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<mods:title id="26C7F950704C75A73C67B35385069D8E">Crickets of the genus Gryllus in the United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4A233F962D80EE2A9FEE5433A1BF4529">Weissman, David B.</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0994FF6751F6FB030346FB71" authority="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,529,1233,1260]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0994FF6751F6FB030075FB76" bold="true" box="[151,290,1233,1260]" italics="true" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">Gryllus leei</emphasis>
Weissman &amp; Gray
</taxonomicName>
, 
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Lava Field Cricket
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="D89065350994FF6B51F6FACB0087FF61" lastPageId="249" lastPageNumber="250" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" type="description">
<paragraph id="903536BE0994FF6751F6FACB0326FAA9" blockId="245.[151,625,1233,1331]" box="[151,625,1304,1331]" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0994FF6751F6FACB01ADFAA9" box="[151,250,1305,1331]" captionStart="FIGURE 231" captionStartId="229.[151,250,940,965]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,164,919]" captionTargetId="figure@229.[151,1435,164,919]" captionTargetPageId="229" captionText="FIGURE 231. Regression tegmina width vs. file teeth number in G. vulcanus vs. G. leei." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3564118/files/figure.png" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">Figs 231</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0994FF675067FACB003BFAA9" box="[262,364,1305,1331]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 236" captionStart-1="FIGURE 237" captionStart-2="FIGURE 238" captionStartId-0="233.[151,250,1941,1966]" captionStartId-1="234.[151,250,1975,2000]" captionStartId-2="235.[151,250,1513,1538]" captionTargetBox-0="[246,1304,230,1888]" captionTargetBox-1="[236,1288,255,1901]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1435,166,1493]" captionTargetId-0="figure@233.[151,1435,166,1923]" captionTargetId-1="figure@234.[151,1388,166,1955]" captionTargetId-2="figure@235.[151,1435,166,1493]" captionTargetPageId-0="233" captionTargetPageId-1="234" captionTargetPageId-2="235" captionText-0="FIGURE 236. Five second waveforms of calling songs of (A) G. saxatilis, (B) G. leei, (C) G. makhosica, and (D) G. navajo. G. saxatilis: (R15-372) from type locality (S15-114), at 25.5°C. G. leei: (R17-7) from type locality (S17-6), at 24.5°C. G. makhosica: (R09-95) from type locality (S09-89), at 24.5°C. G. navajo: (R07-61) from Coconino Co., AZ (S07-56), at 25°C." captionText-1="FIGURE 237. One second spectrograms of (A) G. saxatilis, (B) G. leei, (C) G. makhosica, and (D) G. navajo, same males as in Fig. 236." captionText-2="FIGURE 238. ITS2 gene tree, color coded to highlight species and potential cryptic species warranting further study. Collection stop numbers for G. saxatilis legs: S04-51 (G216); S04-62 (G223, G224); S04-74 (G262, G263, G264); S04-121 (G361, G362); S05-109 (G514); S06-5 (G535); S06-21 (G533, G534, G537); S06-105 (G639, G641); S07-64 (G1131); S09-22 (G1306); S09-28 (G1300); S09-29 (G1304, G1307); S09-32 (G1301); S09-43 (G1328); S09-131 (G1449); S09-141 (G1448); S12-34 (G2246); S13-10 (G2457B, G2460, G2717, G2718); S13-10A (G2719, G2720); S13-79 (G2705, G2706, G2707, G2711); S14- 30 (G2748, G2749); S14-61 (G2809, G2813); S14-77 (G2803); S15-87 (G3176, G3180); S15-89 (G3184, G3190); S15-90 (2016-045); S15-93 (G3308); S15-96 (G3372); S16-17 (G3409, G3410, G3411, G3415); S16-18 (G3429, G3431); S16-21 (G3413, G3422, G3427, G3449); S16-23 (G3434, G3446); S16-33 (G3424); S17-7 (G3471, G3473, G3474, G3477, G3483, G3484); La Verkin overlook, Washington Co., UT (2016-027). Collection stop numbers for G. leei legs: S01-28 (G146, G147); S17-6 (G3470, G3472, G3475, G3476, G3487). Collection stop numbers for G. makhosica legs: S09-89 (G1340, G1363). Collection stop numbers for G. navajo legs: S07-56 (G1124, G1125, G1198, G1215); Goblin Valley, Emery Co., UT (2016-050)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564124" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564126" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564128" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3564124/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3564126/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3564128/files/figure.png" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">236–238</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0994FF675017FACB00F4FAA9" box="[374,419,1305,1331]" captionStart="FIGURE 240" captionStartId="236.[151,250,1625,1650]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,811,1603]" captionTargetId="figure@236.[151,1435,811,1603]" captionTargetPageId="236" captionText="FIGURE 240. Regression of hind femur length vs. ovipositor length in G. saxatilis vs. G. leei." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564132" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3564132/files/figure.png" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">240</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0994FF6750CFFACA0344FAA9" box="[430,531,1304,1331]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 247" captionStart-1="FIGURE 248" captionStart-2="FIGURE 249" captionStart-3="FIGURE 250" captionStartId-0="246.[151,250,734,759]" captionStartId-1="246.[151,250,1600,1625]" captionStartId-2="247.[151,250,1548,1573]" captionStartId-3="248.[151,250,1066,1091]" captionTargetBox-0="[157,1331,198,669]" captionTargetBox-1="[154,1379,800,1556]" captionTargetBox-2="[189,1427,615,1507]" captionTargetId-0="figure@246.[151,1435,164,712]" captionTargetId-1="figure@246.[151,1435,800,1579]" captionTargetId-2="figure@247.[151,1435,615,1526]" captionTargetId-3="figure@248.[340,1247,164,1044]" captionTargetPageId-0="246" captionTargetPageId-1="246" captionTargetPageId-2="247" captionTargetPageId-3="248" captionText-0="FIGURE 247. Calling song (R17-7) of G. leei from type locality (S17-6), recorded at 24.5°C." captionText-1="FIGURE 248. Regression of hind femur length vs. ovipositor length in G. saxatilis vs. G. leei from populations separated by only 14 kilometers." captionText-2="FIGURE 249. Holotype male (left) of G. leei. Female (right) also from type locality (S17-6)." captionText-3="FIGURE 250. Known distribution of G. leei." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616247" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616249" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616253" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616257" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3616247/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3616249/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3616253/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3616257/files/figure.png" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">247–250</figureCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="DD0803050994FF67537FFACB0326FAA9" box="[542,625,1305,1331]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="17.[150,238,466,492]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 1. Summary measurements for morphological and song characters for Gryllus species discussed in this paper." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C4F566360970FF8351F7FE0004D1FE76" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" tableUuid="C4F566360970FF8351F7FE0004D1FE76">Table 1</tableCitation>
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0994FF6751F6FAB3007FFAE1" box="[151,296,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">Distribution.</emphasis>
Known only from lava flows in the Black Rock Desert of west-central 
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE0994FF6751A6FA54059AF821" blockId="245.[151,1437,1377,1984]" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0994FF6751A6FA540310FA05" box="[199,583,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">Recognition characters and song.</emphasis>
A small-medium, always short hind winged, generally black, shiny pronotum, small headed, short ovipositor, cerci always longer than ovipositor in situ 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0994FF675561FA7B0503FA59" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1024,1108,1449,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0994FF675561FA7B0503FA59" box="[1024,1108,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">Gryllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0994FF675502FA7B0593FA59" box="[1123,1220,1449,1475]" captionStart="FIGURE 249" captionStartId="247.[151,250,1548,1573]" captionTargetBox="[189,1427,615,1507]" captionTargetId="figure@247.[151,1435,615,1526]" captionText="FIGURE 249. Holotype male (left) of G. leei. Female (right) also from type locality (S17-6)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616253" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616253/files/figure.png" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">Fig. 249</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0994FF6755B7FA7B0459FA59" box="[1238,1294,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">Song</emphasis>
a chirp (
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0994FF67540EFA7B0193FA7D" captionStart="FIGURE 247" captionStartId="246.[151,250,734,759]" captionTargetBox="[157,1331,198,669]" captionTargetId="figure@246.[151,1435,164,712]" captionText="FIGURE 247. Calling song (R17-7) of G. leei from type locality (S17-6), recorded at 24.5°C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616247" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616247/files/figure.png" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">Fig. 247</figureCitation>
, R17-7) of usually 4 (range 3–5) p/c, 
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17.5–22, CR 105–200 (range 98–225). Most importantly, because multilocus 
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0994FF675074FA230037F991" box="[277,352,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">G. leei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
maps close to multilocus 
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0994FF6753E9FA230258F991" box="[648,783,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0994FF6753E9FA23025CF991" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[648,779,1521,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saxatilis">G. saxatilis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
we can separate the two even though they are found only ~14 air km from each other, as follows: 
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0994FF675338F9C703F3F9B5" box="[601,676,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">G. leei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is smaller (S01-28, S17-6), with the longest body-length individual being shorter than the smallest individual of 
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0994FF6753ECF9EB025AF9C9" box="[653,781,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">G. saxatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(S01-30, S17-7), with good sample sizes from both populations. If the same species, it then logically follows that 
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0994FF675247F98F0225F9ED" box="[806,882,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">G. leei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might have (see 
<tableCitation id="DD0803050994FF675559F98F05DAF9ED" box="[1080,1165,1629,1655]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="17.[150,238,466,492]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 1. Summary measurements for morphological and song characters for Gryllus species discussed in this paper." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C4F566360970FF8351F7FE0004D1FE76" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" tableUuid="C4F566360970FF8351F7FE0004D1FE76">Table 1</tableCitation>
, p. 18) fewer file teeth, shorter files and shorter tegmina, and (non-overlapping) shorter ovipositors than nearby 
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0994FF675519F9530457F901" box="[1144,1280,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0994FF675519F95305ABF901" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1144,1276,1665,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saxatilis">G. saxatilis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
What doesn’t necessarily follow is that 
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0994FF6750D7F9770357F925" box="[438,512,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">G. leei</emphasis>
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has proportionally longer cerci, almost non-overlapping teeth/mm, and a different dominant frequency calling song. For the latter, 
<specimenCount id="868CFD370994FF6753D4F91B024EF979" box="[693,793,1737,1763]" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" type="male">24 males</specimenCount>
from the 
<typeStatus id="4F31881C0994FF6752E9F91B02EFF979" box="[904,952,1737,1763]" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">type</typeStatus>
locality (S17-6) had a dominant frequency from 4017–5211 Hz while 
<specimenCount id="868CFD370994FF6750A7F93E037DF89D" box="[454,554,1772,1799]" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" type="male">15 males</specimenCount>
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0994FF675353F93F03E6F89D" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[562,689,1773,1799]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0994FF675353F93F03E6F89D" box="[562,689,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">G. saxatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from nearby (S17-7) had a dominant frequency of 3593–4097 Hz. Most male 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0994FF675075F8C30009F8B1" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[276,350,1809,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leei">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0994FF675075F8C30009F8B1" box="[276,350,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">G. leei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(20 of 22–91%) with 3–4 (rarely 5) harp veins while 12 of 13 (92%) nearby 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0994FF6755D3F8C30467F8B1" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1202,1328,1809,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0994FF6755D3F8C30467F8B1" box="[1202,1328,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">G. saxatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have 4–5 (rarely 3) harp veins. Additionally, the cerci are longer, in situ, than the tip of the ovipositor in all 
<specimenCount id="868CFD370994FF67558DF8E70417F8D5" box="[1260,1344,1845,1871]" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" type="generic" typeStatus="type">14 type</specimenCount>
locality females of 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0994FF675072F88B000BF8E9" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[275,348,1881,1907]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leei">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0994FF675072F88B000BF8E9" box="[275,348,1881,1907]" italics="true" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">G. leei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
while shorter than the tip in all 
<specimenCount id="868CFD370994FF6753DFF88B026FF8E9" box="[702,824,1881,1907]" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" type="female">10 females</specimenCount>
of nearby (S17-7) 
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0994FF67556AF88B05C5F8E9" box="[1035,1170,1881,1907]" italics="true" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0994FF67556AF88B05D9F8E9" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1035,1166,1881,1907]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saxatilis">G. saxatilis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
This trend is confirmed when we regress ovipositor length on hind femur length (as an indicator of body size) (
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0994FF675504F8AF0591F80D" box="[1125,1222,1917,1943]" captionStart="FIGURE 248" captionStartId="246.[151,250,1600,1625]" captionTargetBox="[154,1379,800,1556]" captionTargetId="figure@246.[151,1435,800,1579]" captionText="FIGURE 248. Regression of hind femur length vs. ovipositor length in G. saxatilis vs. G. leei from populations separated by only 14 kilometers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616249/files/figure.png" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">Fig. 248</figureCitation>
; hind femur: F 
<subScript id="0C0E34FB0994FF67540DF85C04DEF806" attach="left" box="[1388,1417,1934,1948]" fontSize="6" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">1,20</subScript>
= 87.72, p &lt;0.0001, species: F 
<subScript id="0C0E34FB0994FF6750BBF86000ACF85A" attach="left" box="[474,507,1970,1984]" fontSize="6" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">1, 20</subScript>
= 81.16, p &lt;0.0001, species*hind femur F 
<subScript id="0C0E34FB0994FF6752BAF86002A0F85A" attach="left" box="[987,1015,1970,1984]" fontSize="6" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">1,20</subScript>
= 0.10, p = 0.748).
</paragraph>
<caption id="C4F566360997FF6451F6FD0C05F2FD6D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616247" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3616247" box="[151,1189,732,760]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616247/files/figure.png" pageId="246" pageNumber="247" startId="246.[151,250,734,759]" targetBox="[157,1331,198,669]" targetPageId="246">
<paragraph id="903536BE0997FF6451F6FD0C05F2FD6D" blockId="246.[151,1189,732,760]" box="[151,1189,732,760]" pageId="246" pageNumber="247">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0997FF6451F6FD0C007AFD6D" bold="true" box="[151,301,734,759]" pageId="246" pageNumber="247">FIGURE 247.</emphasis>
Calling song (R17-7) of 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0997FF645327FD0C03C7FD6D" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[582,656,733,760]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="246" pageNumber="247" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leei">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0997FF645327FD0C03C7FD6D" box="[582,656,733,760]" italics="true" pageId="246" pageNumber="247">G. leei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<typeStatus id="4F31881C0997FF6453B4FD0C0252FD62" box="[725,773,734,760]" pageId="246" pageNumber="247">type</typeStatus>
locality (S17-6), recorded at 24.5°C.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="C4F566360997FF6451F6F9920352F9E7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616249" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3616249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616249/files/figure.png" pageId="246" pageNumber="247" startId="246.[151,250,1600,1625]" targetBox="[154,1379,800,1556]" targetPageId="246">
<paragraph id="903536BE0997FF6451F6F9920352F9E7" blockId="246.[151,1437,1599,1661]" pageId="246" pageNumber="247">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0997FF6451F6F9920078F9C3" bold="true" box="[151,303,1600,1625]" pageId="246" pageNumber="247">FIGURE 248.</emphasis>
Regression of hind femur length vs. ovipositor length in 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0997FF6452ADF9920519F9C3" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[972,1102,1599,1626]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="246" pageNumber="247" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0997FF6452ADF9920519F9C3" box="[972,1102,1599,1626]" italics="true" pageId="246" pageNumber="247">G. saxatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vs. 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0997FF6455E3F9920598F9C3" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1154,1231,1599,1626]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="246" pageNumber="247" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leei">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0997FF6455E3F9920598F9C3" box="[1154,1231,1599,1626]" italics="true" pageId="246" pageNumber="247">G. leei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from populations separated by only 14 kilometers.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="903536BE0997FF6451A6F9790476F807" blockId="246.[151,1437,1707,2022]" pageId="246" pageNumber="247">
If individuals from both populations were the same species, even if with different body lengths, we would expect them to fall on the same regression line with a similar Y axis intercept. Apparently living in lava flows favors a shorter ovipositor than living off of lava, even if both species probably oviposit into the soil. There is also evidence that these smaller and lower elevation 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0997FF645325F8CA03D9F8AB" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[580,654,1815,1842]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="246" pageNumber="247" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leei">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0997FF645325F8CA03D9F8AB" box="[580,654,1815,1842]" italics="true" pageId="246" pageNumber="247">G. leei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(S17-6) may molt to adult before 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0997FF64556DF8CA05DCF8AB" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1036,1163,1815,1842]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="246" pageNumber="247" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0997FF64556DF8CA05DCF8AB" box="[1036,1163,1815,1842]" italics="true" pageId="246" pageNumber="247">G. saxatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in central 
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0997FF645463F8C5046FF8AB" box="[1282,1336,1815,1841]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="246" pageNumber="247">Utah</collectingRegion>
(S17-7): 29 of 37 (78%) 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0997FF645028F8EE00C3F8CF" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[329,404,1851,1878]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="246" pageNumber="247" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leei">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0997FF645028F8EE00C3F8CF" box="[329,404,1851,1878]" italics="true" pageId="246" pageNumber="247">G. leei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individuals collected on 
<date id="E434107E0997FF6453CFF8E90272F8CF" box="[686,805,1851,1877]" pageId="246" pageNumber="247" value="2017-05-20">20-v-2017</date>
, at 
<quantity id="57729B5B0997FF64522DF8E902CAF8CF" box="[844,925,1851,1877]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.418" pageId="246" pageNumber="247" unit="m" value="1418.0">1418m</quantity>
, were adult while 12 of 24 (50%) 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0997FF64547DF8EE04CBF8CF" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1308,1436,1851,1878]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="246" pageNumber="247" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0997FF64547DF8EE04CBF8CF" box="[1308,1436,1851,1878]" italics="true" pageId="246" pageNumber="247">G. saxatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individuals collected on the same date, at 
<quantity id="57729B5B0997FF645307F88C03E0F8E3" box="[614,695,1886,1913]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.598" pageId="246" pageNumber="247" unit="m" value="1598.0">1598m</quantity>
, were adult. On the other hand, perhaps the larger 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0997FF645584F8B20433F8E3" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1253,1380,1887,1914]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="246" pageNumber="247" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0997FF645584F8B20433F8E3" box="[1253,1380,1887,1914]" italics="true" pageId="246" pageNumber="247">G. saxatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
simply take longer to become adult because they are larger, as indicated by their longer hind femur lengths.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE0997FF6551A6F875027EFE35" blockId="246.[151,1437,1707,2022]" lastBlockId="247.[151,1437,153,575]" lastPageId="247" lastPageNumber="248" pageId="246" pageNumber="247">
Distinguished from a number of allopatric lava and rock-associated 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0997FF6452DBF8750559F85B" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[954,1038,1959,1985]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="246" pageNumber="247" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0997FF6452DBF8750559F85B" box="[954,1038,1959,1985]" italics="true" pageId="246" pageNumber="247">Gryllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as follows: From New 
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E0997FF645473F875043FF85B" box="[1298,1384,1959,1985]" name="Mexico" pageId="246" pageNumber="247">Mexico</collectingCountry>
lava 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0997FF6451F6F81E0049F87F" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,286,1995,2022]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="246" pageNumber="247" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulcanus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0997FF6451F6F81E0049F87F" box="[151,286,1995,2022]" italics="true" pageId="246" pageNumber="247">G. vulcanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, no overlap (
<tableCitation id="DD0803050997FF6450D3F819035FF87F" box="[434,520,1995,2021]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="17.[150,238,466,492]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 1. Summary measurements for morphological and song characters for Gryllus species discussed in this paper." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C4F566360970FF8351F7FE0004D1FE76" pageId="246" pageNumber="247" tableUuid="C4F566360970FF8351F7FE0004D1FE76">Table 1</tableCitation>
, p. 18) in number of teeth and PR and different DNA. From rock 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0997FF645590F81E04C1F87F" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1265,1430,1995,2022]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="246" pageNumber="247" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicercus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0997FF645590F81E04C1F87F" box="[1265,1430,1995,2022]" italics="true" pageId="246" pageNumber="247">G. longicercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, almost no overlap in number of teeth, PR, cerci length, and DNA. From allopatric eastern Utah 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0996FF6555DBFF4B0470FF29" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1210,1319,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navajo">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0996FF6555DBFF4B0470FF29" box="[1210,1319,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">G. navajo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by habitat (sandstone badlands vs. lava), general body and tegmina color (reddish vs. black), antennae length longer than body in 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0996FF6551D2FF330076FF61" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[179,289,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navajo">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0996FF6551D2FF330076FF61" box="[179,289,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">G. navajo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the Pahvant Mt. Range and Sevier Plateau between the two species. From allopatric South Dakota badlands 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0996FF655061FED700CEFE85" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[256,409,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="makhosica">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0996FF655061FED700CEFE85" box="[256,409,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">G. makhosica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, no overlap in file length, teeth/mm, tegmina length and width, hind femur length, ovipositor length and PR. From allopatric Texas rock 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0996FF655312FEFB0259FED9" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[627,782,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transpecos">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0996FF655312FEFB0259FED9" box="[627,782,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">G. transpecos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, distinguished by 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0996FF6552BBFEFB0574FED9" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[986,1059,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leei">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0996FF6552BBFEFB0574FED9" box="[986,1059,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">G. leei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’s smaller size, slower PR, shorter ovipositor, habitat, and DNA with the nearest populations separated by some 
<quantity id="57729B5B0996FF655294FE9F050EFEFD" box="[1013,1113,333,359]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1099999999999999" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" unit="km" value="1110.0">1110 km</quantity>
. 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0996FF655502FE9F059AFEFD" baseAuthorityName="Alexander &amp; Bigelow" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[1123,1229,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Acheta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="veletis">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0996FF655502FE9F059AFEFD" box="[1123,1229,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">G. veletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sympatric with 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0996FF6554E0FE9F01E8FE11" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leei">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0996FF6554E0FE9F01E8FE11" italics="true" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">G. leei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but can be easily separated by the former’s shorter cerci which never approach the ovipositor tip in situ, being located away from lava, and more robust, larger body size.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE0996FF6551A6FE6B0374FDA5" blockId="247.[151,1437,153,575]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0996FF6551A6FE6B0062FE49" box="[199,309,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">
<typeStatus id="4F31881C0996FF6551A6FE6B0066FE49" box="[199,305,441,467]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingMunicipality id="7051ACC40996FF65505DFE6B0021FE49" box="[316,374,441,467]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">Male</collectingMunicipality>
(
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): 
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0996FF65509AFE6B0363FE49" box="[507,564,441,467]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">Utah</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCounty id="79544E320996FF655321FE6B0392FE49" box="[576,709,441,467]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">Millard Co.</collectingCounty>
, 
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<elevation id="1BA7D18D0996FF6553B1FE6A0248FE49" box="[720,799,440,467]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" unit="m" value="2.05">2.05 m</elevation>
</quantity>
NW 
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and 
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<elevation id="1BA7D18D0996FF655286FE6A0570FE49" box="[999,1063,440,467]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" unit="m" value="8.5">8.5 m</elevation>
</quantity>
NW 
<location id="955560650996FF655502FE6B0591FE49" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80994FF6B51F6FB030087FF61:955560650996FF655502FE6B0591FE49" box="[1123,1222,441,467]" county="Millard Co." municipality="Male" name="Fillmore" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" stateProvince="Utah">Fillmore</location>
, 
<date id="E434107E0996FF6555B0FE6B041FFE49" box="[1233,1352,441,467]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" value="2017-05-20">
<collectingDate id="F470E9960996FF6555B0FE6B041FFE49" box="[1233,1352,441,467]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" value="2017-05-20">20-v-2017</collectingDate>
</date>
, 4653’, 38° 59’ 52.30” -112° 27’ 32.94”. 
<collectorName id="3D7F53680996FF65536CFE0F03E9FE6D" box="[525,702,477,503]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">D.B. Weissman</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="3D7F53680996FF6553ABFE0F02DBFE6D" box="[714,908,477,503]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">D. W. Weissman.</collectorName>
S17-6, R17-6. DNA sample G3480. BL 17.44, HF 9.46, RC 11.07. 
<collectorName id="3D7F53680996FF655019FDD300E1FD81" box="[376,438,513,539]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">Right</collectorName>
tegmen removed: 3 harp veins, 144 teeth, file length 2.8, TL 9.5, TW 3.9. 
<collectorName id="3D7F53680996FF655592FDD3047CFD81" box="[1267,1323,513,539]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">Type</collectorName>
deposited in 
<collectionCode id="F69BAE7B0996FF6551D5FDF701BAFDA5" box="[180,237,549,575]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" type="Museum">CAS</collectionCode>
, 
<collectorName id="3D7F53680996FF655199FDF70096FDA5" box="[248,449,549,575]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">Entomology Type</collectorName>
#19277.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<caption id="C4F566360996FF6551F6F9DE05C9F9BC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616253" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3616253" box="[151,1182,1547,1574]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616253/files/figure.png" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" startId="247.[151,250,1548,1573]" targetBox="[189,1427,615,1507]" targetPageId="247">
<paragraph id="903536BE0996FF6551F6F9DE05C9F9BC" blockId="247.[151,1182,1547,1574]" box="[151,1182,1547,1574]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0996FF6551F6F9DE007AF9BF" bold="true" box="[151,301,1548,1573]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">FIGURE 249.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="4F31881C0996FF655052F9D900CCF9BF" box="[307,411,1547,1573]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
male (left) of 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0996FF65535CF9DE03D0F9BF" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[573,647,1547,1574]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leei">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0996FF65535CF9DE03D0F9BF" box="[573,647,1547,1574]" italics="true" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">G. leei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Female (right) also from type locality (S17-6).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="903536BE0996FF6551A6F9860050F908" blockId="247.[151,1437,1619,2042]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0996FF6551A6F9860017F9F7" box="[199,320,1620,1645]" italics="true" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">
<typeStatus id="4F31881C0996FF6551A6F986006BF9F7" box="[199,316,1620,1645]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
(Total: 
<specimenCount id="868CFD370996FF6550FBF986009CF9F4" box="[410,459,1620,1646]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" type="male">30♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="868CFD370996FF6550B3F9860352F9F4" box="[466,517,1620,1646]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" type="female">14♀</specimenCount>
). Same locality data as 
<typeStatus id="4F31881C0996FF655272F981022EF9F7" box="[787,889,1619,1645]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: 
<date id="E434107E0996FF6552E4F98602ADF9F4" box="[901,1018,1620,1646]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" value="2001-05-18">18-v-2001</date>
(S01-28) 
<specimenCount id="868CFD370996FF65550CF98605C7F9F4" box="[1133,1168,1620,1646]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" type="male">7♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="868CFD370996FF6555F9F98605EAF9F4" box="[1176,1213,1620,1646]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" type="female">4♀</specimenCount>
; 
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30996FF6555ABF9860054F908" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588325" collectingDate="2017-05-20" isTailEnumeration="true" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" specimenCount="33" specimenCount-female="10" specimenCount-male="23" typeStatus="paratype">
<date id="E434107E0996FF6555ABF9860468F9F4" box="[1226,1343,1620,1646]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" value="2017-05-20">
<collectingDate id="F470E9960996FF6555ABF9860468F9F4" box="[1226,1343,1620,1646]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" value="2017-05-20">20-v-2017</collectingDate>
</date>
(S17-6) 
<specimenCount id="868CFD370996FF6551F6F9AA019FF908" box="[151,200,1656,1682]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" type="male">23♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="868CFD370996FF6551AEF9AA0054F908" box="[207,259,1656,1682]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" type="female">10♀</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE0996FF6551A6F9490528F940" blockId="247.[151,1437,1619,2042]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0996FF6551A6F9490012F92F" box="[199,325,1691,1717]" italics="true" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">Etymology.</emphasis>
Named for Vincent F. Lee of the CAS, for helping to collect the initial series and for never complaining, during many field trips, when asked to help collect “one more cricket” at 04:30.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE0996FF6551A6F9310289F967" blockId="247.[151,1437,1619,2042]" box="[199,990,1763,1790]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0996FF6551A6F93100E4F967" box="[199,435,1763,1789]" italics="true" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">Geographical range.</emphasis>
See 
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0996FF655089F931031DF964" box="[488,586,1763,1790]" captionStart="FIGURE 250" captionStartId="248.[151,250,1066,1091]" captionTargetId="figure@248.[340,1247,164,1044]" captionTargetPageId="248" captionText="FIGURE 250. Known distribution of G. leei." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616257" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616257/files/figure.png" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">Fig. 250</figureCitation>
. Known only from the 
<typeStatus id="4F31881C0996FF65522CF936022AF964" box="[845,893,1764,1790]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">type</typeStatus>
locality.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE0996FF6551A6F8D50273F860" blockId="247.[151,1437,1619,2042]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0996FF6551A6F8D50073F8BB" box="[199,292,1799,1825]" italics="true" pageId="247" pageNumber="248">Habitat.</emphasis>
Many males sing from deep crevices and cracks, within vegetated lava flows, where they are almost impossible to catch, even using water for flushing. Fortunately, a good number of juvenile and adult males and females were under lava rocks that were resting on soil, around edges of main lava flow. Walking into the lava field at night, we heard males singing more than 50 meters from lava’s edge on 
<date id="E434107E0996FF655285F8A6050CF814" box="[996,1115,1908,1934]" pageId="247" pageNumber="248" value="2017-05-20">20-v-2017</date>
, although not as common as on the lava’s perimeter. Utah’s Black Rock Desert volcanic field is a heterogeneous mix of flows from 6.1 MYA with continuous activity from 2.7 MYA to the present, including the most recent eruptions 720 years ago (USGS: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/black_rock_desert/).
</paragraph>
<caption id="C4F566360999FF6A51F6FBF803D3FBD9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616257" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3616257" box="[151,644,1065,1092]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616257/files/figure.png" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" targetBox="[340,1247,164,1044]" targetPageId="248">
<paragraph id="903536BE0999FF6A51F6FBF803D3FBD9" blockId="248.[151,644,1065,1092]" box="[151,644,1065,1092]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0999FF6A51F6FBF8007AFBD9" bold="true" box="[151,301,1066,1091]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">FIGURE 250.</emphasis>
Known distribution of 
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0999FF6A5352FBF803D3FBD9" box="[563,644,1065,1092]" italics="true" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0999FF6A5352FBF803D6FBD9" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[563,641,1065,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leei">G. leei</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="903536BE0999FF6A5196FBA30446FB6D" blockId="248.[151,1437,1137,2028]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0999FF6A5196FBA303C6FB11" box="[247,657,1137,1163]" italics="true" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">Life cycle and seasonal occurrence.</emphasis>
No egg diapause (S17-6). Probably one generation/year, overwinter as late instars with first adults probably appearing in early-May. No nymphs seen when series collected 
<date id="E434107E0999FF6A5440FB4704CFFB35" box="[1313,1432,1173,1199]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" value="2001-05-18">18-v-2001</date>
, despite a cool, wet spring in 
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0999FF6A50BFFB6B034FFB49" box="[478,536,1209,1235]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">Utah</collectingRegion>
. On 
<date id="E434107E0999FF6A532CFB6B0393FB49" box="[589,708,1209,1235]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" value="2017-05-20">20-v-2017</date>
, we collected 
<specimenCount id="868CFD370999FF6A5207FB6B0295FB49" box="[870,962,1209,1235]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" type="adult">22 adult</specimenCount>
males, 
<specimenCount id="868CFD370999FF6A557BFB68053FFB49" box="[1050,1128,1209,1236]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" type="adult">7 adult</specimenCount>
females, and 8 late instars. Also listened here 
<date id="E434107E0999FF6A5009FB0F00B2FB6D" box="[360,485,1245,1271]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" value="1999-04-19">19-iv-1999</date>
and 
<date id="E434107E0999FF6A537AFB0F03C0FB6D" box="[539,663,1245,1271]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" value="1998-09-11">11-ix-1998</date>
(apparently too late) without hearing any singing males.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE0999FF6A51A6FAD30085F9A1" blockId="248.[151,1437,1137,2028]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">
One generation/year also supported by these observations: Adults collected 
<date id="E434107E0999FF6A5577FAD0052EFA94" box="[1046,1145,1280,1308]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">
May 20 
<superScript id="67FF9BF60999FF6A550DFAD2052EFA94" attach="left" box="[1132,1145,1280,1294]" fontSize="6" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">th</superScript>
</date>
were maintained together under ambient light conditions, at fluctuating temperatures between 18-30°C, and allowed to mate. Females were then isolated in cartons with moist sand, for oviposition, starting on 
<date id="E434107E0999FF6A52FAFA9802AEFAF9" box="[923,1017,1353,1380]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">May 30.</date>
Very good egg hatch commenced on 
<date id="E434107E0999FF6A51F6FABC01B8FA1D" box="[151,239,1389,1416]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" value="1926-06">June 26</date>
, indicating the absence of an obligate egg diapause. Many, but not all, nymphs in both cultures grew rapidly with the first adults appearing around 
<date id="E434107E0999FF6A535DFA4303B4FA04" box="[572,739,1424,1451]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">
September 12 
<superScript id="67FF9BF60999FF6A53B7FA4203B4FA04" attach="left" box="[726,739,1424,1438]" fontSize="6" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">th</superScript>
</date>
in both containers, confirming the possibility of 2 generations/ year. Still, a fair number of nymphs were only mid-instar in mid-September. So, while this species could have 2 generations/year, on site observations support a univoltine sspecies. And we wonder if 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0999FF6A5523FA0B05C1FA69" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1090,1174,1497,1523]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0999FF6A5523FA0B05C1FA69" box="[1090,1174,1497,1523]" italics="true" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">Gryllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in areas with monsoon rains have more variability in instar development than those in 
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0999FF6A5236FA2F029EF98D" box="[855,969,1533,1559]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">California</collectingRegion>
with its more predictable drought periods of a Mediterranean climate?
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE0999FF6A51A6F99404C0F9C5" blockId="248.[151,1437,1137,2028]" box="[199,1431,1604,1632]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0999FF6A51A6F9940060F9C5" box="[199,311,1606,1631]" italics="true" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">Variation.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0999FF6A505CF99600DCF9C5" bold="true" box="[317,395,1604,1631]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">Color:</emphasis>
Variable amount of red on inner rear leg femur. Two of 10 2017 females with tegminal bars.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE0999FF6A51A6F9B801B9F96A" blockId="248.[151,1437,1137,2028]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0999FF6A51A6F9B80050F91E" box="[199,263,1642,1668]" italics="true" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">DNA.</emphasis>
Multilocus G147 (S01-28) and G3475 (S17-6) map (Gray 
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0999FF6A52EFF9B80292F919" box="[910,965,1641,1667]" italics="true" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">et al.</emphasis>
2019) with sister taxa 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0999FF6A55DDF9B8046DF919" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1212,1338,1641,1668]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0999FF6A55DDF9B8046DF919" box="[1212,1338,1641,1668]" italics="true" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">G. saxatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(G3484, S17-7, from 
<quantity id="57729B5B0999FF6A5045F95F003DF93D" box="[292,362,1677,1703]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" unit="km" value="14.0">14 km</quantity>
E of 
<typeStatus id="4F31881C0999FF6A50C5F95C0083F932" box="[420,468,1678,1704]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">type</typeStatus>
locality and the closest population of 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0999FF6A5218F95C02A0F93D" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[889,1015,1677,1704]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0999FF6A5218F95C02A0F93D" box="[889,1015,1677,1704]" italics="true" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">G. saxatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the 
<typeStatus id="4F31881C0999FF6A5523F95C0525F932" box="[1090,1138,1678,1704]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">type</typeStatus>
locality of 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0999FF6A5591F95C046EF93D" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1264,1337,1677,1704]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leei">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0999FF6A5591F95C046EF93D" box="[1264,1337,1677,1704]" italics="true" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">G. leei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), G1067 
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0999FF6A51F6F960005AF951" box="[151,269,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0999FF6A51F6F960005EF951" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,265,1714,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navajo">G. navajo</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and G1340 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0999FF6A50F9F9600365F951" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[408,562,1713,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="makhosica">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0999FF6A50F9F9600365F951" box="[408,562,1713,1740]" italics="true" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">G. makhosica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. ITS2 gives (at best) modest separation of 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0999FF6A5576F9600536F951" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1047,1121,1713,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leei">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0999FF6A5576F9600536F951" box="[1047,1121,1713,1740]" italics="true" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">G. leei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0999FF6A55C6F9600471F951" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1191,1318,1713,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0999FF6A55C6F9600471F951" box="[1191,1318,1713,1740]" italics="true" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">G. saxatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0999FF6A5457F96304CFF951" box="[1334,1432,1713,1739]" captionStart="FIGURE 238" captionStartId="235.[151,250,1513,1538]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,166,1493]" captionTargetId="figure@235.[151,1435,166,1493]" captionTargetPageId="235" captionText="FIGURE 238. ITS2 gene tree, color coded to highlight species and potential cryptic species warranting further study. Collection stop numbers for G. saxatilis legs: S04-51 (G216); S04-62 (G223, G224); S04-74 (G262, G263, G264); S04-121 (G361, G362); S05-109 (G514); S06-5 (G535); S06-21 (G533, G534, G537); S06-105 (G639, G641); S07-64 (G1131); S09-22 (G1306); S09-28 (G1300); S09-29 (G1304, G1307); S09-32 (G1301); S09-43 (G1328); S09-131 (G1449); S09-141 (G1448); S12-34 (G2246); S13-10 (G2457B, G2460, G2717, G2718); S13-10A (G2719, G2720); S13-79 (G2705, G2706, G2707, G2711); S14- 30 (G2748, G2749); S14-61 (G2809, G2813); S14-77 (G2803); S15-87 (G3176, G3180); S15-89 (G3184, G3190); S15-90 (2016-045); S15-93 (G3308); S15-96 (G3372); S16-17 (G3409, G3410, G3411, G3415); S16-18 (G3429, G3431); S16-21 (G3413, G3422, G3427, G3449); S16-23 (G3434, G3446); S16-33 (G3424); S17-7 (G3471, G3473, G3474, G3477, G3483, G3484); La Verkin overlook, Washington Co., UT (2016-027). Collection stop numbers for G. leei legs: S01-28 (G146, G147); S17-6 (G3470, G3472, G3475, G3476, G3487). Collection stop numbers for G. makhosica legs: S09-89 (G1340, G1363). Collection stop numbers for G. navajo legs: S07-56 (G1124, G1125, G1198, G1215); Goblin Valley, Emery Co., UT (2016-050)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564128" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3564128/files/figure.png" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">Fig. 238</figureCitation>
, p. 
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0999FF6A51D2F90701B6F96A" box="[179,225,1749,1776]" captionStart="FIGURE 236" captionStartId="233.[151,250,1941,1966]" captionTargetBox="[246,1304,230,1888]" captionTargetId="figure@233.[151,1435,166,1923]" captionTargetPageId="233" captionText="FIGURE 236. Five second waveforms of calling songs of (A) G. saxatilis, (B) G. leei, (C) G. makhosica, and (D) G. navajo. G. saxatilis: (R15-372) from type locality (S15-114), at 25.5°C. G. leei: (R17-7) from type locality (S17-6), at 24.5°C. G. makhosica: (R09-95) from type locality (S09-89), at 24.5°C. G. navajo: (R07-61) from Coconino Co., AZ (S07-56), at 25°C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564124" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3564124/files/figure.png" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">236</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE0999FF6A51A6F92802D5F8E5" blockId="248.[151,1437,1137,2028]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0999FF6A51A6F928001DF889" box="[199,330,1786,1811]" italics="true" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">Discussion.</emphasis>
Singing on arrival at 
<typeStatus id="4F31881C0999FF6A535AF928033CF88E" box="[571,619,1786,1812]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">type</typeStatus>
locality at 18:00 on 
<date id="E434107E0999FF6A5230F92B0291F889" box="[849,966,1785,1811]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" value="2001-05-18">18-v-2001</date>
and 19:00 on 
<date id="E434107E0999FF6A5504F92B058BF889" box="[1125,1244,1785,1811]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" value="2017-05-20">20-v-2017</date>
, well before sunset. Lava flows in this area from 600 to 15,500 years old (
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0999FF6A527FF8CF02F0F8A2" author="White, J. D. L." box="[798,935,1821,1848]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" pagination="249 - 262" refId="ref168965" refString="White, J. D. L. (1996) Pre-emergent construction of a lacustrine basaltic volcano, Pavant Butte, Utah (USA). Bulletin of Volcanology, 58, 249 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 004450050138" type="journal article" year="1996">White 1996</bibRefCitation>
). The main flow measures, on Google Earth, some 
<quantity id="57729B5B0999FF6A51B8F8920070F8C1" box="[217,295,1856,1883]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" unit="km" value="8.5">8.5 km</quantity>
wide north to south and 
<quantity id="57729B5B0999FF6A535FF8930320F8C1" box="[574,631,1857,1883]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" unit="km" value="9.0">9 km</quantity>
wide east to west. The lava bed is like an island separated from the surrounding flat plains without rocky, suitable habitat for 
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0999FF6A539AF8B402D5F8E5" box="[763,898,1893,1920]" italics="true" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0999FF6A539AF8B40229F8E5" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[763,894,1893,1920]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saxatilis">G. saxatilis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE0999FF6A51A6F85B03FBF871" blockId="248.[151,1437,1137,2028]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">
There is one other lava flow obligate 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0999FF6A5302F85B03E0F839" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[611,695,1929,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0999FF6A5302F85B03E0F839" box="[611,695,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">Gryllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the western 
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E0999FF6A523FF85B02D1F839" box="[862,902,1929,1955]" name="United States of America" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">US</collectingCountry>
: 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0999FF6A52EEF8580543F839" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[911,1044,1929,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulcanus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0999FF6A52EEF8580543F839" box="[911,1044,1929,1956]" italics="true" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">G. vulcanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0999FF6A5537F85805BDF839" box="[1110,1258,1929,1956]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
. But not all lava flows are inhabited by 
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0999FF6A50F9F87F00A2F85D" box="[408,501,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0999FF6A50F9F87F00B8F85D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[408,495,1965,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gryllus</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
at extensive lava flows in Lake Co., SE 
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0999FF6A52DDF87F0547F85D" box="[956,1040,1965,1991]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">Oregon</collectingRegion>
(43° 35.5’ -121° 1.43’), no 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0999FF6A5429F87F04CBF85D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1352,1436,1965,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0999FF6A5429F87F04CBF85D" box="[1352,1436,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="248" pageNumber="249">Gryllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
heard 
<date id="E434107E0999FF6A51BDF803001CF871" box="[220,331,2001,2027]" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" value="1997-06-01">1-vi-1997</date>
despite area looking favorable.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE0998FF6B51A6FF4B0087FF61" blockId="249.[151,1436,153,251]" pageId="249" pageNumber="250">
We wonder if the short ovipositor is related to living in lava fields with shallow substrate for oviposition? It would be of interest to know if 
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0998FF6B5093FF6F036CFF4D" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[498,571,189,215]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="249" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leei">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0998FF6B5093FF6F036CFF4D" box="[498,571,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="249" pageNumber="250">G. leei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females oviposit directly into the substrate or can they use pockets of soil and debris within the lava field?
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>