347 lines
34 KiB
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347 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2193-0074-1-99" ID-Pensoft-UUID="2F5D6AE2EEB55A17ACF1623B06B4EA8D" ID-ZooBank="7A16698D4F1848D29D9651A6E0CC15AC" ModsDocID="2193-0074-25-1-99" checkinTime="1667366289781" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Vasilyan, Davit, Cernansky, Andrej, Szyndlar, Zbigniew & Moers, Thomas" docDate="2022" docId="18CE628A273956928FE5881DC6263025" docLanguage="en" docName="FossilRecord 25(1): 99-145" docOrigin="Fossil Record 25 (1)" docPubDate="2022-05-10" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781" docTitle="Smithosaurus echzellensis gen. et 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="ED8797D9-46FE-4462-BA43-A32D16934582" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="1" id="2F5D6AE2EEB55A17ACF1623B06B4EA8D" lastPageNumber="99" masterDocId="2F5D6AE2EEB55A17ACF1623B06B4EA8D" masterDocTitle="Amphibian and reptilian fauna from the early Miocene of Echzell, Germany" masterLastPageNumber="145" masterPageNumber="99" pageNumber="99" updateTime="1667366289781" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Amphibian and reptilian fauna from the early Miocene of Echzell, Germany</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Vasilyan, Davit</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8712-0678</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>JURASSICA Museum, Route de Fontenais 21. 2900 Porrentruy, Switzerland & Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musee 6, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">davit.vasilyan@jurassica.ch</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cernansky, Andrej</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8920-2503</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Szyndlar, Zbigniew</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Moers, Thomas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2268-5824</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Fossil Record</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-05-10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>25</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>99</mods:start>
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<mods:end>145</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">2193-0074-1-99</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">7A16698D4F1848D29D9651A6E0CC15AC</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">2F5D6AE2EEB55A17ACF1623B06B4EA8D</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:ED8797D9-46FE-4462-BA43-A32D16934582" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/18CE628A273956928FE5881DC6263025" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/ED8797D9-46FE-4462-BA43-A32D16934582" authority="gen. et" authorityName="gen. et" authorityYear="2022" family="Anguidae" genus="Smithosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smithosaurus echzellensis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="echzellensis" status="sp. nov.">Smithosaurus echzellensis gen. et</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="99">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
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<taxonomicName authority="Vasilyan & Čerňanský & Szyndlar & Mörs, 2022" authorityName="Vasilyan & Čerňanský & Szyndlar & Mörs" authorityYear="2022" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Ophisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophisaurus spinari" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinari" status="sp. nov.">Ophisaurus spinari</taxonomicName>
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2014
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<taxonomicName authority="Vasilyan & Čerňanský & Szyndlar & Mörs, 2022" authorityName="Vasilyan & Čerňanský & Szyndlar & Mörs" authorityYear="2022" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Ophisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophisaurus spinari" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinari" status="sp. nov.">Ophisaurus spinari</taxonomicName>
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-
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Böhme">Boehme</normalizedToken>
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and Vasilyan: p. 29, fig. 3f.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Based on the locality Echzell in Germany - one of two known localities, where this taxon occurred.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">One parietal UMJGP 204.749.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="paratype">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Paratype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">One parietal HLMD-Ez 1965.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="range">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Range.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Germany (Echzell), early Miocene; Austria (Gratkorn), late middle Miocene.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
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Both parietals - HLMD-Ez 1965 from the early Miocene Echzell locality and UMJGP 204.749 from the late middle Miocene Gratkorn locality in Austria (see
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-013-0143-7" author="Boehme, M" journalOrPublisher="Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" pagination="21 - 40" refId="B9" refString="Boehme, M, Vasilyan, D, 2014. Ectothermic vertebrates from the late Middle Miocene of Gratkorn (Austria, Styria). Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 94: 21 - 40, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-013-0143-7" title="Ectothermic vertebrates from the late Middle Miocene of Gratkorn (Austria, Styria)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-013-0143-7" volume="94" year="2014">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Böhme">Boehme</normalizedToken>
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and Vasilyan 2014
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</bibRefCitation>
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; fig. 3f), exhibit the same unique combination of features and can be placed to a single taxon without any doubts. Because the parietal UMJGP 204.749 (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Smithosaurus echzellensis gen. et sp. nov. Holotypic parietal UMJGP 204.749 from the Gratkorn locality in (A) dorsal, and (B) ventral views. Paratypic parietal HLMD-Ez 1965 from the Echzell locality in (C) dorsal and (D) ventral views." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.25.83781.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682233" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">13A, B</figureCitation>
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) is better preserved than HLMD-Ez 1965 (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Smithosaurus echzellensis gen. et sp. nov. Holotypic parietal UMJGP 204.749 from the Gratkorn locality in (A) dorsal, and (B) ventral views. Paratypic parietal HLMD-Ez 1965 from the Echzell locality in (C) dorsal and (D) ventral views." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.25.83781.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682233" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">13C, F</figureCitation>
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), it has been designated as the holotype for the new taxon.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/fr.25.83781.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682233" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" start="Figure 13" startId="F13">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Figure 13.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="gen. et" authorityYear="2022" family="Anguidae" genus="Smithosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smithosaurus echzellensis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="echzellensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Smithosaurus echzellensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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gen. et sp. nov. Holotypic parietal UMJGP 204.749 from the Gratkorn locality in (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">A</emphasis>
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) dorsal, and (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B</emphasis>
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) ventral views. Paratypic parietal HLMD-Ez 1965 from the Echzell locality in (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">C</emphasis>
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) dorsal and (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">D</emphasis>
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) ventral views.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
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Anguine lizard distinguishable from
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Anguis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anguis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Anguis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Anguidae" genus="Pseudopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudopus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Pseudopus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Ophisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophisaurus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Ophisaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by two autapomorphic features:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">the parietal table gradually expands laterally in the anterior direction in an extreme way; thus, it appears to be distinctly constricted at the level of the parietal foramen or slightly posterior to it. The lateral margins of the table markedly diverge anterolaterally from this point, inclining at an angle of about 30° from the median plane. Posteriorly located lateral margins diverge gradually posterolaterally and continue to more-or-less straight supratemporal processes. Due to the lateral expansion of the parietal table, the anterolateral corner of the parietal table reaches further laterally than the supratemporal process. The ornamented surface on the dorsal side of the bone gradually widens anteriorly as well (in contrast to being rectangular);</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">the parietal cranial crests diverge in the anterior direction to form a V that separates the cranial vault from the muscular surface laterally (the anteriormost section of the crests bents laterally rather than medially).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Besides these two autapomorphic features, this taxon is characterized by the unique combination of the following characters: (1) the occipital shield is large, its anteroposterior length is longer than the length of the posteriorly located smooth area; (2) a narrow muscular surface is present; (3) a short postfoveal crest is present; (4) anterior end of the ventrolateral ridge of the supratemporal process joins the parietal cranial crest at the level anterior to the posteromedial margin of the floor of the parietal fossa. The parietal crest is sharp in the area of the junction; (5) the virtual line, continuing from the ventrolateral ridge of the supratemporal process to the anterior margin of the parietal table, reaches the level as the lateral margin of the parietal foramen here; (6) the supratemporal process has a smooth ventrolateral surface, which fluently continues anteriorly to the muscular surface of the parietal table; and (7) the supratemporal process is straight.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
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Parietal: The parietal UMJGP 204.749 (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Smithosaurus echzellensis gen. et sp. nov. Holotypic parietal UMJGP 204.749 from the Gratkorn locality in (A) dorsal, and (B) ventral views. Paratypic parietal HLMD-Ez 1965 from the Echzell locality in (C) dorsal and (D) ventral views." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.25.83781.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682233" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">13A, B</figureCitation>
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) from Gratkorn is fairly preserved, whereas HLMD-Ez 1965 (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Smithosaurus echzellensis gen. et sp. nov. Holotypic parietal UMJGP 204.749 from the Gratkorn locality in (A) dorsal, and (B) ventral views. Paratypic parietal HLMD-Ez 1965 from the Echzell locality in (C) dorsal and (D) ventral views." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.25.83781.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682233" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">13C, D</figureCitation>
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) from Echzell represents the posterior half of the parietal table, with the left supratemporal process being, however, only partly preserved. The description is therefore based mostly on the holotype UMJGP 204.749. The ornamented surface of several fused headshield osteoderms covers most of the parietal table. The ornamentation consists of well-developed foramina and pits of various sizes, being densely distributed. At the periphery of the ornamented surface, radiated grooves and ridges are developed. The interparietal shield is well recognized in both specimens. This region is pierced by the large anteroposteriorly elongated parietal foramen. Unfortunately, its anterior margin is not preserved. The occipital shield is very large. Its anteroposterior length is twice as long as the length of the posteriorly located smooth area. The parietal notch is well developed. The lateral (=parietal) shields are preserved (but note that the almost entire lateral margins of the parietal table in HLMD-Ez 1965 are damaged). The arcuate edge runs on the dorsal surface of the bases of the supratemporal processes and diminishes laterally. The right supratemporal process is almost completely preserved, being straight. The parietal table extremely widens anteriorly - so it appears to be distinctly constricted at the level of the parietal foramen or slightly posterior to it. Thus, the lateral margins of the table markedly diverge anterolaterally from this point, inclining at an angle of about 30° from the median plane. Due to the lateral expansion of the parietal table, the anterolateral corner of the parietal table reaches further laterally than the supratemporal process. The anterolateral corners protrude into anterolateral processes. The ornamented surface is not rectangular but gradually widens anteriorly as well. The anterior end of the interparietal sulcus lies medial to the anterolateral corner of the ornamented surface.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">On the ventral surface, many diagnostic features can be recognized. The oval parietal fossa is small, located in the central posteriormost region of the parietal table. The short postfoveal crests are well developed. In ventral view, both cranial crests are preserved, especially the complete right one, including the anterior portions missing in the Echzell specimen. The cranial crests are sharp. They diverge anteriorly, forming a V-shaped outline that separates the cranial vault from the muscular surface laterally. The muscular surface is narrow, but present. The virtual line, continuing from the ventrolateral ridge of the supratemporal process to the anterior margin of the parietal table, reaches the level as the lateral margin of the parietal foramen here. The ventrolateral ridge of the supratemporal process is well developed and preserved on the right side in UMJGP 204.749 and left side in HLMD-Ez 1965. Its anterior end joins the parietal cranial crest at the level anterior to the posteromedial margin of the parietal fossa. The cranial crest is sharp in this region. The root portion of the supratemporal process is broad. The other distal portion distinctly narrows posteriorly. The ventrolateral ridge is well developed. The supratemporal articulation extends anteriorly, being well visible on the lateral surface of the supratemporal process. Anteriorly to it, between the most anterior portion of the ventrolateral ridge and the anterolateral margin of the supratemporal process, a short ventrolateral surface can be recognized. This surface lies posterior to the parietal cranial crest-supratemporal process junction (note that it is broadly damaged in the Echzell specimen).</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/fr.25.83781.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682234" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" start="Figure 14" startId="F14">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Figure 14.</emphasis>
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Phylogenetic position of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="gen. et" authorityYear="2022" family="Anguidae" genus="Smithosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smithosaurus echzellensis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="echzellensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Smithosaurus echzellensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">A.</emphasis>
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Single parsimonious tree recovered by TNT using NT (New Technology) search (with ratchet) and 1000 iterations;
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">B.</emphasis>
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Tree showing Bremer / relative Bremer values at nodes recovered by TNT.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">See the discussion part.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="phylogenetic analysis of smithosaurus echzellensis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
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Phylogenetic analysis of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="gen. et" authorityYear="2022" family="Anguidae" genus="Smithosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smithosaurus echzellensis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="echzellensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Smithosaurus echzellensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
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The phylogenetic trees presented here are based on limited fossil material - the parietal, and thus more complete fossil specimens of this taxon are needed to draw more robust conclusions. However, in both two analyses,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="gen. et" authorityYear="2022" family="Anguidae" genus="Smithosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smithosaurus echzellensis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="echzellensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Smithosaurus echzellensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is consistently recovered as the sister taxon to either [
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuhn" authorityYear="1940" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Ophisauriscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophisauriscus quadrupes" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadrupes">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Ophisauriscus quadrupes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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+
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Klembara" authorityYear="2015" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Ophisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophisaurus holeci" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="holeci">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Ophisaurus holeci</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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] + [
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Anguis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anguis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Anguis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
+
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Ophisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophisaurus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Ophisaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
] (in the first analysis) or [
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Anguis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anguis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Anguis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
+
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Ophisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophisaurus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Ophisaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
] (in the second analysis). In overall, the support for the clade is very low (no strict synapomorphy; the calculating Bremer supports collapsed the node into polytomy, see below) and thus, the interpretation of the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vasilyan & Čerňanský & Szyndlar & Mörs" authorityYear="2022" family="Anguidae" genus="Smithosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smithosaurus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Smithosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
relationship among anguines needs to be met with caution.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
|
|
A New Technology (NT) search in TNT produced a single tree (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Phylogenetic position of Smithosaurus echzellensis. A. Single parsimonious tree recovered by TNT using NT (New Technology) search (with ratchet) and 1000 iterations; B. Tree showing Bremer / relative Bremer values at nodes recovered by TNT." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.25.83781.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682234" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">14A</figureCitation>
|
|
). The position of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="gen. et" authorityYear="2022" family="Anguidae" genus="Smithosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smithosaurus echzellensis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="echzellensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Smithosaurus echzellensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is recovered as being sister to the clade [[
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuhn" authorityYear="1940" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Ophisauriscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophisauriscus quadrupes" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadrupes">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Ophisauriscus quadrupes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
+
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Klembara" authorityYear="2015" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Ophisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophisaurus holeci" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="holeci">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Ophisaurus holeci</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
] + [
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Anguis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anguis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Anguis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
+
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Ophisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophisaurus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Ophisaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(all others except of
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Anguidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="O. holeci" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="holeci">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">O. holeci</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
)]]. The calculating Bremer supports collapsed the node (Bremer value 1, relative Bremer 25; Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Phylogenetic position of Smithosaurus echzellensis. A. Single parsimonious tree recovered by TNT using NT (New Technology) search (with ratchet) and 1000 iterations; B. Tree showing Bremer / relative Bremer values at nodes recovered by TNT." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.25.83781.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682234" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">14B</figureCitation>
|
|
), with the relationship among
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="gen. et" authorityYear="2022" family="Anguidae" genus="Smithosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smithosaurus echzellensis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="echzellensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Smithosaurus echzellensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and the clades [
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuhn" authorityYear="1940" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Ophisauriscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophisauriscus quadrupes" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadrupes">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Ophisauriscus quadrupes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
+
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Klembara" authorityYear="2015" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Ophisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophisaurus holeci" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="holeci">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Ophisaurus holeci</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
] (Bremer value 3, relative Bremer 50) and [
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Anguis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anguis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Anguis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
+
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Ophisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophisaurus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Ophisaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
] (Bremer 2, relative Bremer 50) being unresolved.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
|
|
The heuristic search in TNT produced two equally parsimonious trees. In both,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="gen. et" authorityYear="2022" family="Anguidae" genus="Smithosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smithosaurus echzellensis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="echzellensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Smithosaurus echzellensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is recovered as sister to [
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Anguis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anguis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Anguis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
+
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Ophisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophisaurus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Ophisaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(all others except of
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Anguidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="O. holeci" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="holeci">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">O. holeci</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
)], whereas
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuhn" authorityYear="1940" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Ophisauriscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophisauriscus quadrupes" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadrupes">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Ophisauriscus quadrupes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Klembara" authorityYear="2015" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Ophisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophisaurus holeci" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="holeci">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Ophisaurus holeci</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are sister to the clade formed by
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vasilyan & Čerňanský & Szyndlar & Mörs" authorityYear="2022" family="Anguidae" genus="Smithosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smithosaurus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Smithosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Anguis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anguis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Anguis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Ophisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophisaurus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Ophisaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(all others except of O.
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">holeci</emphasis>
|
|
). This is contrary to the results from the NT analysis (see above). In the strict consensus tree, however, the position of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vasilyan & Čerňanský & Szyndlar & Mörs" authorityYear="2022" family="Anguidae" genus="Smithosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smithosaurus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Smithosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is unresolved among [
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuhn" authorityYear="1940" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Ophisauriscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophisauriscus quadrupes" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadrupes">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Ophisauriscus quadrupes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
+
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Klembara" authorityYear="2015" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Ophisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophisaurus holeci" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="holeci">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Ophisaurus holeci</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
] and [
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Anguis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anguis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Anguis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
+
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Ophisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophisaurus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Ophisaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(all others except of
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Anguidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="O. holeci" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="holeci">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">O. holeci</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
)], although all these taxa together form a clade. Thus, the topology of examined taxa in this strict consensus tree is identical to that figured in Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Phylogenetic position of Smithosaurus echzellensis. A. Single parsimonious tree recovered by TNT using NT (New Technology) search (with ratchet) and 1000 iterations; B. Tree showing Bremer / relative Bremer values at nodes recovered by TNT." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.25.83781.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/682234" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">14B</figureCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |