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<document id="E735097B3426454C3045C50D2BB65DEA" ID-CLB-Dataset="3681" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0082(2005)483[0001:AAAACF]2.0.CO;2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d0912529-3de7-4704-92b2-7714623d8222" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4735171" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1620068430804" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="WANG, XIAOMING, McKENNA, MALCOLM C. &amp; DASHZEVEG, DEMBERELYIN" docDate="2005" docId="03F85E56FFF4E850FD6FFAD9467A6E52" docLanguage="en" docName="AmMusNovit.2005.3483.1-57.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 3483" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282005%29483%5B0001%3AAAAACF%5D2.0.CO%3B2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001.3:AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Amphicticeps shackelfordi Matthew and Granger 1924" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="22" masterDocId="FFC1262EFFF2E845FFB8FF99442D6B47" masterDocTitle="Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation, Central Mongolia and Phylogeny of Basal Arctoids with Comments on Zoogeography" masterLastPageNumber="58" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1698938162769" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="5FAF08F0A70B36A84095D1BE088D8D56">Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation, Central Mongolia and Phylogeny of Basal Arctoids with Comments on Zoogeography</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A1C4164E5AF4A8FA9CD96E11022C0FC3">WANG, XIAOMING</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F97E5934E208B65CAB9CD469BEF9563C">McKENNA, MALCOLM C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FE8FB9C4DFA00380009F4B27D06C61A0">DASHZEVEG, DEMBERELYIN</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03F85E56FFF4E850FD6FFAD9467A6E52" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5637257" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190002709" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5637257" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F85E56FFF4E850FD6FFAD9467A6E52" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F85E56FFF4E850FD6FFAD9467A6E52" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<subSubSection id="C34BBCCBFFF4E843FD6FFAD9403E6E32" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFF4E843FD6FFAD9403E6E32" blockId="6.[727,1201,1344,1426]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FD6FFAD9403E6E32" authority="Matthew and Granger, 1924" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FD6FFAD940206E10" box="[727,1037,1344,1367]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amphicticeps shackelfordi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFF4E843FBAEFAD9403E6E32" author="Matthew, W. D. &amp; W. Granger" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref33863" refString="Matthew, W. D., and W. Granger. 1924. New Carnivora from the Tertiary of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 104: 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1924">Matthew and Granger, 1924</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C34BBCCBFFF4E843FC8CFAE240786ED5" box="[820,1109,1403,1426]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFF4E843FC8CFAE240786ED5" blockId="6.[727,1201,1344,1426]" box="[820,1109,1403,1426]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<figureCitation id="136AF3C5FFF4E843FC8CFAE247E96ED5" box="[820,964,1403,1426]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStart-4="Fig" captionStart-5="Fig" captionStartId-0="8.[150,188,1670,1691]" captionStartId-1="9.[149,187,685,706]" captionStartId-2="10.[150,188,1071,1092]" captionStartId-3="12.[150,188,1560,1581]" captionStartId-4="13.[149,187,1505,1526]" captionStartId-5="16.[150,188,1667,1688]" captionTargetBox-0="[150,1202,187,1648]" captionTargetBox-1="[123,1227,187,664]" captionTargetBox-2="[294,1058,187,1050]" captionTargetBox-4="[148,1203,189,1481]" captionTargetId-0="figure-14@8.[149,1205,186,1651]" captionTargetId-1="figure-13@9.[123,1227,187,664]" captionTargetId-2="figure-16@10.[294,1058,187,1050]" captionTargetId-3="figure-11@13.[147,1203,188,1486]" captionTargetId-4="figure-11@13.[147,1203,188,1486]" captionTargetId-5="figure-10@15.[157,1194,188,1718]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="13" captionTargetPageId-4="13" captionTargetPageId-5="15" captionText-0="Fig. 2. Skull of Amphicticeps shackelfordi, AMNH 19010, holotype. A, lateral, B, ventral, and C, dorsal views. Scale 5 20 mm." captionText-1="Fig. 3. Partial skull of Amphicticeps shackelfordi, referred specimen, MAE BU.91.9187–90. A, lateral and B, dorsal views. Scale 5 10 mm." captionText-2="Fig. 4. Posterolateral view of the orbital region of Amphicticeps shackelfordi, MAE BU.91.9187– 90, referred specimen. C1 al., partial alveolus of upper canine; Fr., frontal; Inf. C., infraorbital canal; Ju.­Max. s. s., jugal­maxillary suture surface; Lac., lacrimal; Lac. f., lacrimal foramen; Max., maxillary; Pal., palatine; Sph.­pal. f., sphenopalatine foramen." captionText-3="Fig. 5. Ventrolateral view of the right side of the basicranium of Amphicticeps shackelfordi, AMNH 19010, holotype. The region near the postglenoid process is reconstructed from that of the left side. cfn, canal for facial nerve; cica, canal for internal carotid artery; er, epitympanic recess; fc, fenestra cochleae (fenestra rotunda); fo, foramen ovale; fs, fossa for stapedius muscle; ftt, fossa for tensor tympani muscle; fv, fenestra vestibuli (fenestra ovalis); Gf, Glaserian fissure; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; mlf, middle lacerate foramen; mp, mastoid process; pf, promontory foramen; pgf, postglenoid foramen; plf, posterior lacerate foramen; pp, paroccipital process; pr, promontorium; sf, suprameatal fossa." captionText-4="Fig. 6. Amphicticeps shackelfordi? MAE SG.95.8919, braincase and basicranial fragments. A, caudal view; B, lateral view; C, stereophotos of lateroventral aspect; and D, stereophotos of ventral view. cf, condyloid foramen; eam, external auditory meatus; Ec, Eustachian canal; mp, mastoid process; pcf, posterior carotid foramen; plf, posterior lacerate foramen; pp, paroccipital process; sf, suprameatal fossa; smf, stylomastoid foramen; tb, tympanic bulla." captionText-5="Fig. 7. Amphicticeps shackelfordi, MAE BU.91.9187–90, referred specimen, photographs of polyester cast. A, occlusal view of upper teeth, stereophotos; B, occlusal view of lower teeth, stereophotos; C, medial and D, lateral views of lower jaw. Scales 5 10 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4735175" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4735177" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4735179" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5647911" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4735185" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5647913" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4735175/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4735177/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4735179/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5647911/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/4735185/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/5647913/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figures 2–7</figureCitation>
; Tables 2–4
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34BBCCBFFF4E842FD61FA37449C6DD4" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFF4E843FD61FA3740B36D5A" blockId="6.[700,1229,1454,1741]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<materialsCitation id="3B39E51DFFF4E843FD61FA3740B36D5A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398403302" collectionCode="AMNH" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCode="AMNH 19010" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFF4E843FD61FA3747626E82" box="[729,847,1454,1477]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCode id="DBF7473BFFF4E843FCD2FA3740326E82" box="[874,1055,1454,1477]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">AMNH 19010</specimenCode>
, nearly complete skull with left and right P1–2, P4–M1, and alveoli of left and right C1, P3, and M2 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFF4E843FD7CF99F403A6D5A" author="Matthew, W. D. &amp; W. Granger" box="[708,1047,1542,1565]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref33863" refString="Matthew, W. D., and W. Granger. 1924. New Carnivora from the Tertiary of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 104: 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1924">Matthew and Granger, 1924</bibRefCitation>
: figs. 4–5).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFF4E842FD61F9BD44B269AF" blockId="6.[700,1229,1454,1741]" lastBlockId="7.[123,652,692,1741]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
TYPE LOCALITY: Originally designated as from ‘‘Hsanda Gol formation, Loh’’ (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFF4E843FB2AF9D840286D32" author="Matthew, W. D. &amp; W. Granger" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref33863" refString="Matthew, W. D., and W. Granger. 1924. New Carnivora from the Tertiary of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 104: 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1924">Matthew and Granger, 1924: 4</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectionCode id="ED407785FFF4E843FBA7F9C740556D32" box="[1055,1144,1630,1653]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">AMNH</collectionCode>
19010 (field no. 89) was collected from about
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFF4E843FB2EF9E540E06DD4" box="[1174,1229,1660,1683]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mi" value="2.0">2 mi</quantity>
southwest of the Loh campsite, in Tsagan Nor Basin, eastern Valley of Lakes, OborKhangay Province, in north­central
<collectingCountry id="F346AFD0FFF5E842FD95FD2D44B169AF" name="Mongolia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<tableNote id="76B7EECEFFF5E842FDC8FF5B40516BB5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[123,1150,271,624]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFF5E842FDC8FF5B46E36B92" blockId="7.[201,1148,194,242]" box="[624,718,194,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">TABLE 1</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFF5E842FF71FF4440516BB5" blockId="7.[201,1148,194,242]" box="[201,1148,221,242]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Contrast of Two Genera of Small Primitive Arctoids in the Hsanda Gol Formation</paragraph>
</tableNote>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFF5E842FD20FE96407E6937" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<table id="F9511DE0FFF517BAFFC3FE9640536937" box="[123,1150,271,624]" gridcols="3" gridrows="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<tr id="3561ED02FFF517BAFFC3FE9640536A65" box="[123,1150,271,290]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76B0847EFFF517BAFD3BFE96471C6A65" box="[643,817,271,290]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF5E842FD20FE96470E6A65" baseAuthorityName="Janovskaja" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[664,803,271,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Amphicynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF5E842FD20FE96470E6A65" box="[664,803,271,290]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Amphicynodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76B0847EFFF517BAFC7BFE9640536A65" box="[963,1150,271,290]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF5E842FC5EFE96404E6A65" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" box="[998,1123,271,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF5E842FC5EFE96404E6A65" box="[998,1123,271,290]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFF517BAFFC3FEAE40536A0D" box="[123,1150,311,330]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76B0847EFFF517BAFFC3FEAE45E16A0D" box="[123,460,311,330]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Rostrum</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFF517BAFD3BFEAE471C6A0D" box="[643,817,311,330]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">not shortened</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFF517BAFC7BFEAE40536A0D" box="[963,1150,311,330]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">shortened</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFF517BAFFC3FECB40536A22" box="[123,1150,338,357]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76B0847EFFF517BAFFC3FECB45E16A22" box="[123,460,338,357]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Rostrum</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFF517BAFD3BFECB471C6A22" box="[643,817,338,357]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">narrow</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFF517BAFC7BFECB40536A22" box="[963,1150,338,357]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">broad</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFF517BAFFC3FEF440536AC7" box="[123,1150,365,384]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76B0847EFFF517BAFFC3FEF445E16AC7" box="[123,460,365,384]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distance from postorbital processes</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFF517BAFFC3FE1E40536ADD" box="[123,1150,391,410]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76B0847EFFF517BAFFC3FE1E45E16ADD" box="[123,460,391,410]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">to postorbital constriction</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFF517BAFD3BFE1E471C6ADD" box="[643,817,391,410]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">short</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFF517BAFC7BFE1E40536ADD" box="[963,1150,391,410]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">long</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFF517BAFFC3FE3B40536AF2" box="[123,1150,418,437]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76B0847EFFF517BAFFC3FE3B45E16AF2" box="[123,460,418,437]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C1</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFF517BAFD3BFE3B471C6AF2" box="[643,817,418,437]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">slender</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFF517BAFC7BFE3B40536AF2" box="[963,1150,418,437]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">long</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFF517BAFFC3FE2440536A97" box="[123,1150,445,464]" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76B0847EFFF517BAFFC3FE2445E16A97" box="[123,460,445,464]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M1 parastyle</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFF517BAFD3BFE24471C6A97" box="[643,817,445,464]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">reduced</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFF517BAFC7BFE2440536A97" box="[963,1150,445,464]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">robust</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFF517BAFFC3FE4E40536AAD" box="[123,1150,471,490]" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76B0847EFFF517BAFFC3FE4E45E16AAD" box="[123,460,471,490]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M2</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFF517BAFD3BFE4E471C6AAD" box="[643,817,471,490]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">labially positioned</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFF517BAFC7BFE4E40536AAD" box="[963,1150,471,490]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">enlarged</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFF517BAFFC3FE6B40536942" box="[123,1150,498,517]" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76B0847EFFF517BAFFC3FE6B45E16942" box="[123,460,498,517]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lower premolars</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFF517BAFD3BFE6B471C6942" box="[643,817,498,517]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">slender</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFF517BAFC7BFE6B40536942" box="[963,1150,498,517]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">lingually positioned</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFF517BAFFC3FD9440536967" box="[123,1150,525,544]" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76B0847EFFF517BAFFC3FD9445E16967" box="[123,460,525,544]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">m1 hypoconid</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFF517BAFD3BFD94471C6967" box="[643,817,525,544]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">low crowned</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFF517BAFC7BFD9440536967" box="[963,1150,525,544]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">high crowned</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFF517BAFFC3FDBE4053697D" box="[123,1150,551,570]" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76B0847EFFF517BAFFC3FDBE45E1697D" box="[123,460,551,570]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">m1 talonid basin</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFF517BAFD3BFDBE471C697D" box="[643,817,551,570]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">crenulated</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFF517BAFC7BFDBE4053697D" box="[963,1150,551,570]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">not crenulated</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFF517BAFFC3FDDB40536912" box="[123,1150,578,597]" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76B0847EFFF517BAFFC3FDDB45E16912" box="[123,460,578,597]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">m2 protoconid/metaconid</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFF517BAFD3BFDDB471C6912" box="[643,817,578,597]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">widely separated</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFF517BAFC7BFDDB40536912" box="[963,1150,578,597]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">closely spaced</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFF517BAFFC3FDC440536937" box="[123,1150,605,624]" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76B0847EFFF517BAFFC3FDC445E16937" box="[123,460,605,624]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">m3</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFF517BAFD3BFDC4471C6937" box="[643,817,605,624]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">always present</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFF517BAFC7BFDC440536937" box="[963,1150,605,624]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">vestigial/absent</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFF5E842FF20FD77449C6DD4" blockId="7.[123,652,692,1741]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
REFERRED SPECIMENS:
<materialsCitation id="3B39E51DFFF5E842FE18FD77460F6807" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398403306" collectionCode="AMNH" location="Loh" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" specimenCode="AMNH 19017" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBF7473BFFF5E842FE18FD7746636842" box="[416,590,750,773]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">AMNH 19017</specimenCode>
, partial left ramus with p2–m1 and alveoli of c1– p1 and m2, field no. 69, from
<location id="8E8EB99BFFF5E842FE48FCB0460F6807" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F85E56FFF4E850FD6FFAD9467A6E52:8E8EB99BFFF5E842FE48FCB0460F6807" box="[496,546,809,832]" name="Loh" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Loh</location>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B39E51DFFF5E842FD8AFCB044DC68DF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398403313" collectionCode="AMNH" location="Loh" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" specimenCode="AMNH 19127" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBF7473BFFF5E842FD8AFCB044EB681A" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">AMNH 19127</specimenCode>
, partial right ramus with p3, m1, and alveoli of c1–p2, p4, and m2, field no. 84, from
<location id="8E8EB99BFFF5E842FF07FC1844DC68DF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F85E56FFF4E850FD6FFAD9467A6E52:8E8EB99BFFF5E842FF07FC1844DC68DF" box="[191,241,897,920]" name="Loh" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Loh</location>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B39E51DFFF5E842FEBAFC1846AB6894" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398403301" collectionCode="AMNH" location="Loh" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" specimenCode="AMNH 19128" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBF7473BFFF5E842FEBAFC18459C68DF" box="[258,433,897,920]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">AMNH 19128</specimenCode>
, right ramal fragment with m1 and alveoli of c1–p4 and m2, field no. 92, from
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFF5E842FEDDFC25458D6894" box="[357,416,956,979]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mi" value="2.0">2 mi</quantity>
southwest of
<location id="8E8EB99BFFF5E842FDECFC2546AB6894" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F85E56FFF4E850FD6FFAD9467A6E52:8E8EB99BFFF5E842FDECFC2546AB6894" box="[596,646,956,979]" name="Loh" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Loh</location>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B39E51DFFF5E842FFC3FC4045A36F0F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398403311" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="Grand Canyon'" location="Loh" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" specimenCode="AMNH 21695" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBF7473BFFF5E842FFC3FC40450768B7" box="[123,298,985,1008]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">AMNH 21695</specimenCode>
, left ramal fragment with m1 and alveoli of c1–p4, field no. 536, from
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFF5E842FDC4FC6F44B76F6C" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mi" value="2.0">2 mi</quantity>
west of the ‘‘
<collectorName id="26A48A96FFF5E842FE80FB8D45DA6F6C" box="[312,503,1044,1067]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Grand Canyon’</collectorName>
’ area, which is
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFF5E842FF24FBA844C86F0F" box="[156,229,1073,1096]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.609344" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mi" value="10.0">10 mi</quantity>
west of
<location id="8E8EB99BFFF5E842FEE4FBA845A36F0F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F85E56FFF4E850FD6FFAD9467A6E52:8E8EB99BFFF5E842FEE4FBA845A36F0F" box="[348,398,1073,1096]" name="Loh" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Loh</location>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B39E51DFFF5E842FE18FBA8460C6FC4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398403322" collectionCode="AMNH" location="Grand Canyon'" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" specimenCode="AMNH 83610" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBF7473BFFF5E842FE18FBA8467E6F0F" box="[416,595,1073,1096]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">AMNH 83610</specimenCode>
, left ramal fragment with p4–m2 and m3 alveolus, field no. 531, ‘‘
<location id="8E8EB99BFFF5E842FEE6FBF5460C6FC4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F85E56FFF4E850FD6FFAD9467A6E52:8E8EB99BFFF5E842FEE6FBF5460C6FC4" box="[350,545,1132,1155]" name="Grand Canyon'" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Grand Canyon’</location>
</materialsCitation>
’;
<materialsCitation id="3B39E51DFFF5E842FD8AFBF544CD6FFA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398403335" collectionCode="AMNH" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" specimenCode="AMNH 81336" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBF7473BFFF5E842FD8AFBF544EA6FE7" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">AMNH 81336</specimenCode>
, left ramal fragment with m2 and m3 alveolus
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B39E51DFFF5E842FF4BFB3F461D6F9C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398403330" collectionCode="AMNH" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" specimenCode="AMNH 85749" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBF7473BFFF5E842FF4BFB3F458A6FFA" box="[243,423,1190,1213]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">AMNH 85749</specimenCode>
, right ramal fragment with m2–3, field no. 548
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B39E51DFFF5E842FDF0FB5D46AB6EEF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398403314" collectionCode="MAE, AMNH" collectorName="Perle Altangerel" location="Loh" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED407785FFF5E842FDF0FB5D46A66F9C" box="[584,651,1220,1243]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">MAE</collectionCode>
BU.91.9187–90 (
<collectionCode id="ED407785FFF5E842FEF1FB7845896FBF" box="[329,420,1249,1272]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">AMNH</collectionCode>
cast 129686), partial rostrum with right alveoli of C1–P2, right P3–M2, and left P3–M1, partial mandible with left p2, p4–m2, and alveoli of c1–p1 and p3, and right p1–m2 and root of m3, collected by
<collectorName id="26A48A96FFF5E842FEA1FAED45F16ECC" box="[281,476,1396,1419]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Perlé Altangerel</collectorName>
in 1994, field no. M­152, from
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFF5E842FEE4FA0845B76EEF" box="[348,410,1425,1448]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mi" value="2.0">2 mi</quantity>
southwest of
<location id="8E8EB99BFFF5E842FDECFA0846AB6EEF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F85E56FFF4E850FD6FFAD9467A6E52:8E8EB99BFFF5E842FDECFA0846AB6EEF" box="[596,646,1425,1448]" name="Loh" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Loh</location>
</materialsCitation>
;
<collectionCode id="ED407785FFF5E842FFC3FA3744916E82" box="[123,188,1454,1477]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">MAE</collectionCode>
SG.95.7518, right ramal fragment with p2, p4, and m1 (broken);
<materialsCitation id="3B39E51DFFF5E842FE17FA5545636D1F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398403326" collectingDate="1995-08-10" collectionCode="MAE" collectorName="Khosbayar" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED407785FFF5E842FE17FA5545DD6EA4" box="[431,496,1484,1507]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">MAE</collectionCode>
SG.95.8919, posterior skull fragments with top of the inion and left basicranial region, 458179490N 1018379130E, collected by
<collectorName id="26A48A96FFF5E842FE04F9BD46176D7C" box="[444,570,1572,1595]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Khosbayar</collectorName>
on
<date id="FFEFC980FFF5E842FDD6F9BD453B6D1F" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="1995-08-10">
<collectingDate id="EFAB3068FFF5E842FDD6F9BD453B6D1F" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="1995-08-10">10 August 1995</collectingDate>
</date>
; and
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B39E51DFFF5E842FEEFF9D844836DD4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398403332" collectionCode="MAE" location="Loh" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED407785FFF5E842FEEFF9D845B56D1F" box="[343,408,1601,1624]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">MAE</collectionCode>
M­217, isolated left m1, field no. M­217, from
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFF5E842FE01F9C745C26D32" box="[441,495,1630,1653]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mi" value="2.0">2 mi</quantity>
southwest of
<location id="8E8EB99BFFF5E842FFC3F9E544836DD4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F85E56FFF4E850FD6FFAD9467A6E52:8E8EB99BFFF5E842FFC3F9E544836DD4" box="[123,174,1660,1683]" name="Loh" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Loh</location>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34BBCCBFFF5E84CFF20F90045216E17" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFF5E842FF20F90040EF6842" blockId="7.[123,652,692,1741]" lastBlockId="7.[699,1228,692,1741]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
DISTRIBUTION: Early Oligocene of northcentral
<collectingCountry id="F346AFD0FFF5E842FF69F92F45696D8A" box="[209,324,1718,1741]" name="Mongolia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
. An undescribed record was mentioned in the early Oligocene Khatan­ Khayrkhan locality of Altai Province of
<collectingCountry id="F346AFD0FFF5E842FD03FD7747016842" box="[699,812,750,773]" name="Mongolia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
by Russell and Zhai (1987: 324).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFF5E842FD60FC9540E86F6C" blockId="7.[699,1228,692,1741]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
GEOLOGY AND AGE: The above referred specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF5E842FCCFFCB040E16807" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" box="[887,1228,809,832]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF5E842FCCFFCB040E16807" box="[887,1228,809,832]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Amphicticeps shackelfordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
come from three localities (some specimens lack a detailed locality record): (1) general vicinity of Loh for AMNH 19017 and 19127; (2)
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFF5E842FD5CFC07473468F2" box="[740,793,926,949]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mi" value="2.0">2 mi</quantity>
southwest of Loh for AMNH 19010, AMNH 19128, MAE BU.91.9187–90, and MAE M­217; (3) general vicinity or
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFF5E842FB28FC4040E668B7" box="[1168,1227,985,1008]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mi" value="2.0">2 mi</quantity>
west of the Ulaan Khongil (‘‘Grand Canyon’’ or Tatal Gol) for AMNH 21695 and 83610.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFF5E842FD60FBA840006E2A" blockId="7.[699,1228,692,1741]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
While field studies are currently pursued by the on­going joint expeditions of the MAE and formal stratigraphic revisions will have to wait for that result (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFF5E842FB87FB1046D56FFA" author="Hock, V., G. &amp; Daxner-Hock, H. P. &amp; Schmid, D. &amp; Badamgarav, W. &amp; Frank, G. &amp; Furtmuller, O. &amp; Montag, R. &amp; Barsbold, Y. &amp; J. Sodov" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="83 - 125" refId="ref32718" refString="Hock, V., G. Daxner-Hock, H. P. Schmid, D. Badamgarav, W. Frank, G. Furtmuller, O. Montag, R. Barsbold, Y. Khand, and J. Sodov. 1999. Oligocene - Miocene sediments, fossils and basalts from the Valley of Lakes (Central Mongolia), An integrated study. Mitteilungen der Osterreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft 90 (1997): 83 - 125." type="journal article" year="1999">Höck et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
, for a recent summary), it is relevant to note here that the above three
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF5E842FB9DFB5D40EF6F9C" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" box="[1061,1218,1220,1243]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF5E842FB9DFB5D40EF6F9C" box="[1061,1218,1220,1243]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
­ producing localities fall within a more restricted concept of the Hsanda Gol Formation close to the level of a discontinuous but approximately contemporary basaltic lava (Basalt I of
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFF5E842FCF5FACF400C6E2A" author="Hock, V., G. &amp; Daxner-Hock, H. P. &amp; Schmid, D. &amp; Badamgarav, W. &amp; Frank, G. &amp; Furtmuller, O. &amp; Montag, R. &amp; Barsbold, Y. &amp; J. Sodov" box="[845,1057,1366,1389]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="83 - 125" refId="ref32718" refString="Hock, V., G. Daxner-Hock, H. P. Schmid, D. Badamgarav, W. Frank, G. Furtmuller, O. Montag, R. Barsbold, Y. Khand, and J. Sodov. 1999. Oligocene - Miocene sediments, fossils and basalts from the Valley of Lakes (Central Mongolia), An integrated study. Mitteilungen der Osterreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft 90 (1997): 83 - 125." type="journal article" year="1999">Höck et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFF5E84CFD60FAED45506F4A" blockId="7.[699,1228,692,1741]" lastBlockId="9.[123,652,780,1741]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Historic collections are largely concentrated in the Ulaan Khongil fauna in the lower part of the Hsanda Gol Formation below the prominent basaltic lava and immediately above.
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF5E842FCA0FA7047986D47" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" box="[792,949,1513,1536]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF5E842FCA0FA7047986D47" box="[792,949,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens from near the Loh campsite and
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFF5E842FC79F99F47DA6D5A" box="[961,1015,1542,1565]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mi" value="2.0">2 mi</quantity>
southwest of Loh (including the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFF5E842FCCAF9BD47F76D7C" box="[882,986,1572,1595]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
) are darkly stained due to the percolation of ground water, and they all belong to the Ulaan Khongil fauna. AMNH 21695 and 83610 from near the ‘‘Grand Canyon’’ area, on the other hand, are light­colored and may belong to the Zavlia fauna in the upper part of the Hsanda Gol Formation above the lava. This presumed younger age of AMNH 21695 and 83610 relative to the rest of the
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFBE84CFE1AFCFD4675683C" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" box="[418,600,868,891]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFBE84CFE1AFCFD4675683C" box="[418,600,868,891]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. shackelfordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
hypodigm is also consistent with the former’s wider m1 and more prominent lingual cingulum on the m1 trigonid, tendencies that indicate a slightly more advanced stage of evolution for the species.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2EBFC8FFFAE84DFF2EF91F45EE6DF1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4735175" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4735175" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4735175/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[150,188,1670,1691]" targetBox="[150,1202,187,1648]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFFAE84DFF2EF91F45EE6DF1" blockId="8.[124,1229,1670,1718]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Fig. 2. Skull of
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFAE84DFEEFF91F46E26DDC" authority=", AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" box="[343,719,1670,1691]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFAE84DFEEFF91F46436DDC" box="[343,622,1670,1691]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Amphicticeps shackelfordi</emphasis>
, AMNH
</taxonomicName>
19010, holotype.
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFAE84DFC2DF91F47836DDC" bold="true" box="[917,942,1670,1691]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A,</emphasis>
lateral,
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFAE84DFBB2F91F400F6DDC" bold="true" box="[1034,1058,1670,1691]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B,</emphasis>
ventral, and
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFAE84DFB0BF91F40E06DDC" bold="true" box="[1203,1229,1670,1691]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C,</emphasis>
dorsal views. Scale 5 20 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2EBFC8FFFBE84CFF2DFD34466C699A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4735177" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4735177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4735177/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[149,187,685,706]" targetBox="[123,1227,187,664]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFFBE84CFF2DFD34466C699A" blockId="9.[123,1227,685,733]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Fig. 3. Partial skull of
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFBE84CFE23FD34469F6985" box="[411,690,685,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFBE84CFE23FD34469F6985" box="[411,690,685,706]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Amphicticeps shackelfordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, referred specimen, MAE BU.91.9187–90.
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFBE84CFB3EFD3440B26985" bold="true" box="[1158,1183,685,706]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A,</emphasis>
lateral and
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFBE84CFF62FD5E44DF699B" bold="true" box="[218,242,711,732]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B,</emphasis>
dorsal views. Scale 5 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFFBE84CFF20FB8D45216E17" blockId="9.[123,652,780,1741]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
EMENDED DIAGNOSIS:
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFBE84CFE21FB8D44E46F0F" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFBE84CFE21FB8D44E46F0F" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Amphicticeps shackelfordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguishable from the more derived
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFBE84CFF7EFBD645576F21" authorityName="WANG &amp; McKENNA &amp; DASHZEVEG" authorityYear="2005" box="[198,378,1103,1126]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="makhchinus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFBE84CFF7EFBD645576F21" box="[198,378,1103,1126]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. makhchinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFBE84CFE7CFBD6461F6F21" authorityName="WANG &amp; McKENNA &amp; DASHZEVEG" authorityYear="2005" box="[452,562,1103,1126]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorog">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFBE84CFE7CFBD6461F6F21" box="[452,562,1103,1126]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. dorog</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its smaller size, smaller angle between the labial borders of P4 and M1, more enlarged M1 parastyle, larger M1 metaconule, more reduced anterior cingulum of M1, and more lingually located M2. In addition, the P4 protocone of
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFBE84CFF4BFB6645886E51" box="[243,421,1279,1302]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFBE84CFF4BFB6645886E51" box="[243,421,1279,1302]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. shackelfordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is larger than in
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFBE84CFDCAFB6644ED6E74" authorityName="WANG &amp; McKENNA &amp; DASHZEVEG" authorityYear="2005" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorog">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFBE84CFDCAFB6644ED6E74" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. dorog</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but is less well developed than in
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFBE84CFDCAFA85452B6E17" authorityName="WANG &amp; McKENNA &amp; DASHZEVEG" authorityYear="2005" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="makhchinus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFBE84CFDCAFA85452B6E17" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. makhchinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34BBCCBFFFBE850FF20FACF467A6E52" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFFBE84CFF20FACF46756EA4" blockId="9.[123,652,780,1741]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
DESCRIPTION: Matthew and Granger’s (1924) original report of
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFBE84CFE24FAED44E46EEF" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFBE84CFE24FAED44E46EEF" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Amphicticeps shackelfordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consisted of a brief diagnosis only. A full description is furnished here for the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFFBE84CFDDCFA3744E96EA4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and the newly referred materials.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFFBE84CFF20FA704045683C" blockId="9.[123,652,780,1741]" lastBlockId="9.[699,1228,780,1741]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFBE84CFF20FA7044FF6D47" box="[152,210,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Skull</emphasis>
(figs. 2–4):
<materialsCitation id="3B39E51DFFFBE84CFEC2FA704049683C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398403334" collectionCode="AMNH" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="AMNH 19010" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
The
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFFBE84CFE0EFA7046326D47" box="[438,543,1513,1536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
,
<specimenCode id="DBF7473BFFFBE84CFD8AFA7044EB6D5A" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">AMNH 19010</specimenCode>
, is still the only nearly complete skull available, although additional referred cranial fragments supplement the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFFBE84CFE17F9D846386D1F" box="[431,533,1601,1624]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
in a number of important ways. Its rostral part is slightly crushed, such that the left cheek region is uplifted by approximately
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFFBE84CFDB3F900467F6DF7" box="[523,594,1689,1712]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
. The reconstructed skull illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFFBE84CFD9CF92F47B06864" author="Matthew, W. D. &amp; W. Granger" box="[548,925,780,1741]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref33863" refString="Matthew, W. D., and W. Granger. 1924. New Carnivora from the Tertiary of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 104: 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1924">Matthew and Granger (1924</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 5) is mostly accurate in overall proportions except for a more posteriorly displaced mastoid process (relative to the nuchal crest) in the dorsal view
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFFBE84FFD60FC1845346EEF" blockId="9.[699,1228,780,1741]" lastBlockId="10.[124,654,1220,1741]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
For a small carnivoran, the skull is rather strongly built, with a short and broad rostrum. The incisor­bearing part of the premaxillary is broken off and only the posterior processes of the premaxillary between the nasal and maxillary are preserved; they extend slightly behind the level of the P2. The posterior tip of the nasal reaches nearly to the level of the postorbital process of the frontal. In keeping with the broad snout, the frontal shield is also wide, that is, there is a long distance between upper rims of the orbits. There is a small fossa above the antorbital rim on the frontal/maxillary suture, for the insertion of the levator nasolabialis, and this fossa is more prominent on the right side of the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFFBE84CFCA9FACF47566E2A" box="[785,891,1366,1389]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. The postorbital process of the frontal is small but rather sharply pointed; that on MAE BU.91.9187–90 is more reduced. The distance between the postorbital constriction and the postorbital process is relatively elongated (the postorbital constriction is disjointed in the type but enough is preserved on the right side to indicate this elongation), and is approximately
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFFBE84CFB92F9D840AE6D1F" box="[1066,1155,1601,1624]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
, as is also seen in
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFBE84CFCE5F9C6403F6D31" box="[861,1042,1631,1654]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Potamotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFBE84CFCE5F9C6403F6D31" box="[861,1042,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Potamotherium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFBE84CFBE0F9C640E96D31" box="[1112,1220,1631,1654]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Paragale" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFBE84CFBE0F9C640E96D31" box="[1112,1220,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Paragale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The temporal crests merge into the sagittal crest slightly behind the postorbital constriction. The braincase is not laterally expanded near the postorbital constriction as in
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF8E84FFDF4FB5D44D76FBF" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Potamotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF8E84FFDF4FB5D44D76FBF" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Potamotherium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or nearly becoming so in
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF8E84FFDF1FB7844836E51" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Paragale" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF8E84FFDF1FB7844836E51" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Paragale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although not very high, the sagittal crest is thick and robust; so is the nuchal crest. The temporal region of the skull has a rugose surface texture. In lateral view, the skull is somewhat shallow and has a rather flat forehead.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2EBFC8FFF8E84FFF2EFBB6468C6FD3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4735179" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4735179" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4735179/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[150,188,1071,1092]" targetBox="[294,1058,187,1050]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFF8E84FFF2EFBB6468C6FD3" blockId="10.[124,1229,1071,1172]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Fig. 4. Posterolateral view of the orbital region of
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF8E84FFD6BFBB640456F03" authority=", MAE BU." authorityName="MAE BU." box="[723,1128,1071,1092]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF8E84FFD6BFBB647C66F03" box="[723,1003,1071,1092]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Amphicticeps shackelfordi</emphasis>
, MAE BU.
</taxonomicName>
91.9187– 90, referred specimen. C1 al., partial alveolus of upper canine; Fr., frontal; Inf. C., infraorbital canal; Ju.­Max. s. s., jugal­maxillary suture surface; Lac., lacrimal; Lac. f., lacrimal foramen; Max., maxillary; Pal., palatine; Sph.­pal. f., sphenopalatine foramen.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFF8E84FFF21FA3740536D8A" blockId="10.[124,654,1220,1741]" lastBlockId="10.[700,1230,1220,1741]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The anterior half of the right orbital region is well preserved on MAE BU.91.9187–90 (fig. 4). The infraorbital canal is short, about
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFF8E84FFFC4F99F44E96D5A" box="[124,196,1542,1565]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
long, and has a round cross section. Immediately above the canal is a small, rounded lacrimal bone forming the inner rim of the antorbital rim. The lacrimal foramen on the lacrimal bone opens posterodorsally. About
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFF8E84FFF77F90045396DF7" box="[207,276,1689,1712]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
into the orifice for the lacrimal sac, there is a small foramen on the ventral floor that opens into the dorsal wall of the infraorbital canal. A slender process of the palatine meets the lacrimal and excludes orbital contact of the frontal with the maxillary. At the palatine–maxillary–lacrimal junction, there is a small, oval fenestra, probably due to lack of ossification at this stage of the ontogeny, although a fossa for inferior oblique muscle in hyaenids has been identified at the same triple junction (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFF8E84FFC7AFA5547026D47" author="Werdelin, L. &amp; N. Solounias" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 104" refId="ref36124" refString="Werdelin, L., and N. Solounias. 1991. The Hyaenidae: taxonomy, systematics and evolution. Fossils and Strata 30: 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1991">Werdelin and Solounias, 1991</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 26). The anterior process of the jugal is broken away in both AMNH 19010 and MAE BU.91.9187–90, leaving the jugal­maxillary suture surface well exposed in both specimens. From these sutures, it can be deduced that the anterior tip of the jugal stops just above the infraorbital canal and does not reach the lacrimal bone.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFFEE849FF21FF5844FC698C" blockId="12.[124,653,193,1448]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFEE849FF21FF5845036B9F" box="[153,302,193,216]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Basicranium</emphasis>
(fig. 5): The occipital condyles are broken off on both sides of the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFFEE849FDDEFF4744E56A54" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. The remaining basioccipital floor between the bullae is distinctly widened posteriorly, such that the lateral edges of the basioccipital form a 258 angle, in contrast to smaller angles in primitive arctoids such as
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFEE849FFC4FE1644DD6AE1" box="[124,240,399,422]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Amphictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFEE849FFC4FE1644DD6AE1" box="[124,240,399,422]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Amphictis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and to nearly parallel (08) edges in canids. A small, rounded process for the attachment of the rectus capitis ventralis muscle lies close to the lateral edges of the basioccipital and is slightly in front of the posterior lacerate foramen. Both glenoid fossae are missing. On the left side, however, the medial segment of the postglenoid process is still preserved. Behind this broken process is a small postglenoid foramen,
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFFEE849FE48FD0F461469EA" box="[496,569,662,685]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
in diameter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFFEE849FF21FD4846366FE7" blockId="12.[124,653,193,1448]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">The mastoid part of the petrosal is inflated, forming a prominent, laterally protruding mastoid process. The process has a smooth and flat lateral facet and is connected to the paroccipital process via a posterior ridge and to the lambdoidal crest via a more prominent dorsal blade. Such a blade can also be seen in most North American oligobunines. The mastoid tubercle (processus hyoideus) is formed by the petrosal. The posteriorly directed paroccipital process is broadly based because of its expanded wings on each side, but shows no sign of fusion with the bulla (not preserved) at the base. There is a low, longitudinally oriented ridge on the ventral surface of the paroccipital process.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFFEE849FF21FB3F40E36A0A" blockId="12.[124,653,193,1448]" lastBlockId="12.[700,1230,193,1448]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
In front of the mastoid process is an ovalshaped suprameatal fossa; its long axis is transversely oriented. The fossa is not fully enclosed toward the medial side, and is thus incompletely rimmed. Approximately
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFFEE849FDDFFA8544846E17" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
deep, the fossa is excavated into the squamosal bone, which forms the anterior wall of the mastoid process. The suprameatal fossa is primarily developed toward the caudal direction, and is excavated slightly toward the ventrolateral aspect such that it begins to be hidden by a thin bony rim, although the degree of excavation is far less than seen in some procyonids and mustelids.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFFEE849FD61FECD40596F9C" blockId="12.[700,1230,193,1448]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Although both bullae are missing, the presence of an ectotympanic bulla is indicated by a clearly defined scar posterior to the postglenoid foramen and by a broad, smooth depression on the alisphenoid/squamosal suture (fused) area just medial to the postglenoid process. Such surface markings leave little doubt as to where the anterior crus of the ectotympanic ring was attached (also see the description under
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFEE849FC37FDC540556934" authorityName="WANG &amp; McKENNA &amp; DASHZEVEG" authorityYear="2005" box="[911,1144,604,627]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorog">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFEE849FC37FDC540556934" box="[911,1144,604,627]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Amphicticeps dorog</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for the preserved ectotympanic). A broad facet facing anteroventrally between the posterior lacerate and stylomastoid foramina at the base of the paroccipital process is apparently the site of attachment of the posterior crus of the ectotympanic. The presence of an entotympanic, on the other hand, is indicated by a 2­ mm­wide rugose area on the ventral surface of the promontorium immediately lateral to the petrosal/basioccipital juncture. It is not possible to ascertain whether a bony external auditory meatus was present. However, the rather distinct mark of the above mentioned ectotympanic attachment behind the postglenoid foramen suggests that the anterior crus of the ectotympanic does not wrap around to superimpose on the squamosal around the dorsal bony passage of the meatus to form a complete ring by the ectotympanic, as happens in many arctoids that have a tubular external bony auditory meatus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFFEE84BFD61FB7845D86D12" blockId="12.[700,1230,193,1448]" lastBlockId="14.[124,654,193,1741]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The promontorium of the petrosal is prominently domed ventrally, particularly near the fenestra cochleae and fenestra vestibuli (oval and round windows). Its ventral surface is marked by at least two indistinct grooves (more clearly shown on the left side) that begin posteriorly at a small tubercle near the entotympanic/promontorium contact facet. These grooves make small arches laterally at a level slightly in front of the fenestra cochleae and then turn medially toward the entotympanic/promontorium suture. Despite the superficial resemblance of the course of these grooves to the sulcus of the promontorial branch of the internal carotid artery and nerve in primitive caniforms (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFFCE84BFDADFE2945086AA2" author="Wang, X. &amp; R. H. Tedford" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 34" refId="ref35886" refString="Wang, X., and R. H. Tedford. 1994. Basicranial anatomy and phylogeny of primitive canids and closely related miacids (Carnivora: Mammalia). American Museum Novitates 3092: 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="1994">Wang and Tedford, 1994</bibRefCitation>
), its occupant is unlikely to be a promontorial artery, contrary to Cirot (1992: fig. 2), who postulated a promontorial artery in the primitive musteloid
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFCE84BFDA9FDB146A86978" box="[529,645,552,575]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Amphictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFCE84BFDA9FDB146A86978" box="[529,645,552,575]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Amphictis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and to
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFFCE84BFF6CFDDC45CB691B" author="Schmidt-Kittler, N." box="[212,486,581,604]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="753 - 801" refId="ref34711" refString="Schmidt-Kittler, N. 1981. Zur Stammesgeschichte der marderverwandten Raubtiergruppen (Musteloidea, Carnivora). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 74: 753 - 801." type="journal article" year="1981">Schmidt­Kittler (1981)</bibRefCitation>
, who implied the existence of an internal carotid artery on the promontorium of
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFCE84BFE3FFD18460969DF" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" box="[391,548,641,664]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFCE84BFE3FFD18460969DF" box="[391,548,641,664]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In taxa with a promontorial artery, there is usually a stapedial branch leading transversely toward the oval window. In
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFCE84BFED6FD42462669B5" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" box="[366,523,731,754]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFCE84BFED6FD42462669B5" box="[366,523,731,754]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there is no such transverse sulcus medial to the oval window. Instead, there is a distinct groove along the ventral rim of the oval window. Such a longitudinal groove can also be found in
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFCE84BFF23FCE9453B68C0" authorityName="Riggs" authorityYear="1942" box="[155,278,880,903]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Promartes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFCE84BFF23FCE9453B68C0" box="[155,278,880,903]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Promartes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in living procyonids. In the case of the latter group, the soft structures that left the grooves are fine branches of the caroticotympanic artery and the accompanying caroticotympanic nerves (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFFCE84BFE41FC7E46A568B9" author="Story, H. E." box="[505,648,999,1022]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="477 - 557" refId="ref34911" refString="Story, H. E. 1951. The carotid arteries in the Procyonidae. Fieldiana: Zoology 32: 477 - 557." type="journal article" year="1951">Story, 1951</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 83). The caroticotympanic artery, which is a minor component in the internal carotid artery, arises from the main internal carotid artery within the carotid canal, and after looping across the promontory, anastomoses with the tympanic arteries. The inferior tympanic artery and the tympanic nerve loop around the
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFCE84BFEBDFB4E455D6FA9" box="[261,368,1239,1262]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">posterior</emphasis>
edge of the round window instead the
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFCE84BFEECFB6D459E6E4C" box="[340,435,1268,1291]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">anterior</emphasis>
position as in a promontory artery. The surface sulci on the promontorium of
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFCE84BFEE8FAA945C06E00" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" box="[336,493,1328,1351]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFCE84BFEE8FAA945C06E00" box="[336,493,1328,1351]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are thus best reconstructed as left by an arterial and nervous configuration similar to that of extant procyonids, that is, no promontory artery is present. The main course of the internal carotid artery is assumed to be in the typical arctoid fashion enclosed within the medial bullar wall (see the description under
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFCE84BFD84F99B44966D70" baseAuthorityName="Matthew and Granger" baseAuthorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Amphicynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teilhardi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFCE84BFD84F99B44966D70" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. teilhardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for further evidence of a medially positioned internal carotid artery).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2EBFC8FFFEE849FF2EF98147D66D8A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5647911" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5647911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5647911/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[150,188,1560,1581]" targetBox="[148,1203,189,1481]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFFEE849FF2EF98147D66D8A" blockId="12.[124,1229,1560,1741]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Fig. 5. Ventrolateral view of the right side of the basicranium of
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFEE849FCE2F98140E06D6A" authority=", AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" box="[858,1229,1560,1581]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFEE849FCE2F98140426D6A" box="[858,1135,1560,1581]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Amphicticeps shackelfordi</emphasis>
, AMNH
</taxonomicName>
19010, holotype. The region near the postglenoid process is reconstructed from that of the left side. cfn, canal for facial nerve; cica, canal for internal carotid artery; er, epitympanic recess; fc, fenestra cochleae (fenestra rotunda); fo, foramen ovale; fs, fossa for stapedius muscle; ftt, fossa for tensor tympani muscle; fv, fenestra vestibuli (fenestra ovalis); Gf, Glaserian fissure; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; mlf, middle lacerate foramen; mp, mastoid process; pf, promontory foramen; pgf, postglenoid foramen; plf, posterior lacerate foramen; pp, paroccipital process; pr, promontorium; sf, suprameatal fossa.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2EBFC8FFFFE848FF2DFA78465D6D26" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4735185" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4735185" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4735185/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[149,187,1505,1526]" targetBox="[148,1203,189,1481]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFFFE848FF2DFA78465D6D26" blockId="13.[123,1227,1505,1633]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Fig. 6.
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFFE848FF4BFA7B46AC6EB1" authority="? MAE SG." authorityName="MAE SG." box="[243,641,1505,1527]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFFE848FF4BFA7B462A6EB0" box="[243,519,1506,1527]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Amphicticeps shackelfordi</emphasis>
? MAE SG.
</taxonomicName>
95.8919, braincase and basicranial fragments.
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFFE848FBDFFA7840AD6EB1" bold="true" box="[1127,1152,1505,1526]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A,</emphasis>
caudal view;
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFFE848FF06FA6544FB6D56" bold="true" box="[190,214,1532,1553]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B,</emphasis>
lateral view;
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFFE848FED6FA6545AA6D56" bold="true" box="[366,391,1532,1553]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">C,</emphasis>
stereophotos of lateroventral aspect; and
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFFE848FCF4FA6547486D56" bold="true" box="[844,869,1532,1553]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D,</emphasis>
stereophotos of ventral view. cf, condyloid foramen; eam, external auditory meatus; Ec, Eustachian canal; mp, mastoid process; pcf, posterior carotid foramen; plf, posterior lacerate foramen; pp, paroccipital process; sf, suprameatal fossa; smf, stylomastoid foramen; tb, tympanic bulla.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFFCE84BFF21F9C547A76BB2" blockId="14.[124,654,193,1741]" lastBlockId="14.[700,1229,193,1741]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">At the posteromedial corner of the promontorium, there is a distinct posterior process protruding toward the posterior lacerate foramen. This process is broken off on the left side, showing pneumatic spaces beneath the bony surface.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFFCE84BFD61FF6547116ABA" blockId="14.[700,1229,193,1741]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">The fossa for the tensor tympani is deep and located anteromedial to the epitympanic recess. There is a thin sheet of bone covering the canal for the facial nerve; some segments of this sheet are so thin that the bone is rather transparent along the nerve canal. The epitympanic recess is shallow, and walled by squamosal ventrolaterally and petrosal dorsolaterally.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFFCE84BFD61FD9D47CC6F4A" blockId="14.[700,1229,193,1741]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Medial to the Eustachian canal at the level of the presumed anterior end of the entotympanic, the basisphenoid is deeply excavated into a large pit just anterior to the median lacerate foramen. This space marks the turnaround point of the internal carotid artery (cica of fig. 5;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFFCE84BFCD0FD2D40A1698C" author="Wang, X. &amp; R. H. Tedford" box="[872,1164,692,715]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 34" refId="ref35886" refString="Wang, X., and R. H. Tedford. 1994. Basicranial anatomy and phylogeny of primitive canids and closely related miacids (Carnivora: Mammalia). American Museum Novitates 3092: 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="1994">Wang and Tedford, 1994</bibRefCitation>
). The inferior petrosal vein is excavated into the lateral wall of the basioccipital but remains rather thin (approximately
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFFCE84BFC4EFC9540156864" box="[1014,1080,780,803]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
in diameter) within a canal formed by the petrosal and basioccipital (ips of fig. 5; best seen near the posterior lacerate foramen). The caliber of the inferior petrosal vein is such that it is unlikely to be able to accommodate a doublelooped internal carotid artery hypothesized to be present in many ursoids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFFCE84BFB8EFC4040E568B7" author="Hunt, R. M., Jr." box="[1078,1224,985,1008]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="826 - 843" refId="ref32932" refString="Hunt, R. M., Jr. 1977. Basicranial anatomy of Cynelos Jourdan (Mammalia: Carnivora), an Aquitanian amphicyonid from the Allier Basin, France. Journal of Paleontology 51: 826 - 843." type="journal article" year="1977">Hunt, 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFFCE84BFD04FC6F47F86F4A" author="Hunt, R. M., Jr. &amp; L. G. Barnes" box="[700,981,1014,1037]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="57 - 67" refId="ref33284" refString="Hunt, R. M., Jr., and L. G. Barnes. 1994. Basicranial evidence for ursid affinity of the oldest pinnipeds. In A. Berta and T. A. Demere (editors), Contributions in marine mammal paleontology honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr., Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History: 57 - 67. San Diego." type="book chapter" year="1994">Hunt and Barnes, 1994</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFFCE855FD61FB8D45EB6F23" blockId="14.[700,1229,193,1741]" lastBlockId="16.[124,653,632,1564]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
The area anterior to the Eustachian canal is damaged on both sides of the skull, and it is not possible to ascertain the status of the alisphenoid canal except by indirect inferences.
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFFCE84BFCAEFB10405D6FE7" author="Schmidt-Kittler, N." box="[790,1136,1161,1184]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="753 - 801" refId="ref34711" refString="Schmidt-Kittler, N. 1981. Zur Stammesgeschichte der marderverwandten Raubtiergruppen (Musteloidea, Carnivora). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 74: 753 - 801." type="journal article" year="1981">Schmidt­Kittler (1981: 784)</bibRefCitation>
stated, without elaboration, that
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFCE84BFC58FB3E40506FF9" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" box="[992,1149,1191,1214]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFCE84BFC58FB3E40506FF9" box="[992,1149,1191,1214]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has an alisphenoid canal on each side of the skull. On AMNH 19010, only the anterodorsal roof of the foramen rotundum (shared with the anterior opening of the alisphenoid canal) is partially preserved on each side of the skull, and the ventral floor of the canal (if present) is missing. Further preparation on the better preserved left side of the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFFCE84BFC4CFA0840776EEF" box="[1012,1114,1425,1448]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
reveals a short segment of bone, about
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFFCE84BFBADFA37407A6E82" box="[1045,1111,1454,1477]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
in length, between the posterior aspect of the foramen rotundum and the foramen ovale. In
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFCE84BFB31FA70401E6D5A" authority="(Evans and Christensen, 1979)" baseAuthorityName="Evans and Christensen" baseAuthorityYear="1979" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFCE84BFB31FA7040E06D47" box="[1161,1229,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Canis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFFCE84BFD7CF99F40066D5A" author="Evans, H. E. &amp; G. C. Christensen" box="[708,1067,1542,1565]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref32010" refString="Evans, H. E., and G. C. Christensen. 1979. Miller's anatomy of the dog. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1181 pp." type="book" year="1979">Evans and Christensen, 1979</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFCE84BFBCFF99E47716D7C" authority="(Story, 1951)" baseAuthorityName="Story" baseAuthorityYear="1951" class="Mammalia" family="Ailuridae" genus="Ailurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFCE84BFBCFF99E40E06D59" box="[1143,1229,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ailurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFFCE84BFD7DF9BD477E6D7C" author="Story, H. E." box="[709,851,1572,1595]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="477 - 557" refId="ref34911" refString="Story, H. E. 1951. The carotid arteries in the Procyonidae. Fieldiana: Zoology 32: 477 - 557." type="journal article" year="1951">Story, 1951</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, the maxillary artery enters the posterior opening of the alisphenoid canal (caudal alar foramen in
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFFCE84BFC64F9C747036DD4" author="Evans, H. E. &amp; G. C. Christensen" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref32010" refString="Evans, H. E., and G. C. Christensen. 1979. Miller's anatomy of the dog. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1181 pp." type="book" year="1979">Evans and Christensen, 1979</bibRefCitation>
) and emerges from the foramen rotundum (rostral alar foramen). In
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFFCE84BFBD2F90040E16DF7" box="[1130,1228,1689,1712]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Procyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFFCE84BFBD2F90040E16DF7" box="[1130,1228,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Procyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(which lacks the alisphenoid canal), on the other hand, only a small branch of the internal maxillary artery, the medial meningeal artery, enters the foramen ovale (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFE2E855FE44FD2B46A5698E" author="Story, H. E." box="[508,648,690,713]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="477 - 557" refId="ref34911" refString="Story, H. E. 1951. The carotid arteries in the Procyonidae. Fieldiana: Zoology 32: 477 - 557." type="journal article" year="1951">Story, 1951</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 82). On AMNH 19010, the bony bridge flooring the orbital fissure and roofing the alisphenoid canal forms a half­pipe structure on the ventral view, possibly because of a broken ventral floor for the alisphenoid canal. A tiny foramen is present on the medial wall of the alisphenoid canal at the level of the presumed posterior entrance of the canal, as is also seen in
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE2E855FEDEFC2246AB6895" baseAuthorityName="Matthew and Granger" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[358,646,955,978]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Amphicynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teilhardi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE2E855FEDEFC2246AB6895" box="[358,646,955,978]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Amphicynodon teilhardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. While structural damages do not permit us to state with certainty the existence of a posterior opening of the alisphenoid canal, we agree with Schmidt­Kittler that an alisphenoid canal is likely present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE2E855FDCAFF5B40B06BB5" blockId="16.[172,1181,194,242]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<tableNote id="76B7EECEFFE2E855FDCAFF5B40B06BB5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" targetBox="[124,1174,271,565]" targetPageId="16">
TABLE 2 Cranial Measurements of
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE2E855FE6EFF4446D86BB5" box="[470,757,221,242]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE2E855FE6EFF4446D86BB5" bold="true" box="[470,757,221,242]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Amphicticeps shackelfordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE2E855FC89FF4440156BB5" baseAuthorityName="Matthew and Granger" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[817,1080,221,242]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Amphicynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teilhardi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE2E855FC89FF4440156BB5" bold="true" box="[817,1080,221,242]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Amphicynodon teilhardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in mm)
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE2E855FCA2FE9640486972" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<table id="F9511DE0FFE217BAFFC4FE9640BB6972" box="[124,1174,271,565]" gridcols="3" gridrows="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<tr id="3561ED02FFE217BAFFC4FE9640BB6A15" box="[124,1174,271,338]" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76B0847EFFE217BAFCB4FE9647896A15" box="[780,932,271,338]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE2E855FCA2FE9647BF6A7D" box="[794,919,271,314]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE2E855FCA2FE9647BF6A7D" box="[794,919,271,314]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Amphicticeps shackelfordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(AMNH 19010)
</th>
<th id="76B0847EFFE217BAFBB3FE9640BB6A15" box="[1035,1174,271,338]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE2E855FBB3FE9640556A7D" baseAuthorityName="Matthew and Granger" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[1035,1174,271,314]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Amphicynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teilhardi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE2E855FBB3FE9640556A7D" box="[1035,1174,271,314]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Amphicynodon teilhardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(PST 17/34)
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE217BAFFC4FEFE40BB6A3D" box="[124,1174,359,378]" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76B0847EFFE217BAFFC4FEFE46BA6A3D" box="[124,663,359,378]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Length of skull, inion to nasal tip</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE217BAFCB4FEFE47896A3D" box="[780,932,359,378]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">87.0</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE217BAFBB3FEFE40BB6A3D" box="[1035,1174,359,378]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE217BAFFC4FE1B40BB6AD2" box="[124,1174,386,405]" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76B0847EFFE217BAFFC4FE1B46BA6AD2" box="[124,663,386,405]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Breadth of rostrum across C (labial side)</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE217BAFCB4FE1B47896AD2" box="[780,932,386,405]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">22.6</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE217BAFBB3FE1B40BB6AD2" box="[1035,1174,386,405]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">13.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE217BAFFC4FE0440BB6AF7" box="[124,1174,413,432]" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76B0847EFFE217BAFFC4FE0446BA6AF7" box="[124,663,413,432]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Breadth of rostrum across P1 (lingual side)</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE217BAFCB4FE0447896AF7" box="[780,932,413,432]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">13.8</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE217BAFBB3FE0440BB6AF7" box="[1035,1174,413,432]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">9.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE217BAFFC4FE2E40BB6A8D" box="[124,1174,439,458]" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76B0847EFFE217BAFFC4FE2E46BA6A8D" box="[124,663,439,458]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Breadth of palate across left and right P4–M1</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE217BAFCB4FE2E47896A8D" box="[780,932,439,458]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">35.5</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE217BAFBB3FE2E40BB6A8D" box="[1035,1174,439,458]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">26.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE217BAFFC4FE4B40BB6AA2" box="[124,1174,466,485]" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76B0847EFFE217BAFFC4FE4B46BA6AA2" box="[124,663,466,485]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Breadth of frontal across postorbital processes</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE217BAFCB4FE4B47896AA2" box="[780,932,466,485]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">29.0</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE217BAFBB3FE4B40BB6AA2" box="[1035,1174,466,485]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">18.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE217BAFFC4FE7440BB6947" box="[124,1174,493,512]" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76B0847EFFE217BAFFC4FE7446BA6947" box="[124,663,493,512]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Breadth of postorbital constriction</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE217BAFCB4FE7447896947" box="[780,932,493,512]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">13.3</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE217BAFBB3FE7440BB6947" box="[1035,1174,493,512]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">13.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE217BAFFC4FD9E40BB695D" box="[124,1174,519,538]" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76B0847EFFE217BAFFC4FD9E46BA695D" box="[124,663,519,538]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Distance between postorbital constriction and postorbital</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE217BAFFC4FDBB40BB6972" box="[124,1174,546,565]" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76B0847EFFE217BAFFC4FDBB46BA6972" box="[124,663,546,565]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">process</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE217BAFCB4FDBB47896972" box="[780,932,546,565]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">12.2</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE217BAFBB3FDBB40BB6972" box="[1035,1174,546,565]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">7.0</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE2E855FF21FBF245EF6EB8" blockId="16.[124,653,632,1564]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE2E855FF21FBF245E66FC5" box="[153,459,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Bulla of MAE SG.95.8919</emphasis>
(fig. 6): We tentatively refer a left bulla and associated posterior­most portion of the skull, MAE SG.95.8919, to
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE2E855FEF0FB5A46AB6F9D" box="[328,646,1219,1242]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE2E855FEF0FB5A46AB6F9D" box="[328,646,1219,1242]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Amphicticeps shackelfordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although the bullar size and overall basicranial morphology seems to be compatible with the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFE2E855FF5DFA8345636E76" box="[229,334,1306,1329]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, there are a number of differences that prevent us from being certain of our reference. Furthermore, in the absence of associated dental materials in MAE SG.95.8919, it is prudent to describe this bulla separately in order to highlight the conflicting morphologies in the basicranial area from those in the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFE2E855FEECFA7145936EB8" box="[340,446,1512,1535]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE2E855FF21F99C46D6681B" blockId="16.[124,653,632,1564]" lastBlockId="16.[700,1229,632,1564]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">MAE SG.95.8919 consists of a crushed posterolateral aspect of the skull, preserving much of the left bulla as well as the occipital condyles and the top of the skull. Although much of the bony relationships between various elements are intact, crushing has distorted some areas so that full restoration of their original relationships is no longer possible.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE2E855FD61FCFB403D6ECE" blockId="16.[700,1229,632,1564]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
The top of the braincase is well preserved, including about
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFE2E855FCC4FC1947E268D0" box="[892,975,896,919]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
of the posterior­most segment of the sagittal crest and a complete nuchal crest. The sagittal crest is
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFE2E855FBF3FC2340BD6896" box="[1099,1168,954,977]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
high at its deepest point just in front of the nuchal crest. The posterior segment of the sagittal crest on the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFE2E855FCE1FB8B47926F6E" box="[857,959,1042,1065]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is missing, but based on the height of its nuchal crest, seems to be slightly lower than that in MAE SG.95.8919. The temporal foramen at the suture of parietal and supraoccipital is more posteriorly located than in the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFE2E855FC31FB3C47DE6FFB" box="[905,1011,1189,1212]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. The profile of the nuchal crest, viewed from the caudal end, is also different from that of the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFE2E855FB8BFB7940B06FB0" box="[1075,1181,1248,1271]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
; instead of a rather flat top in the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFE2E855FBD8FB6440E46E53" box="[1120,1225,1277,1300]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, MAE SG.95.8919 has a rather pointed inion with a more steeply sloped nuchal crest on either side. The nuchal crest is also slightly thinner than in the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFE2E855FC1BFAEB40206ECE" box="[931,1037,1394,1417]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE2E857FD61FA094568697F" blockId="16.[700,1229,632,1564]" lastBlockId="18.[124,653,193,1741]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
The most prominent difference between MAE SG.95.8919 and the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFE2E855FC45FA34404E6E83" box="[1021,1123,1453,1476]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is in the size and lateral extrusion of the mastoid processes, although the overall construction of the mastoid process in MAE SG.95.8919 is similar to that in the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFE3E854FE36FC0C45D568EB" box="[398,504,917,940]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. A laterally expanded mastoid forms a conspicuous, rounded (in dorsal view) crest continuous from the lambdoidal crest. In lateral view, the outline of the mastoid process is roughly triangular. A posteroventral facet for attachment of the obliquus capitis cranialis muscle (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFE3E854FD7AFC49478D68A0" author="Anton, M. &amp; M. J. Salesa &amp; J. F. Pastor &amp; I. M. Sanchez &amp; S. Fraile &amp; J. Morales" box="[706,928,976,999]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="207 - 222" refId="ref30086" refString="Anton, M., M. J. Salesa, J. F. Pastor, I. M. Sanchez, S. Fraile, and J. Morales. 2004. Implications of the mastoid anatomy of larger extant felids for the evolution and predatory behaviour of sabretoothed cats (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 140 (2): 207 - 222." type="journal article" year="2004">Antón et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
) is the largest surface of the process, and this facet is less posteriorly oriented than in the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFE3E854FC0DFB9340326F66" box="[949,1055,1034,1057]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. The depth of the mastoid process in MAE SG.95.8919 is also significantly less than in the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFE0E857FD98FF4746A46BB2" box="[544,649,222,245]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, resulting in a smaller area of the lateral facet of the mastoid for attachment of the sternomastoideus muscle. Overall, one gets the impression that the much enlarged and laterally extruded mastoid process in the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFE0E857FDB0FEE846436ACF" box="[520,622,369,392]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is mostly related to the increased size and leverage of the m. obliquus capitis cranialis, and thus presumed more powerful head rotation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFE0E857FF6DFE7F45ED6ABA" author="Anton, M. &amp; M. J. Salesa &amp; J. F. Pastor &amp; I. M. Sanchez &amp; S. Fraile &amp; J. Morales" box="[213,448,486,509]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="207 - 222" refId="ref30086" refString="Anton, M., M. J. Salesa, J. F. Pastor, I. M. Sanchez, S. Fraile, and J. Morales. 2004. Implications of the mastoid anatomy of larger extant felids for the evolution and predatory behaviour of sabretoothed cats (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 140 (2): 207 - 222." type="journal article" year="2004">Antón et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
), although ontogenetic variation may also be responsible for such differences.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2EBFC8FFE2E855FF2EF91A470E6D8A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5647913" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5647913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5647913/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[150,188,1667,1688]" targetBox="[157,1194,188,1718]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE2E855FF2EF91A470E6D8A" blockId="16.[124,1229,1667,1742]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Fig. 7.
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE2E855FF4FF91A46A06DDF" authority=", MAE BU." authorityName="MAE BU." box="[247,653,1667,1688]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE2E855FF4FF91A46226DDF" box="[247,527,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Amphicticeps shackelfordi</emphasis>
, MAE BU.
</taxonomicName>
91.9187–90, referred specimen, photographs of polyester cast.
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE2E855FF56F904452A6DF5" bold="true" box="[238,263,1693,1714]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A,</emphasis>
occlusal view of upper teeth, stereophotos;
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE2E855FD5BF90446D16DF5" bold="true" box="[739,764,1693,1714]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B,</emphasis>
occlusal view of lower teeth, stereophotos;
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE2E855FFC4F92144BB6D8A" bold="true" box="[124,150,1720,1741]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C,</emphasis>
medial and
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE2E855FEA5F921451B6D8A" bold="true" box="[285,310,1720,1741]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">D,</emphasis>
lateral views of lower jaw. Scales 5 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<tableNote id="76B7EECEFFE3E854FDC8FF5B47F26BB5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" targetBox="[123,1213,271,818]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE3E854FDC8FF5B46E36B92" blockId="17.[359,991,194,242]" box="[624,718,194,213]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">TABLE 3</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE3E854FEDFFF4447F26BB5" blockId="17.[359,991,194,242]" box="[359,991,221,242]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Measurements of Upper Teeth of
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE3E854FD51FF4447576BB5" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" box="[745,890,221,242]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE3E854FD51FF4447576BB5" bold="true" box="[745,890,221,242]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in mm)
</paragraph>
</tableNote>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE3E854FE45FE9640A76875" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<table id="F9511DE0FFE317BAFFC3FE9640906875" box="[123,1213,271,818]" gridcols="7" gridrows="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FE9640906A65" box="[123,1213,271,290]" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE7EFE9646936A65" box="[454,702,271,290]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE3E854FE45FE96465D6A65" box="[509,624,271,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE3E854FE45FE96465D6A65" box="[509,624,271,290]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">shackelfordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCEBFE96478B6A65" box="[851,934,271,290]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE3E854FCDEFE9647B06A65" authorityName="WANG &amp; McKENNA &amp; DASHZEVEG" authorityYear="2005" box="[870,925,271,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorog">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE3E854FCDEFE9647B06A65" box="[870,925,271,290]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">dorog</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBF6FE9640906A65" box="[1102,1213,271,290]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE3E854FBF6FE9640906A65" authorityName="WANG &amp; McKENNA &amp; DASHZEVEG" authorityYear="2005" box="[1102,1213,271,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="makhchinus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE3E854FBF6FE9640906A65" box="[1102,1213,271,290]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">makhchinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FEAC40906A27" box="[123,1213,309,352]" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE7EFEAC46206A27" box="[454,525,309,352]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">AMNH 19010</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD95FEAC46936A27" box="[557,702,309,352]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">MAE BU.91.9187­90</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD59FEAC47056A27" box="[737,808,309,352]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">AMNH 85224</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCEBFEAC478B6A27" box="[851,934,309,352]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">MAE SG.9799</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC69FEAC400E6A27" box="[977,1059,309,352]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">MAE SG.9194</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBF6FEAC40906A27" box="[1102,1213,309,352]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">MAE 93­213</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FEEC40906ACF" box="[123,1213,373,392]" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FEEC455A6ACF" box="[123,375,373,392]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Length of C1 (alveola)</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE7EFEEC46206ACF" box="[454,525,373,392]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">6.8</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD95FEEC46936ACF" box="[557,702,373,392]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD59FEEC47056ACF" box="[737,808,373,392]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCEBFEEC478B6ACF" box="[851,934,373,392]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC69FEEC400E6ACF" box="[977,1059,373,392]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBF6FEEC40906ACF" box="[1102,1213,373,392]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FE1640906AE5" box="[123,1213,399,418]" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FE16455A6AE5" box="[123,375,399,418]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Width of C1 (alveola)</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE7EFE1646206AE5" box="[454,525,399,418]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.5</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD95FE1646936AE5" box="[557,702,399,418]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD59FE1647056AE5" box="[737,808,399,418]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCEBFE16478B6AE5" box="[851,934,399,418]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC69FE16400E6AE5" box="[977,1059,399,418]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBF6FE1640906AE5" box="[1102,1213,399,418]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FE3340906AFA" box="[123,1213,426,445]" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FE33455A6AFA" box="[123,375,426,445]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Length of P1</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE7EFE3346206AFA" box="[454,525,426,445]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">2.8</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD95FE3346936AFA" box="[557,702,426,445]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD59FE3347056AFA" box="[737,808,426,445]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCEBFE33478B6AFA" box="[851,934,426,445]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC69FE33400E6AFA" box="[977,1059,426,445]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBF6FE3340906AFA" box="[1102,1213,426,445]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FE5C40906A9F" box="[123,1213,453,472]" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FE5C455A6A9F" box="[123,375,453,472]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Width of P1</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE7EFE5C46206A9F" box="[454,525,453,472]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1.6</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD95FE5C46936A9F" box="[557,702,453,472]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD59FE5C47056A9F" box="[737,808,453,472]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCEBFE5C478B6A9F" box="[851,934,453,472]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC69FE5C400E6A9F" box="[977,1059,453,472]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBF6FE5C40906A9F" box="[1102,1213,453,472]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FE4640906AB5" box="[123,1213,479,498]" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FE46455A6AB5" box="[123,375,479,498]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Length of P2</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE7EFE4646206AB5" box="[454,525,479,498]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.7</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD95FE4646936AB5" box="[557,702,479,498]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD59FE4647056AB5" box="[737,808,479,498]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCEBFE46478B6AB5" box="[851,934,479,498]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC69FE46400E6AB5" box="[977,1059,479,498]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBF6FE4640906AB5" box="[1102,1213,479,498]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FE634090694A" box="[123,1213,506,525]" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FE63455A694A" box="[123,375,506,525]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Width of P2</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE7EFE634620694A" box="[454,525,506,525]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">2.6</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD95FE634693694A" box="[557,702,506,525]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD59FE634705694A" box="[737,808,506,525]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCEBFE63478B694A" box="[851,934,506,525]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC69FE63400E694A" box="[977,1059,506,525]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBF6FE634090694A" box="[1102,1213,506,525]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FD8C4090696F" box="[123,1213,533,552]" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FD8C455A696F" box="[123,375,533,552]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Length of P3</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE7EFD8C4620696F" box="[454,525,533,552]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD95FD8C4693696F" box="[557,702,533,552]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">5.4</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD59FD8C4705696F" box="[737,808,533,552]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">6.4</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCEBFD8C478B696F" box="[851,934,533,552]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC69FD8C400E696F" box="[977,1059,533,552]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBF6FD8C4090696F" box="[1102,1213,533,552]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FDB640906905" box="[123,1213,559,578]" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FDB6455A6905" box="[123,375,559,578]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Width of P3</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE7EFDB646206905" box="[454,525,559,578]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD95FDB646936905" box="[557,702,559,578]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3.0</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD59FDB647056905" box="[737,808,559,578]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.0</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCEBFDB6478B6905" box="[851,934,559,578]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC69FDB6400E6905" box="[977,1059,559,578]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBF6FDB640906905" box="[1102,1213,559,578]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.7*</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FDD34090691A" box="[123,1213,586,605]" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FDD3455A691A" box="[123,375,586,605]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Labial length of P4</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE7EFDD34620691A" box="[454,525,586,605]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">9.7</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD95FDD34693691A" box="[557,702,586,605]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">9.5</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD59FDD34705691A" box="[737,808,586,605]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCEBFDD3478B691A" box="[851,934,586,605]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC69FDD3400E691A" box="[977,1059,586,605]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">11.0</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBF6FDD34090691A" box="[1102,1213,586,605]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">12.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FDFC4090693F" box="[123,1213,613,632]" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FDFC4090693F" box="[123,1213,613,632]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Lingual length of P4</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FDE6409069D5" box="[123,1213,639,658]" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FDE6455A69D5" box="[123,375,639,658]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(protocone to metastyle)</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE7EFDE6462069D5" box="[454,525,639,658]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10.8</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD95FDE6469369D5" box="[557,702,639,658]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10.7</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD59FDE6470569D5" box="[737,808,639,658]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCEBFDE6478B69D5" box="[851,934,639,658]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC69FDE6400E69D5" box="[977,1059,639,658]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">11.7</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBF6FDE6409069D5" box="[1102,1213,639,658]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">14.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FD03409069EA" box="[123,1213,666,685]" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FD03455A69EA" box="[123,375,666,685]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Anterior breadth of P4</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE7EFD03462069EA" box="[454,525,666,685]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">6.9</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD95FD03469369EA" box="[557,702,666,685]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">6.6</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD59FD03470569EA" box="[737,808,666,685]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCEBFD03478B69EA" box="[851,934,666,685]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC69FD03400E69EA" box="[977,1059,666,685]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">7.7</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBF6FD03409069EA" box="[1102,1213,666,685]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FD2C4090698F" box="[123,1213,693,712]" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FD2C455A698F" box="[123,375,693,712]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Labial length of M1</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE7EFD2C4620698F" box="[454,525,693,712]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">7.1</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD95FD2C4693698F" box="[557,702,693,712]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">6.7</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD59FD2C4705698F" box="[737,808,693,712]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCEBFD2C478B698F" box="[851,934,693,712]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">7.9</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC69FD2C400E698F" box="[977,1059,693,712]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">8.1</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBF6FD2C4090698F" box="[1102,1213,693,712]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FD56409069A5" box="[123,1213,719,738]" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FD56455A69A5" box="[123,375,719,738]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Max. transverse width M1</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE7EFD56462069A5" box="[454,525,719,738]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10.5</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD95FD56469369A5" box="[557,702,719,738]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">9.7</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD59FD56470569A5" box="[737,808,719,738]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCEBFD56478B69A5" box="[851,934,719,738]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10.6</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC69FD56400E69A5" box="[977,1059,719,738]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">11.4</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBF6FD56409069A5" box="[1102,1213,719,738]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">14.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FD73409069BA" box="[123,1213,746,765]" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FD73455A69BA" box="[123,375,746,765]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Longitudinal length of M2</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE7EFD73462069BA" box="[454,525,746,765]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD95FD73469369BA" box="[557,702,746,765]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">2.6</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD59FD73470569BA" box="[737,808,746,765]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCEBFD73478B69BA" box="[851,934,746,765]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC69FD73400E69BA" box="[977,1059,746,765]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBF6FD73409069BA" box="[1102,1213,746,765]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FC9C4090685F" box="[123,1213,773,792]" gridrow="17" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FC9C455A685F" box="[123,375,773,792]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Max. transverse width M2</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE7EFC9C4620685F" box="[454,525,773,792]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD95FC9C4693685F" box="[557,702,773,792]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.0</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD59FC9C4705685F" box="[737,808,773,792]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCEBFC9C478B685F" box="[851,934,773,792]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC69FC9C400E685F" box="[977,1059,773,792]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBF6FC9C4090685F" box="[1102,1213,773,792]" gridcol="6" gridrow="17" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FC8640906875" box="[123,1213,799,818]" gridrow="18" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FC86455A6875" box="[123,375,799,818]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Alveolar distance P1–M2</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE7EFC8646206875" box="[454,525,799,818]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">28.9</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD95FC8646936875" box="[557,702,799,818]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">26.0</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD59FC8647056875" box="[737,808,799,818]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCEBFC86478B6875" box="[851,934,799,818]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC69FC86400E6875" box="[977,1059,799,818]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBF6FC8640906875" box="[1102,1213,799,818]" gridcol="6" gridrow="18" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE3E854FF34FCDE4546681D" blockId="17.[140,363,839,858]" box="[140,363,839,858]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<tableNote id="76B7EECEFFE3E854FF34FCDE4546681D" box="[140,363,839,858]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" targetBox="[123,1213,271,818]" targetPageId="17">* Indicates an estimate.</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE3E854FDC8FBC4400B6FCA" blockId="17.[287,1062,1117,1165]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<tableNote id="76B7EECEFFE3E854FDC8FBC4400B6FCA" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" targetBox="[123,1222,1194,1701]" targetPageId="17">
TABLE 4 Measurements of Lower Teeth of
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE3E854FD1BFBE147EE6FCA" box="[675,963,1144,1165]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE3E854FD1BFBE147EE6FCA" bold="true" box="[675,963,1144,1165]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Amphicticeps shackelfordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in mm)
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE3E854FEEEFB5B40986DE2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<table id="F9511DE0FFE317BAFFC3FB3340EB6DE2" box="[123,1222,1194,1701]" gridcols="12" gridrows="17" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FB3340EB6FAA" box="[123,1222,1194,1261]" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FB33458C6FAA" box="[123,417,1194,1261]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">AMNH 19017</th>
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE16FB3345D86FAA" box="[430,501,1194,1261]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">AMNH 19127</th>
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDBEFB3346606FAA" box="[518,589,1194,1261]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">AMNH 19128</th>
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDE1FB3346DF6FAA" box="[601,754,1194,1261]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">AMNH AMNH 21695 81336</th>
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD46FB3347686FAA" box="[766,837,1194,1261]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">AMNH 83610</th>
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCE9FB3340EB6FAA" box="[849,1222,1194,1261]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">MAE MAE MAE AMNH BU.91. SG.95. SG.97. MAE 85749 9787­90 7518 3576 M­217</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FA9B40EB6E52" box="[123,1222,1282,1301]" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FA9B456A6E52" box="[123,327,1282,1301]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Length of p1</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFED5FA9B458C6E52" box="[365,417,1282,1301]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE16FA9B45D86E52" box="[430,501,1282,1301]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDBEFA9B46606E52" box="[518,589,1282,1301]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDE1FA9B46A66E52" box="[601,651,1282,1301]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD78FA9B46DF6E52" box="[704,754,1282,1301]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD46FA9B47686E52" box="[766,837,1282,1301]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCE9FA9B47AE6E52" box="[849,899,1282,1301]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC0DFA9B47F36E52" box="[949,990,1282,1301]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">2.8</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBB0FA9B40086E52" box="[1032,1061,1282,1301]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBE8FA9B40406E52" box="[1104,1133,1282,1301]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFB20FA9B40EB6E52" box="[1176,1222,1282,1301]" gridcol="11" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FA8440EB6E77" box="[123,1222,1309,1328]" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FA84456A6E77" box="[123,327,1309,1328]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Width of p1</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFED5FA84458C6E77" box="[365,417,1309,1328]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE16FA8445D86E77" box="[430,501,1309,1328]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDBEFA8446606E77" box="[518,589,1309,1328]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDE1FA8446A66E77" box="[601,651,1309,1328]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD78FA8446DF6E77" box="[704,754,1309,1328]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD46FA8447686E77" box="[766,837,1309,1328]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCE9FA8447AE6E77" box="[849,899,1309,1328]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC0DFA8447F36E77" box="[949,990,1309,1328]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1.5</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBB0FA8440086E77" box="[1032,1061,1309,1328]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBE8FA8440406E77" box="[1104,1133,1309,1328]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFB20FA8440EB6E77" box="[1176,1222,1309,1328]" gridcol="11" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FAAE40EB6E0D" box="[123,1222,1335,1354]" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FAAE456A6E0D" box="[123,327,1335,1354]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Length of p2</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFED5FAAE458C6E0D" box="[365,417,1335,1354]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.0</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE16FAAE45D86E0D" box="[430,501,1335,1354]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDBEFAAE46606E0D" box="[518,589,1335,1354]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDE1FAAE46A66E0D" box="[601,651,1335,1354]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD78FAAE46DF6E0D" box="[704,754,1335,1354]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD46FAAE47686E0D" box="[766,837,1335,1354]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCE9FAAE47AE6E0D" box="[849,899,1335,1354]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC0DFAAE47F36E0D" box="[949,990,1335,1354]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3.9</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBB0FAAE40086E0D" box="[1032,1061,1335,1354]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.6</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBE8FAAE40406E0D" box="[1104,1133,1335,1354]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFB20FAAE40EB6E0D" box="[1176,1222,1335,1354]" gridcol="11" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FACB40EB6E22" box="[123,1222,1362,1381]" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FACB456A6E22" box="[123,327,1362,1381]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Width of p2</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFED5FACB458C6E22" box="[365,417,1362,1381]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">2.2</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE16FACB45D86E22" box="[430,501,1362,1381]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDBEFACB46606E22" box="[518,589,1362,1381]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDE1FACB46A66E22" box="[601,651,1362,1381]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD78FACB46DF6E22" box="[704,754,1362,1381]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD46FACB47686E22" box="[766,837,1362,1381]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCE9FACB47AE6E22" box="[849,899,1362,1381]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC0DFACB47F36E22" box="[949,990,1362,1381]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">2.4</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBB0FACB40086E22" box="[1032,1061,1362,1381]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">2.4</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBE8FACB40406E22" box="[1104,1133,1362,1381]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFB20FACB40EB6E22" box="[1176,1222,1362,1381]" gridcol="11" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FAF440EB6EC7" box="[123,1222,1389,1408]" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FAF4456A6EC7" box="[123,327,1389,1408]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Length of p3</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFED5FAF4458C6EC7" box="[365,417,1389,1408]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">5.0</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE16FAF445D86EC7" box="[430,501,1389,1408]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.5</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDBEFAF446606EC7" box="[518,589,1389,1408]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDE1FAF446A66EC7" box="[601,651,1389,1408]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD78FAF446DF6EC7" box="[704,754,1389,1408]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD46FAF447686EC7" box="[766,837,1389,1408]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCE9FAF447AE6EC7" box="[849,899,1389,1408]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC0DFAF447F36EC7" box="[949,990,1389,1408]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">5.0</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBB0FAF440086EC7" box="[1032,1061,1389,1408]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBE8FAF440406EC7" box="[1104,1133,1389,1408]" gridcol="10" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFB20FAF440EB6EC7" box="[1176,1222,1389,1408]" gridcol="11" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FA1E40EB6EDD" box="[123,1222,1415,1434]" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FA1E456A6EDD" box="[123,327,1415,1434]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Width of p3</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFED5FA1E458C6EDD" box="[365,417,1415,1434]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">2.5</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE16FA1E45D86EDD" box="[430,501,1415,1434]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3.0</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDBEFA1E46606EDD" box="[518,589,1415,1434]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDE1FA1E46A66EDD" box="[601,651,1415,1434]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD78FA1E46DF6EDD" box="[704,754,1415,1434]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD46FA1E47686EDD" box="[766,837,1415,1434]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCE9FA1E47AE6EDD" box="[849,899,1415,1434]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC0DFA1E47F36EDD" box="[949,990,1415,1434]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">2.9</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBB0FA1E40086EDD" box="[1032,1061,1415,1434]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBE8FA1E40406EDD" box="[1104,1133,1415,1434]" gridcol="10" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFB20FA1E40EB6EDD" box="[1176,1222,1415,1434]" gridcol="11" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FA3B40EB6EF2" box="[123,1222,1442,1461]" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FA3B456A6EF2" box="[123,327,1442,1461]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Length of p4</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFED5FA3B458C6EF2" box="[365,417,1442,1461]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE16FA3B45D86EF2" box="[430,501,1442,1461]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDBEFA3B46606EF2" box="[518,589,1442,1461]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDE1FA3B46A66EF2" box="[601,651,1442,1461]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD78FA3B46DF6EF2" box="[704,754,1442,1461]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD46FA3B47686EF2" box="[766,837,1442,1461]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">6.3</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCE9FA3B47AE6EF2" box="[849,899,1442,1461]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC0DFA3B47F36EF2" box="[949,990,1442,1461]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">6.1</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBB0FA3B40086EF2" box="[1032,1061,1442,1461]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">6.2</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBE8FA3B40406EF2" box="[1104,1133,1442,1461]" gridcol="10" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFB20FA3B40EB6EF2" box="[1176,1222,1442,1461]" gridcol="11" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FA2440EB6E97" box="[123,1222,1469,1488]" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FA24456A6E97" box="[123,327,1469,1488]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Width of p4</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFED5FA24458C6E97" box="[365,417,1469,1488]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE16FA2445D86E97" box="[430,501,1469,1488]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDBEFA2446606E97" box="[518,589,1469,1488]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDE1FA2446A66E97" box="[601,651,1469,1488]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD78FA2446DF6E97" box="[704,754,1469,1488]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD46FA2447686E97" box="[766,837,1469,1488]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3.7</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCE9FA2447AE6E97" box="[849,899,1469,1488]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC0DFA2447F36E97" box="[949,990,1469,1488]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3.6</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBB0FA2440086E97" box="[1032,1061,1469,1488]" gridcol="9" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3.0</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBE8FA2440406E97" box="[1104,1133,1469,1488]" gridcol="10" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFB20FA2440EB6E97" box="[1176,1222,1469,1488]" gridcol="11" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FA4E40EB6EAD" box="[123,1222,1495,1514]" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FA4E456A6EAD" box="[123,327,1495,1514]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Length of m1</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFED5FA4E458C6EAD" box="[365,417,1495,1514]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">8.7</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE16FA4E45D86EAD" box="[430,501,1495,1514]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">8.5</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDBEFA4E46606EAD" box="[518,589,1495,1514]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">9.2</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDE1FA4E46A66EAD" box="[601,651,1495,1514]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">9.2</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD78FA4E46DF6EAD" box="[704,754,1495,1514]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD46FA4E47686EAD" box="[766,837,1495,1514]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">9.2</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCE9FA4E47AE6EAD" box="[849,899,1495,1514]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC0DFA4E47F36EAD" box="[949,990,1495,1514]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">9.2</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBB0FA4E40086EAD" box="[1032,1061,1495,1514]" gridcol="9" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBE8FA4E40406EAD" box="[1104,1133,1495,1514]" gridcol="10" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">9.8</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFB20FA4E40EB6EAD" box="[1176,1222,1495,1514]" gridcol="11" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">9.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3FA6B40EB6D42" box="[123,1222,1522,1541]" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3FA6B458C6D42" box="[123,417,1522,1541]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Trigonid length of m1 5.4</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE16FA6B45D86D42" box="[430,501,1522,1541]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">5.4</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDBEFA6B46606D42" box="[518,589,1522,1541]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">5.6</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDE1FA6B46A66D42" box="[601,651,1522,1541]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">6.0</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD78FA6B46DF6D42" box="[704,754,1522,1541]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD46FA6B47686D42" box="[766,837,1522,1541]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">6.2</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCE9FA6B47AE6D42" box="[849,899,1522,1541]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC0DFA6B47F36D42" box="[949,990,1522,1541]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">6.1</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBB0FA6B40086D42" box="[1032,1061,1522,1541]" gridcol="9" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBE8FA6B40406D42" box="[1104,1133,1522,1541]" gridcol="10" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">6.0</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFB20FA6B40EB6D42" box="[1176,1222,1522,1541]" gridcol="11" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">6.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3F99440EB6D67" box="[123,1222,1549,1568]" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3F994456A6D67" box="[123,327,1549,1568]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Trigonid width of m1</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFED5F994458C6D67" box="[365,417,1549,1568]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.2</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE16F99445D86D67" box="[430,501,1549,1568]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.4</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDBEF99446606D67" box="[518,589,1549,1568]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.8</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDE1F99446A66D67" box="[601,651,1549,1568]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.6</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD78F99446DF6D67" box="[704,754,1549,1568]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD46F99447686D67" box="[766,837,1549,1568]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.5</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCE9F99447AE6D67" box="[849,899,1549,1568]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC0DF99447F36D67" box="[949,990,1549,1568]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.8</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBB0F99440086D67" box="[1032,1061,1549,1568]" gridcol="9" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.4</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBE8F99440406D67" box="[1104,1133,1549,1568]" gridcol="10" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.2</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFB20F99440EB6D67" box="[1176,1222,1549,1568]" gridcol="11" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">5.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3F9BE40EB6D7D" box="[123,1222,1575,1594]" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3F9BE456A6D7D" box="[123,327,1575,1594]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Talonid width of m1</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFED5F9BE458C6D7D" box="[365,417,1575,1594]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3.7</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE16F9BE45D86D7D" box="[430,501,1575,1594]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3.8</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDBEF9BE46606D7D" box="[518,589,1575,1594]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.4</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDE1F9BE46A66D7D" box="[601,651,1575,1594]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.2</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD78F9BE46DF6D7D" box="[704,754,1575,1594]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD46F9BE47686D7D" box="[766,837,1575,1594]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.0</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCE9F9BE47AE6D7D" box="[849,899,1575,1594]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC0DF9BE47F36D7D" box="[949,990,1575,1594]" gridcol="8" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.3</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBB0F9BE40086D7D" box="[1032,1061,1575,1594]" gridcol="9" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBE8F9BE40406D7D" box="[1104,1133,1575,1594]" gridcol="10" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.5</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFB20F9BE40EB6D7D" box="[1176,1222,1575,1594]" gridcol="11" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3F9DB40EB6D12" box="[123,1222,1602,1621]" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3F9DB456A6D12" box="[123,327,1602,1621]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Length of m2</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFED5F9DB458C6D12" box="[365,417,1602,1621]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE16F9DB45D86D12" box="[430,501,1602,1621]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDBEF9DB46606D12" box="[518,589,1602,1621]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDE1F9DB46A66D12" box="[601,651,1602,1621]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD78F9DB46DF6D12" box="[704,754,1602,1621]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3.9</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD46F9DB47686D12" box="[766,837,1602,1621]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3.5</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCE9F9DB47AE6D12" box="[849,899,1602,1621]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4.3</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC0DF9DB47F36D12" box="[949,990,1602,1621]" gridcol="8" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3.8</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBB0F9DB40086D12" box="[1032,1061,1602,1621]" gridcol="9" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBE8F9DB40406D12" box="[1104,1133,1602,1621]" gridcol="10" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFB20F9DB40EB6D12" box="[1176,1222,1602,1621]" gridcol="11" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3F9C440EB6D37" box="[123,1222,1629,1648]" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3F9C4456A6D37" box="[123,327,1629,1648]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Width of m2</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFED5F9C4458C6D37" box="[365,417,1629,1648]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE16F9C445D86D37" box="[430,501,1629,1648]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDBEF9C446606D37" box="[518,589,1629,1648]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDE1F9C446A66D37" box="[601,651,1629,1648]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD78F9C446DF6D37" box="[704,754,1629,1648]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3.7</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD46F9C447686D37" box="[766,837,1629,1648]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3.1</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCE9F9C447AE6D37" box="[849,899,1629,1648]" gridcol="7" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3.6</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC0DF9C447F36D37" box="[949,990,1629,1648]" gridcol="8" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3.4</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBB0F9C440086D37" box="[1032,1061,1629,1648]" gridcol="9" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBE8F9C440406D37" box="[1104,1133,1629,1648]" gridcol="10" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFB20F9C440EB6D37" box="[1176,1222,1629,1648]" gridcol="11" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3F9EE40EB6DCD" box="[123,1222,1655,1674]" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3F9EE458C6DCD" box="[123,417,1655,1674]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Diameter of m3 alveola —</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE16F9EE45D86DCD" box="[430,501,1655,1674]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDBEF9EE46606DCD" box="[518,589,1655,1674]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDE1F9EE46A66DCD" box="[601,651,1655,1674]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD78F9EE46DF6DCD" box="[704,754,1655,1674]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD46F9EE47686DCD" box="[766,837,1655,1674]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCE9F9EE47AE6DCD" box="[849,899,1655,1674]" gridcol="7" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">2.0</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC0DF9EE47F36DCD" box="[949,990,1655,1674]" gridcol="8" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1.5</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBB0F9EE40086DCD" box="[1032,1061,1655,1674]" gridcol="9" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBE8F9EE40406DCD" box="[1104,1133,1655,1674]" gridcol="10" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFB20F9EE40EB6DCD" box="[1176,1222,1655,1674]" gridcol="11" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561ED02FFE317BAFFC3F90B40EB6DE2" box="[123,1222,1682,1701]" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76B0847EFFE317BAFFC3F90B456A6DE2" box="[123,327,1682,1701]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">p1–m2 (alveolar)</th>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFED5F90B458C6DE2" box="[365,417,1682,1701]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">28.7*</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFE16F90B45D86DE2" box="[430,501,1682,1701]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">27.3</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDBEF90B46606DE2" box="[518,589,1682,1701]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">31.5*</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFDE1F90B46A66DE2" box="[601,651,1682,1701]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD78F90B46DF6DE2" box="[704,754,1682,1701]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFD46F90B47686DE2" box="[766,837,1682,1701]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFCE9F90B47AE6DE2" box="[849,899,1682,1701]" gridcol="7" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFC0DF90B47F36DE2" box="[949,990,1682,1701]" gridcol="8" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">30.1</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBB0F90B40086DE2" box="[1032,1061,1682,1701]" gridcol="9" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFBE8F90B40406DE2" box="[1104,1133,1682,1701]" gridcol="10" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
<td id="76B0847EFFE317BAFB20F90B40EB6DE2" box="[1176,1222,1682,1701]" gridcol="11" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<footnote id="E84AF34EFFE3E854FF34F92345466D8A" box="[140,363,1722,1741]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE3E854FF34F92345466D8A" blockId="17.[140,363,1722,1741]" box="[140,363,1722,1741]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">* Indicates an estimate.</paragraph>
</footnote>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE0E857FF21FDA745396F4A" blockId="18.[124,653,193,1741]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Associated with its smaller mastoid process, the paroccipital process in MAE SG.95.8919 is also narrower in ventral view—the broader process in the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFE0E857FDB3FD0F465C69EA" box="[523,625,662,685]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is apparently the result of a proportional lateral expansion due to its greatly expanded mastoid process. Otherwise, the paroccipital process is of the same general construction, with a dorsally convex and ventrally flat process that is completely posteriorly oriented without any hint of a ventral bending toward the bulla. Such a ‘‘free’’ paroccipital process, without hugging the bulla, is often a primitive condition for all caniforms (e.g., see Wang, 1994;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFE0E857FEA1FC40461368B7" author="Wang, X. &amp; R. H. Tedford" box="[281,574,985,1008]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 34" refId="ref35886" refString="Wang, X., and R. H. Tedford. 1994. Basicranial anatomy and phylogeny of primitive canids and closely related miacids (Carnivora: Mammalia). American Museum Novitates 3092: 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="1994">Wang and Tedford, 1994</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFE0E857FDF1FC4045256F4A" author="Wang, X. &amp; R. H. Tedford &amp; B. E. Taylor" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 391" refId="ref35990" refString="Wang, X., R. H. Tedford, and B. E. Taylor. 1999. Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora: Canidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 243: 1 - 391." type="journal article" year="1999">Wang et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE0E857FF21FB8D40A06ACF" blockId="18.[124,653,193,1741]" lastBlockId="18.[700,1229,193,1741]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
The bulla is more or less intact with the exception of a crack on the ventrolateral aspect. The lateral half of the ectotympanic ring is slightly caved in by approximately
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFE0E857FDC6FBF544846FE7" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
along this crack. Other than such a distortion, the bulla seems to maintain its original proportions. The form of the bulla is quite inflated for a basal arctoid, more so than the modern ursid ‘‘
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFE0E857FE2CFB6745E16E52" box="[404,460,1278,1301]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">type</typeStatus>
A’’ bulla (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFE0E857FDF2FB6744966E74" author="Hunt, R. M., Jr." pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="21 - 76" refId="ref32897" refString="Hunt, R. M., Jr. 1974. The auditory bulla in Carnivora: an anatomical basis for reappraisal of carnivore evolution. Journal of Morphology 143: 21 - 76." type="journal article" year="1974">Hunt, 1974</bibRefCitation>
). The axis along the ventralmost rim of the bulla forms a slight angle with the parasagittal axis of the skull, in contrast to the canid condition of mostly parallel bullar axes. Composition of the bullar elements is difficult to ascertain due to extensive fusions and fine cracks on the bullar surface. An extremely subtle groove seems to run from the base of the paroccipital process across the posterior aspect of the bulla, crossing slightly behind the ventral floor of the bulla and reaching toward the anterior carotid foramen (the anterior extent of this groove is less well defined because surface marks are becoming less clear). This narrow band of slightly roughened area may be one possible interpretation of the rostral entotympanic– ectotympanic contact, although such an interpretation is highly speculative and other alternatives are just as likely. The posterior carotid foramen is located on the anterior rim of the large posterior lacerate foreman.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE0E857FD61FE1746DB6FE7" blockId="18.[700,1229,193,1741]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Toward the medial aspect of the bulla, the basioccipital–basisphenoid region is fractured, and anatomic relationships are difficult to interpret. The nearly vertical medial wall of the bulla is buttressed by a thickened lateral wall, up to
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFE0E857FCC7FDB847E8697F" box="[895,965,545,568]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
in depth, of the basioccipital. The lateral surface of this lateral wall of the basioccipital is essentially flat and hugs the medial wall of the bulla, although there is a narrow gap between these two walls toward the posterior aspect of their contact. The medial wall of the basioccipital lacks a prominent invagination for the embayment of the inferior petrosal sinus seen in many ursoids such as ursids, amphicyonids, and basal pinnipeds (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFE0E857FC41FCDF40AE681A" author="Hunt, R. M., Jr." box="[1017,1155,838,861]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="826 - 843" refId="ref32932" refString="Hunt, R. M., Jr. 1977. Basicranial anatomy of Cynelos Jourdan (Mammalia: Carnivora), an Aquitanian amphicyonid from the Allier Basin, France. Journal of Paleontology 51: 826 - 843." type="journal article" year="1977">Hunt, 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFE0E857FB2AFCDF47A1683C" author="Hunt, R. M., Jr. &amp; L. G. Barnes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="57 - 67" refId="ref33284" refString="Hunt, R. M., Jr., and L. G. Barnes. 1994. Basicranial evidence for ursid affinity of the oldest pinnipeds. In A. Berta and T. A. Demere (editors), Contributions in marine mammal paleontology honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr., Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History: 57 - 67. San Diego." type="book chapter" year="1994">Hunt and Barnes, 1994</bibRefCitation>
). The above mentioned gap between the lateral wall of the basioccipital and the medial wall of the bulla­petrosal seems too small to accommodate an enlarged inferior petrosal sinus. On the medial side of the lateral basioccipital wall a small canal is embedded within the basioccipital bone. This canal, probably for a nutrient blood vessel, emerges anteriorly into the braincase slightly behind the level of the anterior carotid foramen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE0E857FD61FB3F404C6D8A" blockId="18.[700,1229,193,1741]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
The external auditory meatus is quite well developed for a basal arctoid. The ventral lip of the meatus is
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFE0E857FC3DFB7847C76FBF" box="[901,1002,1249,1272]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
long, much longer than those in European basal arctoids such as
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE0E857FD04FA85403A6E74" authorityName="Filhol" authorityYear="1874" box="[700,1047,1308,1331]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Amphicynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leptorhynchus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE0E857FD04FA85403A6E74" box="[700,1047,1308,1331]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Amphicynodon leptorhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(FSP ITD 312) and
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE0E857FD4EFAA047C16E17" box="[758,1004,1337,1360]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Amphictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ambiguus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE0E857FD4EFAA047C16E17" box="[758,1004,1337,1360]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Amphictis ambiguus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(FSP PFRA 28). Areas inside the meatus were prepared. A suprameatal fossa is vaguely developed on the posterodorsal aspect of the meatal wall of the squamosal. Such a weak fossa is in contrast to that in the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFE0E857FCD7FA5547F56EA4" box="[879,984,1484,1507]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, on which it is not only substantially deeper but also better defined by a sharp rim along its lateral and ventral aspects. The fossa in MAE SG.95.8919 is also less well developed than in
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE0E857FBCFF9D847B96D31" baseAuthorityName="Matthew and Granger" baseAuthorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Amphicynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teilhardi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE0E857FBCFF9D847B96D31" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Amphicynodon teilhardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see description below). The postglenoid process is broken off, exposing the canal for the retroarticular vein, which is of relatively small caliber.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE1E856FF20FF5844C06ACF" blockId="19.[123,652,193,1741]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE1E856FF20FF58452A6B9F" box="[152,263,193,216]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Mandible</emphasis>
(fig. 7B–D): Discovery of the associated upper and lower jaws of MAE BU.91.9187–90 allows us confidently to refer several ramal fragments to
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE1E856FE50FE8046A86A77" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" box="[488,645,281,304]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE1E856FE50FE8046A86A77" box="[488,645,281,304]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Nonetheless, our knowledge of the angular process and the ascending ramus is still incomplete.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE1E856FF20FE17462D69EA" blockId="19.[123,652,193,1741]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
The mandible is short, thick, and deep, with an average thickness of 6.0 mm and depth of 11.0 mm (both measured at the level of the talonid basin of m1;
<geoCoordinate id="EE658987FFE1E856FE55FE7E46656ABA" box="[493,584,486,510]" degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="5" orientation="latitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="925" value="5.0833335">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE1E856FE55FE7E462D6AB9" box="[493,512,487,510]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">N</emphasis>
5 5
</geoCoordinate>
). On
<specimenCode id="DBF7473BFFE1E856FFC3FD9D4507695C" box="[123,298,516,539]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">AMNH 19127</specimenCode>
, the remaining ascending ramus suggests a rather erect anterior border, forming a 1258 angle with the horizontal ramus. There are two mental foramina, one below the anterior edge of the p2 and another between the two roots of the p3.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE1E856FF20FD2D467E6D5A" blockId="19.[123,652,193,1741]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE1E856FF20FD2D44F4698C" box="[152,217,692,715]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Teeth</emphasis>
(figs. 2, 7): No upper incisor is preserved. Only the root of right I3 is partially intact on
<specimenCode id="DBF7473BFFE1E856FF54FD7745B66842" box="[236,411,750,773]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">AMNH 19010</specimenCode>
. A robust upper canine can be inferred from the large alveoli on both sides of the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFE1E856FEC7FCB045C46807" box="[383,489,809,832]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
<collectorName id="26A48A96FFE1E856FE41FCB046A16807" box="[505,652,809,832]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Immediately</collectorName>
behind the canine is a small, single­rooted P1 with a single main cusp.
<collectorName id="26A48A96FFE1E856FE08FCFD45F0683C" box="[432,477,868,891]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">The</collectorName>
double­rooted P2 also has a single main cusp, which is surrounded by a weak cingulum on the lingual side.
<collectorName id="26A48A96FFE1E856FF01FC2544C06894" box="[185,237,956,979]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">This</collectorName>
cingulum thickens on the posterior end and shows an incipient development of a cingular cusp.
<collectorName id="26A48A96FFE1E856FE86FC6F45BF6F4A" box="[318,402,1014,1037]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Both P</collectorName>
3s are missing on the type, but are well preserved in MAE BU.91.9187–90.
<collectorName id="26A48A96FFE1E856FEE5FBA845916F0F" box="[349,444,1073,1096]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Like P</collectorName>
2, P3 is single cusped, although its cingulum is stronger than that on P2.
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upper carnassial, P4, is transversely broad due to a lingually extended protocone, which is near the anterolingual corner of the tooth.
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apex of the P4 protocone is relatively low and formed by a raised lingual cingulum.
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crestlike protocone contrasts with that of the
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oligobunines, which have a primitively tall, cusplike protocone (i.e., the apex is not associated with the cingulum). A low crest is present on the labial aspect of the protocone.
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is a narrow cingulum on the labial side, which continues in front of the tooth and thickens slightly to become an indistinct parastyle. A carnassial notch is present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE1E856FF20F9BD47A668B7" blockId="19.[123,652,193,1741]" lastBlockId="19.[699,1228,193,1741]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
M1 is transversely elongated, and its labial border forms a steep angle, averaging 1128, with that of the P4.
<collectorName id="26A48A96FFE1E856FE32F9C745C86D32" box="[394,485,1630,1653]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">The M</collectorName>
1 parastyle is strong, rising to nearly the same height as the paracone.
<collectorName id="26A48A96FFE1E856FF4EF90045236DF7" box="[246,270,1689,1712]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">In</collectorName>
MAE BU.91.9187–90, there is a faint notch (absent in the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFE1E856FE6BF92F46166D8A" box="[467,571,1718,1741]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
) separating the parastyle from the paracone. The paracone is much higher than the metacone. The preprotocrista is low and lacks a protoconule on the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFE1E856FCE7FE8047E86A77" box="[863,965,281,304]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
but is swollen slightly at the base of the paracone to indicate an indistinct protoconule in MAE BU.91.9187– 90. The postprotocrista is clearly present and is oriented somewhat posteriorly. The postprotocrista ends at the posterior border of the M1 rather than at the base of the metacone. The lingual cingulum is moderately developed. It is rather low as compared to the protocone, and is thickest along the posterolingual border of the M1. The cingulum quickly tapers off anterior and posterior to the protocone, in contrast to a well­developed posterior ridge bordering a deep talon basin in the oligobunines. M2 is double­rooted and is located lingually such that its lingual border is at the same level as that of M1 whereas its labial border only reaches the middle of M1. The oval­shaped M2 has a prominent paracone toward the labial margin, and a posterolingually located, but much smaller, metacone at the posterior border of the tooth. A crestlike protocone is near the middle of the tooth, and is surrounded lingually by a lingual cingulum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE1E851FD60FC6F45E6683C" blockId="19.[699,1228,193,1741]" lastBlockId="20.[124,653,193,1741]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
No lower incisors or canines are preserved on the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFE1E856FCACFB8D47576F6C" box="[788,890,1044,1067]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
or referred specimens. The lower premolars are as robust as their upper counterparts. The p1 is single rooted and has a single main cusp. A cingulum is present around the anterior and posterior borders of p2–p3, which are single cusped. The p4, however, has a small posterior accessory cusp behind the main cusp. The p4 cingulum nearly completely surrounds the tooth except the region between the roots on the labial side. The m1 is rather broad (transversely) and its trigonid is short. The trigonid cusps are low and blunt, and the metaconid is not greatly reduced. The lingual border between the paraconid and metaconid is slightly concave to give a somewhat sigmoid appearance in occlusal view. Most individuals have a labial cingulum on the trigonid, whereas the lingual cingulum is more reduced. But the lingual cingulum is usually present at the level of the carnassial notch and may extend along the entire trigonid as in
<specimenCode id="DBF7473BFFE1E856FBA3F9E540EA6DD4" box="[1051,1223,1660,1683]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">AMNH 21695</specimenCode>
, which occurs stratigraphically higher than the rest of the sample. The talonid of m1 is narrower than the trigonid, and consists of a dominant hypoconid bordered lingually by a low entoconid crest much like a cingulum. The anterior hypoconid crest, the cristid obliqua, is oriented parasagittally. There is a weak cingulum on the labial side of the hypoconid. The entoconid crest does not have a notch at the base of the trigonid as in
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE6E851FDDAFE1645366A84" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Potamotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE6E851FDDAFE1645366A84" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Potamotherium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the oligobunines. The double­rooted m2 is shortened and nearly quadrate in outline. The protoconid and metaconid are large and distinct. There is no paraconid anterior to the protoconid and metaconid; in its place there is a low, triangular platform. The greatly reduced talonid consists of a small hypoconid along the posterolabial border of the tooth. The entoconid takes the form of a narrow cingulum. A narrow cingulum is also present along the labial border of m2. The presence of a tiny m3 is indicated by a small root in MAE
<materialsCitation id="3B39E51DFFE6E851FFC4FCB045EB683C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398403310" collectionCode="AMNH" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" specimenCode="AMNH 19127, AMNH 19017" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
BU.91.9187–90, but it is absent in other individuals (definitely in
<specimenCode id="DBF7473BFFE6E851FE1BFCDF467E681A" box="[419,595,838,861]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">AMNH 19127</specimenCode>
and probably in
<specimenCode id="DBF7473BFFE6E851FEB6FCFD4593683C" box="[270,446,868,891]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">AMNH 19017</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE6E851FF21FC1846496E82" blockId="20.[124,653,193,1741]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
COMPARISON: Although Matthew and Granger’s (1924) diagnosis of
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE6E851FE48FC0645216894" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE6E851FE48FC0645216894" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Amphicticeps shackelfordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
indicated the presence of lower jaws, they did not elaborate the exact nature of the specimens, nor did they illustrate a lower jaw of this species. Four lower jaws were probably available at the time of their study (specimens that were collected during the 1922 season), and what Matthew and Granger had in mind were probably AMNH 19017 and 19128 because these two jaw fragments possess an m1 but are missing the m2, a combination that matches their descriptions. Their descriptions of the lower teeth, although very brief, must have been important in their attempt to delineate various species. In particular, their contrasts between lower carnassials of
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE6E851FE06FAED46766ECC" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" box="[446,603,1396,1419]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE6E851FE06FAED46766ECC" box="[446,603,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE6E851FFC4FA0845076EEF" baseAuthorityName="Janovskaja" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[124,298,1425,1448]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Amphicynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE6E851FFC4FA0845076EEF" box="[124,298,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Amphicynodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(their
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE6E851FE32FA0845DE6EEF" box="[394,499,1425,1448]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Cynodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE6E851FE32FA0845DE6EEF" box="[394,499,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Cynodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) must have been based on these referred lower jaws.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE6E851FF21FA5540086ACF" blockId="20.[124,653,193,1741]" lastBlockId="20.[700,1230,193,1741]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
With the naturally associated upper and lower jaws of MAE BU.91.9187–90, our confidence in the references of isolated lower dental materials to
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE6E851FEE2F9BD46A06D7C" box="[346,653,1572,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE6E851FEE2F9BD46A06D7C" box="[346,653,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Amphicticeps shackelfordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is considerably increased. In light of the new materials, Matthew and Granger’s (1924: 4) comparisons about the lower carnassials having ‘‘a narrower and shorter heel with more distinct hypoconid crest’’ relative to those of
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE6E851FD04FF5847476B9F" baseAuthorityName="Janovskaja" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[700,874,193,216]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Amphicynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE6E851FD04FF5847476B9F" box="[700,874,193,216]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Amphicynodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are still correct and their concept of the hypodigm still valid. However, specimens from the 1922 collection lack an m3, which naturally led Matthew and Granger to conclude that absence of this last molar is one of the main distinctions between
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE6E851FB24FECD471F6ACF" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE6E851FB24FECD471F6ACF" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE6E851FCC8FEE840336ACF" baseAuthorityName="Janovskaja" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[880,1054,369,392]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Amphicynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE6E851FCC8FEE840336ACF" box="[880,1054,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Amphicynodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE6E851FD61FE1740E36E17" blockId="20.[700,1230,193,1741]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Our new discovery that MAE BU.91.9187– 90 has an unmistakable m3 adds a new wrinkle to the interpretation of this character. As pointed out in the above descriptions about specimens that have preserved the posterior dental battery, an m3 is definitely absent in AMNH 19127 and is probably absent as well in AMNH 19017. Given the tiny size of the m
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MAE BU.91.9187–90, it is quite possible that individuals, such as AMNH 19217, could have had an m
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an earlier part of their life, which was later broken and fully healed without leaving traces of its root, a situation common in carnivores with small p1s (personal obs.). Whatever the actual situation with AMNH 19217, taken at the face value of existing materials, 30%–50% of individuals have retained an m3, although our sample size is obviously too small to allow a true statistical sense of the ratios. A similar situation is better documented in the loss of the M
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the basal canid
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE6E851FC41FC6E472B6F6C" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1873" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Hesperocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gregarius">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE6E851FC41FC6E472B6F6C" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Hesperocyon gregarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which about 7% of the Chadronian individuals still retain a small, nonfunctional M3 and by Orellan time all have lost it (Wang, 1994: 30). However, the actual ratio may not be an important point in the present analysis. The important phylogenetic implication is that
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE6E851FCE1FB5D47DB6F9C" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" box="[857,1014,1220,1243]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE6E851FCE1FB5D47DB6F9C" box="[857,1014,1220,1243]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represents a small clade that in its most basal species,
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE6E851FBD8FB7847246E51" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE6E851FBD8FB7847246E51" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. shackelfordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is on its way to losing its last molars, and this loss is yet another independent disappearance of this molar among carnivorans.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE6E850FD61FACF45ED6A54" blockId="20.[700,1230,193,1741]" lastBlockId="21.[123,652,193,1301]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
It is also worth noting that AMNH 21695, the only referred specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE6E851FBA5FAED40E06ECC" box="[1053,1229,1396,1419]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE6E851FBA5FAED40E06ECC" box="[1053,1229,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. shackelfordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Zavlia fauna well above the level of the persistent basalt, is also the most robust individual known, both in terms of ramal construction and width of the m1. In addition, it is the only individual with a nearly complete cingulum on the lingual side of the trigonid, and its premolar alveoli indicate an individual with a relatively shorter rostrum compared to individuals from the Ulaan Khongil fauna below or immediately above the lava. The reliability of these features as indications of a later stage of evolution of the species remains to be verified by further samples from the Zavlia fauna.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE7E850FF20FE80453C6807" blockId="21.[123,652,193,1301]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<materialsCitation id="3B39E51DFFE7E850FF20FE8045B5697F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398403303" collectionCode="MAE" country="Mongolia" county="Shand Gol" location="Hsanda Gol" municipality="Of" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED407785FFE7E850FF20FE8044F46A77" box="[152,217,281,304]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">MAE</collectionCode>
SG.95.8919 offers the only bulla for
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carnivorans, and despite its less than certain taxonomic status, is of considerable importance in our understanding of the basal arctoids.
<location id="8E8EB99BFFE7E850FEEBFE1745A56AE2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F85E56FFF4E850FD6FFAD9467A6E52:8E8EB99BFFE7E850FEEBFE1745A56AE2" box="[339,392,398,421]" country="Mongolia" county="Shand Gol" municipality="Of" name="That" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">That</location>
it belongs to the basal arctoids is certain.
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8A753AFFE7E850FEDCFE3545AE6A84" box="[356,387,428,451]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Of</collectingMunicipality>
the main two arctoid lineages in the
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that are likely candidates,
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE7E850FF5EFE7E46276AB9" baseAuthorityName="Matthew and Granger" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[230,522,487,510]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Amphicynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teilhardi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE7E850FF5EFE7E46276AB9" box="[230,522,487,510]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Amphicynodon teilhardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the only species so far known for the genus in
<collectingCountry id="F346AFD0FFE7E850FDF2FD9D4495697F" name="Mongolia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
, is too small for
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B39E51DFFE7E850FE10FDB8452869D7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398403315" collectionCode="MAE" country="Mongolia" location="Species" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED407785FFE7E850FE10FDB845C4697F" box="[424,489,545,568]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">MAE</collectionCode>
SG.95.8919.
<location id="8E8EB99BFFE7E850FFC3FDA744F96912" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F85E56FFF4E850FD6FFAD9467A6E52:8E8EB99BFFE7E850FFC3FDA744F96912" box="[123,212,574,597]" country="Mongolia" name="Species" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Species</location>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE7E850FEB9FDA645B36911" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" box="[257,414,575,598]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE7E850FEB9FDA645B36911" box="[257,414,575,598]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, on the other hand, encompass a size range that is consistent with that of
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B39E51DFFE7E850FEB7FDE045496842" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398403327" collectionCode="MAE" country="Mongolia" location="More" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectionCode id="ED407785FFE7E850FEB7FDE0457D69D7" box="[271,336,633,656]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">MAE</collectionCode>
SG.95.8919.
<location id="8E8EB99BFFE7E850FE4CFDE0461E69D7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F85E56FFF4E850FD6FFAD9467A6E52:8E8EB99BFFE7E850FE4CFDE0461E69D7" box="[500,563,633,656]" country="Mongolia" name="More" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">More</location>
specifically, the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFE7E850FF4DFD0F457669EA" box="[245,347,662,685]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE7E850FE3AFD0E461E69E9" box="[386,563,663,686]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE7E850FE3AFD0E461E69E9" box="[386,563,663,686]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">A. shackelfordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has the same bulla size (judging from the attachment sites for the bulla) and general basicranial morphology as the
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B39E51DFFE7E850FECBFD77455D6864" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398403312" collectionCode="MAE" country="Mongolia" location="We" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectionCode id="ED407785FFE7E850FECBFD7745996842" box="[371,436,750,773]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">MAE</collectionCode>
SG.95.8919.
<location id="8E8EB99BFFE7E850FDDDFD7746A66842" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F85E56FFF4E850FD6FFAD9467A6E52:8E8EB99BFFE7E850FDDDFD7746A66842" box="[613,651,750,773]" country="Mongolia" name="We" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">We</location>
thus cautiously place
</materialsCitation>
MAE SG.
<quantity id="4CA942A5FFE7E850FE52FC9546466864" box="[490,619,780,803]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.43565426" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="in" value="95.8919">95.8919 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE7E850FDCAFC9545266807" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE7E850FDCAFC9545266807" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">A. shackelfordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFE7E850FF20FCDF467A6E52" blockId="21.[123,652,193,1301]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Overall, the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFE7E850FEF8FCDF4580681A" box="[320,429,838,861]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE7E850FE5BFCDE4526683C" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE7E850FE5BFCDE4526683C" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Amphicticeps shackelfordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a more robust construction than in MAE SG.95.8919, particularly in its thicker nuchal crests and larger and more laterally extruded mastoid process. These proportional differences may seem conspicuous, but probably are all attributable to a stronger development of the head–neck musculatures in the
<typeStatus id="54EA51E2FFE7E850FF76FBA845156F0F" box="[206,312,1073,1096]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. Even more extreme lateral expansions of the mastoid process can be seen in
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE7E850FF66FBF545686FC4" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1930" box="[222,325,1132,1155]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Allocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE7E850FF66FBF545686FC4" box="[222,325,1132,1155]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Allocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In the absence of contradicting evidence, we tentatively treat such differences as variations due to sexual dimorphisms in
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFE7E850FE9DFB5D45EF6F9C" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" box="[293,450,1220,1243]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9253352FFE7E850FE9DFB5D45EF6F9C" box="[293,450,1220,1243]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. If our treatment is correct, the variations in the size of the suprameatal fossa are also considerable.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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