2433 lines
306 KiB
XML
2433 lines
306 KiB
XML
<document id="9CD50E30EB6659931BBF19FAFCE675BB" ID-CLB-Dataset="24722" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4705.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3e84f284-4d30-4c6e-a801-f9822d49edfc" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563677" ID-ZooBank="F534C43A-AB09-4CB3-9B08-FD5BDFD90298" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1575538349781" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Weissman, David B. & Gray, David A." docDate="2019" docId="182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4705.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4705 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Gryllus firmus Scudder" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="69" masterDocId="E41AFFD00961FF925161FFD20157FF9A" masterDocTitle="Crickets of the genus Gryllus in the United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae)" masterLastPageNumber="277" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="54" updateTime="1698772641233" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="72C1BA5CAADA8B7202E5F828A0730AF0">
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<mods:title id="15B1268407BED4C10222C23ACD9522CA">Crickets of the genus Gryllus in the United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C11EC0555C02DFADA9162D922796959D">Weissman, David B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3B2FC833E005C88B26A94B2F2E7CA265">Gray, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="F5F8DDFC8F542485849A13B248ECE149">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="4085AEE0DAC6B6C98D2E4D34979224C2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0ECD2BBA6338FC9AF5EC676EA79FA58D">
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<mods:date id="4860E2D730FC2469F4CBD5A7075F9C2B">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EFBBEDB8F2CFCD8BEFDA40DEEB7D76C7">2019-12-05</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="8DDA4A23CF1F6AE7D57A262469B1E0F7">4705</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="CE9FB4BC987FFFFFE75BC4DA20CEF76D">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="F967DD08C4A382A1DB77D0BE2BB595EC" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4705.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D" ID-GBIF-Taxon="160630885" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
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<subSubSection id="D89065350954FFA751F6FD43003EFD55" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="903536BE0954FFA751F6FD4300E0FD31" blockId="53.[151,499,657,755]" box="[151,439,657,684]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
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<heading id="CB7D81D20954FFA751F6FD4300E0FD31" bold="true" box="[151,439,657,684]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0954FFA751F6FD4300E0FD31" authority="Scudder" box="[151,439,657,684]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0954FFA751F6FD4300E0FD31" bold="true" box="[151,439,657,684]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0954FFA751F6FD43001FFD31" bold="true" box="[151,328,657,684]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Gryllus firmus</emphasis>
|
||
Scudder
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0954FFA751F6FD67003EFD55" blockId="53.[151,499,657,755]" box="[151,361,693,719]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Sand Field Cricket</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D89065350954FFA751F6FD0B0300FCAC" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0954FFA751F6FD0B00A4FD69" blockId="53.[151,499,657,755]" box="[151,499,728,755]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0954FFA751F6FD0B0040FD69" box="[151,279,729,755]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 28" captionStart-1="FIGURE 29" captionStart-2="FIGURE 30" captionStartId-0="45.[151,250,1890,1915]" captionStartId-1="46.[151,250,1221,1246]" captionStartId-2="46.[151,250,1926,1951]" captionTargetBox-0="[155,1402,709,1840]" captionTargetBox-1="[183,1370,173,1167]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1384,1261,1890]" captionTargetId-0="figure@45.[151,1435,697,1869]" captionTargetId-1="figure@46.[179,1408,166,1201]" captionTargetId-2="figure@46.[151,1435,1261,1907]" captionTargetPageId-0="45" captionTargetPageId-1="46" captionText-0="FIGURE 28. Five second waveforms of calling songs of (A) G. pennsylvanicus and (B) G. firmus. G. pennsylvanicus (R04-110) Whatcom Co., WA (S04-91), at 25°C. G. firmus: (R03-255) Gainesville, FL (S03-85), at 25°C." captionText-1="FIGURE 29. One second spectrograms of (A) G. pennsylvanicus and (B) G. firmus; same males as in Fig. 28." captionText-2="FIGURE 30. ITS2 gene tree. G. firmus samples: S03-85 (G60, G61, G62); S07-25 (G1073, G1074); S07-26 (G1186, G1235); S10-63 (G1920, G1922); S10-67 (G1915); S11-29 (G2165, G2029, G2034); S13-41 (G2709); S13-59 (G2716); G. pennsylvanicus samples: S08-74 (G709, G710); S11-107 (G2208); S11-108 (G2211)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563733" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563735" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616095" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3563733/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3563735/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3616095/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Figs 28–30</figureCitation>
|
||
, 38–51, 53,
|
||
<tableCitation id="DD0803050954FFA750C1FD0B00A4FD69" box="[416,499,729,755]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="17.[150,238,466,492]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 1. Summary measurements for morphological and song characters for Gryllus species discussed in this paper." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C4F566360970FF8351F7FE0004D1FE76" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" tableUuid="C4F566360970FF8351F7FE0004D1FE76">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0954FFA751F6FCCF0300FCAC" blockId="53.[151,1437,797,1134]" box="[151,599,797,822]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
1902
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0954FFA751B1FCCF0347FCAC" authority="Scudder. Psyche" authorityName="Scudder. Psyche" box="[208,528,797,822]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0954FFA751B1FCCF0033FCAF" box="[208,356,797,821]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Gryllus firmus</emphasis>
|
||
Scudder. Psyche
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
9:295.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D89065350954FFA751F6FCE9020DFBD5" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0954FFA751F6FCE9043AFBAA" blockId="53.[151,1437,797,1134]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
1957
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0954FFA751B0FCEE0094FCCE" authority="(Scudder)" baseAuthorityName="Scudder" box="[209,451,827,852]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Acheta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firma">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0954FFA751B0FCEE0002FCCE" box="[209,341,828,852]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Acheta firma</emphasis>
|
||
(Scudder)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0954FFA750ADFCE90324FCCE" author="Alexander, R. D." box="[460,627,827,852]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="584 - 602" refId="ref157539" refString="Alexander, R. D. (1957) The taxonomy of the field crickets of the eastern United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Acheta). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 50, 584 - 602. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 50.6.584" type="journal article" year="1957">Alexander 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 50:586.
|
||
<typeStatus id="4F31881C0954FFA75285FCEE051EFCCE" box="[996,1097,828,852]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
male designated, “Pungo” Bluff,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0954FFA751A6FC880034FCE9" box="[199,355,858,883]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Three labels as follows: 1. Dingo Bluff, N. C.
|
||
<date id="E434107E0954FFA75259FC890291FCE9" box="[824,966,858,883]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" value="1876-11-15">Nov. 15, 1876</date>
|
||
Parker Maynard. 2.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0954FFA755F2FC8905ADFCE9" box="[1171,1274,858,883]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">Gr. firmus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Scudder’s type, 1901. 3. Red type label 14064. File with 175 teeth (per D. Otte, pers. comm. to DBW by J. Weintraub,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0954FFA755B4FCAB0417FC08" box="[1237,1344,889,914]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" value="2018-10-05">5/10/2018</date>
|
||
). Type in ANSP (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0954FFA7505CFC4500DFFC2A" box="[317,392,919,944]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1231,1256]" captionTargetBox="[163,1419,186,1193]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[151,1435,174,1212]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 38. Lectotype male, G. firmus, specimen and labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563753" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563753/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 38</figureCitation>
|
||
). Despite
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0954FFA7508FFC4503DCFC2A" author="Scudder, S. H." box="[494,651,919,944]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="291 - 296" refId="ref166597" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1902) The species of Gryllus found in the United States east of the Sierra Nevadas. Psyche, 9, 291 - 296. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1902 / 35962" type="journal article" year="1902">Scudder (1902)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
clearly stating Dingo Bluff,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0954FFA752CEFC4505C3FC2A" author="Rehn, J. A. G. & Hebard, M." box="[943,1172,919,944]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="293 - 322" refId="ref166025" refString="Rehn, J. A. G. & Hebard, M. (1915) The genus Gryllus (Orthoptera) as found in America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 67, 293 - 322." type="journal article" year="1915">Rehn & Hebard (1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 295) listed the locality as Pungo Bluff, without explanation. This change was repeated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0954FFA75217FC640579FC55" author="Alexander, R. D." box="[886,1070,950,975]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="584 - 602" refId="ref157539" refString="Alexander, R. D. (1957) The taxonomy of the field crickets of the eastern United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Acheta). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 50, 584 - 602. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 50.6.584" type="journal article" year="1957">Alexander (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Checking various geography name sources, we find no official place names of Dingo Bluff or Pungo Bluff but we do find, in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0954FFA7553EFC0705ACFC74" box="[1119,1275,981,1006]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
, a Pungo River, Pungo Creek, Pungo Swamp, and Pungo Lake as well as a coastal town of Pungo. A Google search for both ‘Dingo Bluff’ and ‘Pungo Bluff’ yielded both of these collection localities assigned to many other
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0954FFA7557DFBC505E3FBAA" box="[1052,1204,1047,1072]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
insect specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0954FFA751F6FBE4020DFBD5" blockId="53.[151,1437,797,1134]" box="[151,858,1078,1103]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
1964
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0954FFA751B1FBE5003CFBD5" box="[208,363,1079,1103]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0954FFA751B1FBE50030FBD5" authority="Randell, 1964" authorityName="Randell" authorityYear="1964" box="[208,359,1079,1103]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">Gryllus firmus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0954FFA75011FBE400A9FBD5" author="Randell, R. L." box="[368,510,1078,1103]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="1565 - 1607" refId="ref165877" refString="Randell, R. L. (1964) The male genitalia in Gryllinae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) and a tribal revision. The Canadian Entomologist, 96, 1565 - 1607. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 961565 - 12" type="journal article" year="1964">Randell, 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
Canadian Entomologist 96: 1592.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D89065350954FFAE51F6FB87005CFB5D" lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0954FFA751F6FB8705B4FBF7" blockId="53.[151,1437,797,1134]" box="[151,1251,1109,1134]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0954FFA751FAFB8701BCFBF4" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[155,235,1109,1134]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gryllus</taxonomicName>
|
||
#19’, ‘near #19, #35, #45’ of DBW notebooks; Thompson
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0954FFA75225FB840227FBF7" box="[836,880,1109,1133]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2012) used ‘G. #45’ in their paper.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0954FFA751F6FB4E0550FB41" blockId="53.[151,1437,1180,2034]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0954FFA751F6FB4E007FFB2C" box="[151,296,1180,1206]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
From south coastal
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0954FFA75375FB4E0302FB2C" box="[532,597,1180,1206]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
(near Brownsville) east to the Atlantic coast and inland for variable distances. In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0954FFA75068FB12001DFB40" box="[265,330,1216,1242]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0954FFA75038FB1200FAFB40" box="[345,429,1216,1242]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="55.[151,250,1335,1360]" captionTargetBox="[171,1415,229,1275]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[171,1415,229,1315]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 39. Populations of G. firmus that we studied." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563755" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563755/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
|
||
), found a maximum of
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0954FFA753D2FB6D025FFB40" box="[691,776,1215,1242]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" unit="km" value="350.0">350 km</quantity>
|
||
inland (Brackettville).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0954FFA751A6FB360296F830" blockId="53.[151,1437,1180,2034]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0954FFA751A6FB360360FB67" box="[199,567,1252,1278]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Recognition characters and song</emphasis>
|
||
. A small to large cricket usually with black head, pronotum and tegmina, short hind wings, long ovipositor,>160 file teeth, and frequently associated with sandy substrate.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0954FFA755FAFADA0584FAB8" box="[1179,1235,1288,1314]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Song</emphasis>
|
||
a slow chirp (2–3 c/s) with 4p/c (range 2–5), and pulse rate usually <15 at 25°C (
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0954FFA75228FAFE02CCFADC" box="[841,923,1324,1350]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="56.[151,250,921,946]" captionTargetBox="[158,1383,378,873]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[151,1435,301,901]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 40. Five second calling song in G. firmus: (R03-255) Gainesville, FL (S03-85), at 25°C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563757" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563757/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 40</figureCitation>
|
||
; R03-255). One generation/year (except along the southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E0954FFA75035FA82002FFAF0" box="[340,376,1360,1386]" name="United States of America" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
seaboard and continuous coastal areas along the Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E0954FFA7529DFA820504FAF1" box="[1020,1107,1360,1387]" name="Mexico" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
) because of an egg diapause, late summer maturing adults (although present year around in Florida [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0954FFA752D7FAA605F2FA14" author="Capinera, J. L. & Scott, R. D. & Walker, T. J." box="[950,1189,1395,1422]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" refId="ref159432" refString="Capinera, J. L., Scott, R. D. & Walker, T. J. (2004) Field guide to grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets of the United States. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 249 pp." type="book" year="2004">
|
||
Capinera
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0954FFA75547FAA60508FA14" box="[1062,1119,1396,1422]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]). Generally light colored tegmina and individuals can have longitudinal head stripes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0954FFA75215FA4A0291FA28" box="[884,966,1432,1458]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1951,1976]" captionTargetBox="[166,1412,653,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1435,553,1932]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 41. Color variation in Texas G. firmus: lighter, coastal specimens, with head stripes (2 upper photos and lower left), Cameron Co., TX, S07-26 vs. darker, inland specimen (lower right, Schulenburg, TX, S10-65)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563759" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563759/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
|
||
) when living on coastal beach or lowland sandy substrate habitats. Both dark (
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0954FFA7534DFA6E0329FA4C" box="[556,638,1468,1494]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1951,1976]" captionTargetBox="[166,1412,653,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1435,553,1932]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 41. Color variation in Texas G. firmus: lighter, coastal specimens, with head stripes (2 upper photos and lower left), Cameron Co., TX, S07-26 vs. darker, inland specimen (lower right, Schulenburg, TX, S10-65)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563759" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563759/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
|
||
) and light-colored specimens from coastal and southern areas of Texas, whose eggs have no or variable egg diapause, such as from Brackettville or Schulenburg, are placed here. Those in coastal dunes also frequently with lighter colored body (as all
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370954FFA7520DF9D602C7F984" box="[876,912,1540,1566]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="male">3♂</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370954FFA752A7F9D102BFF987" box="[966,1000,1539,1565]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="female">6♀</specimenCount>
|
||
from Boca Chica State Park [S91-37]) and legs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0954FFA75060F9FA0347F9D8" author="Nickle, D. A. & Walker, T. J." box="[257,528,1575,1602]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="8 - 12" refId="ref164991" refString="Nickle, D. A. & Walker, T. J. (1975) A morphological key to the field crickets of southeastern United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllus). Florida Entomologist, 57, 8 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3493822" type="journal article" year="1975">Nickle & Walker (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
note that, in Florida, the lateral portion of the tegmina is diagnostically dark with many distinctive cross veins there, a condition also typical of Texas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0954FFA752E4F99E02B9F9FC" box="[901,1006,1612,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0954FFA752E4F99E02B9F9FC" box="[901,1006,1612,1638]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens but not diagnostic there because several other Texas taxa also have this character. Within our study area,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0954FFA75561F9A2053DF910" box="[1024,1130,1648,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0954FFA75561F9A2053DF910" box="[1024,1130,1648,1674]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
must only be distinguished from the closely-DNA related
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0954FFA7508BF94603E1F934" box="[490,694,1684,1710]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0954FFA7508BF94603E1F934" box="[490,694,1684,1710]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with which it forms a long hybrid zone (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0954FFA755E3F9460407F934" author="Larson, E. L. & Becker, C. G. & Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G." box="[1154,1360,1684,1710]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="985 - 1002" refId="ref163731" refString="Larson, E. L., Becker, C. G., Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G. (2013) Structure of a mosaic hybrid zone between the field crickets Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus. Ecology and Evolution, 3, 985 - 1002. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.514" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Larson
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0954FFA755B9F946045EF934" box="[1240,1289,1684,1710]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) along the eastern slopes of the Appalachian and Blue Ridge Mountains. We discuss this complex situation elsewhere in this paper (see Hybrid Zones, p. 61). But, for now, we consider any population in central and SE Texas with a high tooth count, low pulse rate and no egg or a variable egg diapause to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0954FFA752C6F8D20547F880" box="[935,1040,1792,1818]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0954FFA752C6F8D20547F880" box="[935,1040,1792,1818]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. If
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0954FFA75557F8D20455F880" box="[1078,1282,1792,1818]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0954FFA75557F8D20455F880" box="[1078,1282,1792,1818]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in this area, then all their eggs should have a diapause. We realize the cumbersomeness of this distinction but, at present, without further investigations, we cannot separate the two taxa except based on geography (compare maps p. 49 vs. p. 56).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0954FFA75184F8BE00DEF81C" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[229,393,1900,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicercus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0954FFA75184F8BE00DEF81C" box="[229,393,1900,1926]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">G. longicercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from western Texas also has>160 file teeth and a slow pulse rate but is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0954FFA754E0F8BE0188F830" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0954FFA754E0F8BE0188F830" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having longer cerci, associated with rocks, and different DNA.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0954FFA751A6F866039CF86B" blockId="53.[151,1437,1180,2034]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0954FFA751A6F86600FFF857" box="[199,424,1972,1998]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Derivation of name.</emphasis>
|
||
“firmus” is Latin for strong, stout, and durable perhaps in reference to its being the largest known
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E0954FFA7518BF80A0059F868" box="[234,270,2008,2034]" name="United States of America" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0954FFA75074F80A003EF868" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[277,361,2008,2034]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0954FFA75074F80A003EF868" box="[277,361,2008,2034]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Gryllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
when it was described in 1902.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C4F566360957FFA451F6FB1D0258FB72" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563753" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563753" box="[151,783,1231,1256]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563753/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" startId="54.[151,250,1231,1256]" targetBox="[163,1419,186,1193]" targetPageId="54">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0957FFA451F6FB1D0258FB72" blockId="54.[151,783,1231,1256]" box="[151,783,1231,1256]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0957FFA451F6FB1D0077FB72" bold="true" box="[151,288,1231,1256]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">FIGURE 38.</emphasis>
|
||
Lectotype male,
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0957FFA450B1FB020361FB72" box="[464,566,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0957FFA450B1FB020364FB72" box="[464,563,1232,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">G. firmus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
specimen and labels.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0957FFA451A6FAC40510F993" blockId="54.[151,1437,1302,2013]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0957FFA451A6FAC400E2FAAA" box="[199,437,1302,1328]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Geographical range.</emphasis>
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0957FFA450DFFAC40345FAAA" box="[446,530,1302,1328]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="55.[151,250,1335,1360]" captionTargetBox="[171,1415,229,1275]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[171,1415,229,1315]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 39. Populations of G. firmus that we studied." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563755" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563755/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
|
||
. East of Texas, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0957FFA45396FAC402CBFAAA" author="Walker, T. J." box="[759,924,1302,1328]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refId="ref168163" refString="Walker, T. J. (2019) Singing insects of North America. Available from: https: // sina. orthsoc. org / (accessed 17 September 2019)" type="url" year="2019">Walker (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0957FFA452B6FAC40580FAAA" author="Capinera, J. L. & Scott, R. D. & Walker, T. J." box="[983,1239,1302,1328]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refId="ref159432" refString="Capinera, J. L., Scott, R. D. & Walker, T. J. (2004) Field guide to grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets of the United States. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 249 pp." type="book" year="2004">
|
||
Capinera
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0957FFA45524FAC505D7FAAA" box="[1093,1152,1302,1328]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. T. J. Walker has looked for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0957FFA45075FAE900D7FACE" box="[276,384,1338,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0957FFA45075FAE900D7FACE" box="[276,384,1338,1365]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Louisiana without finding it (pers. comm. to DBW, May, 2014). R. D. Alexander (unpublished 1964 notes given to DBW, by RD Alexander in ~1990) state
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0957FFA452F3FA8D02AAFAE2" box="[914,1021,1374,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0957FFA452F3FA8D02AAFAE2" box="[914,1021,1374,1401]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as abundant on the islands off Texas and Louisiana, although
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0957FFA450CAFA5000BEFA06" box="[427,489,1410,1436]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1973,1998]" captionTargetBox="[185,1407,164,1953]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 4. Male genitalia, in situ, top showing the medial (M) and two lateral (L) lobes of the epiphallus. Top is overview while bottom is more magnified. C are the cerci." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563685/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig 4</figureCitation>
|
||
. in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0957FFA4536FFA500383FA07" author="Alexander, R. D." box="[526,724,1410,1437]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 41" refId="ref157636" refString="Alexander, R. D. (1968) Life cycle origins, speciation, and related phenomena in crickets. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 43, 1 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 405628" type="journal article" year="1968">Alexander (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
shows only two collection localities for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0957FFA455FBFA510453FA06" box="[1178,1284,1410,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0957FFA455FBFA510453FA06" box="[1178,1284,1410,1437]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Louisiana. We thus assume that one taxon occurs along coastal sandy habitats of the Atlantic and Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E0957FFA455A6FA74044AFA5A" box="[1223,1309,1446,1472]" name="Mexico" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
coasts, but see discussion from multilocus DNA analysis on p. 59. Not known from Tampico,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E0957FFA45550FA1805D0FA7E" box="[1073,1159,1482,1508]" name="Mexico" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(although coastal, sandy Mexican areas closer to the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E0957FFA450B0FA3C00A4F992" box="[465,499,1518,1544]" name="United States of America" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E0957FFA4509AFA3C0306F992" box="[507,593,1518,1544]" name="Mexico" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
border not checked because of poor access).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0957FFA451A6F9C000A0F8B2" blockId="54.[151,1437,1302,2013]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0957FFA451A6F9C00073F9B6" box="[199,292,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Coastal sand dunes, sandy habitats and barrier islands, and inland off of sand, always below
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370957FFA45434F9C304CAF9B6" box="[1365,1437,1553,1580]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0957FFA45434F9C304CEF9B6" box="[1365,1433,1553,1580]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.65" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" unit="m" value="365.0">365m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0957FFA451D4F9E501AEF9CB" box="[181,249,1591,1617]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
, in Western Gulf Coastal Plain and East
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0957FFA453A2F9E40254F9CA" box="[707,771,1590,1616]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Coast</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0957FFA45268F9E5021DF9CB" box="[777,842,1591,1617]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
Plains ecoregions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0957FFA45544F9E40456F9CA" author="Griffith, G. E. & Bryce, S. A. & Omernik, J. M. & Comstock, J. A. & Rogers, A. C. & Harrison, B. & Hatch, S. L. & Bezanson, D." box="[1061,1281,1590,1617]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refId="ref161631" refString="Griffith, G. E., Bryce, S. A., Omernik, J. M., Comstock, J. A., Rogers, A. C., Harrison, B., Hatch, S. L. & Bezanson, D. (2004) Ecoregions of Texas. Map Scale 1: 2,500,000. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. [color poster with map, descriptive text and photographs]" type="book" year="2004">
|
||
Griffith
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0957FFA455E5F9E505E1F9CA" box="[1156,1206,1590,1616]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Also associated with ocean tidal surge areas (near Boca Chica S91-37; Sea Rim S11-30); open, grassy fields (Schulenburg S10-65); eastern oak woodlands (Brenham S92-123 & S01-51; Bastrop State Park S10-67)); dense overgrown lots (Brackettville), and irrigated lawn areas (Alice S13-49). Coastal paved road at Sea Rim State Park,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0957FFA45592F9710463F927" box="[1267,1332,1699,1725]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
(S91-28, S11-30) washed out by Hurricane Jerry in 1989 and road rebuilt. Area subsequently hit by Hurricane Rita in 2005 and Hurricane Ike in 2008 and road not rebuilt by 2011 but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0957FFA45254F93902C8F89E" box="[821,927,1770,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0957FFA45254F93902C8F89E" box="[821,927,1770,1797]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
present under objects in area of tidal wash in 2011. These are tough crickets!
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0957FFA551A6F8E00296FF4D" blockId="54.[151,1437,1302,2013]" lastBlockId="55.[151,1437,153,215]" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0957FFA451A6F8E0030AF8D6" box="[199,605,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Life cycle and seasonal occurrence.</emphasis>
|
||
Life cycle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0957FFA4539CF8E1023FF8D6" box="[765,872,1842,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0957FFA4539CF8E1023FF8D6" box="[765,872,1842,1869]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
studied in detail only in the northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0957FFA45474F8E00431F8D6" box="[1301,1382,1842,1868]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
area around Gainesville (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0957FFA4501AF88403DBF8EA" author="Ibrahim, R. & Walker, T. J." box="[379,652,1878,1904]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="510 - 512" refId="ref162955" refString="Ibrahim, R. & Walker, T. J. (1980) Diapause and nondiapause eggs laid daily by individual Gryllus firmus females (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Florida Entomologist, 63, 510 - 512. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3494540" type="journal article" year="1980">Ibrahim & Walker 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0957FFA453F6F884027DF8EA" author="Walker, T. J." box="[663,810,1878,1904]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="291 - 298" refId="ref167899" refString="Walker, T. J. (1980) Mixed oviposition in individual females of Gryllus firmus: graded proportions of fast-developing and diapause eggs. Oecologia, 47, 291 - 298. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00398519" type="journal article" year="1980">Walker 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0957FFA45257F884056AF8EA" author="Masaki, S. & Walker, T. J." box="[822,1085,1878,1904]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="349 - 423" refId="ref164721" refString="Masaki, S. & Walker, T. J. (1987) Cricket Life Cycles. In: Hecht, M. K., Wallace, B. & Prance, G. T. (Eds.), Evolutionary biology. Vol. 21. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, pp. 349 - 423. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 6986 - 2 _ 11" type="book chapter" year="1987">Masaki & Walker 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) where continuous generations occur with some eggs laid by a single female having a diapause and others no diapause.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0957FFA4551FF8A80477F80E" author="Walker, T. J." box="[1150,1312,1914,1940]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="291 - 298" refId="ref167899" refString="Walker, T. J. (1980) Mixed oviposition in individual females of Gryllus firmus: graded proportions of fast-developing and diapause eggs. Oecologia, 47, 291 - 298. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00398519" type="journal article" year="1980">Walker (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also documents mixed diapausing eggs from females from Carolina Beach,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0957FFA452F6F84C0510F822" box="[919,1095,1950,1976]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Starting somewhere north of Carolina Beach, one generation/year with most (all?) eggs having a diapause and adults first appearing in late sum- mer or early fall.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0956FFA55036FF4B009DFF29" box="[343,458,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">G. firmus’</emphasis>
|
||
life cycle has not been studied in southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0956FFA552C6FF4B02AFFF29" box="[935,1016,153,179]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Walker, pers. comm. to DBW, 2014) although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0956FFA55061FF6F00A1FF4D" author="Capinera, J. L. & Scott, R. D. & Walker, T. J." box="[256,502,189,215]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref159432" refString="Capinera, J. L., Scott, R. D. & Walker, T. J. (2004) Field guide to grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets of the United States. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 249 pp." type="book" year="2004">
|
||
Capinera
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0956FFA5500DFF6C00CAFF4D" box="[364,413,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
note its occurrence there as year around.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C4F566360956FFA551F6FAE50391FACA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563755" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563755" box="[151,710,1335,1360]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563755/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" startId="55.[151,250,1335,1360]" targetBox="[171,1415,229,1275]" targetPageId="55">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0956FFA551F6FAE50391FACA" blockId="55.[151,710,1335,1360]" box="[151,710,1335,1360]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0956FFA551F6FAE50077FACA" bold="true" box="[151,288,1335,1360]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">FIGURE 39.</emphasis>
|
||
Populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0956FFA550DEFAEA0348FAD5" box="[447,543,1335,1359]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0956FFA550DEFAEA0348FAD5" box="[447,543,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that we studied.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0956FFA551A6FAAC054DF8F6" blockId="55.[151,1437,1406,2044]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
We find a complicated life cycle situation along the Texas coast. Coastal populations appear to have 1 generation/year, without an egg diapause (Boca Chica S91-37, Sea Rim S11-30), where the majority of the collected individuals are late instars in early June (Sea Rim S91-28, S11-29 S11-30; Boca Chica S91-36, S91-37, S07-25, and S07-26) with nymphs usually molting to adults from mid-June to early July. But field collected individuals from some of these same coastal populations (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E0956FFA5530BF9DC03C3F9B2" box="[618,660,1550,1576]" name="Iceland" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Isla</collectingCountry>
|
||
Blanca Park, S13-41; Egret Island, S13-59; Boca Chica State Park, DAG 2010-117) matured from mid-August to mid-September and may represent a second generation or eggs that hatched with a delay when compared with those eggs that hatched within 3 weeks after oviposition. These June/July maturing coastal dune individuals are also smaller, as adults, than those microsympatric ones maturing in August/ September and those maturing away (and warmer?) from the immediate coast. More inland, no egg diapause (Alice, TX, S13-49; Brackettville, TX, S85-61) and probably 2 generations/year even though
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370956FFA5550BF9100595F946" box="[1130,1218,1730,1756]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370956FFA5559AF910043FF946" box="[1275,1384,1730,1756]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="female">4 females</specimenCount>
|
||
collected at Brackettville (S91-40) on
|
||
<date id="E434107E0956FFA55344F9340338F89A" box="[549,623,1766,1792]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">June 4</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30956FFA5531DF934028AF8BE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588196" collectingDate="2001-05-24" elevation="10" location="Singing" municipality="Brenham" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" specimenCount="1">
|
||
were last instars and molted to adult between
|
||
<date id="E434107E0956FFA555E0F9370469F89A" box="[1153,1342,1765,1792]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">15-vi and 18-vii.</date>
|
||
<location id="955560650956FFA55424F93404CBF89A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650956FFA55424F93404CBF89A" box="[1349,1436,1766,1792]" municipality="Brenham" name="Singing" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Singing</location>
|
||
adults collected from some
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0956FFA550AEF8D8035EF8BE" box="[463,521,1802,1828]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="m" value="10.0">
|
||
<elevation id="1BA7D18D0956FFA550AEF8D8035EF8BE" box="[463,521,1802,1828]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
W
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7051ACC40956FFA55350F8D803CCF8BE" box="[561,667,1802,1828]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Brenham</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, TX, on
|
||
<date id="E434107E0956FFA5539CF8D80225F8BE" box="[765,882,1802,1828]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" value="2001-05-24">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960956FFA5539CF8D80225F8BE" box="[765,882,1802,1828]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" value="2001-05-24">24-v-2001</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S01-51)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<date id="E434107E0956FFA55574F8D805D4F8BE" box="[1045,1155,1802,1828]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" value="1992-09-06">6-ix-1992</date>
|
||
(S92-123);
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30956FFA5546DF8D800F4F8D2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588095" collectingDate="1985-06-10" location="Brackettville" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<location id="955560650956FFA5546DF8D804CAF8BE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650956FFA5546DF8D804CAF8BE" box="[1292,1437,1802,1828]" name="Brackettville" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Brackettville</location>
|
||
on
|
||
<date id="E434107E0956FFA551DBF8FF0061F8D2" box="[186,310,1837,1864]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" value="1985-06-10">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960956FFA551DBF8FF0061F8D2" box="[186,310,1837,1864]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" value="1985-06-10">10-vi-1985</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S85-61)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30956FFA550CEF8FC03D0F8D2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588172" box="[431,647,1838,1864]" collectingDate="1991-06-04" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Brackettville" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<date id="E434107E0956FFA550CEF8FC034AF8D2" box="[431,541,1838,1864]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" value="1991-06-04">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960956FFA550CEF8FC034AF8D2" box="[431,541,1838,1864]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" value="1991-06-04">4-vi-1991</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S91-40)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<date id="E434107E0956FFA553DFF8FC027AF8D2" box="[702,813,1838,1864]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" value="2010-09-07">7-ix-2010</date>
|
||
(S10-63);
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30956FFA552C7F8FC0541F8F6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588105" county="Fayette Co." location="Bastrop Co." pageId="55" pageNumber="56" specimenCount="1">
|
||
and from stops in
|
||
<collectingCounty id="79544E320956FFA55511F8FC05A6F8D2" box="[1136,1265,1838,1864]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fayette Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
(S10-65),
|
||
<location id="955560650956FFA55408F8FC01A4F8F6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650956FFA55408F8FC01A4F8F6" county="Fayette Co." name="Bastrop Co." pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Bastrop Co.</location>
|
||
(S10-67) also probably indicate 2 generations/year at these inland sites
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0956FFAA51A6F8A40570FE85" blockId="55.[151,1437,1406,2044]" lastBlockId="56.[151,1437,153,287]" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
Interestingly, we collected a mated adult female from Schulenburg, TX (multilocus G1917, collected
|
||
<date id="E434107E0956FFA55431F8A40185F82E" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" value="2013-07-13">13-vii- 2013</date>
|
||
, S13-65) that laid some
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370956FFA55080F8480312F82E" box="[481,581,1946,1972]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="egg">460 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
over eight days (
|
||
<date id="E434107E0956FFA55264F84802B8F82F" box="[773,1007,1946,1973]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" value="2013-07-27" valueMax="2013-08-04" valueMin="2013-07-27">27-vii to 4-viii-2013</date>
|
||
). The first eggs hatched
|
||
<date id="E434107E0956FFA5559EF848041BF82E" box="[1279,1356,1946,1972]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" value="1927-08">27-viii</date>
|
||
, which is a normal incubation period for non-diapausing eggs kept between 20-25°C. But eggs from this one female continued to hatch over the next 5.5 months (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0956FFA553C9F83003AAF866" box="[680,765,2018,2044]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="58.[151,250,939,964]" captionTargetBox="[173,1415,166,920]" captionTargetId="figure@58.[173,1415,166,920]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURE 42. Egg hatch from single field collected G. firmus (S13-65) from near Schulenburg, TX, showing a mixed egg diapause pattern." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563761/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
|
||
), a pattern more typical (see discussion on p. 9) of an egg diapausing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0959FFAA5076FF4B003CFF29" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[279,363,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA5076FF4B003CFF29" box="[279,363,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Gryllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species and similar to what
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0959FFAA53C9FF4B021DFF29" author="Walker, T. J." box="[680,842,153,179]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="291 - 298" refId="ref167899" refString="Walker, T. J. (1980) Mixed oviposition in individual females of Gryllus firmus: graded proportions of fast-developing and diapause eggs. Oecologia, 47, 291 - 298. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00398519" type="journal article" year="1980">Walker (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0959FFAA52A0FF4B057CFF29" box="[961,1067,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA52A0FF4B057CFF29" box="[961,1067,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Gainesville, FL. Two other adult females from Schulenburg (S10-65), collected
|
||
<date id="E434107E0959FFAA538DFF6F020AFF4D" box="[748,861,189,215]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2010-09-09">9-ix-2010</date>
|
||
, appeared to have mostly non-diapausing eggs but they were not followed in as much detail as the 2013 female.An adult female from Bastrop State Park (S10-67) also had some eggs hatch quickly, after oviposition, but most rotted and did not hatch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C4F566360959FFAA51F6FC4B052BFC28" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563757" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563757" box="[151,1148,921,946]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563757/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" startId="56.[151,250,921,946]" targetBox="[158,1383,378,873]" targetPageId="56">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0959FFAA51F6FC4B052BFC28" blockId="56.[151,1148,921,946]" box="[151,1148,921,946]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA51F6FC4B0077FC28" bold="true" box="[151,288,921,946]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">FIGURE 40.</emphasis>
|
||
Five second calling song in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0959FFAA5323FC4803F5FC28" box="[578,674,922,946]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA5323FC4803F5FC28" box="[578,674,922,946]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: (R03-255) Gainesville, FL (S03-85), at 25°C.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0959FFAA51A6FC33026AF93C" blockId="56.[151,1437,992,2026]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA51A6FC330060FC60" box="[199,311,993,1018]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA505CFC32009FFC60" bold="true" box="[317,456,992,1018]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Body color:</emphasis>
|
||
Coastal individuals, especially females, usually light in color, although 7 of
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA5443FC3204CBFC60" box="[1314,1436,992,1018]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="female">12 females</specimenCount>
|
||
from Brackettville also light colored, some with head stripes.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA5235FBD60298FB84" bold="true" box="[852,975,1027,1054]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Body size:</emphasis>
|
||
Inland specimens from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0959FFAA5580FBD60475FB84" box="[1249,1314,1028,1054]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
are bigger with more teeth and longer ovipositors. Measured immediately after killing, we collected, from around Schulenburg, both our longest male at
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0959FFAA509FFB9E0324FBFC" box="[510,627,1100,1126]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.696" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="26.96">26.96 mm</quantity>
|
||
(S10-65), and the longest female at
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0959FFAA557CFB9E05C5FBFC" box="[1053,1170,1100,1126]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.601" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="26.01">26.01 mm</quantity>
|
||
(S13-65). Our shortest male and female are 16.44 and
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0959FFAA5095FBBD033FFB10" box="[500,616,1135,1162]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.553" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="15.53">15.53 mm</quantity>
|
||
, respectively, both from Sea Rim State Park (S91-28). T. J. Walker writes (pers. comm. to DBW, July, 2014) that “field-collected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0959FFAA5278FB46055DFB34" authority="in Gainesville" authorityName="in Gainesville" box="[793,1034,1172,1198]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA5278FB460236FB34" box="[793,865,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">firmus</emphasis>
|
||
in Gainesville
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are more variable in size than any other
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0959FFAA51B9FB6A007EFB48" box="[216,297,1208,1234]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA5051FB6A00DBFB48" box="[304,396,1208,1234]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0959FFAA5051FB6A00DFFB48" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[304,392,1208,1234]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gryllus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The smaller ones are nearly the average size of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0959FFAA52CAFB6A054DFB48" box="[939,1050,1208,1234]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA52CAFB6A054DFB48" box="[939,1050,1208,1234]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">G. rubens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the bigger ones compare well with
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA51B0FB0E0000FB6C" box="[209,343,1244,1270]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0959FFAA51B0FB0E0004FB6C" box="[209,339,1244,1270]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovisopis">G. ovisopis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA500AFB0E0348FB6C" bold="true" box="[363,543,1244,1270]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Head patterns:</emphasis>
|
||
Coastal females more likely than coastal males to have head stripes (as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0959FFAA5411FB0E01E1FA80" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1951,1976]" captionTargetBox="[166,1412,653,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1435,553,1932]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 41. Color variation in Texas G. firmus: lighter, coastal specimens, with head stripes (2 upper photos and lower left), Cameron Co., TX, S07-26 vs. darker, inland specimen (lower right, Schulenburg, TX, S10-65)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563759" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563759/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
|
||
), most notably 3 of
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA50FBFAD20351FA80" box="[410,518,1280,1306]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="female">7 females</specimenCount>
|
||
from Sea Rim State Park (S11-30).
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA52C1FB2D052DFA80" bold="true" box="[928,1146,1279,1306]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Hind wing length:</emphasis>
|
||
Of 174
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0959FFAA55B9FAD2044EFA80" box="[1240,1305,1280,1306]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
specimens, only 19 (10.9%) have long hind wings.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0959FFAA5333FAF60264FAA5" author="Veazey, J. N. & Kay, C. A. R. & Walker, T. J. & Whitcomb, W. H." box="[594,819,1316,1343]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="374 - 380" refId="ref167156" refString="Veazey, J. N., Kay, C. A. R., Walker, T. J. & Whitcomb, W. H. (1976) Seasonal abundance, sex ratio, and macroptery of field crickets in northern Florida. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 69, 374 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 69.2.374" type="journal article" year="1976">
|
||
Veazey
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA53C8FAF7038DFAA4" box="[681,730,1316,1342]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1976)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented pitfall trap data from northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0959FFAA5461FAF60406FAA4" box="[1280,1361,1316,1342]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
where 15% of adults collected during the summer peak were long winged and 3% collected during the fall peak were long winged. Typically, adults collected at sound traps will all be macropterous because they have to be capable of flight to get into the traps.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA50E7FA5D0335FA30" bold="true" box="[390,610,1423,1450]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Ovipositor length:</emphasis>
|
||
The 1914
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0959FFAA53BEFA42021BFA30" box="[735,844,1424,1450]" country="United States of America" name="Maryland" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Maryland</collectingRegion>
|
||
female and the 1938
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0959FFAA5524FA4205F2FA30" box="[1093,1189,1424,1450]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Alachua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Alachua</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0959FFAA55D3FA420451FA30" box="[1202,1286,1424,1450]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
, female have the longest ovipositors seen in any
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E0959FFAA537EFA660314FA54" box="[543,579,1460,1486]" name="United States of America" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0959FFAA532BFA6603C9FA54" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[586,670,1460,1486]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA532BFA6603C9FA54" box="[586,670,1460,1486]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Gryllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species: 25.62 and
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0959FFAA5218FA6602BBFA54" box="[889,1004,1460,1486]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.319" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="23.19">23.19 mm</quantity>
|
||
, respectively.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0959FFAA55EAFA66043FFA54" author="Larson, E. L. & Becker, C. G. & Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G." box="[1163,1384,1460,1486]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="985 - 1002" refId="ref163731" refString="Larson, E. L., Becker, C. G., Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G. (2013) Structure of a mosaic hybrid zone between the field crickets Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus. Ecology and Evolution, 3, 985 - 1002. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.514" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Larson
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA55BEFA670447FA54" box="[1247,1296,1460,1486]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lists
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA51F6FA0A01AEFA68" box="[151,249,1496,1522]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="female">2 female</specimenCount>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0959FFAA5060FA0A003CFA68" box="[257,363,1496,1522]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA5060FA0A003CFA68" box="[257,363,1496,1522]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
having 23.5 and
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0959FFAA534EFA0A03C3FA68" box="[559,660,1496,1522]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.36" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="23.6">23.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
long ovipositors. Long ovipositors are generally associated with one of two different natural histories: species that overwinter as eggs in diapause and those inhabiting coastal sandy habitats. In the former situation, eggs laid deep in the ground have a better chance to survive freezing winter temperatures while in the latter, eggs laid deep have a better chance to survive periods of decreased or absent rainfall (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0959FFAA51FFF9BA0063F918" author="Walker, T. J." box="[158,308,1640,1666]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="291 - 298" refId="ref167899" refString="Walker, T. J. (1980) Mixed oviposition in individual females of Gryllus firmus: graded proportions of fast-developing and diapause eggs. Oecologia, 47, 291 - 298. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00398519" type="journal article" year="1980">Walker 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Both parameters apply to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0959FFAA530BF9BA0382F918" box="[618,725,1640,1666]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA530BF9BA0382F918" box="[618,725,1640,1666]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in parts of its range, although we note that egg depth is not entirely determined by ovipositor length (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0959FFAA532FF95E0266F93C" author="Reale, D. & Roff, D. A." box="[590,817,1676,1702]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="397 - 406" refId="ref165975" refString="Reale, D. & Roff, D. A. (2002) Quantitative genetics of oviposition behavior and interactions among oviposition traits in the sand cricket. Animal Behaviour, 64, 397 - 406. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / anbe. 2002.3084" type="journal article" year="2002">Réale & Roff, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0959FFAB51A6F96200F9FD81" blockId="56.[151,1437,992,2026]" lastBlockId="57.[151,1436,152,539]" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA51A6F96200EFF950" box="[199,440,1712,1738]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Specimens examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA50DEF97D0376F950" bold="true" box="[447,545,1711,1738]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Florida:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0959FFAA5349F9620274F950" authority="Co., Alachua" authorityName="Co., Alachua" box="[552,803,1712,1738]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Alachua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA5349F96203EBF950" box="[552,700,1712,1738]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Alachua Co.,</emphasis>
|
||
Alachua
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0959FFAA524EF96202F0F950" box="[815,935,1712,1738]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1938-10-20">20-x-1938</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA52D3F9620280F950" box="[946,983,1712,1738]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30959FFAA5285F9620334F975" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588080" collectingDate="1987-09-17" collectingDateMax="2003-09-10" collectingDateMin="1987-09-17" collectorName="T. J. Walker" location="Gainesville" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="21" specimenCount-female="10" specimenCount-male="11">
|
||
<location id="955560650959FFAA5285F9620531F950" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650959FFAA5285F9620531F950" box="[996,1126,1712,1738]" name="Gainesville" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Gainesville</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0959FFAA5513F96205B8F950" box="[1138,1263,1712,1738]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1987-09-17">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960959FFAA5513F96205B8F950" box="[1138,1263,1712,1738]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1987-09-17">17-ix-1987</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S87-102);
|
||
<date id="E434107E0959FFAA5416F96201B8F974" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2003-09-10">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960959FFAA5416F96201B8F974" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2003-09-10">10- ix-2003</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S03-85)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA5001F90600D8F974" box="[352,399,1748,1774]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="male">11♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA50F7F9060090F974" box="[406,455,1748,1774]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="female">10♀</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="3D7F53680959FFAA50B6F906030BF975" box="[471,604,1748,1775]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">T.J. Walker</collectorName>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30959FFAA530CF9060413F974" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588179" box="[621,1348,1748,1774]" collectingDate="2002-08-01" collectionCode="WG" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCode="WG3" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0959FFAA530CF9060292F974" authority="Co., Intercession City" authorityName="Co., Intercession City" box="[621,965,1748,1774]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Osceola" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA530CF90603A8F974" box="[621,767,1748,1774]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Osceola Co.,</emphasis>
|
||
Intercession City
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0959FFAA52B1F9060519F974" box="[976,1102,1748,1774]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2002-08-01">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960959FFAA52B1F9060519F974" box="[976,1102,1748,1774]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2002-08-01">1-viii-2002</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="C02C9EC50959FFAA553CF90605CAF974" box="[1117,1181,1748,1774]" collectionCode="WG" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">WG3</specimenCode>
|
||
, WG4)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA5594F906044FF974" box="[1269,1304,1748,1774]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA547EF9060413F974" box="[1311,1348,1748,1774]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30959FFAA5431F906029FF888" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588130" collectingDate="1914-09-17" county="Cecil Co." location="Maryland" municipality="Chesapeake Beach" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA5431F9060182F888" bold="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<location id="955560650959FFAA5431F9060187F888" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650959FFAA5431F9060187F888" county="Cecil Co." municipality="Chesapeake Beach" name="Maryland" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Maryland</location>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA51BFF92A0006F888" box="[222,337,1784,1810]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="79544E320959FFAA51BFF92A001BF888" box="[222,332,1784,1810]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Cecil Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
“Cheapk BCH” (
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7051ACC40959FFAA537AF92A03A0F889" box="[539,759,1784,1811]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Chesapeake Beach</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
?),
|
||
<date id="E434107E0959FFAA5276F92A02C1F888" box="[791,918,1784,1810]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1914-09-17">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960959FFAA5276F92A02C1F888" box="[791,918,1784,1810]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1914-09-17">17-ix-1914</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA52C2F92A029FF888" box="[931,968,1784,1810]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30959FFAA52B7F92A00D9F8AC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588063" collectingDate="2013-07-12" county="Texas. Aransas Co." location="Rockport" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-male="4">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="79544E320959FFAA52B7F92A05EFF888" box="[982,1208,1784,1810]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA52B7F92A0576F888" bold="true" box="[982,1057,1784,1810]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Texas.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA554BF92A05EFF888" box="[1066,1208,1784,1810]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Aransas Co.</emphasis>
|
||
</collectingCounty>
|
||
, near
|
||
<location id="955560650959FFAA559EF92A043DF888" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650959FFAA559EF92A043DF888" box="[1279,1386,1784,1810]" county="Texas. Aransas Co." name="Rockport" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Rockport</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0959FFAA5416F92A01A1F8AC" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2013-07-12">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960959FFAA5416F92A01A1F8AC" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2013-07-12">12- vii-2013</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S13-55)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA5006F8CE00D9F8AC" box="[359,398,1820,1846]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="male">4♂</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30959FFAA50F9F8CF056EF8AC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588112" box="[408,1081,1820,1847]" collectingDate="2010-09-09" county="Bastrop Co." location="Bastrop State Park" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA50F9F8CF0371F8AC" box="[408,550,1820,1846]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="79544E320959FFAA50F9F8CF0376F8AC" box="[408,545,1820,1846]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Bastrop Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="955560650959FFAA534CF8CE0257F8AC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650959FFAA534CF8CE0257F8AC" box="[557,768,1820,1846]" county="Bastrop Co." name="Bastrop State Park" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Bastrop State Park</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0959FFAA526AF8CE022EF8AC" box="[779,889,1820,1846]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2010-09-09">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960959FFAA526AF8CE022EF8AC" box="[779,889,1820,1846]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2010-09-09">9-ix-2010</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S10-67)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA528AF8CE0559F8AC" box="[1003,1038,1820,1846]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA5574F8CE056EF8AC" box="[1045,1081,1820,1846]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30959FFAA5527F8CF0353F8C0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588189" collectingDate="2013-07-13" elevation="1" location="Surfside Beach" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA5527F8CF0588F8AC" box="[1094,1247,1820,1846]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0959FFAA5527F8CF058DF8AC" authority="Co." authorityName="Co." box="[1094,1242,1820,1846]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Brazoria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Brazoria Co.</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0959FFAA5587F8CE0446F8AC" box="[1254,1297,1820,1846]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="1.0">
|
||
<elevation id="1BA7D18D0959FFAA5587F8CE0446F8AC" box="[1254,1297,1820,1846]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
SE
|
||
<location id="955560650959FFAA545EF8CE01B7F8C0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650959FFAA545EF8CE01B7F8C0" name="Surfside Beach" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Surfside Beach</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0959FFAA518BF8920038F8C0" box="[234,367,1856,1882]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2013-07-13">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960959FFAA518BF8920038F8C0" box="[234,367,1856,1882]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2013-07-13">13-vii-2013</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S13-62)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA50BEF8920353F8C0" box="[479,516,1856,1882]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30959FFAA536EF89204C0F8C0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588076" box="[527,1431,1856,1883]" collectingDate="2002-08-04" county="Calhoun Co." location="Magnolia Bay" municipality="Park" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA536EF89203F3F8C0" box="[527,676,1856,1882]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="79544E320959FFAA536EF89203C8F8C0" box="[527,671,1856,1882]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Calhoun Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="955560650959FFAA53CBF892021DF8C0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650959FFAA53CBF892021DF8C0" box="[682,842,1856,1882]" county="Calhoun Co." municipality="Park" name="Magnolia Bay" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Magnolia Bay</location>
|
||
, Indian Point Historic
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7051ACC40959FFAA5525F892052DF8C0" box="[1092,1146,1856,1882]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Park</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0959FFAA55E5F8920455F8C0" box="[1156,1282,1856,1882]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2002-08-04">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960959FFAA55E5F8920455F8C0" box="[1156,1282,1856,1882]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2002-08-04">4-viii-2002</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S02-36)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA5413F89204C0F8C0" box="[1394,1431,1856,1882]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30959FFAA51F6F8B6036FF8E4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588158" box="[151,568,1892,1918]" collectingDate="2013-07-10" location="Rio Hondo" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2">
|
||
<location id="955560650959FFAA51F6F8B60042F8E4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650959FFAA51F6F8B60042F8E4" box="[151,277,1892,1918]" name="Rio Hondo" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Rio Hondo</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0959FFAA507EF8B600F4F8E4" box="[287,419,1892,1918]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2013-07-10">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960959FFAA507EF8B600F4F8E4" box="[287,419,1892,1918]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2013-07-10">10-vii-2013</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S13-44)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA5373F8B6036FF8E4" box="[530,568,1892,1918]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30959FFAA5323F8B60444F8E4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588091" box="[578,1299,1892,1919]" collectingDate="1991-06-03" county="Cameron Co." location="Boca Chica State Park" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="9" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA5323F8B60389F8E4" box="[578,734,1892,1918]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="79544E320959FFAA5323F8B6038EF8E4" box="[578,729,1892,1918]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Cameron Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="955560650959FFAA5385F8B60289F8E4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650959FFAA5385F8B60289F8E4" box="[740,990,1892,1918]" county="Cameron Co." name="Boca Chica State Park" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Boca Chica State Park</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0959FFAA5289F8B60500F8E4" box="[1000,1111,1892,1918]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1991-06-03">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960959FFAA5289F8B60500F8E4" box="[1000,1111,1892,1918]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1991-06-03">3-vi-1991</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S91-36)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA55A7F8B605BDF8E4" box="[1222,1258,1892,1918]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="male">8♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA558EF8B60444F8E4" box="[1263,1299,1892,1918]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30959FFAA5441F8B60018F838" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588101" collectingDate="2007-06-10" county="Cameron Co." isTailEnumeration="true" location="Boca Chica State Park" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="3">
|
||
<date id="E434107E0959FFAA5441F8B604CBF8E4" box="[1312,1436,1892,1918]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2007-06-10">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960959FFAA5441F8B604CBF8E4" box="[1312,1436,1892,1918]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2007-06-10">10-vi-2007</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S07-25)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA5060F85A0072F838" box="[257,293,1928,1954]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="male">3♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA504AF85A0018F838" box="[299,335,1928,1954]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30959FFAA503DF85A03A4F838" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588193" box="[348,755,1928,1954]" collectingDate="2010-09-18" collectionCode="DAG" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCode="DAG 2010-117" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-male="2">
|
||
<date id="E434107E0959FFAA503DF85A008EF838" box="[348,473,1928,1954]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2010-09-18">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960959FFAA503DF85A008EF838" box="[348,473,1928,1954]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2010-09-18">18-ix-2010</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="C02C9EC50959FFAA5087F85A03C0F838" box="[486,663,1928,1954]" collectionCode="DAG" country="Russia" name="Mountain Botanical Garden of the Dagestan Scientific Centre" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="Herbarium">DAG 2010-117</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA53C7F85A039FF838" box="[678,712,1928,1954]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA53AEF85A03A4F838" box="[719,755,1928,1954]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="female">3♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30959FFAA5261F85A00C7F85C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588123" collectingDate="1991-06-03" elevation="3" location="Hwy" municipality="Boca Chica State Park" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="9" specimenCount-female="6" specimenCount-male="3">
|
||
all late instars.
|
||
<location id="955560650959FFAA52C9F85A0289F838" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650959FFAA52C9F85A0289F838" box="[936,990,1928,1954]" municipality="Boca Chica State Park" name="Hwy" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Hwy</location>
|
||
4
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0959FFAA5298F85A056FF838" box="[1017,1080,1928,1954]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="3.1">
|
||
<elevation id="1BA7D18D0959FFAA5298F85A056FF838" box="[1017,1080,1928,1954]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="3.1">3.1 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
W
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7051ACC40959FFAA553EF85A040CF838" box="[1119,1371,1928,1954]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Boca Chica State Park</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0959FFAA5407F85A0198F85C" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1991-06-03">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960959FFAA5407F85A0198F85C" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1991-06-03">3-vi- 1991</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S91-37)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA5020F87E0032F85C" box="[321,357,1964,1990]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="male">3♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA500DF87E00C7F85C" box="[364,400,1964,1990]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="female">6♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30959FFAA50FFF87E038CF85C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588100" box="[414,731,1964,1991]" collectingDate="2007-06-10" elevation="3" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Hwy" municipality="Boca Chica State Park" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="4">
|
||
<date id="E434107E0959FFAA50FFF87E034DF85C" box="[414,538,1964,1990]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2007-06-10">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960959FFAA50FFF87E034DF85C" box="[414,538,1964,1990]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2007-06-10">10-vi-2007</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S07-26)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA53EDF87E03F8F85C" box="[652,687,1964,1990]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="male">4♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA53D6F87E038CF85C" box="[695,731,1964,1990]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30959FFAA5389F87E01EAF870" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588074" collectingDate="2013-07-10" country="Iceland" location="Blanca Park on South Padre Island" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-male="4">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E0959FFAA5389F87E0247F85C" box="[744,784,1964,1990]" name="Iceland" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Isla</collectingCountry>
|
||
<location id="955560650959FFAA5279F87E05F6F85C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650959FFAA5279F87E05F6F85C" box="[792,1185,1964,1990]" country="Iceland" name="Blanca Park on South Padre Island" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Blanca Park on South Padre Island</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0959FFAA55CCF87E0466F85C" box="[1197,1329,1964,1990]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2013-07-10">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960959FFAA55CCF87E0466F85C" box="[1197,1329,1964,1990]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2013-07-10">10-vii-2013</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S13-41)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA51F6F80201EAF870" box="[151,189,2000,2026]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="male">4♂</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30959FFAA51ABF8030269F870" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588156" box="[202,830,1999,2026]" collectingDate="2002-08-04" country="Iceland" county="Fayette Co." location="Schulenburg" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0959FFAA51ABF8030002F870" box="[202,341,2000,2026]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="79544E320959FFAA51ABF8030007F870" box="[202,336,2000,2026]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fayette Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="955560650959FFAA503FF80200B9F870" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650959FFAA503FF80200B9F870" box="[350,494,2000,2026]" country="Iceland" county="Fayette Co." name="Schulenburg" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Schulenburg</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0959FFAA509AF802032EF870" box="[507,633,2000,2026]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2002-08-04">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960959FFAA509AF802032EF870" box="[507,633,2000,2026]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2002-08-04">4-viii-2002</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S02-38)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA538FF81D0246F870" box="[750,785,1999,2026]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="male">5♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA527BF8020269F870" box="[794,830,2000,2026]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30959FFAA522FF80205C0F870" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588126" box="[846,1175,1999,2026]" collectingDate="2013-07-14" country="Iceland" county="Fayette Co." isTailEnumeration="true" location="Schulenburg" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="6">
|
||
<date id="E434107E0959FFAA522FF8020286F870" box="[846,977,2000,2026]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2013-07-14">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960959FFAA522FF8020286F870" box="[846,977,2000,2026]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2013-07-14">14-vii-2013</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S13-65)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA5526F802053DF870" box="[1095,1130,2000,2026]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="male">6♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370959FFAA5512F80205C0F870" box="[1139,1175,2000,2026]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30959FFAB55C4F802009CFF29" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588195" collectingDate="2010-09-09" country="Iceland" elevation="2" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" location="Schulenburg" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" specimenCount="9" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-male="6">
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0959FFAA55C4F80205B0F870" box="[1189,1255,2000,2026]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="2.3">
|
||
<elevation id="1BA7D18D0959FFAA55C4F80205B0F870" box="[1189,1255,2000,2026]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="2.3">2.3 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
S
|
||
<location id="955560650959FFAA5469F80204CFF870" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650959FFAA5469F80204CFF870" box="[1288,1432,2000,2026]" country="Iceland" name="Schulenburg" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Schulenburg</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0958FFAB51F6FF4B0051FF29" box="[151,262,153,179]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2010-09-09">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960958FFAB51F6FF4B0051FF29" box="[151,262,153,179]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2010-09-09">9-ix-2010</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S10-65)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB501AFF4B00C9FF29" box="[379,414,153,179]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="male">6♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB50C7FF4B009CFF29" box="[422,459,153,179]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="female">3♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30958FFAB50B8FF4B05F5FF29" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588159" box="[473,1186,153,180]" collectingDate="2013-07-13" country="Iceland" county="Galveston Co." location="Galveston Island" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0958FFAB50B8FF4B03D5FF29" box="[473,642,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="79544E320958FFAB50B8FF4B032AFF29" box="[473,637,153,179]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Galveston Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="955560650958FFAB53EBFF4B021BFF29" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650958FFAB53EBFF4B021BFF29" box="[650,844,153,179]" country="Iceland" county="Galveston Co." name="Galveston Island" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Galveston Island</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0958FFAB5238FF4B028AFF29" box="[857,989,153,179]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2013-07-13">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960958FFAB5238FF4B028AFF29" box="[857,989,153,179]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2013-07-13">13-vii-2013</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S13-63)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB5533FF4B0522FF29" box="[1106,1141,153,179]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB551FFF4B05F5FF29" box="[1150,1186,153,179]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30958FFAB55D1FF4800E7FF4D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588064" collectingDate="2013-07-13" country="Iceland" county="Harris Co." location="Cypress" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0958FFAB55D1FF480465FF29" box="[1200,1330,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="79544E320958FFAB55D1FF48047AFF29" box="[1200,1325,153,179]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Harris Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="955560650958FFAB545AFF4B04CFFF29" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650958FFAB545AFF4B04CFFF29" box="[1339,1432,153,179]" country="Iceland" county="Harris Co." name="Cypress" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Cypress</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0958FFAB51F6FF6F004BFF4D" box="[151,284,189,215]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2013-07-13">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960958FFAB51F6FF6F004BFF4D" box="[151,284,189,215]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2013-07-13">13-vii-2013</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S13-64)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB50EBFF6F00E7FF4D" box="[394,432,189,215]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30958FFAB50DBFF6F02A4FF4D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588099" box="[442,1011,188,215]" collectingDate="1991-06-01" country="Iceland" elevation="5" location="Hwy" municipality="Cypress" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2">
|
||
<location id="955560650958FFAB50DBFF6F00A7FF4D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650958FFAB50DBFF6F00A7FF4D" box="[442,496,189,215]" country="Iceland" municipality="Cypress" name="Hwy" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Hwy</location>
|
||
290
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0958FFAB5347FF6E0333FF4D" box="[550,612,188,215]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="0.5">
|
||
<elevation id="1BA7D18D0958FFAB5347FF6E0333FF4D" box="[550,612,188,215]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="0.5">0.5 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
W
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7051ACC40958FFAB53E8FF6F03B1FF4D" box="[649,742,189,215]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Cypress</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0958FFAB5391FF6F0209FF4D" box="[752,862,189,215]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1991-06-01">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960958FFAB5391FF6F0209FF4D" box="[752,862,189,215]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1991-06-01">1-vi-1991</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S91-27)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB52ACFF6F02A4FF4D" box="[973,1011,189,215]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30958FFAB529CFF6F0072FF61" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588181" collectingDate="2011-06-10" country="Iceland" county="Jefferson Co." location="Port Arthur" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0958FFAB529CFF6F05CFFF4D" box="[1021,1176,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="79544E320958FFAB529CFF6F05C4FF4D" box="[1021,1171,189,215]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Jefferson Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="955560650958FFAB55FFFF6F044BFF4D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650958FFAB55FFFF6F044BFF4D" box="[1182,1308,189,215]" country="Iceland" county="Jefferson Co." name="Port Arthur" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Port Arthur</location>
|
||
<date id="E434107E0958FFAB5440FF6F04CBFF4D" box="[1313,1436,189,215]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2011-06-10">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960958FFAB5440FF6F04CBFF4D" box="[1313,1436,189,215]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2011-06-10">10-vi-2011</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S11-32)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB5061FF330072FF61" box="[256,293,225,251]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30958FFAB5051FF32026BFF61" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588110" box="[304,828,224,251]" collectingDate="1991-06-01" country="Iceland" elevation="5" location="Sabine Pass" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2">
|
||
O.
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0958FFAB502BFF320022FF61" box="[330,373,224,251]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="5.0">
|
||
<elevation id="1BA7D18D0958FFAB502BFF320022FF61" box="[330,373,224,251]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
NW
|
||
<location id="955560650958FFAB50CFFF330365FF61" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650958FFAB50CFFF330365FF61" box="[430,562,225,251]" country="Iceland" name="Sabine Pass" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Sabine Pass</location>
|
||
<date id="E434107E0958FFAB5359FF3303F0FF61" box="[568,679,225,251]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1991-06-01">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960958FFAB5359FF3303F0FF61" box="[568,679,225,251]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1991-06-01">1-vi-1991</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S91-30)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB5277FF33026BFF61" box="[790,828,225,251]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30958FFAB5227FF3303A2FE85" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588078" collectingDate="2011-06-10" country="Iceland" elevation="2" location="Sea Rim State Park" municipality="Park" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="11" specimenCount-female="7" specimenCount-male="4">
|
||
<location id="955560650958FFAB5227FF33054CFF61" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650958FFAB5227FF33054CFF61" box="[838,1051,225,251]" country="Iceland" municipality="Park" name="Sea Rim State Park" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Sea Rim State Park</location>
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0958FFAB5543FF330537FF61" box="[1058,1120,225,251]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="1.7">
|
||
<elevation id="1BA7D18D0958FFAB5543FF330537FF61" box="[1058,1120,225,251]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="1.7">1.7 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
SW of
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7051ACC40958FFAB55D2FF3305B1FF61" box="[1203,1254,225,251]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Park</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
entrance,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0958FFAB5439FF330199FE85" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2011-06-10">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960958FFAB5439FF330199FE85" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2011-06-10">10-vi- 2011</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
29° 40’ 32.9” -94° 02’ 34.5” (S11-29, 30)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB53C6FED7039DFE85" box="[679,714,261,287]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="male">4♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB53B1FED703A2FE85" box="[720,757,261,287]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="female">7♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30958FFAB5263FED7043FFE85" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588082" box="[770,1384,261,287]" collectingDate="1991-06-01" country="Iceland" elevation="6" location="Park" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="11" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-male="8">
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0958FFAB5263FED70216FE85" box="[770,833,261,287]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="6.2">
|
||
<elevation id="1BA7D18D0958FFAB5263FED70216FE85" box="[770,833,261,287]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="6.2">6.2 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
SW of
|
||
<location id="955560650958FFAB52F4FED7029FFE85" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650958FFAB52F4FED7029FFE85" box="[917,968,261,287]" country="Iceland" name="Park" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Park</location>
|
||
entrance,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0958FFAB555AFED705FDFE85" box="[1083,1194,261,287]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1991-06-01">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960958FFAB555AFED705FDFE85" box="[1083,1194,261,287]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1991-06-01">1-vi-1991</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S91-28)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB547BFED7046AFE85" box="[1306,1341,261,287]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="male">8♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB5422FED7043FFE85" box="[1347,1384,261,287]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="female">3♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30958FFAB5415FED403DDFED9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588266" collectingDate="1986-06-28" country="Iceland" county="Jim Wells Co." location="Alice" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0958FFAB5415FED4005FFED9" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="79544E320958FFAB5415FED40054FED9" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Jim Wells Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="955560650958FFAB506FFEFB001CFED9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650958FFAB506FFEFB001CFED9" box="[270,331,297,323]" country="Iceland" county="Jim Wells Co." name="Alice" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Alice</location>
|
||
<date id="E434107E0958FFAB5030FEFB009AFED9" box="[337,461,297,323]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1986-06-28">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960958FFAB5030FEFB009AFED9" box="[337,461,297,323]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1986-06-28">28-vi-1986</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S86-53)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB535CFEFB0337FED9" box="[573,608,297,323]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB5307FEFB03DDFED9" box="[614,650,297,323]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30958FFAB53F6FEFB02BBFED9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588176" box="[663,1004,296,323]" collectingDate="2011-07" country="Iceland" county="Jim Wells Co." isTailEnumeration="true" location="Alice" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="4">
|
||
<date id="E434107E0958FFAB53F6FEFB03B3FED9" box="[663,740,297,323]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2011-07">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960958FFAB53F6FEFB03B3FED9" box="[663,740,297,323]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2011-07">11-vii-</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S13-48, 49, 50)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB52FFFEFB0296FED9" box="[926,961,297,323]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="male">4♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB52A6FEFB02BBFED9" box="[967,1004,297,323]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30958FFAB5299FEF80018FEFD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588185" collectingDate="1985-06-10" country="Iceland" county="Kinney Co." location="Brackettville" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="11" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0958FFAB5299FEF8052BFED9" box="[1016,1148,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="79544E320958FFAB5299FEF80520FED9" box="[1016,1143,297,323]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Kinney Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="955560650958FFAB55E3FEFB0441FED9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650958FFAB55E3FEFB0441FED9" box="[1154,1302,297,323]" country="Iceland" county="Kinney Co." name="Brackettville" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Brackettville</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0958FFAB5441FEFA04CBFED9" box="[1312,1436,296,323]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1985-06-10">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960958FFAB5441FEFA04CBFED9" box="[1312,1436,296,323]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1985-06-10">10-vi-1985</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S85-61)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB5060FE9F0073FEFD" box="[257,292,333,359]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="male">6♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB504BFE9E0018FEFD" box="[298,335,332,359]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="female">5♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30958FFAB503AFE9F03C1FEFD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588094" box="[347,662,333,360]" collectingDate="1986-06-27" country="Iceland" county="Kinney Co." isTailEnumeration="true" location="Brackettville" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-male="2">
|
||
<date id="E434107E0958FFAB503AFE9F008FFEFD" box="[347,472,333,359]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1986-06-27">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960958FFAB503AFE9F008FFEFD" box="[347,472,333,359]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1986-06-27">27-vi-1986</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S86-47)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB5329FE9F033CFEFD" box="[584,619,333,359]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB5310FE9F03C1FEFD" box="[625,662,333,359]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="female">3♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="E434107E0958FFAB53C3FE9F0246FEFD" box="[674,785,333,359]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1991-06-04">4-vi-1991</date>
|
||
(S91-40)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB52E0FE9F02F3FEFD" box="[897,932,333,359]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="male">6♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB52CBFE9F0298FEFD" box="[938,975,333,359]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="female">8♀</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="E434107E0958FFAB52BAFE9F051DFEFD" box="[987,1098,333,359]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2010-09-07">7-ix-2010</date>
|
||
(S10-63)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB55DBFE9F05B7FEFD" box="[1210,1248,333,359]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30958FFAB558BFE9F0331FE11" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588206" collectingDate="2013-07-13" country="Iceland" county="Matagorda Co." location="Matagorda" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="8" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0958FFAB558BFE9F04CBFEFD" box="[1258,1436,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="79544E320958FFAB558BFE9F04C0FEFD" box="[1258,1431,333,359]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Matagorda Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="955560650958FFAB51F6FEA30044FE11" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650958FFAB51F6FEA30044FE11" box="[151,275,369,395]" country="Iceland" county="Matagorda Co." name="Matagorda" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Matagorda</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0958FFAB507EFEA300F3FE11" box="[287,420,369,395]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2013-07-13">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960958FFAB507EFEA300F3FE11" box="[287,420,369,395]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2013-07-13">13-vii-2013</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S13-58)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB5376FEA3036DFE11" box="[535,570,369,395]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="male">7♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB5320FEA30331FE11" box="[577,614,369,395]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30958FFAB5312FEA30505FE11" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588081" box="[627,1106,368,395]" collectingDate="2013-07-13" country="Iceland" location="Egret Island" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="9" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-male="6">
|
||
<location id="955560650958FFAB5312FEA303A8FE11" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650958FFAB5312FEA303A8FE11" box="[627,767,369,395]" country="Iceland" name="Egret Island" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Egret Island</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0958FFAB526AFEA302D8FE11" box="[779,911,369,395]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2013-07-13">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960958FFAB526AFEA302D8FE11" box="[779,911,369,395]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2013-07-13">13-vii-2013</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S13-59)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB5563FEA30571FE11" box="[1026,1062,369,395]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="male">6♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB554CFEA30505FE11" box="[1069,1106,369,395]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="female">3♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30958FFAB553EFEA0036EFE35" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588060" collectingDate="2013-07-12" country="Iceland" county="Nueces Co." location="Mustang Island State Park" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-male="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0958FFAB553EFEA005B1FE11" box="[1119,1254,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="79544E320958FFAB553EFEA005B6FE11" box="[1119,1249,369,395]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Nueces Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="955560650958FFAB558FFEA30059FE35" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650958FFAB558FFEA30059FE35" country="Iceland" county="Nueces Co." name="Mustang Island State Park" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Mustang Island State Park</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0958FFAB507BFE4700C9FE35" box="[282,414,405,431]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2013-07-12">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960958FFAB507BFE4700C9FE35" box="[282,414,405,431]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2013-07-12">12-vii-2013</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S13-51)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB5372FE47036EFE35" box="[531,569,405,431]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="male">4♂</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30958FFAB5327FE470444FE35" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588157" box="[582,1299,404,431]" collectingDate="2013-07-12" country="Iceland" elevation="2" location="Port Aransas" municipality="Texas" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-male="4">
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0958FFAB5327FE470325FE35" box="[582,626,405,431]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="2.0">
|
||
<elevation id="1BA7D18D0958FFAB5327FE470325FE35" box="[582,626,405,431]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
S
|
||
<location id="955560650958FFAB53F3FE470275FE35" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650958FFAB53F3FE470275FE35" box="[658,802,405,431]" country="Iceland" municipality="Texas" name="Port Aransas" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Port Aransas</location>
|
||
along
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7051ACC40958FFAB5210FE4702E5FE35" box="[881,946,405,431]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Texas</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
361,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0958FFAB5295FE47052FFE35" box="[1012,1144,405,431]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2013-07-12">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960958FFAB5295FE47052FFE35" box="[1012,1144,405,431]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2013-07-12">12-vii-2013</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S13-52)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB558CFE470444FE35" box="[1261,1299,405,431]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="male">4♂</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30958FFAB547EFE4402A2FE49" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588161" collectingDate="2004-09-10" collectionCode="DAG" collectorName="U. Texas Brackenridge Field Lab" country="Iceland" county="Travis Co." location="Austin" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" specimenCode="DAG 2004-122" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0958FFAB547EFE4404CBFE35" box="[1311,1436,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="79544E320958FFAB547EFE4404C0FE35" box="[1311,1431,405,431]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Travis Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="955560650958FFAB51F6FE6B01B2FE49" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650958FFAB51F6FE6B01B2FE49" box="[151,229,441,467]" country="Iceland" county="Travis Co." name="Austin" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Austin</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="3D7F53680958FFAB5193FE6B0326FE49" box="[242,625,441,467]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">U. Texas Brackenridge Field Lab</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0958FFAB531FFE6B03ADFE49" box="[638,762,441,467]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2004-09-10">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960958FFAB531FFE6B03ADFE49" box="[638,762,441,467]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2004-09-10">10-ix-2004</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="C02C9EC50958FFAB526AFE6B0297FE49" box="[779,960,441,467]" collectionCode="DAG" country="Russia" name="Mountain Botanical Garden of the Dagestan Scientific Centre" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="Herbarium">DAG 2004-122</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB52B0FE6B02A2FE49" box="[977,1013,441,467]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30958FFAB5565FE6B00FCFE6D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588184" collectingDate="1992-09-06" country="Iceland" county="Washington Co." elevation="10" location="Brenham" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0958FFAB5565FE6B05E8FE49" box="[1028,1215,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="79544E320958FFAB5565FE6B05EDFE49" box="[1028,1210,441,467]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Washington Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0958FFAB55A9FE6B0454FE49" box="[1224,1283,441,467]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="10.0">
|
||
<elevation id="1BA7D18D0958FFAB55A9FE6B0454FE49" box="[1224,1283,441,467]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
W
|
||
<location id="955560650958FFAB544EFE6B04CEFE49" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A80954FFD651F6FD4305CDF80D:955560650958FFAB544EFE6B04CEFE49" box="[1327,1433,441,467]" country="Iceland" county="Washington Co." name="Brenham" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Brenham</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0958FFAB51F6FE0F0051FE6D" box="[151,262,477,503]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1992-09-06">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960958FFAB51F6FE0F0051FE6D" box="[151,262,477,503]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1992-09-06">6-ix-1992</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S92-123)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB50E7FE0F00FCFE6D" box="[390,427,477,503]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30958FFAB50D9FE0F0392FE6D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588054" box="[440,709,476,503]" collectingDate="2001-05-24" country="Iceland" county="Washington Co." elevation="10" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Brenham" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2">
|
||
<date id="E434107E0958FFAB50D9FE0F037AFE6D" box="[440,557,477,503]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2001-05-24">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960958FFAB50D9FE0F037AFE6D" box="[440,557,477,503]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2001-05-24">24-v-2001</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(S01-51)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB53C1FE0F0392FE6D" box="[672,709,477,503]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
; mid-July (S01-95)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB52C9FE0F0299FE6D" box="[936,974,477,503]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30958FFAB52BBFE0F00FEFD81" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588090" collectingDate="2013-07-10" country="Iceland" county="Willacy Co." elevation="3" location="Willacy Co." pageId="57" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0958FFAB52BBFE0F0533FE6D" box="[986,1124,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="79544E320958FFAB52BBFE0F0508FE6D" box="[986,1119,477,503]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Willacy Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
FR 1420
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0958FFAB55B4FE0F0442FE6D" box="[1237,1301,477,503]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="0.3">
|
||
<elevation id="1BA7D18D0958FFAB55B4FE0F0442FE6D" box="[1237,1301,477,503]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="0.3">0.3 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
S FR 1018,
|
||
<date id="E434107E0958FFAB51F6FDD3004CFD81" box="[151,283,513,539]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2013-07-10">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E9960958FFAB51F6FDD3004CFD81" box="[151,283,513,539]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2013-07-10">10-vii-2013</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
S13-45)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370958FFAB50E5FDD300FEFD81" box="[388,425,513,539]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C4F566360958FFAB51F6F84D050CF846" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563759" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563759" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563759/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" startId="57.[151,250,1951,1976]" targetBox="[166,1412,653,1874]" targetPageId="57">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0958FFAB51F6F84D050CF846" blockId="57.[151,1436,1951,2012]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0958FFAB51F6F84D0077F822" bold="true" box="[151,288,1951,1976]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">FIGURE 41.</emphasis>
|
||
Color variation in Texas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0958FFAB5345F87203D2F822" box="[548,645,1952,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0958FFAB5345F87203D2F822" box="[548,645,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lighter, coastal specimens, with head stripes (2 upper photos and lower left), Cameron Co., TX, S07-26 vs. darker, inland specimen (lower right, Schulenburg, TX, S10-65).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="C4F56636095BFFA851F6FC790072FC7D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563761" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563761" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563761/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" startId="58.[151,250,939,964]" targetBox="[173,1415,166,920]" targetPageId="58">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095BFFA851F6FC790072FC7D" blockId="58.[151,1436,939,999]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA851F6FC790077FC5E" bold="true" box="[151,288,939,964]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">FIGURE 42.</emphasis>
|
||
Egg hatch from single field collected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095BFFA853C6FC7E025FFC5E" box="[679,776,940,964]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA853C6FC7E025FFC5E" box="[679,776,940,964]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(S13-65) from near Schulenburg, TX, showing a mixed egg diapause pattern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095BFFA851ACFBC50594FAEE" blockId="58.[151,1437,1045,2045]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA851ACFBC5005BFBAB" box="[205,268,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">DNA.</emphasis>
|
||
Multilocus sequences checked (Gray
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA853CEFBC503B1FBAA" box="[687,742,1046,1072]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019) from 5 Texas populations of what we consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095BFFA85455FBC504CAFBAA" box="[1332,1437,1046,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA85455FBC504CAFBAA" box="[1332,1437,1046,1073]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(i.e. no egg diapause): G2029 (Sea Rim State Park, S11-29); G2715 (Matagorda Island, S13-59); G1920 (Brackettville, S10-63); G1915 (Bastrop State Park, S10-67); and G1917 (Schulenburg, S10-65). These were compared to presumptive (because we don’t have egg diapause data)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095BFFA8527CFB5102BBFB06" box="[797,1004,1154,1181]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA8527CFB5102BBFB06" box="[797,1004,1154,1181]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Lubbock, TX (G2708, S13-80); definite
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095BFFA85194FB750093FB5A" box="[245,452,1190,1217]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA85194FB750093FB5A" box="[245,452,1190,1217]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Vermont (G710, S08-74) and Hanksville, Utah (G368, S04-128) against definite Florida
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095BFFA85190FB19000AFB7E" box="[241,349,1226,1253]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA85190FB19000AFB7E" box="[241,349,1226,1253]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(G62, S03-85). For 16S, our mapping agrees with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095BFFA852C7FB180443FB7E" author="Harrison, R. G. & Bogdanowicz, S. M." box="[934,1300,1225,1252]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="209 - 232" refId="ref162016" refString="Harrison, R. G. & Bogdanowicz, S. M. (1995) Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of North American field crickets: perspectives on the evolution of life cycles, songs, and habitat associations. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 8, 209 - 232. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1420 - 9101.1995.8020209. x" type="journal article" year="1995">Harrison & Bogdanowicz (1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095BFFA85443FB18040CFB7E" author="Harrison, R. G. & Bogdanowicz, S. M." box="[1314,1371,1226,1252]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="493 - 505" refId="ref162082" refString="Harrison, R. G. & Bogdanowicz, S. M. (1997) Patterns of variation and linkage disequilibrium in a field cricket hybrid zone. Evolution, 51, 493 - 505. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1997. tb 02437. x" type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) who showed a single clade for
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA850DFFB3D0277FA92" box="[446,800,1262,1289]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095BFFA850DFFB3D0369FA92" box="[446,574,1263,1289]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovisopis">G. ovisopis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095BFFA8532AFB3D024BFA92" box="[587,796,1262,1289]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">G. pennsylvanicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095BFFA85236FB3D0295FA92" box="[855,962,1262,1289]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA85236FB3D0295FA92" box="[855,962,1262,1289]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with 1.3% total separation. For ITS2, we show that all Texas populations (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095BFFA8536AFAC103DDFAB6" box="[523,650,1299,1325]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovisopis">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA8536AFAC103DDFAB6" box="[523,650,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">G. ovisopis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Lubbock
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095BFFA8524CFAC102A3FAB6" box="[813,1012,1298,1325]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA8524CFAC102A3FAB6" box="[813,1012,1298,1325]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">G pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
not run) map together, but separately from Florida
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095BFFA8504AFAE500C3FACA" box="[299,404,1334,1361]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA8504AFAE500C3FACA" box="[299,404,1334,1361]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Pennsylvania, Vermont, and West Virginia
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095BFFA852C2FAE50527FACA" box="[931,1136,1334,1361]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA852C2FAE50527FACA" box="[931,1136,1334,1361]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both ITS2 and multilocus analyses (Gray
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA85024FA890029FAEE" box="[325,382,1370,1396]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019) suggest that Texas and Florida populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095BFFA852AEFA89056DFAEE" box="[975,1082,1370,1397]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA852AEFA89056DFAEE" box="[975,1082,1370,1397]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are distinct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095BFFA851A6FAAD0041FA7B" blockId="58.[151,1437,1045,2045]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA851A6FAAD001DFA02" box="[199,330,1407,1432]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
We initially divided
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095BFFA85355FAAD0322FA03" box="[564,629,1407,1433]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095BFFA8531DFAAD03B1FA02" box="[636,742,1406,1433]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA8531DFAAD03B1FA02" box="[636,742,1406,1433]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
into four species. We detail those impressions here so that future researchers can investigate further since we are not completely convinced that our current taxonomic decisions are correct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095BFFA851A6FA380042F8BE" blockId="58.[151,1437,1045,2045]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
||
(1) ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095BFFA85193FA38001CF99E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[242,331,1514,1540]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gryllus</taxonomicName>
|
||
#19’ (multilocus G1920) was only found in Brackettville, on the southern edge of the Edwards Plateau and some
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B095BFFA8505CF9DC00C5F9B2" box="[317,402,1550,1576]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" unit="km" value="270.0">270 km</quantity>
|
||
farther inland from the nearest population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095BFFA852EFF9DD05C4F9B3" authority="in Austin. No" authorityName="in Austin. No" box="[910,1171,1550,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA852EFF9DD02AFF9B2" box="[910,1016,1550,1577]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
in Austin. No
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
egg diapause (S85-61). ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA851C0F9E101EBF9D7" box="[161,188,1587,1613]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">G.</emphasis>
|
||
#19’ is distinguished by geographical isolation and habitat differences from other populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095BFFA85466F9E10426F9D6" box="[1287,1393,1586,1613]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA85466F9E10426F9D6" box="[1287,1393,1586,1613]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because it is always associated with areas of dense vegetation (overgrown baseball field and the vacant lot adjacent to “Burgers and Shakes” off Hwy Business 90). Males also have more file teeth when compared to hind femur length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B095BFFA851C1F94C01A6F922" box="[160,241,1694,1720]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="59.[151,250,952,977]" captionTargetBox="[151,1398,166,933]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1435,166,933]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 43. Regression file tooth number vs. length hind femur in ‘G. #19’ vs. ‘G. near #19.’" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563763" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563763/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
|
||
) and females in Brackettville have longer ovipositors vs. hind femur length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B095BFFA8552CF94C05F6F922" box="[1101,1185,1694,1720]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1839,1864]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1016,1820]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1435,992,1820]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 44. Regression length ovipositor vs. length hind femur in ‘G. #19’ vs. ‘G. near #19.’" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563765" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563765/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
|
||
). All adults from there were medium sized whereas other inland
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095BFFA85309F91103FEF947" box="[616,681,1731,1757]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095BFFA853D1F911024DF946" box="[688,794,1730,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA853D1F911024DF946" box="[688,794,1730,1757]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are usually larger, although these Brackettville males did have the higher tooth counts (range 179-212) seen in inland populations of
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095BFFA8528DF9350509F89A" box="[1004,1118,1766,1793]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095BFFA8528DF935050DF89A" box="[1004,1114,1766,1793]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">G. firmus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Adults known June through September.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095BFFA851A6F8FC00AAF867" blockId="58.[151,1437,1045,2045]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
||
(2) ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095BFFA85192F8FC001BF8D2" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[243,332,1838,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gryllus</taxonomicName>
|
||
near #19’ (multilocus G2029—Sea Rim State Park) was found in Harris and coastal Jefferson Co.,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095BFFA851F6F881018CF8F7" box="[151,219,1875,1901]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
, as small to medium sized crickets that are never dark. They had no egg diapause (S11-30), probably one generation/year and differed from coastal ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095BFFA8531BF8A40384F80A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[634,723,1910,1936]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gryllus</taxonomicName>
|
||
#35’ in almost no overlap, in females only, in hind femur and ovipositor lengths (
|
||
<tableCitation id="DD080305095BFFA8500DF8480097F82E" box="[364,448,1946,1972]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="17.[150,238,466,492]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 1. Summary measurements for morphological and song characters for Gryllus species discussed in this paper." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C4F566360970FF8351F7FE0004D1FE76" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" tableUuid="C4F566360970FF8351F7FE0004D1FE76">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
, p. 18). At Sea Rim State Park (S11-29), singing males and nymphs under various objects (such as hay bales) in tidal surge area. In town of Sabine Pass (S11-31) and Port Arthur (S11-32), males singing from areas of mowed, roadside grass.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C4F56636095AFFA951F6FC6A050FFC4B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563763" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563763" box="[151,1112,952,977]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563763/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" startId="59.[151,250,952,977]" targetBox="[151,1398,166,933]" targetPageId="59">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095AFFA951F6FC6A050FFC4B" blockId="59.[151,1112,952,977]" box="[151,1112,952,977]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095AFFA951F6FC6A0077FC4B" bold="true" box="[151,288,952,977]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">FIGURE 43.</emphasis>
|
||
Regression file tooth number vs. length hind femur in ‘G. #19’ vs. ‘G. near #19.’
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="C4F56636095AFFA951F6F8FD0502F8D2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563765" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563765" box="[151,1109,1839,1864]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563765/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" startId="59.[151,250,1839,1864]" targetBox="[151,1435,1016,1820]" targetPageId="59">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095AFFA951F6F8FD0502F8D2" blockId="59.[151,1109,1839,1864]" box="[151,1109,1839,1864]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095AFFA951F6F8FD0077F8D2" bold="true" box="[151,288,1839,1864]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">FIGURE 44.</emphasis>
|
||
Regression length ovipositor vs. length hind femur in ‘G. #19’ vs. ‘G. near #19.’
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095AFFA951A6F8A403BCF867" blockId="59.[151,1436,1909,2045]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
(3) ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095AFFA95193F8A4001CF80A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[242,331,1910,1936]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gryllus</taxonomicName>
|
||
#35’ (multilocus G2715, Matagorda Island) was found only in south eastern, Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E095AFFA9559FF8A40403F80A" box="[1278,1364,1910,1936]" name="Mexico" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
coastal Texas areas, as medium to large sized crickets, with shorter tegmina than in Florida. They had no egg diapause (Boca Chica, S91-37), probably one generation/year and differed from (1) as discussed above. ‘G. #35’ can vary from tan/brown forms with head stripes to dark ones.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095DFFAE51A6FF4B03EEFE85" blockId="60.[151,1437,152,2015]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
(4) ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095DFFAE5195FF4B001AFF29" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[244,333,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gryllus</taxonomicName>
|
||
#45’ (multilocus G1915, Bastrop State Park) are always dark colored and found more inland near forest edges, open grasslands, and watered areas but never associated with sandy areas. No egg diapause (Bastrop State Park, S10-67) and 2 generations/year (S92-123 and S01-51). Likes to climb (
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B095DFFAE554BFF330535FF61" box="[1066,1122,225,251]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
|
||
W Brenham, TX, S92-123). Corresponds to ‘G. #45’ of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095DFFAE50ABFED703E1FE85" author="Thomson, I. R. & Vincent, C. M. & Bertram, S. M." box="[458,694,261,287]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="43 - 48" refId="ref166806" refString="Thomson, I. R., Vincent, C. M. & Bertram, S. M. (2012) Success of the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea (Diptera: Tachinidae) on natural and unnatural cricket hosts. Florida Entomologist, 95, 43 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.1653 / 024.095.0108" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Thomson
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE535AFED4033BFE85" box="[571,620,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095DFFAE51A6FEFB034EFDA5" blockId="60.[151,1437,152,2015]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
In 2013, we conducted an extensive transect along the Texas coast with both forms (2) and (3) found within
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B095DFFAE5418FEFA01ECFEFD" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="km" value="3.5">3.5 km</quantity>
|
||
of each other, on
|
||
<date id="E434107E095DFFAE50E5FE9F00B4FEC0" box="[388,483,332,359]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
July 13
|
||
<superScript id="67FF9BF6095DFFAE50B7FE9E00B4FEC0" attach="none" box="[470,483,332,346]" fontSize="6" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">th</superScript>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, in Matagorda Co., at Matagorda (S13-58) and on Egret Island (S13-59). The former site is a semi-residential area where
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD37095DFFAE534CFEA303D2FE11" box="[557,645,369,395]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="adult">8 adults</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD37095DFFAE53F4FEA303EEFE11" box="[661,697,369,395]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="male">7♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD37095DFFAE53A1FEA303B6FE11" box="[704,737,369,395]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
) were collected. Of those
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD37095DFFAE556BFEA30533FE11" box="[1034,1124,369,395]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="male">7 males</specimenCount>
|
||
, 4 were singing
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B095DFFAE547AFEA30405FE11" box="[1307,1362,369,395]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
|
||
above ground on small plants. The ground surface was covered with short annual vegetation and the soil was more loam than sandy. At S13-59, in a dry water channel with clay substrate, we collected
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD37095DFFAE557EFE6A052FFE49" box="[1055,1144,440,467]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="adult">5 adults</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD37095DFFAE55E8FE6B05FBFE49" box="[1161,1196,441,467]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD37095DFFAE55D5FE6B0581FE49" box="[1204,1238,441,467]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="female">3♀</specimenCount>
|
||
) and several mid to late instars. From the instars, we raised
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD37095DFFAE5310FE0F039BFE6D" box="[625,716,477,503]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="female">1female</specimenCount>
|
||
(adult molt
|
||
<date id="E434107E095DFFAE5234FE0E02CEFE6D" box="[853,921,476,503]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" value="1925-07">25-vii</date>
|
||
) and
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD37095DFFAE52B9FE0E0579FE6D" box="[984,1070,476,503]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="male">5 males</specimenCount>
|
||
(adult molts
|
||
<date id="E434107E095DFFAE55A5FE0E0403FE62" box="[1220,1364,476,504]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">5-ix to 30-ix</date>
|
||
). Four of these September molting males were much larger than the
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD37095DFFAE5222FDD302D8FD81" box="[835,911,513,539]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="adult">2 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
males collected there in July but one male was similar in size to those July males.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095DFFAE51A6FD9B005CFB5D" blockId="60.[151,1437,152,2015]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Given the differences discussed above between (2) and (3), why are we grouping them as one species? For starters, the differences between them as related to no overlap in female cerci, hind femur, and ovipositor lengths, can all be explained by total body size differences, i.e. larger crickets have larger physical characters. When these measurements for femur, ovipositor and cerci length in addition to pronotum width, number of file teeth, and teeth/ mm are linearly regressed against each other, the points all fall on or near the same line. Likewise, those differences in when individuals molt to adult might be partially explained by larger females taking more time to mature and/or these later maturing females were the result of continuous generations with variable maturation times. Plus,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095DFFAE542DFCF301B5FCC5" author="Walker, T. J." pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="175 - 184" refId="ref167990" refString="Walker, T. J. (1998) Trilling field crickets in a zone of overlap (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllus). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 91, 175 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 91.2.175" type="journal article" year="1998">Walker (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
has shown that different generations of the same species can have different song properties. In any case, given the similar DNA and song properties, we find no consistent way to separate the two. We do add another unsettling finding to our taxonomic conclusion, even given our limited sample sizes: both (2) and (3) differ in file tooth density, without overlap, between Matagorda (S13-58, range 54.7-58.4, n=7) and Egret Island (S13-59, range 49.5- 52.7, n=6), a character that we generally find to be size independent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095DFFAE52DFFC070545FC75" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[958,1042,981,1007]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE52DFFC070545FC75" box="[958,1042,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Gryllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Clearly more fieldwork is required to determine if two, or more, sister species are microsympatric in this area or if continuous generations, as a result of variable egg diapauses, are responsible for this complicated life cycle picture. Additionally, since northern Florida
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095DFFAE518FFB930000FBC1" box="[238,343,1089,1115]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE518FFB930000FBC1" box="[238,343,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have mixed diapause eggs while northern Atlantic coast populations may all have an egg diapause, where does this transition occur and over what geographic distance? Plus examining southern Florida populations might uncover areas where no eggs have a diapause, given their year-round presence (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095DFFAE5535FB5B0446FB39" author="Alexander, R. D." box="[1108,1297,1160,1187]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="584 - 602" refId="ref157539" refString="Alexander, R. D. (1957) The taxonomy of the field crickets of the eastern United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Acheta). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 50, 584 - 602. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 50.6.584" type="journal article" year="1957">Alexander, 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095DFFAE547CFB5B01A8FB5D" author="Capinera, J. L. & Scott, R. D. & Walker, T. J." pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refId="ref159432" refString="Capinera, J. L., Scott, R. D. & Walker, T. J. (2004) Field guide to grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets of the United States. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 249 pp." type="book" year="2004">
|
||
Capinera
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE54E9FB5801FAFB5D" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D8906535095DFFAE51AEFB03001DFA7D" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095DFFAE51AEFB0304DAFAC2" blockId="60.[151,1437,152,2015]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095DFFAE51AEFB03006EFB71" box="[207,313,1233,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE51AEFB03006EFB71" box="[207,313,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been the subject of much work on hind wing length polymorphism (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095DFFAE55FCFB030445FB71" author="Roff, D. A." box="[1181,1298,1233,1259]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="30 - 37" refId="ref166167" refString="Roff, D. A. (1984) The cost of being able to fly: a study of wing polymorphism in two species of crickets. Oecologia, Berlin, 63, 30 - 37. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00379781" type="journal article" year="1984">Roff 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095DFFAE547FFB030186FA95" author="Mitra, C. & Wagner, W. E. & Zera, A. J. & Tolle, A. E." pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="152 - 160" refId="ref164853" refString="Mitra, C., Wagner, W. E., Zera, A. J. & Tolle, A. E. (2011) Variation in singing behavior among morphs of the sand field cricket, Gryllus firmus. Ecological Entomology, 36, 152 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.2010.01254. x" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Mitra
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE5405FB0004C2FB71" box="[1380,1429,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095DFFAE51BFFB2700B6FA95" author="Roff, D. A. & Fairbairn, D. J." box="[222,481,1269,1295]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="2461 - 2474" refId="ref166216" refString="Roff, D. A. & Fairbairn, D. J. (2012) The evolution of trade-offs under directional and correlational selection. Evolution, 66, 2461 - 2474. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.2012.01634. x" type="journal article" year="2012">Roff & Fairbairn 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); flight muscle physiology (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095DFFAE522FFB270553FA95" author="Zera, A. J. & Sall, J. & Grudzinski, K." box="[846,1028,1269,1295]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="519 - 529" refId="ref169170" refString="Zera, A. J., Sall, J. & Grudzinski, K. (1997) Flight-muscle polymorphism in the cricket Gryllus firmus: muscle characteristics and their influence on evolution of flightlessness. Physiological Zoology, 70, 519 - 529. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 515865" type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Zera
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE52E8FB2402ECFA95" box="[905,955,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095DFFAE5570FB2705D0FA95" author="Zera, A. J." box="[1041,1159,1268,1295]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="511 - 524" refId="ref169109" refString="Zera, A. J. (2005) Intermediary metabolism and life history trade-offs: lipid metabolism in lines of the wing-polymorphic cricket, Gryllus firmus, selected for flight capability vs. early age reproduction. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45, 511 - 524. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / icb / 45.3.511" type="journal article" year="2005">Zera 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095DFFAE55F2FB270403FA95" author="Jiang, C. - J. & Zhang, B. - C. & Chen, W. - F. & Zhang, Q. - W. & Zhao, Z. - W. & An, C. - J. & Li, J. - P." box="[1171,1364,1269,1295]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="579 - 586" refId="ref163455" refString="Jiang, C. - J., Zhang, B. - C., Chen, W. - F., Zhang, Q. - W., Zhao, Z. - W., An, C. - J. & Li, J. - P. (2012) Variations in the ultrastructure of the flight muscles of the polymorphic cricket, Gryllus firmus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). European Journal of Entomology, 109, 579 - 586. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / eje. 2012.072" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Jiang
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE55B7FB240458FA95" box="[1238,1295,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); biology (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095DFFAE51AEFACB00FFFAA9" author="Reale, D. & Roff, D. A." box="[207,424,1305,1331]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="397 - 406" refId="ref165975" refString="Reale, D. & Roff, D. A. (2002) Quantitative genetics of oviposition behavior and interactions among oviposition traits in the sand cricket. Animal Behaviour, 64, 397 - 406. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / anbe. 2002.3084" type="journal article" year="2002">Réale & Roff 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and mating systems, calling behavior, and female phonotaxis (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095DFFAE55FCFACB04C0FAA9" author="Doherty, J. A. & Storz, M. M." box="[1181,1431,1305,1331]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="555 - 569" refId="ref160016" refString="Doherty, J. A. & Storz, M. M. (1992) Calling song and selective phonotaxis in the field crickets, Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 5, 555 - 569. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01048004" type="journal article" year="1992">Doherty & Storz 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095DFFAE51F6FAEF0002FACD" author="Mitra, C. & Wagner, W. E. & Zera, A. J. & Tolle, A. E." box="[151,341,1341,1367]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="152 - 160" refId="ref164853" refString="Mitra, C., Wagner, W. E., Zera, A. J. & Tolle, A. E. (2011) Variation in singing behavior among morphs of the sand field cricket, Gryllus firmus. Ecological Entomology, 36, 152 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.2010.01254. x" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Mitra
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE51BDFAEC0059FACD" box="[220,270,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095DFFAE5000FAEF0363FACD" author="Maroja, L. S. & McKenzie, Z. M. & Hart, E. & Jing, J. & Larson, E. L. & Richardson, D. P." box="[353,564,1341,1367]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="65" refId="ref164390" refString="Maroja, L. S., McKenzie, Z. M., Hart, E., Jing, J., Larson, E. L. & Richardson, D. P. (2014) Barriers to gene exchange in hybridizing field crickets: the role of male courtship effort and cuticular hydrocarbons. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14, 65. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 14 - 65" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Maroja
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE50D8FAEC00BDFACD" box="[441,490,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), besides those references mentioned in the section on Hybrid Zones (p. 61).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095DFFAE51A6FAB3001DFA7D" blockId="60.[151,1437,152,2015]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095DFFAE51A6FAB30066FAE1" box="[199,305,1377,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE51A6FAB30066FAE1" box="[199,305,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be the only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095DFFAE5350FAB303D2FAE1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[561,645,1377,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE5350FAB303D2FAE1" box="[561,645,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Gryllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species where file length is consistently <1.0 mm shorter than tegmina width.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095DFFAE5187FA570006FA05" box="[230,337,1413,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE5187FA570006FA05" box="[230,337,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a confirmed natural host of the tachinid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095DFFAE5258FA5702A5FA05" ID-CoL="6SV22" baseAuthorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[825,1010,1413,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ormia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ochracea">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE5258FA5702A5FA05" box="[825,1010,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Ormia ochracea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095DFFAE5579FA57053BFA05" box="[1048,1132,1413,1439]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
, but rates of parasitism are very low (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095DFFAE5066FA7B0370FA59" author="Walker, T. J. & Wineriter, S. A." box="[263,551,1449,1475]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="554 - 559" refId="ref168265" refString="Walker, T. J. & Wineriter, S. A. (1991) Hosts of a phonotactic parasitoid and levels of parasitism (Diptera: Tachinidae: Ormia ochracea). Florida Entomologist, 74, 554 - 559. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3495408" type="journal article" year="1991">Walker & Wineriter 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We recovered one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095DFFAE5266FA7B02E8FA59" ID-CoL="6SV22" baseAuthorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[775,959,1449,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ormia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ochracea">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE5266FA7B02E8FA59" box="[775,959,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Ormia ochracea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tachinid from a male from Matagorda Co.,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095DFFAE51F6FA1F018FFA7D" box="[151,216,1485,1511]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
(S13-58).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D8906535095DFFD651A6FA2301BCFA59" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095DFFAE51A6FA230569F991" blockId="60.[151,1437,152,2015]" box="[199,1086,1520,1547]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE51A6FA2300CAF991" bold="true" box="[199,413,1520,1547]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">HYBRID ZONES</emphasis>
|
||
, and other issues between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095DFFAE53A8FA2302C1F991" box="[713,918,1521,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE53A8FA2302C1F991" box="[713,918,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095DFFAE52ACFA230560F991" box="[973,1079,1521,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE52ACFA230560F991" box="[973,1079,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095DFFAE51A6F9C7037AF901" blockId="60.[151,1437,152,2015]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
In the following discussion, we apply the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095DFFAE5384F9C702E4F9B5" box="[741,947,1557,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE5384F9C702E4F9B5" box="[741,947,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to any
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E095DFFAE5568F9C7057AF9B5" box="[1033,1069,1557,1583]" name="United States of America" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095DFFAE5554F9C705DEF9B5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1077,1161,1557,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE5554F9C705DEF9B5" box="[1077,1161,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Gryllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
population with the following properties: One generation/year because of an obligate winter egg diapause, late summer maturing adults, slow chirping calling song, generally overall black coloration, including tegmina, living on loam substrate (not sand), in inland and upland habitats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095DFFAE51A6F97704D2F845" blockId="60.[151,1437,152,2015]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
In the following discussion, we apply the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095DFFAE5395F9770236F925" box="[756,865,1701,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE5395F9770236F925" box="[756,865,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to any
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E095DFFAE52DDF97702B7F925" box="[956,992,1701,1727]" name="United States of America" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095DFFAE5288F977056AF925" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1001,1085,1701,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE5288F977056AF925" box="[1001,1085,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Gryllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
population with the following properties: One generation/year (except along the southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E095DFFAE523BF91B0229F979" box="[858,894,1737,1763]" name="United States of America" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
seaboard and continuous coastal areas along the Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E095DFFAE5191F93F0010F892" box="[240,327,1773,1800]" name="Mexico" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
) because of an egg diapause, late summer maturing adults (although present year around in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095DFFAE542AF93F04CBF89D" box="[1355,1436,1773,1799]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095DFFAE51FCF8C300D0F8B1" author="Capinera, J. L. & Scott, R. D. & Walker, T. J." box="[157,391,1808,1835]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refId="ref159432" refString="Capinera, J. L., Scott, R. D. & Walker, T. J. (2004) Field guide to grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets of the United States. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 249 pp." type="book" year="2004">
|
||
Capinera
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE506DF8C0006BF8B1" box="[268,316,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]), slow chirping calling song, generally light colored tegmina (beach individuals can also have longitudinal head stripes), living on coastal beach or lowland sandy substrate habitats. Both dark and light-colored specimens from coastal and southern areas of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095DFFAE53C7F88B03BDF8E9" box="[678,746,1881,1907]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
, whose eggs have no or variable egg diapause, such as from Brackettville or Schulenburg, are placed here. Even so, we have reservations, discussed below, about whether or not what we are calling
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095DFFAE501DF87300B0F821" box="[380,487,1953,1979]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE501DF87300B0F821" box="[380,487,1953,1979]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095DFFAE536DF873031AF821" box="[524,589,1953,1979]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
is truly the same species as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095DFFAE52EEF87302ACF821" box="[911,1019,1953,1979]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE52EEF87302ACF821" box="[911,1019,1953,1979]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
along the southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E095DFFAE5467F873047DF821" box="[1286,1322,1953,1979]" name="United States of America" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
seaboard. For clarity, in the following discussion we denote the western,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095DFFAE5234F81702C1F845" box="[853,918,1989,2015]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095DFFAE5524F81705F8F845" box="[1093,1199,1989,2015]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE5524F81705F8F845" box="[1093,1199,1989,2015]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as ‘TX
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095DFFAE546BF81704D2F845" box="[1290,1413,1989,2015]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">G. firmus’.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095CFFAF51A6FF4B03DCFE6D" blockId="61.[151,1437,153,2041]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
From the onset, we state that we do consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095CFFAF53DBFF4B0274FF29" box="[698,803,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF53DBFF4B0274FF29" box="[698,803,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095CFFAF5239FF4B0573FF29" box="[856,1060,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF5239FF4B0573FF29" box="[856,1060,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be distinct species, but we find diagnostic separation more difficult than previous authors have indicated. We are most persuaded that two species are involved because reciprocal crosses producing viable and fertile offspring can only be made in one direction: male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095CFFAF51B7FED70016FE85" box="[214,321,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF51B7FED70016FE85" box="[214,321,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
x female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095CFFAF50D2FED703D6FE85" box="[435,641,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF50D2FED703D6FE85" box="[435,641,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF53F0FED7026FFE85" author="Harrison, R. G." box="[657,824,261,287]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="245 - 251" refId="ref161820" refString="Harrison, R. G. (1983) Barriers to gene exchange between closely related cricket species. I. Laboratory hybridization studies. Evolution, 37, 245 - 251. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1983. tb 05534. x" type="journal article" year="1983">Harrison 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF5225FED7054FFE85" author="Larson, E. L. & Hume, G. L. & Andres, J. A. & Harrison, R. G." box="[836,1048,261,287]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="174 - 186" refId="ref163663" refString="Larson, E. L., Hume, G. L., Andres, J. A. & Harrison, R. G. (2012) Post-mating prezygotic barriers to gene exchange between hybridizing field crickets. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 25, 174 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1420 - 9101.2011.02415. x" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Larson
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF52FBFED4029AFE85" box="[922,973,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We review below additional evidence based on habitat, morphology and song that suggests that more than one taxon is involved, but we emphasize that despite almost 40 years of research on these taxa and their hybrid zones by the R. G. Harrison lab, the phylogenetic and taxonomic situation between them is not entirely resolved. The statement by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF5505FEA304CBFE11" author="Harrison, R. G. & Arnold, J." box="[1124,1436,369,395]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="535 - 552" refId="ref161965" refString="Harrison, R. G. & Arnold, J. (1982) A narrow hybrid zone between closely related cricket species. Evolution, 36, 535 - 552. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1982. tb 05075. x" type="journal article" year="1982">Harrison and Arnold (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
“… that there is still considerable uncertainty about the distributional and evolutionary relationships…” between these two taxa is possibly truer today than more than 37 years ago when first written, since, with this report, a much larger area of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E095CFFAF503DFE0F00D7FE6D" box="[348,384,477,503]" name="United States of America" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
has now been sampled.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095CFFAF51A6FDD3026CFBC0" blockId="61.[151,1437,153,2041]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
We start with a year-of-publication literature review, mostly from studies along the eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E095CFFAF55B6FDD305AAFD81" box="[1239,1277,513,539]" name="United States of America" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
, to place subsequent discussions in proper context.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF532EFDF703BCFDA5" author="Fulton, B. B." box="[591,747,548,575]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="283 - 295" refId="ref160341" refString="Fulton, B. B. (1952) Speciation in the field cricket. Evolution, 6, 283 - 295. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1952. tb 01425. x" type="journal article" year="1952">Fulton (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
first appreciated, in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095CFFAF52B9FDF705D3FDA5" box="[984,1156,549,575]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the occurrence of a late season, light colored “beach” cricket.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF532AFD9B0243FDF9" author="Alexander, R. D." box="[587,788,584,611]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="584 - 602" refId="ref157539" refString="Alexander, R. D. (1957) The taxonomy of the field crickets of the eastern United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Acheta). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 50, 584 - 602. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 50.6.584" type="journal article" year="1957">Alexander (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
formally re-assigned
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF5571FD9B0596FDF9" author="Scudder, S. H." box="[1040,1217,585,611]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="291 - 296" refId="ref166597" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1902) The species of Gryllus found in the United States east of the Sierra Nevadas. Psyche, 9, 291 - 296. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1902 / 35962" type="journal article" year="1902">Scudder’s 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095CFFAF5470FD9B042AFDF9" box="[1297,1405,585,611]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF5470FD9B042AFDF9" box="[1297,1405,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to Fulton’s beach cricket [as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095CFFAF50A1FDBF0399FD1D" authority="(Scudder)" baseAuthorityName="Scudder" box="[448,718,620,647]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Acheta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firma">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF50A1FDBF0304FD1D" box="[448,595,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Acheta firma</emphasis>
|
||
(Scudder)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
], and also noted the occurrence of similar light-colored crickets in sandy areas around Lake
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095CFFAF50B1FD43036CFD31" box="[464,571,657,683]" country="United States of America" name="Michigan" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Michigan</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Lake Erie and along the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095CFFAF52E5FD430284FD31" box="[900,979,657,683]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Illinois</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095CFFAF556BFD4305DDFD31" box="[1034,1162,657,683]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Rivers. These Midwestern light-colored crickets were able to cross with more commonly encountered, darker-colored specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095CFFAF54E0FD670015FD69" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF54E0FD670015FD69" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF502FFD0B0359FD69" author="Alexander, R. D." box="[334,526,728,755]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="584 - 602" refId="ref157539" refString="Alexander, R. D. (1957) The taxonomy of the field crickets of the eastern United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Acheta). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 50, 584 - 602. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 50.6.584" type="journal article" year="1957">Alexander (1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B095CFFAF5379FD0B033FFD69" box="[536,616,729,755]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1717,1742]" captionTargetBox="[163,1425,912,1688]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1435,900,1697]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 18. Holotype male, and labels, of G. brevicaudus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563711" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563711/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
) also noted a complete morphological separation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095CFFAF55CEFD0B044EFD69" box="[1199,1305,729,755]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF55CEFD0B044EFD69" box="[1199,1305,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from other Eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E095CFFAF5193FD2F0041FC8D" box="[242,278,765,791]" name="United States of America" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
taxa, when ovipositor length was regressed against body length: he documented that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095CFFAF55ADFD2F0461FC8D" box="[1228,1334,765,791]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF55ADFD2F0461FC8D" box="[1228,1334,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are large crickets with ovipositors typically longer than
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B095CFFAF53FCFCF303BCFCA1" box="[669,747,801,827]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="19.0">19 mm</quantity>
|
||
while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095CFFAF5257FCF30555FCA1" box="[822,1026,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF5257FCF30555FCA1" box="[822,1026,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are smaller crickets with ovipositors shorter than
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B095CFFAF5040FC970038FCC5" box="[289,367,837,863]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
|
||
and always shorter than body length. These observations have also been addressed elsewhere by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF51F6FCBB0049FC19" author="Lutz, F. E." box="[151,286,873,899]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="1 - 63" refId="ref164176" refString="Lutz, F. E. (1908) The variation and correlations of certain taxonomic characters of Gryllus. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Publication Number 101, 1 - 63." type="book chapter" year="1908">Lutz (1908)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF5049FCBB00B8FC1E" author="Alexander, R. D." box="[296,495,873,900]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="1 - 41" refId="ref157636" refString="Alexander, R. D. (1968) Life cycle origins, speciation, and related phenomena in crickets. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 43, 1 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 405628" type="journal article" year="1968">Alexander (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF534BFCBB021CFC1E" author="Rand, D. M. & Harrison, R. G." box="[554,843,873,900]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="432 - 449" refId="ref165812" refString="Rand, D. M. & Harrison, R. G. (1989 b) Ecological genetics of a mosaic hybrid zone: mitochondrial, nuclear, and reproductive differentiation of crickets by soil type. Evolution, 43, 432 - 449. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1989. tb 04238. x" type="journal article" year="1989">Rand & Harrison (1989b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who discussed edaphic factors of body and tegminal color and ovipositor length associated with sandy habitats. The two-species had no overlap (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF55CAFC5F0433FC3D" author="Alexander, R. D." box="[1195,1380,908,935]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="584 - 602" refId="ref157539" refString="Alexander, R. D. (1957) The taxonomy of the field crickets of the eastern United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Acheta). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 50, 584 - 602. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 50.6.584" type="journal article" year="1957">Alexander 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B095CFFAF5411FC5F01E4FC51" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="34.[151,250,825,850]" captionTargetBox="[158,1383,283,778]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[151,1435,229,805]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 15. Five second calling song of G. locorojo: (R12-3) commercial pet store, at 22°C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563705" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563705/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<tableCitation id="DD080305095CFFAF518AFC63006BFC51" box="[235,316,945,971]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="17.[150,238,466,492]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 1. Summary measurements for morphological and song characters for Gryllus species discussed in this paper." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C4F566360970FF8351F7FE0004D1FE76" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" tableUuid="C4F566360970FF8351F7FE0004D1FE76">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) in pulse rates at 85°F:
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B095CFFAF5331FC6303F8FC51" box="[592,687,945,971]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.572" metricValueMax="4.826" metricValueMin="4.318" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" unit="in" value="18.0" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="17.0">17-19 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095CFFAF53D7FC630276FC51" box="[694,801,945,971]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF53D7FC630276FC51" box="[694,801,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B095CFFAF5230FC6302E7FC51" box="[849,944,945,971]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.476999999999999" metricValueMax="7.366" metricValueMin="5.588" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" unit="in" value="25.5" valueMax="29.0" valueMin="22.0">22-29 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095CFFAF52D6FC6305D1FC51" box="[951,1158,945,971]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF52D6FC6305D1FC51" box="[951,1158,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(repeated in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF547AFC6301AFFC75" author="Capinera, J. L. & Scott, R. D. & Walker, T. J." pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref159432" refString="Capinera, J. L., Scott, R. D. & Walker, T. J. (2004) Field guide to grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets of the United States. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 249 pp." type="book" year="2004">
|
||
Capinera
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF54E9FC6001FAFC75" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF503DFC07030CFC75" author="Doherty, J. A. & Storz, M. M." box="[348,603,981,1007]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="555 - 569" refId="ref160016" refString="Doherty, J. A. & Storz, M. M. (1992) Calling song and selective phonotaxis in the field crickets, Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 5, 555 - 569. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01048004" type="journal article" year="1992">Doherty & Storz 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B095CFFAF5306FC0703EDFC75" box="[615,698,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1533,1558]" captionTargetBox="[342,1225,576,1496]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[340,1247,553,1513]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 3. File lamella in Gryllus species. Only teeth with darkened edges are counted—compare a (counted teeth) versus b (uncounted teeth). Length of file is measured as shown in c." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563683/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 3b</figureCitation>
|
||
, for overlap in “far allopatric populations.”), although number of file teeth were not noted (see discussion below). Interestingly, of the 9 early mating trials attempted with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095CFFAF5453FC2B04CAFB89" box="[1330,1437,1017,1043]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF5453FC2B04CAFB89" box="[1330,1437,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males x
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095CFFAF5195FBCF0095FBAD" box="[244,450,1053,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF5195FBCF0095FBAD" box="[244,450,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females, none produced offspring (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF522EFBCF028BFBAD" author="Fulton, B. B." box="[847,988,1052,1079]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="283 - 295" refId="ref160341" refString="Fulton, B. B. (1952) Speciation in the field cricket. Evolution, 6, 283 - 295. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1952. tb 01425. x" type="journal article" year="1952">Fulton 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF5287FBCF05C9FBAD" author="Alexander, R. D." box="[998,1182,1052,1079]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="584 - 602" refId="ref157539" refString="Alexander, R. D. (1957) The taxonomy of the field crickets of the eastern United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Acheta). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 50, 584 - 602. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 50.6.584" type="journal article" year="1957">Alexander 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These results are different than those subsequently achieved by the Harrison lab.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095CFFAF51A6FBB60513F99E" blockId="61.[151,1437,153,2041]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
In the late 1970s, R.G. Harrison and his laboratory began extensive investigations looking at a hybrid zone, along the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E095CFFAF5064FB55007EFB3B" box="[261,297,1159,1185]" name="United States of America" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
east coast, involving
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095CFFAF537DFB5A03D1FB3B" box="[540,646,1159,1186]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF537DFB5A03D1FB3B" box="[540,646,1159,1186]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095CFFAF53DAFB5A02DFFB3B" box="[699,904,1159,1186]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF53DAFB5A02DFFB3B" box="[699,904,1159,1186]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They found (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF5544FB55046DFB3B" author="Harrison, R. G. & Arnold, J." box="[1061,1338,1159,1185]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="535 - 552" refId="ref161965" refString="Harrison, R. G. & Arnold, J. (1982) A narrow hybrid zone between closely related cricket species. Evolution, 36, 535 - 552. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1982. tb 05075. x" type="journal article" year="1982">Harrison & Arnold 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that the most reliable morphological character to separate these two similarly sounding species was ovipositor length. Also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095CFFAF51F6FB1D0054FB72" box="[151,259,1230,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF51F6FB1D0054FB72" box="[151,259,1230,1257]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had more file teeth, larger body size and paler tegmina. And while both pulse rate and chirp rates differed between the species, there was overlap. They also found no diagnostic genetic differences. In 1983, Harrison documented that
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095CFFAF503BFAC700E2FAB5" box="[346,437,1301,1327]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095CFFAF508FFAC70322FAB5" box="[494,629,1301,1327]" country="United States of America" name="Connecticut" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Connecticut</collectingRegion>
|
||
male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095CFFAF53DDFAC40270FAB5" box="[700,807,1301,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF53DDFAC40270FAB5" box="[700,807,1301,1328]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could hybridize with female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095CFFAF5517FAC40413FAB5" box="[1142,1348,1301,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF5517FAC40413FAB5" box="[1142,1348,1301,1328]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but not the reverse (but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF501BFAEB03DAFAC9" author="Rand, D. M. & Harrison, R. G." box="[378,653,1337,1363]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="432 - 449" refId="ref165812" refString="Rand, D. M. & Harrison, R. G. (1989 b) Ecological genetics of a mosaic hybrid zone: mitochondrial, nuclear, and reproductive differentiation of crickets by soil type. Evolution, 43, 432 - 449. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1989. tb 04238. x" type="journal article" year="1989">Rand & Harrison 1989b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 443 [and repeated in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF52C4FAEB05D6FAC9" author="Mandel, M. J. & Ross, C. & Harrison, R. G." box="[933,1153,1336,1363]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="703 - 709" refId="ref164209" refString="Mandel, M. J., Ross, C. & Harrison, R. G. (2001) Do Wolbachia infections play a role in unidirectional incompatibilities in a field cricket hybrid zone? Molecular Ecology, 10, 703 - 709." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Mandel
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF5562FAEB0563FAC9" box="[1027,1076,1337,1363]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]; and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF55A5FAEB04CFFAC9" author="Maroja, L. S. & Clark, M. E. & Harrison, R. G." box="[1220,1432,1337,1363]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="435 - 444" refId="ref164255" refString="Maroja, L. S., Clark, M. E. & Harrison, R. G. (2008) Wolbachia plays no role in the one-way reproductive incompatibility between the hybridizing field crickets Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus. Heredity, 101, 435 - 444. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / hdy. 2008.75" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Maroja
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF547CFAEB0418FAC9" box="[1309,1359,1337,1363]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, for limited exceptions). Significant differences in adult maturation times between the two taxa were noted (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF5459FA8E0187FA00" author="Harrison, R. G." pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="244 - 259" refId="ref161872" refString="Harrison, R. G. (1985) Barriers to gene exchange between closely related cricket species. II. Life cycle variation and temporal isolation. Evolution, 39, 244 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1985. tb 05664. x" type="journal article" year="1985">Harrison 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095CFFAF519FFAAD000EFA03" box="[254,345,1407,1433]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
but not in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095CFFAF50B7FAAD0337FA03" box="[470,608,1407,1433]" country="United States of America" name="Connecticut" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Connecticut</collectingRegion>
|
||
, implying possible, but incomplete, temporal separation in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095CFFAF559EFAAD0409FA03" box="[1279,1374,1407,1433]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF5408FA520075FA24" author="Harrison, R. G." pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="337 - 349" refId="ref161927" refString="Harrison, R. G. (1986) Pattern and process in a narrow hybrid zone. Heredity, 56, 337 - 349. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / hdy. 1986.55" type="journal article" year="1986">Harrison (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented that their hybrid zones were a mosaic of populations, and that electrophoresis for three loci provided the most useful markers for distinguishing populations/species. He also noted (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF55DAFA140436FA7B" author="Harrison, R. G." box="[1211,1377,1478,1505]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="337 - 349" refId="ref161927" refString="Harrison, R. G. (1986) Pattern and process in a narrow hybrid zone. Heredity, 56, 337 - 349. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / hdy. 1986.55" type="journal article" year="1986">Harrison 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that ovipositor length in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095CFFAF501BFA380310F99E" box="[378,583,1514,1540]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF501BFA380310F99E" box="[378,583,1514,1540]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is always <
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B095CFFAF53ACFA38024CF99E" box="[717,795,1514,1540]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="16.0">16 mm</quantity>
|
||
and>
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B095CFFAF5200FA3802E7F99E" box="[865,944,1514,1540]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="16.0">16 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095CFFAF52B2FA38056AF99E" box="[979,1085,1514,1540]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF52B2FA38056AF99E" box="[979,1085,1514,1540]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095CFFAF51A6F9DF00A3F817" blockId="61.[151,1437,153,2041]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF51A6F9DF0089F9B2" author="Rand, D. M. & Harrison, R. G." box="[199,478,1549,1576]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="551 - 569" refId="ref165758" refString="Rand, D. M. & Harrison, R. G. (1989 a) Molecular population genetics of mtDNA size variation in crickets. Genetics, 121, 551 - 569. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1989. tb 04238. x" type="journal article" year="1989">Rand & Harrison (1989a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 552) noted that mtDNA is the single best genetic character and used (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF5468F9DF004BF9D6" author="Rand, D. M. & Harrison, R. G." pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="432 - 449" refId="ref165812" refString="Rand, D. M. & Harrison, R. G. (1989 b) Ecological genetics of a mosaic hybrid zone: mitochondrial, nuclear, and reproductive differentiation of crickets by soil type. Evolution, 43, 432 - 449. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1989. tb 04238. x" type="journal article" year="1989">Rand & Harrison 1989b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) an electrophoretic index, as part of a broader character index, to separate the two taxa.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF5583F9E301B5F9F4" author="Ross, C. L. & Harrison, R. G." pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="2296 - 2312" refId="ref166266" refString="Ross, C. L. & Harrison, R. G. (2002) A fine-scale spatial analysis of the mosaic hybrid zone between Gryllus firmus and Gryllus pennsylvanicus. Evolution, 56, 2296 - 2312. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0014 - 3820.2002. tb 00153. x" type="journal article" year="2002">Ross & Harrison (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that “ovipositor length is the character that most clearly differentiates the two species.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF5466F986001CF908" author="Broughton, R. E. & Harrison, R. G." pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="1389 - 1401" refId="ref159179" refString="Broughton, R. E. & Harrison, R. G. (2003) Nuclear gene genealogies reveal historic, demographic and selective factors associated with speciation in field crickets. Genetics, 163, 1389 - 1401." type="journal article" year="2003">Broughton & Harrison (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
identified their crickets using “differences in body length, hind wing length, ovipositor length, and tegminal color.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF5032F949036EF92F" author="Mandel, M. J. & Ross, C. & Harrison, R. G." box="[339,569,1691,1718]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="703 - 709" refId="ref164209" refString="Mandel, M. J., Ross, C. & Harrison, R. G. (2001) Do Wolbachia infections play a role in unidirectional incompatibilities in a field cricket hybrid zone? Molecular Ecology, 10, 703 - 709." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Mandel
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF50CEF94E00B6F92F" box="[431,481,1691,1717]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2001)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF5311F9490206F92F" author="Maroja, L. S. & Clark, M. E. & Harrison, R. G." box="[624,849,1691,1718]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="435 - 444" refId="ref164255" refString="Maroja, L. S., Clark, M. E. & Harrison, R. G. (2008) Wolbachia plays no role in the one-way reproductive incompatibility between the hybridizing field crickets Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus. Heredity, 101, 435 - 444. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / hdy. 2008.75" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Maroja
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF53A6F94E03AEF92F" box="[711,761,1691,1717]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
determined that the intracellular bacteria
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095CFFAF5444F94904CBF92F" authorityName="Hertig" authorityYear="1936" box="[1317,1436,1691,1717]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Wolbachia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF5444F94904CBF92F" box="[1317,1436,1691,1717]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Wolbachia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not responsible for the one-way hybridization incompatibility seen between these two species, and that soil
|
||
<typeStatus id="4F31881C095CFFAF540DF96D04CBF943" box="[1388,1436,1727,1753]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">type</typeStatus>
|
||
preference (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF507CF93100A0F967" author="Mandel, M. J. & Ross, C. & Harrison, R. G." box="[285,503,1763,1789]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="703 - 709" refId="ref164209" refString="Mandel, M. J., Ross, C. & Harrison, R. G. (2001) Do Wolbachia infections play a role in unidirectional incompatibilities in a field cricket hybrid zone? Molecular Ecology, 10, 703 - 709." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Mandel
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF501CF93600E1F967" box="[381,438,1763,1789]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and calling songs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF53BDF93102E4F967" author="Maroja, L. S. & Clark, M. E. & Harrison, R. G." box="[732,947,1763,1789]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="435 - 444" refId="ref164255" refString="Maroja, L. S., Clark, M. E. & Harrison, R. G. (2008) Wolbachia plays no role in the one-way reproductive incompatibility between the hybridizing field crickets Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus. Heredity, 101, 435 - 444. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / hdy. 2008.75" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Maroja
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF5256F936023DF967" box="[823,874,1763,1789]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) are slightly different.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF55D6F93104CBF967" author="Andres, J. A. & Larson, E. L. & Bogdanowicz, S. M. & Harrison, R. G." box="[1207,1436,1763,1789]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="501 - 513" refId="ref157881" refString="Andres, J. A., Larson, E. L., Bogdanowicz, S. M. & Harrison, R. G. (2013) Patterns of transcriptome divergence in the male accessory gland of two closely related species of field crickets. Genetics, 193, 501 - 513. https: // doi. org / 10.1534 / genetics. 112.142299" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Andrés
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF5471F936041DF967" box="[1296,1354,1763,1789]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examined patterns of transcriptome divergence in male accessory gland proteins.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF5556F8D5044CF8BB" author="Larson, E. L. & Becker, C. G. & Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G." box="[1079,1307,1799,1825]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="985 - 1002" refId="ref163731" refString="Larson, E. L., Becker, C. G., Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G. (2013) Structure of a mosaic hybrid zone between the field crickets Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus. Ecology and Evolution, 3, 985 - 1002. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.514" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Larson
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF55EFF8DA0596F8BB" box="[1166,1217,1799,1825]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found pronotum width and tegminal hue best for classifying males while ovipositor length and body size were most useful for classifying females. They (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF5091F89D0395F8F3" author="Larson, E. L. & Becker, C. G. & Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G." box="[496,706,1871,1897]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="985 - 1002" refId="ref163731" refString="Larson, E. L., Becker, C. G., Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G. (2013) Structure of a mosaic hybrid zone between the field crickets Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus. Ecology and Evolution, 3, 985 - 1002. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.514" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Larson
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF5326F882032EF8F3" box="[583,633,1871,1897]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) also found that “percent sand was only a marginally significant predictor of ovipositor length.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095CFFAC51A6F84502E7FE85" blockId="61.[151,1437,153,2041]" lastBlockId="62.[151,1437,152,1943]" lastPageId="62" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAF51A6F84500F9F82B" author="Maroja, L. S. & McKenzie, Z. M. & Hart, E. & Jing, J. & Larson, E. L. & Richardson, D. P." box="[199,430,1943,1969]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="65" refId="ref164390" refString="Maroja, L. S., McKenzie, Z. M., Hart, E., Jing, J., Larson, E. L. & Richardson, D. P. (2014) Barriers to gene exchange in hybridizing field crickets: the role of male courtship effort and cuticular hydrocarbons. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14, 65. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 14 - 65" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Maroja
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAF5040F84A0003F82B" box="[289,340,1943,1969]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examined cuticular hydrocarbons and found clear differences in profiles between males and females of both species, from four populations, that were raised in the laboratory during their last instars. The import of these differences is unknown as to whether or not they can be used to separate the two taxa.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095CFFAC544EF80D01A8FF29" author="Maroja, L. S. & Andres, J. A. & Walters, J. R. & Harrison, R. G." lastPageId="62" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="390 - 402" refId="ref164319" refString="Maroja, L. S., Andres, J. A., Walters, J. R. & Harrison, R. G. (2009) Multiple barriers to gene exchange in a field cricket hybrid zone. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 97, 390 - 402. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2009.01201. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Maroja
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095CFFAC54E9F83201E3FF29" italics="true" lastPageId="62" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095FFFAC506AFF4A0012FF29" author="Maroja, L. S. & Larson, E. L. & Bogdanowicz, S. M. & Harrison, R. G." box="[267,325,152,179]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="2219 - 2227" refId="ref164473" refString="Maroja, L. S., Larson, E. L., Bogdanowicz, S. M. & Harrison, R. G. (2015) Genes with restricted introgression in a field cricket (Gryllus firmus / Gryllus pennsylvanicus) hybrid zone are concentrated on the X chromosome and a single autosome. G 3: Genes / Genomes / Genetics, 5, 2219 - 2227. https: // doi. org / 10.1534 / g 3.115.021246" type="journal article" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) list at least four barriers to gene exchange and demonstrate that most loci responsible for pre- and postzygotic barriers are apparently located on the X chromosome (further discussed in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095FFFAC5508FF6F0469FF4D" author="Gainey, D. P. & Kim, J. Y. & Maroja, L. S." box="[1129,1342,189,215]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="0208498" refId="ref160459" refString="Gainey, D. P., Kim, J. Y. & Maroja, L. S. (2018) Mapping reduced introgression loci to the X chromosome of the hybridizing field crickets, Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus. PLoS ONE, 13 (12), e 0208498. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0208498" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Gainey
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC55A3FF6C05A4FF4D" box="[1218,1267,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Lastly,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095FFFAC51F6FF3300EDFF66" author="Harrison, R. G. & Larson, E. L." box="[151,442,225,252]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="2454 - 2466" refId="ref162138" refString="Harrison, R. G. & Larson, E. L. (2016) Heterogeneous genome divergence, differential introgression, and the origin and structure of hybrid zones. Molecular Ecology, 25, 2454 - 2466. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / mec. 13582" type="journal article" year="2016">Harrison & Larson (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reiterate that soil
|
||
<typeStatus id="4F31881C095FFFAC53E0FF3303E3FF61" box="[641,692,225,251]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">type</typeStatus>
|
||
, in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095FFFAC53BAFF330232FF61" box="[731,869,225,251]" country="United States of America" name="Connecticut" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Connecticut</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and habitat
|
||
<typeStatus id="4F31881C095FFFAC5291FF330577FF61" box="[1008,1056,225,251]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">type</typeStatus>
|
||
and disturbance, in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095FFFAC5461FF3304CFFF61" box="[1280,1432,225,251]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
|
||
, help determine the mosaic patchwork of populations of these two taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095FFFAC51A6FEFB05A3FD31" blockId="62.[151,1437,152,1943]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
In no paper to date, has a single morphological or ecological trait been described to unequivocally separate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095FFFAC54E0FEFB0188FEFD" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC54E0FEFB0188FEFD" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095FFFAC5043FE9F00B8FEFD" box="[290,495,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC5043FE9F00B8FEFD" box="[290,495,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Basically, live along or near the beach in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095FFFAC52A4FE9F0541FEFD" box="[965,1046,333,359]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095FFFAC5559FE9F052BFEFD" box="[1080,1148,333,359]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and you are large, lighter colored without an egg diapause and called
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095FFFAC5318FEA303B5FE11" box="[633,738,369,395]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC5318FEA303B5FE11" box="[633,738,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Live farther north or farther inland or at elevation, and you are smaller, black with an egg diapause and called
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC53C4FE47022DFE35" box="[677,890,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095FFFAC53C4FE470221FE35" box="[677,886,405,431]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">G. pennsylvanicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
That such a reliable separation method is important, is well illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095FFFAC50D9FE6B03C8FE49" author="Mandel, M. J. & Ross, C. & Harrison, R. G." box="[440,671,441,467]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="703 - 709" refId="ref164209" refString="Mandel, M. J., Ross, C. & Harrison, R. G. (2001) Do Wolbachia infections play a role in unidirectional incompatibilities in a field cricket hybrid zone? Molecular Ecology, 10, 703 - 709." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Mandel
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC5375FE68031BFE49" box="[532,588,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2001)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, where they claim that incorrect assignment of crickets to species by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095FFFAC51F6FE0F00C4FE6D" author="Giordano, R. & Jackson, J. J. & Robertson, H. M." box="[151,403,477,503]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="11439 - 11444" refId="ref160633" refString="Giordano, R., Jackson, J. J. & Robertson, H. M. (1997) The role of Wolbachia bacteria in reproductive incompatibilities and hybrid zones of Diabrotica beetles and Gryllus crickets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94, 11439 - 11444. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 94.21.11439" type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Giordano
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC5068FE0C006DFE6D" box="[265,314,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
resulted in erroneous conclusions regarding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095FFFAC52ECFE0F0553FE6D" authorityName="Hertig" authorityYear="1936" box="[909,1028,477,503]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Wolbachia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC52ECFE0F0553FE6D" box="[909,1028,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Wolbachia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
compatibility studies between these two species. To quote
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095FFFAC50ECFDD3033CFD81" author="Mandel, M. J. & Ross, C. & Harrison, R. G." box="[397,619,513,539]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="703 - 709" refId="ref164209" refString="Mandel, M. J., Ross, C. & Harrison, R. G. (2001) Do Wolbachia infections play a role in unidirectional incompatibilities in a field cricket hybrid zone? Molecular Ecology, 10, 703 - 709." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Mandel
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC5088FDD0034DFD81" box="[489,538,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 707): “…we sampled [populations that] have been well characterized; based on morphology, allozymes, mtDNA and nuclear gene markers,
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC52C2FDF7057FFDA5" box="[931,1064,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">they appear</emphasis>
|
||
(our emphasis) to represent relatively ‘pure’ populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095FFFAC50B1FD9B03CAFDF9" box="[464,669,585,611]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC50B1FD9B03CAFDF9" box="[464,669,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095FFFAC53B5FD9B0269FDF9" box="[724,830,585,611]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC53B5FD9B0269FDF9" box="[724,830,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.” We think this represents circular reasoning: species’ determinations were originally made based on variable characters, and then such species’ determinations are cited in subsequent discussions as proving that the variable characters are reliable for species’ separation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095FFFAC51A6FD670067FCC5" blockId="62.[151,1437,152,1943]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
We now discuss the various comparisons that we made between ‘pure’ populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095FFFAC55F7FD670455FD55" box="[1174,1282,693,719]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC55F7FD670455FD55" box="[1174,1282,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095FFFAC5458FD67005BFD69" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC5458FD67005BFD69" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in areas of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E095FFFAC50D8FD0B008AFD69" box="[441,477,729,755]" name="United States of America" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
west of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C095FFFAC5307FD0B03B1FD69" box="[614,742,729,755]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
River and compare our results with what has been previously documented in the above cited publications. Unfortunately, we have also not found an accurate and definitive method to separate the two taxa and maintain that the relationship between these two entities still requires much investigation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095FFFAC51A6FCBB04C1FB3E" blockId="62.[151,1437,152,1943]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC51A6FCBB03DDFC19" bold="true" box="[199,650,872,899]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">1. Body length and ovipositor length:</emphasis>
|
||
It was claimed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095FFFAC522BFCBB0553FC19" author="Alexander, R. D." box="[842,1028,872,899]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="584 - 602" refId="ref157539" refString="Alexander, R. D. (1957) The taxonomy of the field crickets of the eastern United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Acheta). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 50, 584 - 602. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 50.6.584" type="journal article" year="1957">Alexander 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095FFFAC5573FCBB047AFC19" author="Harrison, R. G. & Arnold, J." box="[1042,1325,873,899]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="535 - 552" refId="ref161965" refString="Harrison, R. G. & Arnold, J. (1982) A narrow hybrid zone between closely related cricket species. Evolution, 36, 535 - 552. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1982. tb 05075. x" type="journal article" year="1982">Harrison & Arnold 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095FFFAC545BFCBB0185FC3D" author="Harrison, R. G." pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="337 - 349" refId="ref161927" refString="Harrison, R. G. (1986) Pattern and process in a narrow hybrid zone. Heredity, 56, 337 - 349. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / hdy. 1986.55" type="journal article" year="1986">Harrison 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095FFFAC5181FC5F00B0FC3D" author="Ross, C. L. & Harrison, R. G." box="[224,487,909,935]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="2296 - 2312" refId="ref166266" refString="Ross, C. L. & Harrison, R. G. (2002) A fine-scale spatial analysis of the mosaic hybrid zone between Gryllus firmus and Gryllus pennsylvanicus. Evolution, 56, 2296 - 2312. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0014 - 3820.2002. tb 00153. x" type="journal article" year="2002">Ross & Harrison 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095FFFAC5095FC5F026CFC3D" author="Broughton, R. E. & Harrison, R. G." box="[500,827,909,935]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1389 - 1401" refId="ref159179" refString="Broughton, R. E. & Harrison, R. G. (2003) Nuclear gene genealogies reveal historic, demographic and selective factors associated with speciation in field crickets. Genetics, 163, 1389 - 1401." type="journal article" year="2003">Broughton & Harrison 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095FFFAC5228FC5F0549FC3D" author="Larson, E. L. & Becker, C. G. & Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G." box="[841,1054,909,935]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="985 - 1002" refId="ref163731" refString="Larson, E. L., Becker, C. G., Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G. (2013) Structure of a mosaic hybrid zone between the field crickets Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus. Ecology and Evolution, 3, 985 - 1002. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.514" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Larson
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC52C1FC5C028CFC3D" box="[928,987,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095FFFAC5503FC5F0598FC3D" box="[1122,1231,909,935]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC5503FC5F0598FC3D" box="[1122,1231,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adult females are larger and have longer ovipositors than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095FFFAC5302FC630264FC51" box="[611,819,945,971]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC5302FC630264FC51" box="[611,819,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females. As we discuss elsewhere (p. 17, “Results”), body length is a poor morphological character in field crickets, especially females, because of uneven shrinkage, after death, when specimens are pinned and air dried. Others have used pronotal width (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095FFFAC553DFC2B0477FB8E" author="Gray, D. A. & Gutierrez, N. J. & Chen, T. L. & Gonzalez, C. & Weissman, D. B. & Cole, J. A." box="[1116,1312,1017,1044]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="192 - 205" refId="ref161429" refString="Gray, D. A., Gutierrez, N. J., Chen, T. L., Gonzalez, C., Weissman, D. B. & Cole, J. A. (2016 b) Species divergence in field crickets: genetics, song, ecomorphology, and pre- and postzygotic isolation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 117, 192 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / bij. 12668" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Gray
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC55FDFC28059BFB89" box="[1180,1228,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as a better gauge for body size but we find that hind femur length is even better (see below). In fact, using the supplementary data from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095FFFAC5068FB930089FBC1" author="Larson, E. L. & Becker, C. G. & Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G." box="[265,478,1089,1115]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="985 - 1002" refId="ref163731" refString="Larson, E. L., Becker, C. G., Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G. (2013) Structure of a mosaic hybrid zone between the field crickets Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus. Ecology and Evolution, 3, 985 - 1002. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.514" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Larson
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC503CFB9000DAFBC1" box="[349,397,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, available at https://datadryad.org//resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.rr387), from some
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD37095FFFAC5413FB9201B9FBE5" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="female">425 females</specimenCount>
|
||
of both species, we regressed body length against ovipositor length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B095FFFAC529AFBB70519FBE5" box="[1019,1102,1124,1151]" captionStart="FIGURE 45" captionStartId="63.[151,250,949,974]" captionTargetBox="[151,1402,174,930]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1435,174,930]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 45. Regression body length vs. ovipositor length using combined data for G. firmus and G. pennsylvanicus from Larson et al. (2013)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563767" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563767/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
|
||
, R
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B095FFFAC550FFBB60521FBE8" box="[1134,1142,1124,1138]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1697,1722]" captionTargetBox="[381,1207,166,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[379,1209,166,1678]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Microstructure of Gryllus stridulatory file.A. teeth near middle of file; B. teeth from apex of file closest to midline of cricket; only those teeth in this section with darkened edges (arrows) were counted; C. teeth from apex of file nearest lateral margin of cricket; teeth in this area may be reduced but always have relief when visualized with the scanning electron microscope." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563681/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<superScript id="67FF9BF6095FFFAC550FFBB60521FBE8" attach="left" box="[1134,1142,1124,1138]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">2</superScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
=0.41211), pronotal width against ovipositor length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B095FFFAC50DAFB5B0358FB39" box="[443,527,1161,1187]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1814,1839]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1060,1794]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1435,1060,1794]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 46. Regression pronotal width vs. ovipositor length using combined data for G. firmus and G. pennsylvanicus from Larson et al. (2013)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563769/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 46</figureCitation>
|
||
, R
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B095FFFAC534DFB5A0363FB0C" box="[556,564,1160,1174]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1697,1722]" captionTargetBox="[381,1207,166,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[379,1209,166,1678]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Microstructure of Gryllus stridulatory file.A. teeth near middle of file; B. teeth from apex of file closest to midline of cricket; only those teeth in this section with darkened edges (arrows) were counted; C. teeth from apex of file nearest lateral margin of cricket; teeth in this area may be reduced but always have relief when visualized with the scanning electron microscope." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563681/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<superScript id="67FF9BF6095FFFAC534DFB5A0363FB0C" attach="left" box="[556,564,1160,1174]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">2</superScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
=0.62884), and femur length against ovipositor length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B095FFFAC55C0FB5B05A3FB39" box="[1185,1268,1161,1187]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1128,1153]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,174,1109]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[151,1435,174,1109]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 47. Regression hind femur length vs. ovipositor length using combined data for G. firmus and G. pennsylvanicus from Larson et al. (2013)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563771" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563771/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 47</figureCitation>
|
||
, R
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B095FFFAC5473FB5A044DFB0C" box="[1298,1306,1160,1174]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1697,1722]" captionTargetBox="[381,1207,166,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[379,1209,166,1678]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Microstructure of Gryllus stridulatory file.A. teeth near middle of file; B. teeth from apex of file closest to midline of cricket; only those teeth in this section with darkened edges (arrows) were counted; C. teeth from apex of file nearest lateral margin of cricket; teeth in this area may be reduced but always have relief when visualized with the scanning electron microscope." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563681/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<superScript id="67FF9BF6095FFFAC5473FB5A044DFB0C" attach="left" box="[1298,1306,1160,1174]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">2</superScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
=0.68434).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095FFFAC51A6FB7F00F8FACD" blockId="62.[151,1437,152,1943]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
The three regressions clearly display no separation between the two taxa, and merely show that larger female crickets, measured in several different ways, have longer ovipositors. In this instance, the lack of separation of taxa is not a surprise as the majority of the individuals were sampled from ‘admixed’ populations. But the regressions do indicate that hind femur length is a better predictor of ovipositor length than is body length or pronotum width given its higher R
|
||
<superScript id="67FF9BF6095FFFAC503EFAEE0030FAD0" attach="left" box="[351,359,1340,1354]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">2</superScript>
|
||
value.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095FFFAC51A6FAB30194F901" blockId="62.[151,1437,152,1943]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
In our Texas study area (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B095FFFAC536AFAB3030AFAE1" box="[523,605,1377,1403]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="55.[151,250,1335,1360]" captionTargetBox="[171,1415,229,1275]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[171,1415,229,1315]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 39. Populations of G. firmus that we studied." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563755" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563755/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
|
||
, p.
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B095FFFAC53E6FAB203F3FAE1" box="[647,676,1376,1403]" captionStart="FIGURE 56" captionStartId="71.[151,250,858,883]" captionTargetBox="[190,1374,174,839]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[190,1396,174,839]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 56. Regression width pronotum vs. length hind femur in G. veintinueve vs. sympatric G. veletis, showing near morphological separation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563785/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">56</figureCitation>
|
||
) along the coastal seaboard and low-lying flat plains of the Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E095FFFAC51F6FA5701B8FA05" box="[151,239,1413,1439]" name="Mexico" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, we performed a similar series of regressions for 45 collected adult females, both light and dark colored, from sandy and non-sandy substrates, but always from presumed populations of TX
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095FFFAC553BFA7B0592FA59" box="[1114,1221,1449,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC553BFA7B0592FA59" box="[1114,1221,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because of the absence of an egg diapause. (Note that we simultaneously compared these TX
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095FFFAC52BFFA1F0510FA7D" box="[990,1095,1485,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC52BFFA1F0510FA7D" box="[990,1095,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E095FFFAC5580FA1F0452FA7D" box="[1249,1285,1485,1511]" name="United States of America" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
specimens of
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC51F6FA230029F991" box="[151,382,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">G. pennsylvanicus—</emphasis>
|
||
those comparisons are discussed below). For these TX
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095FFFAC528DFA230500F991" box="[1004,1111,1521,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC528DFA230500F991" box="[1004,1111,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations, regressing hind femur length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B095FFFAC5058F9C700DBF9B5" box="[313,396,1557,1583]" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1828,1853]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1203,1808]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[151,1435,1203,1808]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 48. Regression hind femur length vs. ovipositor length in G. firmus vs. G. pennsylvanicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563773" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563773/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
|
||
, R
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B095FFFAC50CDF9C600E3F9B8" box="[428,436,1556,1570]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1697,1722]" captionTargetBox="[381,1207,166,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[379,1209,166,1678]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Microstructure of Gryllus stridulatory file.A. teeth near middle of file; B. teeth from apex of file closest to midline of cricket; only those teeth in this section with darkened edges (arrows) were counted; C. teeth from apex of file nearest lateral margin of cricket; teeth in this area may be reduced but always have relief when visualized with the scanning electron microscope." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563681/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<superScript id="67FF9BF6095FFFAC50CDF9C600E3F9B8" attach="left" box="[428,436,1556,1570]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">2</superScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
=0.73448) against ovipositor length (range
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B095FFFAC52C1F9C70506F9B5" box="[928,1105,1557,1583]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6595" metricValueMax="2.139" metricValueMin="1.18" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="mm" value="16.595" valueMax="21.39" valueMin="11.8">11.8-21.39 mm</quantity>
|
||
), we find that larger crickets, as expected, have longer ovipositors. ANCOVA shows that the assigned species do statistically differ in ovipositor length after controlling for hind femur length (Femur F
|
||
<subScript id="0C0E34FB095FFFAC526FF9BC0260F9E6" attach="left" box="[782,823,1646,1660]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">1, 158</subScript>
|
||
= 229.83, P <2e-16; Species F
|
||
<subScript id="0C0E34FB095FFFAC55C2F9BC059FF9E6" attach="left" box="[1187,1224,1646,1660]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">1,158</subScript>
|
||
= 60.85, P <
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F5BE5079095FFFAC5402F98F04CBF9ED" box="[1379,1436,1629,1655]" degrees="7.8" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" precision="5555" value="7.8">7.8e-</geoCoordinate>
|
||
13).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095FFFAC51A6F97703E4F80D" blockId="62.[151,1437,152,1943]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
This seems promising, however the difference is clearly not diagnostic and, remarkably, for these western samples,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095FFFAC5061F91B009AF979" box="[256,461,1737,1763]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC5061F91B009AF979" box="[256,461,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have longer ovipositors for a given body size than do TX
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095FFFAC553EF91B059EF979" box="[1119,1225,1737,1763]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC553EF91B059EF979" box="[1119,1225,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is opposite the pattern observed by other authors studying populations farther east. Note that there is no circularity in our comparison of western samples: individuals were objectively assigned to species based on egg diapause characteristics, not ovipositor length, and were then tested for differences in ovipositor length. Interestingly, we found significant predictive value in TX
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095FFFAC50F6F88B0356F8E9" box="[407,513,1881,1907]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095FFFAC50F6F88B0356F8E9" box="[407,513,1881,1907]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for cercus length versus ovipositor length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B095FFFAC5280F88B0563F8E9" box="[993,1076,1881,1907]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="65.[151,250,959,984]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,174,939]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1435,174,939]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 49. Regression cercus length vs. ovipositor length in G. firmus vs. G. pennsylvanicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563775" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563775/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 49</figureCitation>
|
||
, R
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B095FFFAC5531F88A050FF8FC" box="[1104,1112,1880,1894]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1697,1722]" captionTargetBox="[381,1207,166,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[379,1209,166,1678]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Microstructure of Gryllus stridulatory file.A. teeth near middle of file; B. teeth from apex of file closest to midline of cricket; only those teeth in this section with darkened edges (arrows) were counted; C. teeth from apex of file nearest lateral margin of cricket; teeth in this area may be reduced but always have relief when visualized with the scanning electron microscope." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563681/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<superScript id="67FF9BF6095FFFAC5531F88A050FF8FC" attach="left" box="[1104,1112,1880,1894]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">2</superScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
=0.66051), and cercus length versus hind femur length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B095FFFAC50DFF8AF0347F80D" box="[446,528,1916,1943]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1693,1718]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,998,1674]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1435,998,1674]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 50. Regression cercus length vs. hind femur length in G. firmus vs. G. pennsylvanicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563777/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
|
||
, R
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B095FFFAC534EF8AE0360F810" box="[559,567,1916,1930]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1697,1722]" captionTargetBox="[381,1207,166,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[379,1209,166,1678]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Microstructure of Gryllus stridulatory file.A. teeth near middle of file; B. teeth from apex of file closest to midline of cricket; only those teeth in this section with darkened edges (arrows) were counted; C. teeth from apex of file nearest lateral margin of cricket; teeth in this area may be reduced but always have relief when visualized with the scanning electron microscope." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563681/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<superScript id="67FF9BF6095FFFAC534EF8AE0360F810" attach="left" box="[559,567,1916,1930]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">2</superScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
=0.80151).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C4F56636095EFFAD51F6FC67003FFC68" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563767" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563767" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563767/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" startId="63.[151,250,949,974]" targetBox="[151,1402,174,930]" targetPageId="63">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095EFFAD51F6FC67003FFC68" blockId="63.[151,1436,949,1010]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095EFFAD51F6FC670074FC54" bold="true" box="[151,291,949,974]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">FIGURE 45.</emphasis>
|
||
Regression body length vs. ovipositor length using combined data for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095EFFAD556CFC640538FC54" box="[1037,1135,950,974]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095EFFAD556CFC640538FC54" box="[1037,1135,950,974]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095EFFAD55C7FC640435FC54" box="[1190,1378,950,974]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095EFFAD55C7FC640435FC54" box="[1190,1378,950,974]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095EFFAD51F6FC080034FC68" author="Larson, E. L. & Becker, C. G. & Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G." box="[151,355,986,1010]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="985 - 1002" refId="ref163731" refString="Larson, E. L., Becker, C. G., Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G. (2013) Structure of a mosaic hybrid zone between the field crickets Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus. Ecology and Evolution, 3, 985 - 1002. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.514" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Larson
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095EFFAD5185FC080072FC6B" box="[228,293,986,1010]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">et al. (</emphasis>
|
||
2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="C4F56636095EFFAD51F6F8C40030F8C8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563769" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563769/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" startId="63.[151,250,1814,1839]" targetBox="[151,1435,1060,1794]" targetPageId="63">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE095EFFAD51F6F8C40030F8C8" blockId="63.[151,1436,1814,1874]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095EFFAD51F6F8C40076F8B5" bold="true" box="[151,289,1814,1839]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">FIGURE 46.</emphasis>
|
||
Regression pronotal width vs. ovipositor length using combined data for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095EFFAD5574F8C50521F8B4" box="[1045,1142,1814,1838]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095EFFAD5574F8C50521F8B4" box="[1045,1142,1814,1838]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D095EFFAD55C8F8C50433F8B4" box="[1193,1380,1814,1838]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095EFFAD55C8F8C50433F8B4" box="[1193,1380,1814,1838]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F095EFFAD51F6F8E90034F8C8" author="Larson, E. L. & Becker, C. G. & Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G." box="[151,355,1850,1874]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="985 - 1002" refId="ref163731" refString="Larson, E. L., Becker, C. G., Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G. (2013) Structure of a mosaic hybrid zone between the field crickets Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus. Ecology and Evolution, 3, 985 - 1002. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.514" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Larson
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC095EFFAD5185F8E90040F8C8" box="[228,279,1850,1874]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="C4F566360921FFD251F6FBBA00C8FB3F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563771" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563771" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563771/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" startId="64.[151,250,1128,1153]" targetBox="[151,1435,174,1109]" targetPageId="64">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0921FFD251F6FBBA00C8FB3F" blockId="64.[151,1436,1128,1189]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0921FFD251F6FBBA0075FB1B" bold="true" box="[151,290,1128,1153]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">FIGURE 47.</emphasis>
|
||
Regression hind femur length vs. ovipositor length using combined data for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0921FFD25529FBBB05FCFB1B" box="[1096,1195,1129,1153]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0921FFD25529FBBB05FCFB1B" box="[1096,1195,1129,1153]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0921FFD25581FBBB04CBFB1B" box="[1248,1436,1129,1153]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0921FFD25581FBBB04CBFB1B" box="[1248,1436,1129,1153]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0921FFD251AEFB5F00CCFB3F" author="Larson, E. L. & Becker, C. G. & Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G." box="[207,411,1165,1189]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="985 - 1002" refId="ref163731" refString="Larson, E. L., Becker, C. G., Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G. (2013) Structure of a mosaic hybrid zone between the field crickets Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus. Ecology and Evolution, 3, 985 - 1002. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.514" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Larson
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0921FFD2507AFB5C0018FB3F" box="[283,335,1165,1189]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="C4F566360921FFD251F6F8F605C4F8A7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563773" box="[151,1171,1828,1853]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563773/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" startId="64.[151,250,1828,1853]" targetBox="[151,1435,1203,1808]" targetPageId="64">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0921FFD251F6F8F605C4F8A7" blockId="64.[151,1171,1828,1853]" box="[151,1171,1828,1853]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0921FFD251F6F8F60077F8A7" bold="true" box="[151,288,1828,1853]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">FIGURE 48.</emphasis>
|
||
Regression hind femur length vs. ovipositor length in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0921FFD25228F8F702FEF8A7" box="[841,937,1829,1853]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0921FFD25228F8F702FEF8A7" box="[841,937,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0921FFD252B3F8F705D8F8A7" box="[978,1167,1829,1853]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">G. pennsylvanicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="C4F566360920FFD351F6FC6D0533FC4D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563775" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563775" box="[151,1124,959,984]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563775/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" startId="65.[151,250,959,984]" targetBox="[151,1435,174,939]" targetPageId="65">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0920FFD351F6FC6D0533FC4D" blockId="65.[151,1124,959,984]" box="[151,1124,959,984]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0920FFD351F6FC6D0077FC42" bold="true" box="[151,288,959,984]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">FIGURE 49.</emphasis>
|
||
Regression cercus length vs. ovipositor length in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0920FFD3527BFC12022DFC4D" box="[794,890,959,983]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0920FFD3527BFC12022DFC4D" box="[794,890,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0920FFD352C2FC120537FC4D" box="[931,1120,959,983]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">G. pennsylvanicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="C4F566360920FFD351F6F94F053AF92C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563777" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563777" box="[151,1133,1693,1718]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563777/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" startId="65.[151,250,1693,1718]" targetBox="[151,1435,998,1674]" targetPageId="65">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0920FFD351F6F94F053AF92C" blockId="65.[151,1133,1693,1718]" box="[151,1133,1693,1718]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0920FFD351F6F94F0077F92C" bold="true" box="[151,288,1693,1718]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">FIGURE 50.</emphasis>
|
||
Regression cercus length vs. hind femur length in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0920FFD35242F94C02D4F92C" box="[803,899,1694,1718]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0920FFD35242F94C02D4F92C" box="[803,899,1694,1718]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0920FFD352CDF94C053EF92C" box="[940,1129,1694,1718]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">G. pennsylvanicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0920FFD351A6F936041AF8F0" blockId="65.[151,1436,1764,2043]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
Such comparisons involving cercus length will probably only work well in those few taxa such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0920FFD3547AF93701BAF8B8" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0920FFD3547AF93701BAF8B8" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0920FFD35045F8DB00D9F8B8" box="[292,398,1800,1827]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0920FFD35045F8DB00D9F8B8" box="[292,398,1800,1827]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that have shorter cerci since, in species with longer cerci, these structures are more prone to breakage during molting, aging, and in cases of attempted predation. We also note that our multilocus genetic tree (Gray
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0920FFD351BEF8830046F8F0" box="[223,273,1872,1898]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019), utilizing some 500 loci, shows little or no separation between these western populations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0920FFD051A6F8A703BAFE6D" blockId="65.[151,1436,1764,2043]" lastBlockId="66.[151,1437,152,899]" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
We made similar comparisons, (also shown on the previous 3 graphs), for inland and upland, univoltine populations of
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370920FFD35068F84A0024F828" box="[265,371,1944,1970]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="adult">116 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0920FFD350AEF84B03CAF828" box="[463,669,1944,1971]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0920FFD350AEF84B03CAF828" box="[463,669,1944,1971]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
elsewhere in the western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E0920FFD352A4F84A02BEF828" box="[965,1001,1944,1970]" name="United States of America" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
(see
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0920FFD35547F84A052EF828" box="[1062,1145,1944,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="48.[151,250,902,927]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,174,882]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1435,174,882]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 32. Populations of G. pennsylvanicus studied by us." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563739" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563739/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
|
||
, p.
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0920FFD355C2F84A0595F828" box="[1187,1218,1944,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="65.[151,250,959,984]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,174,939]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1435,174,939]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 49. Regression cercus length vs. ovipositor length in G. firmus vs. G. pennsylvanicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563775" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563775/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">49</figureCitation>
|
||
), where adults first start appearing in August and eggs have a diapause. We find the following relationships: For hind femur length versus ovipositor length (range 10.43-22.29) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0920FFD353F6F83203BEF860" box="[663,745,2016,2042]" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1828,1853]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1203,1808]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[151,1435,1203,1808]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 48. Regression hind femur length vs. ovipositor length in G. firmus vs. G. pennsylvanicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563773" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563773/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
|
||
, R
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0920FFD35266F80D0258F877" box="[775,783,2015,2029]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1697,1722]" captionTargetBox="[381,1207,166,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[379,1209,166,1678]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Microstructure of Gryllus stridulatory file.A. teeth near middle of file; B. teeth from apex of file closest to midline of cricket; only those teeth in this section with darkened edges (arrows) were counted; C. teeth from apex of file nearest lateral margin of cricket; teeth in this area may be reduced but always have relief when visualized with the scanning electron microscope." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563681/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<superScript id="67FF9BF60920FFD35266F80D0258F877" attach="left" box="[775,783,2015,2029]" fontSize="6" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">2</superScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
=0.61648), cercus length versus ovipositor length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0920FFD35424F83204CFF860" box="[1349,1432,2016,2042]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="65.[151,250,959,984]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,174,939]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1435,174,939]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 49. Regression cercus length vs. ovipositor length in G. firmus vs. G. pennsylvanicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563775" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563775/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 49</figureCitation>
|
||
, R
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0923FFD051CBFF4A01E5FF3C" box="[170,178,152,166]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1697,1722]" captionTargetBox="[381,1207,166,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[379,1209,166,1678]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Microstructure of Gryllus stridulatory file.A. teeth near middle of file; B. teeth from apex of file closest to midline of cricket; only those teeth in this section with darkened edges (arrows) were counted; C. teeth from apex of file nearest lateral margin of cricket; teeth in this area may be reduced but always have relief when visualized with the scanning electron microscope." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563681/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<superScript id="67FF9BF60923FFD051CBFF4A01E5FF3C" attach="left" box="[170,178,152,166]" fontSize="6" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">2</superScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
=0.51623), and cercus length versus hind femur length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0923FFD05241FF4B0225FF29" box="[800,882,152,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1693,1718]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,998,1674]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1435,998,1674]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 50. Regression cercus length vs. hind femur length in G. firmus vs. G. pennsylvanicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563777/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
|
||
, R
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0923FFD052F1FF4A02CFFF3C" box="[912,920,152,166]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1697,1722]" captionTargetBox="[381,1207,166,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[379,1209,166,1678]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Microstructure of Gryllus stridulatory file.A. teeth near middle of file; B. teeth from apex of file closest to midline of cricket; only those teeth in this section with darkened edges (arrows) were counted; C. teeth from apex of file nearest lateral margin of cricket; teeth in this area may be reduced but always have relief when visualized with the scanning electron microscope." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563681/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<superScript id="67FF9BF60923FFD052F1FF4A02CFFF3C" attach="left" box="[912,920,152,166]" fontSize="6" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">2</superScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
=0.77797). Once again, bigger crickets simply have larger body proportions. In summary, combining and comparing adult females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0923FFD05506FF6F0462FF4D" box="[1127,1333,189,215]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0923FFD05506FF6F0462FF4D" box="[1127,1333,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E0923FFD05196FF33004AFF61" box="[247,285,225,251]" name="United States of America" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with adult females of TX
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0923FFD05330FF3303EAFF61" box="[593,701,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0923FFD05330FF3303EAFF61" box="[593,701,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, shows minimal separation between the two taxa for hind femur length vs. ovipositor length and no separation for cercus length vs. ovipositor length or hind femur length. The longest ovipositors in any population sampled by us, are found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0923FFD052E7FEFB0503FED9" box="[902,1108,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0923FFD052E7FEFB0503FED9" box="[902,1108,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0923FFD055FAFEFB045FFED9" box="[1179,1288,297,323]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0923FFD05475FEFB043FFED9" box="[1300,1384,297,323]" country="United States of America" name="Kansas" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Kansas</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0923FFD051F6FE9F01BDFEFD" box="[151,234,333,359]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Illinois</collectingRegion>
|
||
. We also have measured a singleton, large adult female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0923FFD05213FE9F028CFEFD" box="[882,987,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0923FFD05213FE9F028CFEFD" box="[882,987,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from “Cheapk BCH”,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0923FFD055BBFE9F041DFEFD" box="[1242,1354,333,359]" country="United States of America" name="Maryland" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Maryland</collectingRegion>
|
||
, (see p. 57) with an ovipositor exceeding
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0923FFD0536AFEA20327FE11" box="[523,624,368,395]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.56" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="25.6">25.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0923FFD053DDFEA30272FE11" box="[700,805,369,395]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0923FFD053DDFEA30272FE11" box="[700,805,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0923FFD05207FEA30291FE11" box="[870,966,369,395]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Alachua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Alachua</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0923FFD052B1FEA30573FE11" box="[976,1060,369,395]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
, with a
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0923FFD05518FEA305BDFE11" box="[1145,1258,369,395]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.319" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="23.19">23.19 mm</quantity>
|
||
ovipositor. But, in general, longer ovipositors are not diagnostic for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0923FFD05388FE470202FE35" box="[745,853,405,431]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0923FFD05388FE470202FE35" box="[745,853,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as claimed for eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E0923FFD05506FE4705DCFE35" box="[1127,1163,405,431]" name="United States of America" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
populations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0923FFD05447FE470185FE49" author="Alexander, R. D." pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="584 - 602" refId="ref157539" refString="Alexander, R. D. (1957) The taxonomy of the field crickets of the eastern United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Acheta). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 50, 584 - 602. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 50.6.584" type="journal article" year="1957">Alexander 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0923FFD051BEFE6B00A1FE49" author="Harrison, R. G. & Arnold, J." box="[223,502,441,467]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="535 - 552" refId="ref161965" refString="Harrison, R. G. & Arnold, J. (1982) A narrow hybrid zone between closely related cricket species. Evolution, 36, 535 - 552. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1982. tb 05075. x" type="journal article" year="1982">Harrison & Arnold 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0923FFD05362FE6B03F0FE49" author="Harrison, R. G." box="[515,679,441,467]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="337 - 349" refId="ref161927" refString="Harrison, R. G. (1986) Pattern and process in a narrow hybrid zone. Heredity, 56, 337 - 349. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / hdy. 1986.55" type="journal article" year="1986">Harrison 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0923FFD053D5FE6B02E2FE49" author="Ross, C. L. & Harrison, R. G." box="[692,949,441,467]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="2296 - 2312" refId="ref166266" refString="Ross, C. L. & Harrison, R. G. (2002) A fine-scale spatial analysis of the mosaic hybrid zone between Gryllus firmus and Gryllus pennsylvanicus. Evolution, 56, 2296 - 2312. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0014 - 3820.2002. tb 00153. x" type="journal article" year="2002">Ross & Harrison 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0923FFD052A1FE6B0455FE49" author="Broughton, R. E. & Harrison, R. G." box="[960,1282,441,467]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="1389 - 1401" refId="ref159179" refString="Broughton, R. E. & Harrison, R. G. (2003) Nuclear gene genealogies reveal historic, demographic and selective factors associated with speciation in field crickets. Genetics, 163, 1389 - 1401." type="journal article" year="2003">Broughton & Harrison 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0923FFD0546FFE6B0184FE6D" author="Larson, E. L. & Becker, C. G. & Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G." pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="985 - 1002" refId="ref163731" refString="Larson, E. L., Becker, C. G., Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G. (2013) Structure of a mosaic hybrid zone between the field crickets Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus. Ecology and Evolution, 3, 985 - 1002. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.514" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Larson
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0923FFD05405FE6804C2FE49" box="[1380,1429,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), when a more western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E0923FFD050BDFE0F0357FE6D" box="[476,512,477,503]" name="United States of America" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
survey is conducted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0923FFD051A6FDD30018FC19" blockId="66.[151,1437,152,899]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
A combination of cold winters requiring deeply deposited eggs so as not to freeze, versus eggs laid in coastal sand dunes needing to be deeply deposited so as not to desiccate, raises the provocative possibility that these two ‘species’ are, in fact, the same? Such would be consistent with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0923FFD0523DFD9B053CFDFE" author="Ross, C. L. & Harrison, R. G." box="[860,1131,585,612]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="53 - 68" refId="ref166325" refString="Ross, C. L. & Harrison, R. G. (2006) Viability selection on overwintering eggs in a field cricket mosaic hybrid zone. Oikos, 115, 53 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 2006.0030 - 1299.15054. x" type="journal article" year="2006">Ross & Harrison (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggesting that soil
|
||
<typeStatus id="4F31881C0923FFD05433FD9B04D5FDF9" box="[1362,1410,585,611]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">type</typeStatus>
|
||
is not important in determining the success of crickets on different soils and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0923FFD052B8FDBF05EEFD1D" author="Larson, E. L. & Becker, C. G. & Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G." box="[985,1209,621,647]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="985 - 1002" refId="ref163731" refString="Larson, E. L., Becker, C. G., Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G. (2013) Structure of a mosaic hybrid zone between the field crickets Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus. Ecology and Evolution, 3, 985 - 1002. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.514" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Larson
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0923FFD0554EFDBC0537FD1D" box="[1071,1120,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
finding that percent sand was only a marginally significant predictor of ovipositor length. So, one ‘race’ north of 30° latitude with an obligate egg diapause (as per
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0923FFD05080FD6703BEFD55" author="Masaki, S. & Walker, T. J." box="[481,745,693,719]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="349 - 423" refId="ref164721" refString="Masaki, S. & Walker, T. J. (1987) Cricket Life Cycles. In: Hecht, M. K., Wallace, B. & Prance, G. T. (Eds.), Evolutionary biology. Vol. 21. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, pp. 349 - 423. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 6986 - 2 _ 11" type="book chapter" year="1987">Masaki & Walker 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), a second ‘race’ with a variable egg diapause in the transition zone of one versus two generations/year (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0923FFD05312FD0B025EFD69" author="Walker, T. J." box="[627,777,729,755]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="291 - 298" refId="ref167899" refString="Walker, T. J. (1980) Mixed oviposition in individual females of Gryllus firmus: graded proportions of fast-developing and diapause eggs. Oecologia, 47, 291 - 298. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00398519" type="journal article" year="1980">Walker 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in Gainesville, FL, at 29° 39’ and Schulenburg, TX (this report, p. 56) at 29° 41’, and a third ‘race’ in southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0923FFD0526EFD2F0237FC8D" box="[783,864,765,791]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
with no egg diapause and continuous generations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0923FFD051FEFCF300DBFCA1" author="Capinera, J. L. & Scott, R. D. & Walker, T. J." box="[159,396,801,827]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refId="ref159432" refString="Capinera, J. L., Scott, R. D. & Walker, T. J. (2004) Field guide to grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets of the United States. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 249 pp." type="book" year="2004">
|
||
Capinera
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0923FFD0506FFCF00010FCA1" box="[270,327,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although we are skeptical, might the eastern coast “hybrid zones” so well documented by Harrison and colleagues represent zones where climatic and habitat factors indirectly induce a one-way crossing incompatibility?
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C4F566360923FFD051F6F96C0220F94C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563779" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563779" box="[151,887,1726,1751]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563779/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" startId="66.[151,250,1726,1751]" targetBox="[151,1411,911,1705]" targetPageId="66">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0923FFD051F6F96C0220F94C" blockId="66.[151,887,1726,1751]" box="[151,887,1726,1751]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0923FFD051F6F96C0077F94D" bold="true" box="[151,288,1726,1751]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">FIGURE 51.</emphasis>
|
||
Regression number of file teeth vs. pulse rate in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0923FFD05270F96D0226F94D" box="[785,881,1727,1751]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0923FFD05270F96D0226F94D" box="[785,881,1727,1751]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0923FFD151A6F8D70366FF61" blockId="66.[151,1436,1796,2040]" lastBlockId="67.[151,1437,153,359]" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0923FFD051A6F8D70338F885" bold="true" box="[199,623,1796,1823]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">2. File tooth number and pulse rate:</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0923FFD05317F8D702CEF885" author="Harrison, R. G. & Arnold, J." box="[630,921,1797,1823]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="535 - 552" refId="ref161965" refString="Harrison, R. G. & Arnold, J. (1982) A narrow hybrid zone between closely related cricket species. Evolution, 36, 535 - 552. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1982. tb 05075. x" type="journal article" year="1982">Harrison & Arnold (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
state that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0923FFD05569F8D40525F885" box="[1032,1138,1797,1824]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0923FFD05569F8D40525F885" box="[1032,1138,1797,1824]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has more file teeth than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0923FFD054E0F8D40015F8D9" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0923FFD054E0F8D40015F8D9" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and that the pulse rates differ between the species but with overlap. We find file tooth numbers to be useful in coastal
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0923FFD05032F89C00C0F8F2" box="[339,407,1870,1896]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
, as they are in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0923FFD0535AF89F03DBF8FD" box="[571,652,1869,1895]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0923FFD053FBF89F02CCF8FD" author="Nickle, D. A. & Walker, T. J." box="[666,923,1868,1895]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="8 - 12" refId="ref164991" refString="Nickle, D. A. & Walker, T. J. (1975) A morphological key to the field crickets of southeastern United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllus). Florida Entomologist, 57, 8 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3493822" type="journal article" year="1975">Nickle & Walker 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), because they separate TX
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0923FFD055B2F89C046AF8FD" box="[1235,1341,1869,1896]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0923FFD055B2F89C046AF8FD" box="[1235,1341,1869,1896]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from all other sympatric congenerics, including microsympatric
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0923FFD05266F8A00222F811" box="[775,885,1905,1932]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0923FFD05266F8A00226F811" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[775,881,1905,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thinos">G. thinos</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0923FFD0521DF8A305DCF811" author="Nickle, D. A. & Walker, T. J." box="[892,1163,1904,1931]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="8 - 12" refId="ref164991" refString="Nickle, D. A. & Walker, T. J. (1975) A morphological key to the field crickets of southeastern United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllus). Florida Entomologist, 57, 8 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3493822" type="journal article" year="1975">Nickle & Walker (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
give a range of 166-210 teeth for
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0923FFD0519CF8470019F835" box="[253,334,1941,1967]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0923FFD05034F844009FF835" box="[341,456,1941,1968]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0923FFD05034F8440094F835" box="[341,451,1941,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">G. firmus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
For
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0923FFD0509DF8440330F835" box="[508,615,1941,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0923FFD0509DF8440330F835" box="[508,615,1941,1968]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
west of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0923FFD05390F8470226F835" box="[753,881,1941,1967]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
River, along coastal
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0923FFD0553FF84405C8F82A" box="[1118,1183,1942,1968]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
and somewhat inland, we find a range of 156-233 teeth, in the
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370923FFD05333F86B03E1F849" box="[594,694,1977,2003]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="male">91 males</specimenCount>
|
||
examined, with pulse rates ranging from 8.6-20 between 23-27°C. Regressing number of file teeth against pulse rate yields an R
|
||
<superScript id="67FF9BF60923FFD05224F80E021AF870" attach="left" box="[837,845,2012,2026]" fontSize="6" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">2</superScript>
|
||
=0.06131 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0923FFD052A6F80F054CF86D" box="[967,1051,2012,2039]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1726,1751]" captionTargetBox="[151,1411,911,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[151,1435,911,1705]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 51. Regression number of file teeth vs. pulse rate in G. firmus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563779" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563779/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Fig. 51</figureCitation>
|
||
). In other words, more teeth in the file does not necessarily result in a slower pulse rate and indicates that in the limited geographic distribution of TX
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0922FFD151F6FF6F0055FF4D" box="[151,258,189,215]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0922FFD151F6FF6F0055FF4D" box="[151,258,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
examined, female crickets would have a difficult time distinguishing between males with different tooth numbers strictly based on pulse rate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0922FFD151A6FED70451FEFD" blockId="67.[151,1437,153,359]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
In contrast, we find a complex, and very different situation for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0922FFD152E5FED70507FE85" box="[900,1104,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0922FFD152E5FED70507FE85" box="[900,1104,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
west of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0922FFD155B9FED7040FFE85" box="[1240,1368,261,287]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
River (
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0922FFD151C1FEFB01A4FED9" box="[160,243,296,323]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="67.[151,251,1179,1204]" captionTargetBox="[151,1390,409,1159]" captionTargetId="figure@67.[151,1435,409,1159]" captionText="FIGURE. 52. Regression number of file teeth vs. pulse rate in G. pennsylvanicus showing males with higher numbers of file teeth have lower pulse rates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616105" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616105/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 52</figureCitation>
|
||
). File tooth numbers ranged from
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0922FFD1530AFEFB03B3FED9" box="[619,740,297,323]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4069" metricValueMax="5.664199999999999" metricValueMin="3.1496" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="in" value="173.5" valueMax="223.0" valueMin="124.0">124-223 in</quantity>
|
||
the
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370922FFD15273FEFB02D5FED9" box="[786,898,297,323]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="male">114 males</specimenCount>
|
||
collected by us, without any obvious geographical pattern or cline seen (see map,
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0922FFD1537BFE9F033BFEFD" box="[538,620,333,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="49.[151,250,1913,1938]" captionTargetBox="[182,1423,1157,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[151,1435,1133,1855]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURE 34. Map of G. pennsylvanicus showing variation in file tooth number across the United States. File teeth range from 124 (Vancouver, S00-54)) to 223 (Oklahoma City, S02-48)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563743" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563743/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
|
||
, p.
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0922FFD153F5FE9E03E3FEFD" box="[660,692,332,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1693,1718]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,998,1674]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1435,998,1674]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 50. Regression cercus length vs. hind femur length in G. firmus vs. G. pennsylvanicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563777/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">50</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pulse rates range from 10.9-22.7 between 23-27°C.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C4F566360922FFD151F6FB4900EFFB4D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616105" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3616105" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616105/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" startId="67.[151,251,1179,1204]" targetBox="[151,1390,409,1159]" targetPageId="67">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0922FFD151F6FB4900EFFB4D" blockId="67.[151,1436,1179,1240]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0922FFD151F6FB490070FB2E" bold="true" box="[151,295,1179,1204]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">FIGURE. 52.</emphasis>
|
||
Regression number of file teeth vs. pulse rate in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0922FFD15243FB4E028AFB29" box="[802,989,1179,1203]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0922FFD15243FB4E028AFB29" box="[802,989,1179,1203]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showing males with higher numbers of file teeth have lower pulse rates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="C4F566360922FFD151F6F88101E8F815" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563781" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563781/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" startId="67.[151,250,1875,1900]" targetBox="[215,1311,1261,1818]" targetPageId="67">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0922FFD151F6F88101E8F815" blockId="67.[151,1436,1875,1935]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0922FFD151F6F8810076F8F6" bold="true" box="[151,289,1875,1900]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">FIGURE 53.</emphasis>
|
||
Regression number of file teeth vs. pulse rate for combined comparison between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0922FFD15509F886059FF8F1" box="[1128,1224,1875,1899]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0922FFD15509F886059FF8F1" box="[1128,1224,1875,1899]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0922FFD1559AF88601EEF815" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0922FFD1559AF88601EEF815" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0925FFD651A6FF4B03E5FED9" blockId="68.[151,1437,152,1943]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
Modeling pulse rate as a function of tooth number shows that, if we combine both samples (
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0925FFD655AAFF4B0449FF29" box="[1227,1310,152,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="67.[151,250,1875,1900]" captionTargetBox="[215,1311,1261,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@67.[193,1395,1261,1849]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="FIGURE 53. Regression number of file teeth vs. pulse rate for combined comparison between G. firmus and G. pennsylvanicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563781/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0925FFD65452FF4B04CAFF29" box="[1331,1437,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD65452FF4B04CAFF29" box="[1331,1437,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0925FFD651A6FF6F00C1FF4D" box="[199,406,189,215]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD651A6FF6F00C1FF4D" box="[199,406,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ in tooth number (F
|
||
<subScript id="0C0E34FB0925FFD653D9FF1C038AFF46" attach="left" box="[696,733,206,220]" fontSize="6" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">1,202</subScript>
|
||
= 164.06, P <2e-16), pulse rate (F
|
||
<subScript id="0C0E34FB0925FFD6550DFF1C05C6FF46" attach="left" box="[1132,1169,206,220]" fontSize="6" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">1,202</subScript>
|
||
= 61.90, P <
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F5BE50790925FFD65448FF6E0422FF4D" box="[1321,1397,188,215]" degrees="2.15" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" precision="555" value="2.15">2.15e-</geoCoordinate>
|
||
13), and their interaction (teeth*species, F
|
||
<subScript id="0C0E34FB0925FFD6535FFF200334FE9A" attach="left" box="[574,611,242,256]" fontSize="6" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">1,202</subScript>
|
||
= 64.92, P <
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F5BE50790925FFD6539BFF330260FF66" box="[762,823,225,252]" degrees="6.7" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" precision="5555" value="6.7">6.7e-</geoCoordinate>
|
||
14). Male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0925FFD652C9FF330521FF61" box="[936,1142,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD652C9FF330521FF61" box="[936,1142,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with many file teeth have lower pulse rates than those with fewer teeth. Nevertheless, file teeth and pulse rates are not reliable ways to separate these two taxa because of the extensive overlap.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0925FFD651A6FE9F0086FE35" blockId="68.[151,1437,152,1943]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
These combined data could explain
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0925FFD6533AFE9F03FCFEFD" box="[603,683,332,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="34.[151,250,825,850]" captionTargetBox="[158,1383,283,778]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[151,1435,229,805]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 15. Five second calling song of G. locorojo: (R12-3) commercial pet store, at 22°C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563705" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563705/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B0925FFD653EEFE9E03FCFEFD" box="[655,683,332,359]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.81" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="in" value="15.0">15</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0925FFD653ACFE9F02C4FEFD" author="Alexander, R. D." box="[717,915,332,359]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="584 - 602" refId="ref157539" refString="Alexander, R. D. (1957) The taxonomy of the field crickets of the eastern United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Acheta). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 50, 584 - 602. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 50.6.584" type="journal article" year="1957">Alexander (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
where, at the same temperature,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0925FFD65467FE9F0427FEFD" box="[1286,1392,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD65467FE9F0427FEFD" box="[1286,1392,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a lower pulse rate than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0925FFD650FBFEA30330FE11" box="[410,615,369,395]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD650FBFEA30330FE11" box="[410,615,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because the number of file teeth were not determined and compared with pulse rate, as we have done.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0925FFD651A6FE6B0228FC8D" blockId="68.[151,1437,152,1943]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD651A6FE6B00ACFE49" bold="true" box="[199,507,440,467]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">3. Color of adult tegmina:</emphasis>
|
||
Many authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0925FFD653CBFE6B0260FE49" author="Fulton, B. B." box="[682,823,440,467]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="283 - 295" refId="ref160341" refString="Fulton, B. B. (1952) Speciation in the field cricket. Evolution, 6, 283 - 295. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1952. tb 01425. x" type="journal article" year="1952">Fulton 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0925FFD65220FE6B02A0FE49" author="Alexander, R. D." box="[833,1015,440,467]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="584 - 602" refId="ref157539" refString="Alexander, R. D. (1957) The taxonomy of the field crickets of the eastern United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Acheta). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 50, 584 - 602. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 50.6.584" type="journal article" year="1957">Alexander 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0925FFD65563FE6B056AFE49" author="Alexander, R. D." box="[1026,1085,441,467]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 41" refId="ref157636" refString="Alexander, R. D. (1968) Life cycle origins, speciation, and related phenomena in crickets. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 43, 1 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 405628" type="journal article" year="1968">1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0925FFD65528FE6B05E9FE49" author="Lutz, F. E." box="[1097,1214,441,467]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 63" refId="ref164176" refString="Lutz, F. E. (1908) The variation and correlations of certain taxonomic characters of Gryllus. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Publication Number 101, 1 - 63." type="book chapter" year="1908">Lutz 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0925FFD655A8FE6B0185FE6D" author="Harrison, R. G. & Arnold, J." pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="535 - 552" refId="ref161965" refString="Harrison, R. G. & Arnold, J. (1982) A narrow hybrid zone between closely related cricket species. Evolution, 36, 535 - 552. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1982. tb 05075. x" type="journal article" year="1982">Harrison & Arnold 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0925FFD651BEFE0F0375FE6D" author="Broughton, R. E. & Harrison, R. G." box="[223,546,477,503]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="1389 - 1401" refId="ref159179" refString="Broughton, R. E. & Harrison, R. G. (2003) Nuclear gene genealogies reveal historic, demographic and selective factors associated with speciation in field crickets. Genetics, 163, 1389 - 1401." type="journal article" year="2003">Broughton & Harrison 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0925FFD6534EFE0F0257FE6D" author="Larson, E. L. & Becker, C. G. & Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G." box="[559,768,477,503]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="985 - 1002" refId="ref163731" refString="Larson, E. L., Becker, C. G., Bondra, E. R. & Harrison, R. G. (2013) Structure of a mosaic hybrid zone between the field crickets Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus. Ecology and Evolution, 3, 985 - 1002. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.514" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Larson
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD653E4FE0C03E0FE6D" box="[645,695,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) have commented how
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0925FFD65571FE0F052CFE6D" box="[1040,1147,477,503]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD65571FE0F052CFE6D" box="[1040,1147,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults can best be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0925FFD65055FDD30355FD81" box="[308,514,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD65055FDD30355FD81" box="[308,514,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because of lighter tegminal color associated with living in coastal sandy habitats. In our coastal
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0925FFD65055FDF70022FDA5" box="[308,373,549,575]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
study area, we find a mixed pattern (
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0925FFD6526EFDF70236FDA5" box="[783,865,549,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1951,1976]" captionTargetBox="[166,1412,653,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1435,553,1932]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 41. Color variation in Texas G. firmus: lighter, coastal specimens, with head stripes (2 upper photos and lower left), Cameron Co., TX, S07-26 vs. darker, inland specimen (lower right, Schulenburg, TX, S10-65)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563759" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563759/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
|
||
, p.
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0925FFD652E9FDF602F2FDA5" box="[904,933,548,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 58" captionStartId="72.[151,250,831,856]" captionTargetBox="[173,1430,233,774]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1435,166,812]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 58. Holotype male (left), G. veintinueve, paratype (middle) female (S09-71), and color variant (right) male (S02- 46)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563787/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">58</figureCitation>
|
||
) of tegminal colors in TX
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0925FFD655AAFDF70463FDA5" box="[1227,1332,549,575]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD655AAFDF70463FDA5" box="[1227,1332,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that vary from black to red/beige. The lighter colored ones are limited to sandy coastal areas while more inland populations, such as Schulenburg and Brackettville, are almost uniformly black. As discussed above, we call these inland populations TX
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0925FFD65074FD4300D7FD31" box="[277,384,657,683]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD65074FD4300D7FD31" box="[277,384,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because they lack an egg diapause. Additionally, some 40% of these adults from coastal sand dune areas have longitudinal head stripes, a condition never seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0925FFD652EEFD67050CFD55" box="[911,1115,693,719]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD652EEFD67050CFD55" box="[911,1115,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because all western adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0925FFD654E0FD670015FD69" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD654E0FD670015FD69" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have dark heads. The light color adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0925FFD6524CFD0B02ACFD69" box="[813,1019,729,755]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD6524CFD0B02ACFD69" box="[813,1019,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0925FFD6550CFD0B0463FD69" author="Alexander, R. D." box="[1133,1332,728,755]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="584 - 602" refId="ref157539" refString="Alexander, R. D. (1957) The taxonomy of the field crickets of the eastern United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Acheta). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 50, 584 - 602. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 50.6.584" type="journal article" year="1957">Alexander (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in sandy habitats along the Great Lakes are an apparent edaphic adaptation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0925FFD651A6FCF301BCFA59" blockId="68.[151,1437,152,1943]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD651A6FCF303CAFCA1" bold="true" box="[199,669,800,827]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">4. Presence or absence of egg diapause:</emphasis>
|
||
Inherently included in calling a population
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0925FFD655EAFCF3040FFCA1" box="[1163,1368,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD655EAFCF3040FFCA1" box="[1163,1368,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">G. pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the presence of an obligate egg diapause resulting in one generation/year. While
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0925FFD6528AFC970502FCC5" box="[1003,1109,837,863]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD6528AFC970502FCC5" box="[1003,1109,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also generally classified as being univoltine with an egg diapause, females from populations in Gainesville,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0925FFD65574FCBB053EFC19" box="[1045,1129,873,899]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and Carolina Beach,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0925FFD6543AFCBB01ADFC3D" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
, produce both fast-developing and diapause eggs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0925FFD65249FC5F02EBFC3D" author="Walker, T. J." box="[808,956,909,935]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="291 - 298" refId="ref167899" refString="Walker, T. J. (1980) Mixed oviposition in individual females of Gryllus firmus: graded proportions of fast-developing and diapause eggs. Oecologia, 47, 291 - 298. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00398519" type="journal article" year="1980">Walker 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0925FFD652A6FC5F059AFC3D" author="Masaki, S. & Walker, T. J." box="[967,1229,909,935]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="349 - 423" refId="ref164721" refString="Masaki, S. & Walker, T. J. (1987) Cricket Life Cycles. In: Hecht, M. K., Wallace, B. & Prance, G. T. (Eds.), Evolutionary biology. Vol. 21. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, pp. 349 - 423. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 6986 - 2 _ 11" type="book chapter" year="1987">Masaki & Walker 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We document (p. 56) this same egg diapause polymorphism from one field-collected adult female from Schulenburg (29° 41’),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0925FFD65435FC6304CEFC51" box="[1364,1433,945,971]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
. We also document (p. 56) that other
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0925FFD65344FC070331FC75" box="[549,614,981,1007]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
coastal and lowland populations of TX
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD6557CFC0705DBFC75" box="[1053,1164,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0925FFD6557CFC0705DFFC75" box="[1053,1160,981,1007]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">G. firmus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from between 25 and 30 degrees north latitude (coastal Boca Chica, Alice, Sabine Pass) and more inland (Brenham and Brackettville), with only black individuals, lay eggs with no diapause. Relevant to these observations,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0925FFD65550FBCF0415FBAD" author="Masaki, S. & Walker, T. J." box="[1073,1346,1053,1079]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="349 - 423" refId="ref164721" refString="Masaki, S. & Walker, T. J. (1987) Cricket Life Cycles. In: Hecht, M. K., Wallace, B. & Prance, G. T. (Eds.), Evolutionary biology. Vol. 21. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, pp. 349 - 423. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 6986 - 2 _ 11" type="book chapter" year="1987">Masaki & Walker (1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 354) discuss that crickets, worldwide, living north of
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F5BE50790925FFD653D2FB9303B8FBC1" box="[691,751,1089,1115]" degrees="30" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" precision="55555" value="30.0">30°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
are usually univoltine. Schulenburg,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0925FFD655F1FB930586FBC1" box="[1168,1233,1089,1115]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
(at
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F5BE50790925FFD6559DFB930432FBC1" box="[1276,1381,1089,1115]" degrees="29" direction="north" minutes="41" orientation="latitude" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" precision="925" value="29.683332">29° 41’N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) and Gainesville,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0925FFD65044FBB70021FBE5" box="[293,374,1125,1151]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
(at
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F5BE50790925FFD650C3FBB7035DFBE5" box="[418,522,1125,1151]" degrees="29" direction="north" minutes="39" orientation="latitude" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" precision="925" value="29.65">29° 39’N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) thus appear situated at the latitude where a species might start to transition from only having non-diapausing eggs (southern populations) and two generations/year to having all diapausing eggs (northern populations) and one generation/year, apparently in response to cooler temperatures and shorter growing seasons. In support of this contention, The Climate Source web site (http://www.climatesource.com/map_gallery. html) shows that Schulenburg and Gainesville are, climatically, very similar for (1) mean July total growing degree days, (2) mean annual extreme minimum temperature, (3) mean date of last spring freeze, and (4) degree days heat sum above 5.55°C during growing season. We failed to find any TX
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0925FFD652C1FAEF055CFACD" box="[928,1035,1341,1367]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD652C1FAEF055CFACD" box="[928,1035,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
north of Austin. Continuing farther north, high file tooth count, slow chirping crickets, presumably fall
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD652E1FAB30505FAE1" box="[896,1106,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0925FFD652E1FAB30519FAE1" box="[896,1102,1377,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">G. pennsylvanicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
were first found at
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0925FFD65449FAB304CAFAE1" box="[1320,1437,1377,1403]" country="United States of America" name="Oklahoma" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Oklahoma</collectingRegion>
|
||
City, and probably in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0925FFD650D5FA5700A2FA05" box="[436,501,1413,1439]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
Panhandle (Lubbock,
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD370925FFD65395FA570202FA05" box="[756,853,1413,1439]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
only) with the latter two localities collected in September.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D89065350925FFD651A6FA1F05CDF80D" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0925FFD651A6FA1F0322F925" blockId="68.[151,1437,152,1943]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0925FFD651A6FA1F0065FA7D" box="[199,306,1485,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD651A6FA1F0065FA7D" box="[199,306,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0925FFD650DFFA1F0358FA7D" box="[446,527,1485,1511]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
occur year around (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0925FFD65391FA1F028FFA7D" author="Capinera, J. L. & Scott, R. D. & Walker, T. J." box="[752,984,1485,1511]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" refId="ref159432" refString="Capinera, J. L., Scott, R. D. & Walker, T. J. (2004) Field guide to grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets of the United States. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 249 pp." type="book" year="2004">
|
||
Capinera
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD6523EFA1C02C7FA7D" box="[863,912,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and may have no diapause eggs, as per
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0925FFD651F6FA230009F996" author="Alexander, R. D." box="[151,350,1521,1548]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 41" refId="ref157636" refString="Alexander, R. D. (1968) Life cycle origins, speciation, and related phenomena in crickets. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 43, 1 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 405628" type="journal article" year="1968">Alexander (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for south of Lake Okeechobee at
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F5BE50790925FFD65383FA230219F991" box="[738,846,1520,1547]" degrees="26" direction="north" minutes="56" orientation="latitude" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" precision="925" value="26.933332">26° 56’N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
. The point is that egg diapause properties in this assemblage could be related to latitude, and thus winter temperature, and that a gradual transition in egg diapause may occur as one proceeds either north or south. We are not convinced if this cline represents one, or more species, but for purposes of this discussion, we call populations with no, or variable, egg diapause
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0925FFD6550CF98F058FF9ED" box="[1133,1240,1629,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD6550CF98F058FF9ED" box="[1133,1240,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and morphologically similar crickets with an obligate egg diapause,
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD653BDF95302E7F901" box="[732,944,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0925FFD653BDF95302FBF901" box="[732,940,1665,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">G. pennsylvanicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Which we believe is another example of the circular reasoning applied to this complex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE0925FFD651A6F91B05CDF80D" blockId="68.[151,1437,152,1943]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
In conclusion, we do not claim to understand this situation. After all, it has taken the Harrison lab many years of studying a geographically narrow area to uncover some of the peculiarities of this situation. But it is clear to us that the relationship between these two, or more, presumed taxa is still muddled. In fact, one could make the argument that the multilocus tree (Gray
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD6534BF8E40334F8D5" box="[554,611,1845,1871]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019) supports the separation of Florida
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0925FFD65554F8E705C8F8D5" box="[1077,1183,1845,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD65554F8E705C8F8D5" box="[1077,1183,1845,1871]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">G. firmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from TX
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0925FFD65470F8E704D4F8D5" box="[1297,1411,1845,1871]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0925FFD65470F8E70429F8D5" box="[1297,1406,1845,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">G. firmus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
If so, then we have no idea where the transition between these two taxa occurs since their distribution along the Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E0925FFD651D7F8AF005BF80D" box="[182,268,1917,1943]" name="Mexico" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
from coastal Florida to Brownsville, Texas, seems continuous and uninterrupted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |