219 lines
28 KiB
XML
219 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="160FF02A131578A5B2263863F304016A" ID-CLB-Dataset="24722" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4705.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3e84f284-4d30-4c6e-a801-f9822d49edfc" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563677" ID-ZooBank="F534C43A-AB09-4CB3-9B08-FD5BDFD90298" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1575538349781" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Weissman, David B. & Gray, David A." docDate="2019" docId="182387A8097EFFB251F6FE470233FDF9" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4705.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4705 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="33" masterDocId="E41AFFD00961FF925161FFD20157FF9A" masterDocTitle="Crickets of the genus Gryllus in the United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae)" masterLastPageNumber="277" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="32" updateTime="1698772641233" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="74A349FC19AD1AA4BB95867B0EFDB59C">Crickets of the genus Gryllus in the United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F7E63CA2E40488323492C478ED42E7B0">Weissman, David B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B3AB631AC029D9FC08CD7479B0FC0D77">Gray, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="942A114A69B9615854BFC657E51FE4F2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="5AB2DD65BB55932F07FF0CA9D7278D33">
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<mods:date id="B1B97FEDED8B2CC439EC1F40DFF5DB47">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="121A493BCD3DC48E0F6787CD7A302FC5">2019-12-05</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="0DEDE3F22A858A6A95F5EC4C2D3F444F">4705</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="71BC961F4F1214779777DB79574E5EAE" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4705.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="182387A8097EFFB251F6FE470233FDF9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5586256" ID-GBIF-Taxon="160630882" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5586256" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A8097EFFB251F6FE470233FDF9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/182387A8097EFFB251F6FE470233FDF9" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<subSubSection id="D8906535097EFF8D51F6FE4700ACFE35" box="[151,507,405,432]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="903536BE097EFF8D51F6FE4700ACFE35" blockId="31.[151,549,405,503]" box="[151,507,405,432]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<heading id="CB7D81D2097EFF8D51F6FE4700ACFE35" bold="true" box="[151,507,405,432]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D097EFF8D51F6FE4700ACFE35" authority="De Geer" box="[151,507,405,432]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bimaculatus">
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC097EFF8D51F6FE4700ACFE35" bold="true" box="[151,507,405,432]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC097EFF8D51F6FE4700DBFE2A" bold="true" box="[151,396,405,432]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Gryllus bimaculatus</emphasis>
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De Geer
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D8906535097EFF8D51F6FE6B0044FE6D" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="description">
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<paragraph id="903536BE097EFF8D51F6FE6B0372FE49" blockId="31.[151,549,405,503]" box="[151,549,441,467]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Two Spotted or Black Field Cricket</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="903536BE097EFF8D51F6FE0F0044FE6D" blockId="31.[151,549,405,503]" box="[151,275,477,503]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<figureCitation id="08B12A3B097EFF8D51F6FE0F0044FE6D" box="[151,275,477,503]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 11" captionStart-1="FIGURE 12" captionStart-2="FIGURE 13" captionStartId-0="31.[151,250,1865,1890]" captionStartId-1="32.[151,250,1205,1230]" captionStartId-2="32.[151,250,1839,1864]" captionTargetBox-0="[370,1197,938,1840]" captionTargetBox-1="[157,1383,683,1178]" captionTargetBox-2="[157,1383,1315,1810]" captionTargetId-0="figure@31.[370,1217,938,1845]" captionTargetId-1="figure@32.[151,1435,625,1185]" captionTargetId-2="figure@32.[151,1435,1278,1818]" captionTargetPageId-0="31" captionTargetPageId-1="32" captionTargetPageId-2="32" captionText-0="FIGURE 11. Male (a) G. bimaculatus with obvious bilateral, pale-yellowish area at base of tegmina. Female (b) with similar, but smaller areas. Both specimens from commercial pet store." captionText-1="FIGURE 12. Five second calling song of G. bimaculatus (R12-14) commercial pet store, at 25°C." captionText-2="FIGURE 13. One second spectrogram of G. bimaculatus, same male as in Fig. 12." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563699" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563701" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563703" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3563699/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3563701/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3563703/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figs 11–13</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D8906535097EFF8D51F6FDF303E8FDC2" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="903536BE097EFF8D51F6FDF303E8FDC2" blockId="31.[151,1436,544,600]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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1773.
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<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D097EFF8D51B6FDF30321FDA3" authority="De Geer. Memoires" authorityName="De Geer. Memoires" box="[215,630,544,569]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bimaculatus">
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC097EFF8D51B6FDF300F1FDA3" box="[215,422,545,569]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Gryllus bimaculatus</emphasis>
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De Geer. Mémoires
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</taxonomicName>
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pour servir à l’histoire des insectes 3:521.
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<typeStatus id="4F31881C097EFF8D554EFDF00536FDA0" box="[1071,1121,546,570]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Type</typeStatus>
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locality: Africa, West Tropical Africa,
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<collectingCountry id="E89D762E097EFF8D5074FDED0010FDC2" box="[277,327,575,600]" name="Serbia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Mali</collectingCountry>
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, Mourdiah.
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<typeStatus id="4F31881C097EFF8D50A0FD9200A4FDC2" box="[449,499,576,600]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Type</typeStatus>
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deposited in ANSP.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D8906535097EFF8D51F6FD550224FCE2" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="description">
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<paragraph id="903536BE097EFF8D51F6FD550224FCE2" blockId="31.[151,1436,646,889]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC097EFF8D51F6FD550346FD3A" box="[151,529,646,672]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Recognition characters and song.</emphasis>
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Apparently the most widely, naturally distributed
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<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D097EFF8D5522FD5405C0FD3A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1091,1175,646,672]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC097EFF8D5522FD5405C0FD3A" box="[1091,1175,646,672]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Gryllus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species found from the tip of
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<collectingCountry id="E89D762E097EFF8D51BBFD78003FFD5E" box="[218,360,682,708]" name="South Africa" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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north into Europe and east as far as
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<collectingCountry id="E89D762E097EFF8D539CFD780236FD5E" box="[765,865,682,708]" name="Thailand" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F097EFF8D520EFD780516FD5E" author="Otte, D. & Cade, W." box="[879,1089,682,708]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="98 - 122" refId="ref165394" refString="Otte, D. & Cade, W. (1984) African crickets (Gryllidae). 6. The genus Gryllus and some related genera (Gryllinae, Gryllini). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 136, 98 - 122." type="journal article" year="1984">Otte & Cade 1984</bibRefCitation>
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). This is a medium-large sized, short hind femur, usually pure black, short or long hind winged cricket with a shiny pronotum. Most males have a pale, yellowish area (
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<figureCitation id="08B12A3B097EFF8D50E4FD2000B6FC96" box="[389,481,754,780]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1865,1890]" captionTargetBox="[370,1197,938,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[370,1217,938,1845]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 11. Male (a) G. bimaculatus with obvious bilateral, pale-yellowish area at base of tegmina. Female (b) with similar, but smaller areas. Both specimens from commercial pet store." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563699/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 11a</figureCitation>
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) at the base of each tegmen where they attach to the pronotum. Adult females may be without or have a slight indication of pale tegminal areas (
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<figureCitation id="08B12A3B097EFF8D527AFCC4022CFCAB" box="[795,891,790,817]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1865,1890]" captionTargetBox="[370,1197,938,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[370,1217,938,1845]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 11. Male (a) G. bimaculatus with obvious bilateral, pale-yellowish area at base of tegmina. Female (b) with similar, but smaller areas. Both specimens from commercial pet store." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563699/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 11b</figureCitation>
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). Brown males are known (see
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<figureCitation id="08B12A3B097EFF8D55B7FCC40465FCAA" box="[1238,1330,790,816]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1865,1890]" captionTargetBox="[370,1197,938,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[370,1217,938,1845]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 11. Male (a) G. bimaculatus with obvious bilateral, pale-yellowish area at base of tegmina. Female (b) with similar, but smaller areas. Both specimens from commercial pet store." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563699/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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Fig. 11
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<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F097EFF8D5445FCC40465FCAA" author="Roff, D. A." box="[1316,1330,790,816]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="30 - 37" refId="ref166167" refString="Roff, D. A. (1984) The cost of being able to fly: a study of wing polymorphism in two species of crickets. Oecologia, Berlin, 63, 30 - 37. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00379781" type="journal article" year="1984">a</bibRefCitation>
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</figureCitation>
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, and Otte and Cade 1984).
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC097EFF8D5037FCE900D9FCCF" box="[342,398,827,853]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Song</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="08B12A3B097EFF8D50FCFCE800ADFCCE" box="[413,506,826,852]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1205,1230]" captionTargetBox="[157,1383,683,1178]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1435,625,1185]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 12. Five second calling song of G. bimaculatus (R12-14) commercial pet store, at 25°C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563701" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563701/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="08B12A3B097EFF8D5367FCE803DCFCCE" box="[518,651,826,852]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 13" captionStart-1="FIGURE 12" captionStart-2="FIGURE 14" captionStartId-0="32.[151,250,1839,1864]" captionStartId-1="32.[151,250,1205,1230]" captionStartId-2="33.[151,250,1231,1256]" captionTargetBox-0="[157,1383,1315,1810]" captionTargetBox-1="[157,1383,683,1178]" captionTargetId-0="figure@32.[151,1435,1278,1818]" captionTargetId-1="figure@32.[151,1435,625,1185]" captionTargetId-2="figure@33.[340,1247,615,1211]" captionTargetPageId-0="32" captionTargetPageId-1="32" captionTargetPageId-2="33" captionText-0="FIGURE 13. One second spectrogram of G. bimaculatus, same male as in Fig. 12." captionText-1="FIGURE 12. Five second calling song of G. bimaculatus (R12-14) commercial pet store, at 25°C." captionText-2="FIGURE 14. Head on view of male G. locorojo showing head stripes." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563703" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563701" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616085" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3563703/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3563701/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3616085/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">13; R12–14</figureCitation>
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) with 2–6 pulses/chirp, usually 3–5 chirps/second, pulse rate 21–28 at 25°C, dominant frequency 4633–5816 Hz in pet store specimens.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="C4F56636097EFF8D51F6F89B025DF81F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563699" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563699/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" startId="31.[151,250,1865,1890]" targetBox="[370,1197,938,1840]" targetPageId="31">
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<paragraph id="903536BE097EFF8D51F6F89B025DF81F" blockId="31.[151,1436,1865,1926]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC097EFF8D51F6F89B0048F8F8" bold="true" box="[151,287,1865,1890]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
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Male (a)
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<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D097EFF8D50E5F8980348F8FB" box="[388,543,1865,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bimaculatus">
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC097EFF8D50E5F8980348F8FB" box="[388,543,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">G. bimaculatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with obvious bilateral, pale-yellowish area at base of tegmina. Female (b) with similar, but smaller areas. Both specimens from commercial pet store.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="D8906535097EFFB251A6F8670233FDF9" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="903536BE097EFFB251A6F8670595FE6D" blockId="31.[151,1436,1972,2034]" lastBlockId="32.[151,1437,153,611]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC097EFF8D51A6F867001DF854" box="[199,330,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Discussion.</emphasis>
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As discussed in
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<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F097EFF8D5366F8660259F854" author="Weissman, D. B. & Gray, D. A. & Pham, H. T. & Tijssen, P." box="[519,782,1972,1998]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="67 - 88" refId="ref168812" refString="Weissman, D. B., Gray, D. A., Pham, H. T. & Tijssen, P. (2012) Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster. Zootaxa, 3504, 67 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3504.1. 3" type="journal article" year="2012">
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Weissman
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC097EFF8D53E0F86703E5F854" box="[641,690,1972,1998]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
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. (2012)
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</bibRefCitation>
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, this is one of two non-native
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<collectingCountry id="E89D762E097EFF8D5502F86605D0F854" box="[1123,1159,1972,1998]" name="United States of America" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">US</collectingCountry>
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<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D097EFF8D55EFF86605B5F854" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1166,1250,1972,1998]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC097EFF8D55EFF86605B5F854" box="[1166,1250,1972,1998]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Gryllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the other being
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D097EFF8D51F6F80A004FF868" box="[151,280,2008,2034]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="locorojo">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC097EFF8D51F6F80A004FF868" box="[151,280,2008,2034]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">G. locorojo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) that was being commercially raised in 2012 and shipped to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E097EFF8D52ADF80A02A7F868" box="[972,1008,2008,2034]" name="United States of America" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
pet food stores for sale to the general public. Such activities will invariably result in the release, either by accident or on purpose, of this species into the environment, similar to what has probably occurred with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0941FFB2527EFF6F0457FF4D" authority="(Weissman et al. 1980)" baseAuthorityName="Weissman et al." baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[799,1280,189,215]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Acheta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="domesticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0941FFB2527EFF6F02A7FF4D" box="[799,1008,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Acheta domesticus</emphasis>
|
||
(Weissman
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0941FFB2551AFF6C05FAFF4D" box="[1147,1197,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1980)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The effect of such releases is unknown, as is whether or not these crickets can survive and multiply outside of commercial farms. We discussed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0941FFB2505EFED7036FFE85" author="Weissman, D. B. & Gray, D. A. & Pham, H. T. & Tijssen, P." box="[319,568,261,287]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="67 - 88" refId="ref168812" refString="Weissman, D. B., Gray, D. A., Pham, H. T. & Tijssen, P. (2012) Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster. Zootaxa, 3504, 67 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3504.1. 3" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Weissman
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0941FFB250DDFED400A1FE85" box="[444,502,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) why regulatory oversight by federal and state regulatory agencies has been inadequate and suspect that such surveillance has only gotten worse, since 2012, given continued tightening
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E0941FFB25419FEFB04CBFED9" box="[1400,1436,297,323]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
federal budgets and malaise from both state and federal regulators. Additionally, we have no idea what the current commercial status is for these two species because they are more aggressive and cannibalistic than the replaced
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0941FFB254E5FEA30044FE35" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Acheta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="domesticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0941FFB254E5FEA30044FE35" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">A. domesticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and tend to bite the lizard they are usually being fed to. Thus, the pet-food industry may be voluntarily replacing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0941FFB25064FE6B00E7FE49" box="[261,432,441,467]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bimaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0941FFB25064FE6B00E7FE49" box="[261,432,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">G. bimaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the ecologically preferred (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0941FFB25278FE6B055DFE49" author="Weissman, D. B. & Gray, D. A. & Pham, H. T. & Tijssen, P." box="[793,1034,441,467]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="67 - 88" refId="ref168812" refString="Weissman, D. B., Gray, D. A., Pham, H. T. & Tijssen, P. (2012) Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster. Zootaxa, 3504, 67 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3504.1. 3" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Weissman
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0941FFB252F2FE68029DFE49" box="[915,970,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0941FFB25579FE6B05A4FE49" box="[1048,1267,441,467]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sigillatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0941FFB25579FE6B05A4FE49" box="[1048,1267,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Gryllodes sigillatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We present
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0941FFB254E0FE6B0077FE6D" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bimaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0941FFB254E0FE6B0077FE6D" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">G. bimaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
here in case they establish feral populations encountered by an inquiring biologist.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0941FFB251A6FDD30233FDF9" blockId="32.[151,1437,153,611]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0941FFB251A6FDD30050FD81" box="[199,263,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">DNA.</emphasis>
|
||
Multilocus 1999-101, from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E0941FFB2532CFDD3039FFD81" box="[589,712,513,539]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
, maps closest to Old World
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0941FFB2556FFDD30449FD81" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[1038,1310,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="campestris">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0941FFB2556FFDD305FCFD81" box="[1038,1195,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">G. campestris</emphasis>
|
||
Linnaeus
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and at the base of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0941FFB25078FDF7003AFDA5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[281,365,549,575]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0941FFB25078FDF7003AFDA5" box="[281,365,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Gryllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tree along with several other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0941FFB253DCFDF70246FDA5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[701,785,549,575]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0941FFB253DCFDF70246FDA5" box="[701,785,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Gryllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0941FFB25236FDF702CBFDA5" box="[855,924,549,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1979,2004]" captionTargetBox="[166,1422,915,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1435,898,1958]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 6. Phylogenetic arrangement of taxa redrawn from Gray et al. (2019). Taxa in grey text are either not considered here because they are not US Gryllus, or are considered only briefly (Pet Store Group; G. bryanti)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563689/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
, p.
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0941FFB252A4FDF702B2FDA5" box="[965,997,549,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1890,1915]" captionTargetBox="[155,1402,709,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[151,1435,697,1869]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 28. Five second waveforms of calling songs of (A) G. pennsylvanicus and (B) G. firmus. G. pennsylvanicus (R04-110) Whatcom Co., WA (S04-91), at 25°C. G. firmus: (R03-255) Gainesville, FL (S03-85), at 25°C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563733/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">28</figureCitation>
|
||
). This position agrees with that seen in more limited 16S mapping (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0941FFB2509FFD9B0368FDF9" box="[510,575,585,611]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1979,2004]" captionTargetBox="[166,1422,915,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1435,898,1958]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 6. Phylogenetic arrangement of taxa redrawn from Gray et al. (2019). Taxa in grey text are either not considered here because they are not US Gryllus, or are considered only briefly (Pet Store Group; G. bryanti)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563689/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0941FFB25350FD9B0368FDF9" box="[561,575,585,611]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="in" value="6.0">6</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0941FFB25303FD9B020FFDF9" author="Weissman, D. B. & Gray, D. A. & Pham, H. T. & Tijssen, P." box="[610,856,585,611]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="67 - 88" refId="ref168812" refString="Weissman, D. B., Gray, D. A., Pham, H. T. & Tijssen, P. (2012) Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster. Zootaxa, 3504, 67 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3504.1. 3" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Weissman
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0941FFB253BDFD98025AFDF9" box="[732,781,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |