008</mods:date>
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<treatment id="753687D8FFBAFFAB1DC17DA9FA07FB07" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6235450" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119353843" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6235450" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:753687D8FFBAFFAB1DC17DA9FA07FB07" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/753687D8FFBAFFAB1DC17DA9FA07FB07" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFBAFFA81DC17DA9FE1EFA41" ID-CoL="6N4N" ID-ENA="1605666" authority="LeConte" authorityName="LeConte" box="[151,389,1426,1452]" class="Insecta" family="Zopheridae" genus="Phellopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFBAFFA81DC17DA9FE88FA41" bold="true" box="[151,275,1426,1452]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Phellopsis</emphasis>
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LeConte
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="FD2036CEFFBAFFA81DC17D8EFE8CFA22" blockId="4.[151,389,1426,1487]" box="[151,279,1461,1487]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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(
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<figureCitation id="65A42A4BFFBAFFA81DC97D8EFE95FA22" box="[159,270,1461,1487]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1. A" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="5.[151,255,1929,1953]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,255,1739,1763]" captionStartId-2="10.[151,255,1971,1995]" captionStartId-3="11.[151,255,1713,1737]" captionStartId-4="13.[151,255,1274,1298]" captionStartId-5="14.[151,255,1583,1607]" captionTargetBox-0="[186,1365,204,1928]" captionTargetBox-1="[179,1415,203,1705]" captionTargetBox-2="[308,1293,353,1940]" captionTargetBox-3="[175,1342,190,1680]" captionTargetBox-4="[174,1411,312,1273]" captionTargetBox-5="[173,1415,345,1535]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[151,1436,152,1956]" captionTargetId-1="figure@9.[151,1436,154,1817]" captionTargetId-2="figure@10.[151,1436,325,1988]" captionTargetId-3="figure@11.[151,1436,150,1813]" captionTargetId-4="figure@13.[152,1435,290,1306]" captionTargetId-5="figure@14.[152,1436,320,1560]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="11" captionTargetPageId-4="13" captionTargetPageId-5="14" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. A. Map of specimen records for North American Phellopsis spp. P. p o rc a t a, green circles; P. obcordata red diamonds. B. Map of specimen records for Asian Phellopsis spp. P. yulongensis red diamonds; P. chinensis green circles; P. a m u re n s i s red cross; P. suberea green triangles." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Dorsal habitus photos of North American Phellopsis spp. A. Phellopsis obcordata; B. P. p o rc a t a; Hypomeral setae of Phellopsis spp. C. Phellopsis obcordata; D. P. porcata." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Dorsal habitus photos of the Asian Phellopsis spp. A. Phellopsis amurensis; B. P. s u b e re a; C. P. chinensis; D. P. yulongensis." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Elytral sculpture of Asian Phellopsis spp. A. Phellopsis amurensis; B. P. s u b e re a; C. P. chinensis; D. P. yulongensis; Ventrites 2 – 5 of Phellopsis spp. found in China. E. Phellopsis chinensis; F. P. yulongensis." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Pronotal surface seatation of Phellopsis sp. found in China. A. Phellopsis chinensis; B. P. yulongensis." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Dorsal head surface of the Asian Phellopsis spp. A. Phellopsis amurensis; B. P. s u b e re a; C. P. chinensis; D. P. yulongensis." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/180606/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/180607/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/180608/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/180609/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/180610/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/180611/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 1–6</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="B5856545FFBAFFA81DC17E3EFD67F891" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="DD8F11E0FFBAFFA81DC17E3EFCCCF8D1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFBAFFA81DC17E3EFE72F9F1" ID-CoL="6N4N" authority="LeConte, 1862: 216" authorityName="LeConte" authorityPageNumber="216" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,489,1541,1564]" class="Insecta" family="Zopheridae" genus="Phellopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFBAFFA81DC17E3EFE9DF9F1" box="[151,262,1541,1564]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Phellopsis</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81C587E3EFE72F9F1" author="LeConte" box="[270,489,1541,1564]" page="216" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1862">
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<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81C587E3EFE29F9F1" author="LeConte" box="[270,434,1541,1564]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" refString="LeConte, J. L. (1862) Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 136, 209 - 286." type="journal article" year="1862">LeConte, 1862</bibRefCitation>
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: 216
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. (
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<typeStatus id="2224886CFFBAFFA81CAA7E3EFDA8F9F1" box="[508,563,1541,1564]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFBAFFA81FC67E3EFBBFF9F1" authority="Kirby 1837" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1837" box="[656,1060,1541,1564]" class="Insecta" family="Tenebrionidae" genus="Bolitophagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcordatus">
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<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFBAFFA81FC67E3EFC05F9F1" box="[656,926,1541,1564]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Bolitophagus obcordatus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81EF07E3EFBBFF9F1" author="Kirby" box="[934,1060,1541,1564]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" refString="Kirby, W. (1837) Part 4. The Insects. In: J. Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, or the zoology of the northern parts of British America. John Murray, London, Norwich, 325 pp., 8 pls." type="book" year="1837">Kirby 1837</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, subsequent designation by
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<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA818007E3EFEDEF9D1" author="Casey" page="470" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1907">
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<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA818007E3EFE96F9D1" author="Casey" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Casey, T. L. (1907 b) A revision of the American components of the tenebrionid subfamily Tentyriinae. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 9, 275 - 522." type="journal article" year="1907" yearSuffix="b">Casey, 1907b</bibRefCitation>
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: 470
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</treatmentCitation>
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).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81C017E1EFD92F9D1" author="Horn" box="[343,521,1573,1596]" page="271" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1870">
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<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81C017E1EFE4FF9D1" author="Horn" box="[343,468,1573,1596]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Horn, G. H. (1870) Revision of the Tenebrionidae of America, North of Mexico. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 2, 271 - 273." type="journal article" year="1870">Horn, 1870</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 271
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, 273.
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||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81F1D7E1EFCB2F9D1" author="Henshaw" box="[587,809,1573,1596]" page="203" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1881">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81F1D7E1EFD68F9D1" author="Henshaw" box="[587,755,1573,1596]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Henshaw, S. (1881) Index to the Coleoptera described by J. L. LeConte, M. D. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 9, 197 - 272." type="journal article" year="1881">Henshaw, 1881</bibRefCitation>
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: 203
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</treatmentCitation>
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, 255.
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<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81E3C7E1EFB34F9D1" author="LeConte" box="[874,1199,1573,1596]" page="365" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1883">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81E3C7E1EFBE2F9D1" author="LeConte" box="[874,1145,1573,1596]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" refString="LeConte, J. L. & Horn, G. H. (1883) Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 507, i - xxxviii + 1 - 567." type="journal article" year="1883">LeConte and Horn, 1883</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 365
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. Champion, 1884: 44. Fairmaire, 1894: C1.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81CF97E7EFDF6F9B1" author="Lewis" box="[431,621,1605,1628]" page="218" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1887">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81CF97E7EFDA3F9B1" author="Lewis" box="[431,568,1605,1628]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" refString="Lewis, G. (1887) On a new species of Phellopsis found in Japan and Siberia. The Entomologist, 20, 218 - 220." type="journal article" year="1887">Lewis, 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 218
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
–220.
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<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81FF97E7EFCF5F9B1" author="Lewis" box="[687,878,1605,1628]" page="379" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1894">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81FF97E7EFCA3F9B1" author="Lewis" box="[687,824,1605,1628]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" refString="Lewis, G. (1894) On the Tenebrionidae of Japan. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (London) 6, 377 - 400, pl. xiii." type="journal article" year="1894">Lewis, 1894</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 379
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. xiii, fig. 1.
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<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA8194E7E7EFA9FF9B1" author="Champion" box="[1048,1284,1605,1628]" page="114" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1894">
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<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA8194E7E7EFB55F9B1" author="Champion" box="[1048,1230,1605,1628]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Champion, G. C. (1894) [Note] The genus Pseudonosoderma, v. Heyd. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 30, 114." type="journal article" year="1894">Champion, 1894</bibRefCitation>
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: 114
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA818597E7EFF69F991" author="Lewis" page="447" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1895">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA818597E7EFA03F9B1" author="Lewis" box="[1295,1432,1605,1628]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" refString="Lewis, G. (1895) On the Cistelidae and other heteromerous species of Japan. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (London) 6, 422 - 448, pl. viii." type="journal article" year="1895">Lewis, 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 447
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81DA87E5EFE21F991" author="Casey" box="[254,442,1637,1660]" page="44" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1907">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81DA87E5EFE0AF991" author="Casey" box="[254,401,1637,1660]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Casey, T. L. (1907 a) Notes on Chalcolepidius and the Zopherini. Canadian Entomologist, 39, 35 - 46." type="journal article" year="1907" yearSuffix="a">Casey, 1907a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 44
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–46.
|
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<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81CB97E5EFD20F991" author="Casey" box="[495,699,1637,1660]" page="470" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1907">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81CB97E5EFD1FF991" author="Casey" box="[495,644,1637,1660]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Casey, T. L. (1907 b) A revision of the American components of the tenebrionid subfamily Tentyriinae. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 9, 275 - 522." type="journal article" year="1907" yearSuffix="b">Casey, 1907b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 470
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 480–481.
|
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<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81E657E5EFC62F991" author="Reitter" box="[819,1017,1637,1660]" page="130" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1916">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81E657E5EFC58F991" author="Reitter" box="[819,963,1637,1660]" pageId="4" pageNumber="28" refString="Reitter, V. E. (1916) Bestimmungstabelle der Tenebrioniden, enthaltend die Zopherini, Elenophorini, Leptodini, Stenosini und Lachnogyini. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 35, 129 - 171." type="journal article" year="1916">Reitter, 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 130
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–131.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA8196A7E5EFB69F991" author="Leng" box="[1084,1266,1637,1660]" page="223" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1920">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA8196A7E5EFB21F991" author="Leng" box="[1084,1210,1637,1660]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" refString="Leng, C. W. (1920) Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico. John D. Sherman, Jr., Mount Vernon, New York. x + 470 pp." type="book" year="1920">Leng, 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 223
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA819A87E5EFF6AF971" author="Bradley" page="183" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1930">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA819A87E5EFA03F991" author="Bradley" box="[1278,1432,1637,1660]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Bradley, J. C. (1930) A Manual of the Genera of Beetles of America North of Mexico. Daw, Illston and Co. Ithaca, NY, 366 pp." type="book" year="1930">Bradley, 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 183
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 322.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81C647EBEFD0AF971" author="Boving" box="[306,657,1669,1692]" page="41" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1931">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81C647EBEFDF2F971" author="Boving" box="[306,617,1669,1692]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Boving, A. G. & Craighead, F. C. (1931) An illustrated synopsis of the principal larval forms of the order of Coleoptera. Entomologica Americana, 11, 1 - 351." type="journal article" year="1931">Böving and Craighead, 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 41
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 52.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81FB17EBEFC2BF971" author="Gebien" box="[743,944,1669,1692]" page="668" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1936">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81FB17EBEFCE0F971" author="Gebien" box="[743,891,1669,1692]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Gebien, H. (1936) Katalog der Tenebrioniden (Col.: Heteromera). Teil I. (abgeschlossen August 1936) Pubblicasioni del Museo Entomologico " Pietro Rossi " 2, 505 - 883." type="journal article" year="1936">Gebien, 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 668
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81EED7EBEFB0CF971" author="Crowson" box="[955,1175,1669,1692]" page="127" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1955">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81EED7EBEFBF9F971" author="Crowson" box="[955,1122,1669,1692]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Crowson, R. A. (1955) The Natural Classification of the Families of Coleoptera. Nathaniel Lloyd, London, 187 pp." type="book" year="1955">Crowson, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 127
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA819F47EBEFAF8F971" author="Arnett" box="[1186,1379,1669,1692]" page="650" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1962">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA819F47EBEFAB6F971" author="Arnett" box="[1186,1325,1669,1692]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" refString="Arnett, R. H. (1962) The Beetles of the United States (a Manual for Identification). Part 5 pgs. 645 - 850. Catholic University of America Press, Washington D. C., 1112 pp." type="book chapter" year="1962">Arnett, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 650
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 668.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81D917E9EFEE0F951" author="Boddy" box="[199,379,1701,1724]" page="77" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1965">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81D917E9EFECFF951" author="Boddy" box="[199,340,1701,1724]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Boddy, D. W. (1965) Zopheridae, pp. 77 - 79. In: M. H. Hatch, (ed.) The beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Part IV: Macrodactyles, Palpicornes and Heteromera. University of Washington Publications in Biology, 16 (4), 1 - 268." type="journal article" year="1965">Boddy, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 77
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–78, pl. x.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81CA77E9EFD2FF951" author="Arnett" box="[497,692,1701,1724]" page="650" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1968">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81CA77E9EFDE5F951" author="Arnett" box="[497,638,1701,1724]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" refString="Arnett, R. H. (1968) Beetles of the United States (A Manual for Identification). American Entomological Institute. Ann Arbor, MI, 1112 pp." type="book" year="1968">Arnett, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 650
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 668.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81FA17E9EFC21F951" author="Arnett" box="[759,954,1701,1724]" page="650" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1971">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81FA17E9EFC1FF951" author="Arnett" box="[759,900,1701,1724]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" refString="Arnett, R. H. (1971) Beetles of the United States (A Manual for Identification). American Entomological Institute. Ann Arbor, MI, 1112 pp." type="book" year="1971">Arnett, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 650
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 668.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81EA87E9EFA15F951" author="Keleinikova" box="[1022,1422,1701,1724]" page="125" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1971">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81EA87E9EFAC0F951" author="Keleinikova" box="[1022,1371,1701,1724]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" refString="Keleinikova, S. I. & Mamaev, B. M. (1971) Phellopsis amurensis Heyd. (Coleoptera, Zopheridae) a specific wood destroyer in the South Primorski Krai. Builletin, Moskovskoe Obshchestvo Ispytatelei Prirody, Novaya Seriya. Otdel Biologicheskii, 76 (4), 124 - 128. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1971">Keleinikova and Mamaev, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 125
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
– 128.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81DAB7EFEFE24F931" author="Arnett" box="[253,447,1733,1756]" page="650" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1973">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81DAB7EFEFE13F931" author="Arnett" box="[253,392,1733,1756]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" refString="Arnett, R. H. (1973) Beetles of the United States (A Manual for Identification). American Entomological Institute. Ann Arbor, MI, 1112 pp." type="book" year="1973">Arnett, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 650
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 668.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81F567EFEFD5FF931" author="Doyen" box="[512,708,1733,1756]" page="267" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1976">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81F567EFEFD15F931" author="Doyen" box="[512,654,1733,1756]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Doyen, J. T. (1976) Description of the larva of Phloeodes diabolicus Leconte (Coleoptera: Zopheridae). Coleopterists Bulletin, 30, 267 - 272." type="journal article" year="1976">Doyen, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 267
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 270–271.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81E6D7EFEFB00F931" author="Doyen" box="[827,1179,1733,1756]" page="341" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1979">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81E6D7EFEFBF3F931" author="Doyen" box="[827,1128,1733,1756]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Doyen, J. T. & Lawrence, J. F. (1979) Relationship and higher classification of some Tenebrionidae and Zopheridae (Coleoptera). Systematic Entomology, 4, 333 - 377." type="journal article" year="1979">Doyen and Lawrence, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 341
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–345.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA819897EFEFA15F931" author="Papp" box="[1247,1422,1733,1756]" page="162" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1984">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA819897EFEFAC0F931" author="Papp" box="[1247,1371,1733,1756]" pageId="4" pageNumber="28" refString="Papp, C. S. (1984) Introduction to North American Beetles. Entomography Publications, Sacramento, CA. 335 pp." type="book" year="1984">Papp, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 162
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
– 163.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81DA87EDEFE5AF911" author="Arnett" box="[254,449,1765,1788]" page="350" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1985">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81DA87EDEFE11F911" author="Arnett" box="[254,394,1765,1788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" refString="Arnett, R. H. (1985) American Insects, A handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Inc., New York, 850 pp." type="book" year="1985">Arnett, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 350
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81C987EDEFD2BF911" author="Masumoto" box="[462,688,1765,1788]" page="87" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1990">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81C987EDEFD13F911" author="Masumoto" box="[462,648,1765,1788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" refString="Masumoto, K. (1990) A new Phellopsis species from South Korea (Zopheridae, Coleoptera). Entomological Review of Japan, 45, 87 - 91." type="journal article" year="1990">Masumoto, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 87
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–91.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81FB07EDEFC56F911" author="Campbell" box="[742,973,1765,1788]" page="252" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1991">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81FB07EDEFC0DF911" author="Campbell" box="[742,918,1765,1788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Campbell, J. M. (1991) Zopheridae, pg. 252. In: Y. Bousquet, (ed.) Checklist of the beetles of Canada and Alaska. Agriculture Canada Publication 1861 / E. Canada Communications Group-Publishing, Ottawa." type="book chapter" year="1991">Campbell, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 252
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. Lawrence, 1991: 518–519.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA818557EDEFF6AF8F1" author="Egorov" page="504" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1992">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA818557EDEFA03F911" author="Egorov" box="[1283,1432,1765,1788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Egorov, A. B. (1992) 94. Cem. Zopheridae, pp. 504 - 505. In: P. A. Ler, (ed.) Key to the Insects of the Russian Far East. Vol. III. Part 2. Dal'nauka, Vladivostok [in Russian]." type="book chapter" year="1992">Egorov, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 504
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–505.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81C627F3EFE6BF8F1" author="Steiner" box="[308,496,1797,1820]" page="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1992">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81C627F3EFE53F8F1" author="Steiner" box="[308,456,1797,1820]" pageId="4" pageNumber="28" refString="Steiner, W. E., Jr. (1992) " Ironclad Beetles, " family Zopheridae, in Maryland: notes on the natural history and distribution of Phellopsis obcordata (Kirby). Maryland Naturalist [1991] 35, 25 - 30." type="journal article" year="1992">Steiner, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 25
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–30.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81F7E7F3EFC8AF8F1" author="Lawrence" box="[552,785,1797,1820]" page="341" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1994">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81F7E7F3EFD40F8F1" author="Lawrence" box="[552,731,1797,1820]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" refString="Lawrence, J. F. (1994) The larva of Sirrhas variegates, sp. nov., with notes on the Perimylopidae, Ulodidae (stat. nov.), Zopheridae and Chalcodryidae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea). Invertebrate Taxonomy, 8, 329 - 349." type="journal article" year="1994">Lawrence, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 341
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–344. Ś lipiński and Lawrence, 1999: 21, 23.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA818537F3EFF6AF8D1" author="Steiner" page="125" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1999">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA818537F3EFA03F8F1" author="Steiner" box="[1285,1432,1797,1820]" pageId="4" pageNumber="28" refString="Steiner, W. E., Jr. (1999) Flightless Beetles in Appalachian " deserts: " Studies on the distribution and localized habitats of some species of Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera). Proceedings of the Appalachian Biogeography Symposium, VMNH Special Publication 7, 125 - 144." type="journal article" year="1999">Steiner, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 125
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 138–139.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81C317F1EFD38F8D1" author="Garcia-Paris" box="[359,675,1829,1852]" page="145" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="2001">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81C317F1EFDF5F8D1" author="Garcia-Paris" box="[359,622,1829,1852]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Garcia-Paris, M., Parra-Olea, G. & Coca-Abia, M. (2001) A new species of Noserus (Coleoptera: Zopheridae) from Mexico. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 77, 144 - 155." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
García-París
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFBAFFA81CA57F1EFDB3F8D1" box="[499,552,1829,1852]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 145
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. Ivie, 2002: 460.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FD2036CEFFBAFFA81DC17F7EFD67F891" blockId="4.[151,1437,1541,1916]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="DD8F11E0FFBAFFA81DC17F7EFD67F891" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFBAFFA81DC17F7EFDAFF8B1" authority="Heyden, 1885: 305" authorityName="Heyden" authorityPageNumber="305" authorityYear="1885" box="[151,564,1861,1884]" class="Insecta" family="Zopheridae" genus="Pseudonosoderma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFBAFFA81DC17F7EFEC7F8B1" box="[151,348,1861,1884]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pseudonosoderma</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81C357F7EFDAFF8B1" author="Heyden" box="[355,564,1861,1884]" page="305" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1885">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81C357F7EFE65F8B1" author="Heyden" box="[355,510,1861,1884]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Heyden, L. (1885) Weitere Beitrage zur Coleoperen-Fauna des Amur-Gebietes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Berlin, 29, 299 - 307, pl. 4." type="journal article" year="1885">Heyden, 1885</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 305
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (
|
||
<typeStatus id="2224886CFFBAFFA81F107F7EFDE6F8B1" box="[582,637,1861,1884]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFBAFFA81F8C7F7EFB31F8B1" authority="Heyden 1885" authorityName="Heyden" authorityYear="1885" box="[730,1194,1861,1884]" class="Insecta" family="Zopheridae" genus="Pseudonosoderma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amurensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFBAFFA81F8C7F7EFB88F8B1" box="[730,1043,1861,1884]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pseudonosoderma amurensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA8194D7F7EFB31F8B1" author="Heyden" box="[1051,1194,1861,1884]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Heyden, L. (1885) Weitere Beitrage zur Coleoperen-Fauna des Amur-Gebietes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Berlin, 29, 299 - 307, pl. 4." type="journal article" year="1885">Heyden 1885</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by monotypy).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA8180E7F7EFEF4F891" author="Semenow" page="499" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1893">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA8180E7F7EFEA2F891" author="Semenow" pageId="4" pageNumber="28" refString="Semenow, A. (also cited as Semenov) (1893) Coleoptera asiatica nova. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, variis sermonibus in Rossia usitatis editae, 27, 494 - 507." type="journal article" year="1893">Semenow, 1893</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 499
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. Synonymy by
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="7C3E10DFFFBAFFA81F427F5EFD6CF891" author="Champion" box="[532,759,1893,1916]" page="114" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1894">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFBAFFA81F427F5EFD58F891" author="Champion" box="[532,707,1893,1916]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Champion, G. C. (1894) [Note] The genus Pseudonosoderma, v. Heyd. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 30, 114." type="journal article" year="1894">Champion 1894</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 114
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B5856545FFBAFFA81DC17F96FB91F802" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="FD2036CEFFBAFFA81DC17F96FB91F802" blockId="4.[151,1436,1965,2031]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFBAFFA81DC17F96FE82F82A" bold="true" box="[151,281,1965,1991]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
The members of this genus are easily distinguished from all other large (>
|
||
<quantity id="3A679B2BFFBAFFA819CC7F96FB7AF82A" box="[1178,1249,1965,1991]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
|
||
) Zopherinae by the presence of 11-segmented antennae and slightly open procoxal cavities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="A9E06646FFBBFFA91DC17FB2FD30F80B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180606/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[186,1365,204,1928]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="FD2036CEFFBBFFA91DC17FB2FD30F80B" blockId="5.[151,1436,1929,2022]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFBBFFA91DC17FB2FE82F84C" bold="true" box="[151,281,1929,1953]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
A. Map of specimen records for North American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFBBFFA91E657FB1FC39F84C" box="[819,930,1930,1953]" class="Insecta" family="Zopheridae" genus="Phellopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFBBFFA91E657FB1FC39F84C" box="[819,930,1930,1953]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Phellopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFBBFFA91E8A7FB1FBDEF84C" box="[988,1093,1930,1953]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. p o rc a t a</emphasis>
|
||
, green circles;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFBBFFA919BA7FB1FAE9F84C" box="[1260,1394,1930,1953]" class="Insecta" family="Zopheridae" genus="Phellopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcordata">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFBBFFA919BA7FB1FAE9F84C" box="[1260,1394,1930,1953]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. obcordata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
red diamonds. B. Map of specimen records for Asian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFBBFFA91FF17F97FC8DF82E" box="[679,790,1964,1987]" class="Insecta" family="Zopheridae" genus="Phellopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFBBFFA91FF17F97FC8DF82E" box="[679,790,1964,1987]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Phellopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFBBFFA91E187F97FC7DF82E" box="[846,998,1964,1987]" class="Insecta" family="Zopheridae" genus="Phellopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yulongensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFBBFFA91E187F97FC7DF82E" box="[846,998,1964,1987]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. yulongensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
red diamonds;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFBBFFA919DC7F97FA9CF82E" box="[1162,1287,1964,1987]" class="Insecta" family="Zopheridae" genus="Phellopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFBBFFA919DC7F97FA9CF82E" box="[1162,1287,1964,1987]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. chinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
green circles;
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFBBFFA91DC17FF4FE81F80B" box="[151,282,1999,2022]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. a m u re n s i s</emphasis>
|
||
red cross;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFBBFFA91CC47FF4FD9BF80B" box="[402,512,1999,2022]" class="Insecta" family="Zopheridae" genus="Phellopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suberea">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFBBFFA91CC47FF4FD9BF80B" box="[402,512,1999,2022]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. suberea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
green triangles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B5856545FFB8FFAB1DC178ACFB2BFEC7" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="FD2036CEFFB8FFAA1DC178ACFE84FEC7" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB8FFAA1DC178ACFE12FF5C" bold="true" box="[151,393,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Description (male):</emphasis>
|
||
Length
|
||
<quantity id="3A679B2BFFB8FFAA1CBF78A3FDF1FF5F" box="[489,618,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="16.5" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="11.0">11–22 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Body elongate, parallel sided; elytra 1.9–2.4X longer than pronotum; reddish brown to black; dorsal surface granulose, covered in small dark tubercles, each with single inserted setae; secondary vestiture setose; elytral and pronotal sculpture forming similar pattern in all species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="65A42A4BFFB8FFAA1DC9792BFE89FEC7" box="[159,274,272,298]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="9.[151,255,1739,1763]" captionStartId-1="10.[151,255,1971,1995]" captionStartId-2="11.[151,255,1713,1737]" captionTargetBox-0="[179,1415,203,1705]" captionTargetBox-1="[308,1293,353,1940]" captionTargetBox-2="[175,1342,190,1680]" captionTargetId-0="figure@9.[151,1436,154,1817]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[151,1436,325,1988]" captionTargetId-2="figure@11.[151,1436,150,1813]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionTargetPageId-2="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Dorsal habitus photos of North American Phellopsis spp. A. Phellopsis obcordata; B. P. p o rc a t a; Hypomeral setae of Phellopsis spp. C. Phellopsis obcordata; D. P. porcata." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Dorsal habitus photos of the Asian Phellopsis spp. A. Phellopsis amurensis; B. P. s u b e re a; C. P. chinensis; D. P. yulongensis." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Elytral sculpture of Asian Phellopsis spp. A. Phellopsis amurensis; B. P. s u b e re a; C. P. chinensis; D. P. yulongensis; Ventrites 2 – 5 of Phellopsis spp. found in China. E. Phellopsis chinensis; F. P. yulongensis." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/180607/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/180608/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/180609/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 2–4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FD2036CEFFB8FFAA1D907903FCCFFCB7" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Head with suprantennal ridges distinctly raised above widely separated antennal insertions (
|
||
<figureCitation id="65A42A4BFFB8FFAA18457903FAC5FEBF" box="[1299,1374,312,338]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,255,1583,1607]" captionTargetBox="[173,1415,345,1535]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[152,1436,320,1560]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Dorsal head surface of the Asian Phellopsis spp. A. Phellopsis amurensis; B. P. s u b e re a; C. P. chinensis; D. P. yulongensis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180611/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
); not constricted behind eyes; dorsal surface of head with varying intensity of tubercles between suprantennal ridges and frons; margin of suprantennal ridge emarginate, flat, or convex. Antennae 11-segmented, not reaching beyond middle of prothorax; capitate with moderate 3 segmented club; antennomere 2 transverse, shorter than 1 or 3; antennomere 3 slightly elongate but less than twice as long as wide, shorter than 4 and 5 combined; antennomeres 9 and 10 with lateral patch of sensilla, 11 with apex covered in sensilla. Subgenal ridges present. Eye emarginate, coarsely faceted, frontal margin with golden setae; area directly behind with small elevated glabrous piece. Labrum visible, transverse, punctate, apical margin with dense fringe of setae. Mandible acutely bidentate, apex curved mesally; median tooth, setose-fringed membranous prostheca, and mola present. Maxillary surfaces with setae inserted in small punctures, variably sculptured; maxillary palpifer and basistipes with long bristle-like setae; apical maxillary palpomere rounded; galea and lacinia densely setose, lacinia hooked laterally, with one or two small teeth. Labial palps broadly separated, inserted laterally; ligula shallowly emarginate to smooth, setose. Submentum with setose pit (
|
||
<figureCitation id="65A42A4BFFB8FFAA1E9D7B23FB8EFCDF" box="[971,1045,792,818]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,255,1571,1595]" captionTargetBox="[418,1170,269,1539]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[403,1190,228,1554]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Ventral head surface of Phellopsis spp. A. Phellopsis suberea; B. P. yulongensis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180612/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). Gula strongly narrowed or not; posterior tentorial pits present along suture, often indistinct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FD2036CEFFB8FFAA1D907B53FBB4FB77" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pronotum with lyriform ridge divided by midline; large apicolateral nodule; lateral margin slightly explanate or thickened; pronotum widest anterior to midline, anterior angles produced and broadly rounded; posterior angles obtuse; base narrower than elytral base; lateral margin of pronotum variably arcuate, with dense intertuberculate setae at margin, presence of setae varying in species on hypomeron. Hypomeron lacking any hint of antennal cavities. Prosternum in front of procoaxe longer than midlength between procoxal cavities; prosternum anterior to procoaxe at midline longer than prosternal process; prosternal process gradually expanded then narrowed, apical margin concave or biconcave; strongly elevated and curved dorsally behind coxae; procoxal cavities circular, widely separated, and narrowly open.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FD2036CEFFB8FFAA1D907C93FF7FFA67" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scutellum abruptly elevated, notched anteriorly to rounded. Elytron with scutellary striole; with 7 rows of punctures distinct to obscure, rounded or irregular; epipleuron complete; distinct paired tubercles on elytron at start of apical declivity, a single tubercle near apex, apex rounded and slightly emarginate; elytra not fused. Mesepisternum widely separated, with round fovea or vermiculate, occasionally with small tubercles; mesocoxal cavities closed laterally, moderately separated; mesoventral process extending to middle of mesocoxal cavity.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FD2036CEFFB8FFAA1D937DA3FDA9F9EF" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Exposed portion of metepisternum long and narrow; metaventral median line long; metacoxal extending laterally to reach elytron; cavities moderately separated. Brachypterous, flight wings reduced to small elongate or rounded membranous pads.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FD2036CEFFB8FFAA1D937E2BFD7CF94F" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tarsal formula 5-5-4; tarsi and claws simple; tarsal setae on ventral surface of tarsomeres variably shorter and thicker than dorsal surface; all tibia with paired apical spurs; apical margin ringed with small spines; femora and tibia with length of pro<meso<meta; length of meta- tibia 0.06–0.12X longer than the femur; ventral surfaces of all femora with elongate glabrous area.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FD2036CEFFB8FFAA1D937E8BFB16F8AF" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Intercoxal process of Ventrite 1 (
|
||
<date id="8921100EFFB8FFAA1F0D7E8BFDE4F927" box="[603,639,1712,1738]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">V1</date>
|
||
) broadly truncate; abdomen with 5 ventrites; first 4 connate,
|
||
<date id="8921100EFFB8FFAA182E7E8BFA07F927" box="[1400,1436,1712,1738]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">V1</date>
|
||
weakly to strongly depressed behind the coxae,
|
||
<date id="8921100EFFB8FFAA1F997EE3FD68F91F" box="[719,755,1752,1778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">V5</date>
|
||
with preapical groove divided into two sinuous pits (
|
||
<figureCitation id="65A42A4BFFB8FFAA183B7EE3FF3DF8F7" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1713,1737]" captionTargetBox="[175,1342,190,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,150,1813]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Elytral sculpture of Asian Phellopsis spp. A. Phellopsis amurensis; B. P. s u b e re a; C. P. chinensis; D. P. yulongensis; Ventrites 2 – 5 of Phellopsis spp. found in China. E. Phellopsis chinensis; F. P. yulongensis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180609/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
E–F);
|
||
<date id="8921100EFFB8FFAA1DA67F3BFEEBF8F7" box="[240,368,1792,1818]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">V3 and V4</date>
|
||
with laterally expanded lobes,
|
||
<date id="8921100EFFB8FFAA1F897F3BFC99F8F7" box="[735,770,1792,1818]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">V2</date>
|
||
occasionally with hint of expansion; laterotergite 3 variably expanded and coupled with internal surface of elytron. Aedeagus as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="65A42A4BFFB8FFAA19597F13FBC9F8AF" box="[1039,1106,1832,1858]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,255,1706,1730]" captionTargetBox="[419,1155,270,1658]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[404,1184,240,1682]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Lateral view of male parameres of Phellopsis spp. A. Phellopsis obcordata; B. P. porcata; C. P. s u b e re a; D. P. chinensis; E. P. yulongensis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180613/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A–F.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FD2036CEFFB8FFAA1D907F6BFC5AF80F" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FEMALE: The female lacks the setose pit on the submentum, but is similar in all other external morphological characters. The female genitalia distally terminate in a single-segmented, elongate gonostylus that is setose on the apex. Tergite eight and the proctiger are densely clothed in appressed setae. The pleated membrane lacks setation, and the coxite is setose laterally and at the apex.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FD2036CEFFB9FFAB1D9078A3FA96FF5F" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,1258]" box="[198,1293,152,178]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
LARVA: Not defined at the generic level (see description of the larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB194F78A3FB36FF5C" box="[1049,1197,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Zopheridae" genus="Phellopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcordata">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB194F78A3FB36FF5C" box="[1049,1197,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. obcordata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FD2036CEFFB9FFAB1D907884FB2BFEC7" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,1258]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB1D907884FEA8FF34" bold="true" box="[198,307,191,217]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">NOTES:</emphasis>
|
||
The generic identity of this group has been relatively stable since LeConte’s description. The only issue was Heyden’s description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB1F3C78D3FCD9FEEC" box="[618,834,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Zopheridae" genus="Pseudonosoderma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB1F3C78D3FCD9FEEC" box="[618,834,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pseudonosoderma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which contained
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB194C78D3FB35FEEC" box="[1050,1198,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Zopheridae" genus="Pseudonosoderma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amurensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB194C78D3FB35FEEC" box="[1050,1198,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. amurensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB19BE78D3FAF4FEEC" box="[1256,1391,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. c h i n e n s i s</emphasis>
|
||
for a short time.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB1C66792BFD92FEC4" box="[304,521,272,297]" class="Insecta" family="Zopheridae" genus="Pseudonosoderma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB1C66792BFD92FEC4" box="[304,521,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pseudonosoderma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is clearly synonymous with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB1E0E792BFB36FEC7" authority="Champion 1894" authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1894" box="[856,1197,272,298]" class="Insecta" family="Zopheridae" genus="Phellopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB1E0E792BFC49FEC4" box="[856,978,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Phellopsis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFB9FFAB1EB7792BFB38FEC7" author="Champion" box="[993,1187,272,298]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" refString="Champion, G. C. (1894) [Note] The genus Pseudonosoderma, v. Heyd. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 30, 114." type="journal article" year="1894">Champion 1894</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B5856545FFB9FFAB1D90790CFA07FB07" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="FD2036CEFFB9FFAB1D90790CFB54FE97" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,1258]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB1D90790CFEB1FEBC" bold="true" box="[198,298,311,337]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
Adults and larvae both feed on fungi associated with decaying trees in old growth boreal forests (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFB9FFAB1DC8795BFEACFE97" author="Steiner" box="[158,311,352,378]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" refString="Steiner, W. E., Jr. (1992) " Ironclad Beetles, " family Zopheridae, in Maryland: notes on the natural history and distribution of Phellopsis obcordata (Kirby). Maryland Naturalist [1991] 35, 25 - 30." type="journal article" year="1992">Steiner 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Ivie 2002). Adults are surface feeders, while larvae burrow into the substrate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FD2036CEFFB9FFAB1D9079B3FD41FCDF" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,1258]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Adults of the genus have been collected on a variety of xylophilous fungi growing on both coniferous and deciduous trees in various states of decay (label data, pers. obs.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFB9FFAB1ECC798BFBA9FE27" author="Steiner" box="[922,1074,432,458]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" refString="Steiner, W. E., Jr. (1992) " Ironclad Beetles, " family Zopheridae, in Maryland: notes on the natural history and distribution of Phellopsis obcordata (Kirby). Maryland Naturalist [1991] 35, 25 - 30." type="journal article" year="1992">Steiner 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Ivie 2002). Several reports in the literature have associated adults with specific habitats.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB1E3679E3FBC7FE1C" box="[864,1116,472,497]" class="Insecta" family="Zopheridae" genus="Phellopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcordata">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB1E3679E3FBC7FE1C" box="[864,1116,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Phellopsis obcordata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults have been reported feeding on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB1C757A3BFD87FDF4" box="[291,540,512,537]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Fomitopsidaceae" genus="Piptoporus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="betulinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB1C757A3BFD87FDF4" box="[291,540,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Piptoporus betulinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Bull.:Fr.) P. Karst. on a paper birch log (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB197D7A3BFAC2FDF7" authority="Marsh" authorityName="Marsh" box="[1067,1369,512,538]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="papyrifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB197D7A3BFB64FDF4" box="[1067,1279,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Betula papyrifera</emphasis>
|
||
Marsh
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB1DC17A13FE78FDAF" authority="(Fr.) Cooke" authorityName="(Fr.) Cooke" box="[151,483,552,578]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Polyporaceae" genus="Fomes" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="annosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB1DC17A13FED4FDAC" box="[151,335,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fomes annosus</emphasis>
|
||
(Fr.) Cooke
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on dead balsam fir (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB1FB47A13FC78FDAF" authority="Mill." authorityName="Mill." box="[738,995,552,578]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="balsamea">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB1FB47A13FC06FDAC" box="[738,925,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Abies balsamea</emphasis>
|
||
Mill.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in Maine, and from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB19BC7A13FAEEFDAC" box="[1258,1397,552,577]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Fomitopsidaceae" genus="Piptoporus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="betulinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB19BC7A13FAEEFDAC" box="[1258,1397,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. betulinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on sweet birch (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB1C787A6BFE27FD84" box="[302,444,592,617]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB1C787A6BFE27FD84" box="[302,444,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Betula lenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.) in Maryland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFB9FFAB1FDA7A6BFCBCFD87" author="Steiner" box="[652,807,592,618]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" refString="Steiner, W. E., Jr. (1992) " Ironclad Beetles, " family Zopheridae, in Maryland: notes on the natural history and distribution of Phellopsis obcordata (Kirby). Maryland Naturalist [1991] 35, 25 - 30." type="journal article" year="1992">Steiner 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB1E6D7A6BFB8CFD84" box="[827,1047,592,617]" class="Insecta" family="Zopheridae" genus="Phellopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="porcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB1E6D7A6BFB8CFD84" box="[827,1047,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Phellopsis porcata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults have been associated with fungi on western hemlock (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB1C8F7A43FCD0FD7F" authority="(Raf.) Sarg." authorityName="(Raf.) Sarg." box="[473,843,632,658]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Tsuga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB1C8F7A43FD22FD7C" box="[473,697,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tsuga heterophylla</emphasis>
|
||
(Raf.) Sarg.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) on Vancouver Island (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFB9FFAB190D7A43FB6BFD7F" author="Guppy" box="[1115,1264,632,658]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" refString="Guppy, R. (1951) Habitat of Phellopsis porcata LeC. Coleopterists Bulletin, 5, 28." type="journal article" year="1951">Guppy 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB18007A43FF5BFD54" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Polyporaceae" genus="Lentinus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB18007A43FF5BFD54" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lentinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fungus in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB1C687A9BFDC5FD57" authority="(Russell 1968)" baseAuthorityName="Russell" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[318,606,672,698]" class="Insecta" family="Zopheridae" genus="Montana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
Montana (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFB9FFAB1CE07A9BFDCEFD57" author="Russell" box="[438,597,672,698]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" refString="Russell, K. L. (1968) The Faunal Relationships of the Coleoptera of Montana, West of the Continental Divide, with a List of Species Known to Occur There. Masters Thesis, University of Washington. 208 pp." type="book" year="1968">Russell 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8588765EFFB9FFAB1FDC7A9BFD4BFD57" box="[650,720,672,698]" name="Japan" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB1F8B7A9BFCC9FD54" box="[733,850,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. s u b e re a</emphasis>
|
||
was described from xylophilous bracket fungi of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB1C587AF3FEFDFD0C" box="[270,358,712,737]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Boletaceae" genus="Boletus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Boletales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB1C587AF3FEFDFD0C" box="[270,358,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Boletus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on large oak trees (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB1F077AF3FD28FD0C" box="[593,691,712,737]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB1F077AF3FD28FD0C" box="[593,691,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFB9FFAB1FA07AF3FC1CFD0F" author="Lewis" box="[758,903,712,738]" pageId="7" pageNumber="27" refString="Lewis, G. (1894) On the Tenebrionidae of Japan. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (London) 6, 377 - 400, pl. xiii." type="journal article" year="1894">Lewis 1894</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB1ECA7AF3FB0FFD0C" box="[924,1172,712,737]" class="Insecta" family="Zopheridae" genus="Phellopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amurensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB1ECA7AF3FB0FFD0C" box="[924,1172,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Phellopsis amurensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was reported on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB18377AF3FF43FCE7" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Poriaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="family">Poriaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
fungi from a mixed forest of spruce, fir, birch, and other deciduous trees in the Sikhote-Alin Mountains of southern Primorskii Krai,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8588765EFFB9FFAB1CBE7B23FDADFCDF" box="[488,566,792,818]" name="Russia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFB9FFAB1F107B23FD55FCDF" author="Lafer" box="[582,718,792,818]" pageId="7" pageNumber="27" refString="Lafer, G. S. (2002) Zopheridae beetles Phellopsis amurensis in the nature, Zoological Institute Russian Academy of Sciences. http: // www. zin. ru / ANIMALIA / Coleoptera / eng / zophlaf. htm, St. Petersburg, Russia." type="book" year="2002">Lafer 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FD2036CEFFB9FFAB1D907B7BFBFEFBCF" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,1258]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Adults use thanatosis (death feigning) as a predator avoidance mechanism, a behavior that has been documented in several groups of beetles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFB9FFAB1F077B53FC06FC6F" author="Chemsak" box="[593,925,872,898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" refString="Chemsak, J. A. & Linsley, E. G. (1970) Death-feigning among North American Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 46, 305 - 307." type="journal article" year="1970">Chemsak and Linsley 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFB9FFAB1EFD7B53FBA8FC6F" author="Allen" box="[939,1075,872,898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="25" refString="Allen, A. A. (1990) Death-feigning in Exochomus quadripustulatus L. (Col.: Coccinellidae). Entomological Record, 102, 23." type="journal article" year="1990">Allen 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFB9FFAB19147B53FB48FC6F" author="Oliver" box="[1090,1235,872,898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" refString="Oliver, M. K. (1996) Death-feigning observed in Hippopsis lemniscata (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Coleoperist Bulletin, 50, 160 - 161." type="journal article" year="1996">Oliver 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFB9FFAB19B47B53FA0CFC6F" author="Miyatake" box="[1250,1431,872,898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" refString="Miyatake, T. (2001) Diurnal periodicity of death-feigning in Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 14, 421 - 432." type="journal article" year="2001">Miyatake 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFB9FFAB1D9E7BABFE21FC47" author="Miyatake" box="[200,442,912,938]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" refString="Miyatake, T., Katayamay, K., Takeda, Y., Nakashima, A., Sugita, A. & Mizumoto, M. (2004) Is death-feigning adaptive? Heritable variation in fitness difference of death-feigning behaviour. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series, B 271, 2293 - 2296." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Miyatake
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB1C6B7BABFEE3FC44" box="[317,376,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and specifically in the Zopherinae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFB9FFAB1E337BABFBE0FC47" author="Evans" box="[869,1147,912,938]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" refString="Evans, A. V. & Hogue, J. N. (2004) An Introduction to California Beetles. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 299 pp." type="book" year="2004">Evans and Hogue 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). When disturbed, adults drop to the ground with appendages retracted, and remain motionless for a significant time period (pers. obs.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFB9FFAB1DC17BDBFEAAFC17" author="Steiner" box="[151,305,992,1018]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" refString="Steiner, W. E., Jr. (1992) " Ironclad Beetles, " family Zopheridae, in Maryland: notes on the natural history and distribution of Phellopsis obcordata (Kirby). Maryland Naturalist [1991] 35, 25 - 30." type="journal article" year="1992">Steiner 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Their rough bodies blend perfectly with bark chips and detritus at the base of trees or litter on the ground, making a good search image critical to collecting species of this group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FD2036CEFFB9FFAB1D907C0BFA07FB07" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,1258]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB1C247C0BFDF6FBA4" box="[370,621,1072,1097]" class="Insecta" family="Zopheridae" genus="Phellopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcordata">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB1C247C0BFDF6FBA4" box="[370,621,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Phellopsis obcordata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been found living in shelf fungi in dense woodland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFB9FFAB18637C0BFF48FB9F" author="Peterson" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" refString="Peterson, A. (1951) Larvae of Insects. Part 2. Coleoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, Siphonaptera, Mecoptera, Trichoptera. Edwards Brothers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan 416 pp." type="book" year="1951">Peterson 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and conks of the fungi
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB1CB97C63FD7FFB9C" box="[495,740,1112,1137]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Fomitopsidaceae" genus="Piptoporus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="betulinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB1CB97C63FD7FFB9C" box="[495,740,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Piptoporus betulinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB1FA27C63FC1EFB9F" box="[756,901,1112,1138]" class="Agaricomycetes" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="order">Polyporales</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB1ED97C63FBC3FB9F" box="[911,1112,1112,1138]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Fomitopsidaceae" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="family">Fomitopsidaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFB9FFAB19387C63FA92FB9F" author="Steiner" box="[1134,1289,1112,1138]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" refString="Steiner, W. E., Jr. (1999) Flightless Beetles in Appalachian " deserts: " Studies on the distribution and localized habitats of some species of Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera). Proceedings of the Appalachian Biogeography Symposium, VMNH Special Publication 7, 125 - 144." type="journal article" year="1999">Steiner 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In Western North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8588765EFFB9FFAB1DB47CBBFED1FB77" box="[226,330,1152,1178]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB1CBA7CBBFDF9FB74" box="[492,610,1152,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Zopheridae" genus="Phellopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="porcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB1CBA7CBBFDF9FB74" box="[492,610,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. porcata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bore through soft wood, where they feed on white sheet fungi between the laminae of large rotting spruce (
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB1F6C7C93FD3EFB2C" box="[570,677,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A9F4D4DFFB9FFAB1F6C7C93FDE6FB2C" box="[570,637,1192,1217]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Picea</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) stumps (Ivie 2002). Wood boring has also been reported for the larva of
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEBEADCFFB9FFAB1DA17CEBFE13FB04" box="[247,392,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. a m u re n s i s</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="990E4B3FFFB9FFAB1CCC7CEBFC95FB07" author="Keleinikova" box="[410,782,1232,1258]" pageId="7" pageNumber="27" refString="Keleinikova, S. I. & Mamaev, B. M. (1971) Phellopsis amurensis Heyd. (Coleoptera, Zopheridae) a specific wood destroyer in the South Primorski Krai. Builletin, Moskovskoe Obshchestvo Ispytatelei Prirody, Novaya Seriya. Otdel Biologicheskii, 76 (4), 124 - 128. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1971">Keleinikova and Mamaev 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but this is probably another case of fungal association.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |