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<document id="56313E0DD927CD3FD5450572BB122E67" ID-CLB-Dataset="24105" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2019.585" ID-GBIF-Dataset="dca608e8-fccf-4c1c-b8df-ef0c28e1d518" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3660259" ID-ZooBank="181B6FBA-ED75-4BB4-84C4-FB512B794749" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1581251975682" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ebersole, Jun A., Cicimurri, David J. &amp; Stringer, Gary L." docDate="2019" docId="18174D41FF4BFF60FD909C614F1B0CB4" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-585_ebersole_cicimurri_stinger.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 585" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Lactarius amplus Pomerol 1973" docType="treatment" docVersion="18" lastPageNumber="208" masterDocId="E42E3539FF85FFAFFFC69F344D4B0F37" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths" masterLastPageNumber="274" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="207" updateTime="1698783570407" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="854AA36FE4CA6E27B8C307E7F71F8E82">Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DFE6EAC2492474A6D2AD3DA4676C5EC2">Ebersole, Jun A.</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF4BFF61FD909C614E950C58" authority="Pomerol, 1973" authorityName="Pomerol" authorityYear="1973" box="[598,990,852,879]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lactariidae" genus="Lactarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplus">
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4BFF61FD909C614E620C58" bold="true" box="[598,809,852,879]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Lactarius amplus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF4BFF61FCF79C614E950C58" author="Pomerol C." box="[817,990,853,879]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" refId="ref148819" refString="Pomerol C. 1973. Stratigraphie et paleogeographie. Ere cenozoique (Tertiaire et Quaternaire). Editoire Doin, Paris." type="book" year="1973">Pomerol, 1973</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation id="0885E0D2FF4BFF61FD129C4E4E6E0CA3" box="[724,805,890,916]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="205.[189,232,1649,1675]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,289,1596]" captionTargetId="figure@205.[177,1414,280,1605]" captionTargetPageId="205" captionText="Fig. 71. Claiborne Group, “upper” Lisbon Formation, otoliths. A–B. Lactarius kokeni Frizzell &amp; Dante, 1965, MSC 39058. A. Inner face (right sagitta). B. Dorsal view. —C–D. Lactarius amplus Pomerol, 1973, MSC 39059. C. Inner face (left sagitta). D. Dorsal view. — E–F. Malacanthus? sulcatus (Koken, 1888), MSC 39061. E. Inner face (left sagitta, cauda worn). F. Dorsal view. — G–H. Orthopristis burlesonis Frizzell &amp; Dante, 1965, MSC 39060. G. Inner face (left sagitta). H. Dorsal view. — I–J. Haemulon? obliquus (Müller, 1999), MSC 39062. I. Inner face (left sagitta). J. Dorsal view. — K–L. Anisotremus? sp., MSC 42236. K. Inner face (right sagitta). L. Dorsal view. — M–N. Percoidei, indet. 1, MSC 39063. M. Inner face (right sagitta). N. Dorsal view. — O–P. Sciaena intermedius (Koken, 1888), MSC 39050. O. Inner face (left sagitta). P. Dorsal view. — Q–R. Jeftichia copelandi Frizzell &amp; Dante, 1965, MSC 39053. Q. Inner face (right sagitta, worn, especially anterior margin). R. Dorsal view. Scale bars: A–J, O–P=2 mm; K–L, Q–R =5 mm; M–N= 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3660397" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3660397/files/figure.png" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Fig. 71</figureCitation>
C–D
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<paragraph id="9001FC57FF4BFF61FF7B9C8A48410CEF" blockId="206.[189,1290,958,985]" box="[189,1290,958,985]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF4BFF61FF7B9C8A49610CEF" authority="Dante &amp; Frizzell in Frizzell &amp; Dante, 1965: 701 - 702" authorityName="Dante &amp; Frizzell in Frizzell &amp; Dante" authorityPageNumber="701" authorityYear="1965" box="[189,1066,958,985]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Monocentridae" genus="Brazosiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moseleyi">
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4BFF61FF7B9C8A4CFA0CEF" box="[189,433,958,984]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Brazosiella moseleyi</emphasis>
Dante &amp; Frizzell in
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF4BFF61FD659C8A49610CEF" author="Frizzell D. L. &amp; Dante J. H." box="[675,1066,958,985]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="368 - 718" refId="ref142032" refString="Frizzell D. L. &amp; Dante J. H. 1965. Otoliths of some early Cenozoic fishes of the Gulf Coast. Journal of Paleontology 39 (4): 368 - 718." type="journal article" year="1965">Frizzell &amp; Dante, 1965: 701–702</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 87, figs 21, 27.
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<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF4BFF61FF7B9B364FCB0B2B" authority="Pomerol 1973: 122" authorityName="Pomerol" authorityPageNumber="122" authorityYear="1973" box="[189,640,1025,1052]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lactariidae" genus="Lactarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplus">
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4BFF61FF7B9B364CC60B2C" box="[189,397,1025,1051]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Lactarius amplus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="111FDA46FF4BFF61FE509B354FCB0B2B" author="Pomerol C." box="[406,640,1025,1052]" page="122" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" year="1973">
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF4BFF61FE509B354FCB0B2B" author="Pomerol C." box="[406,640,1025,1052]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" refId="ref148819" refString="Pomerol C. 1973. Stratigraphie et paleogeographie. Ere cenozoique (Tertiaire et Quaternaire). Editoire Doin, Paris." type="book" year="1973">Pomerol 1973: 122</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 8. —
<treatmentCitation id="111FDA46FF4BFF61FCC19B354E890B2B" author="Nolf D." box="[775,962,1025,1052]" page="150" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" year="1974">
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF4BFF61FCC19B354E890B2B" author="Nolf D." box="[775,962,1025,1052]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref147507" refString="Nolf D. 1974. Sur les otolithes des Sables de Grimmertingen (Oligocene inferieur de Belgique). Bulletin Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Sciences de la terre 11: 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1974">Nolf 1974: 150</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 1, fig. 16; 1985: 84; 2013: 101, pl. 252. —
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF4BFF61FEA99B134F340B76" author="Stinton F." box="[367,639,1063,1089]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="127 - 189" refId="ref150979" refString="Stinton F. 1978. Fish otoliths from the English Eocene (part 3). The Palaeontographical Society Monograph 555: 127 - 189." type="journal article" year="1978">Stinton 1978: 181–182</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 12, figs 11–16. —
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF4BFF61FC4C9B1349DE0B75" author="Muller A." box="[906,1173,1063,1090]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 360" refId="ref146931" refString="Muller A. 1999. Ichthyofaunen aus dem atlantischen Tertiar der USA. Leipziger Geowissenschaften 9 - 10: 1 - 360." type="journal article" year="1999">Müller 1999: 152–153</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 32, figs 6–11.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="D8A4AFDCFF4BFF61FF7B9B5E4EE80BEB" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" type="materials_examined">
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<heading id="CB494B3BFF4BFF61FF7B9B5E4CE10BB3" bold="true" box="[189,426,1130,1156]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" reason="3">
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4BFF61FF7B9B5E4CE10BB3" bold="true" box="[189,426,1130,1156]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Material examined</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9001FC57FF4BFF61FF7B9BA84EE80BEB" blockId="206.[189,1399,1179,1244]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
<materialsCitation id="20D6F60AFF4BFF61FF7B9BA84ED40BEB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2564277951" collectionCode="MSC, WSU" country="United States of America" location="Alabama" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" specimenCode="CC 474.3, CC 475.1" specimenCount="31" stateProvince="Alabama">
<collectingCountry id="E8A9BCC7FF4BFF61FF7B9BA84F2E0B82" box="[189,613,1179,1206]" name="United States of America" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</collectingCountry>
–
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4BFF61FD569BAF4E490B82" bold="true" box="[656,770,1179,1205]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
<collectingRegion id="527A32B5FF4BFF61FD569BAF4E490B82" box="[656,770,1179,1205]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Alabama</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
• 34 otoliths; GLS otolith comparative collection (
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),
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FF4BFF61FEB89BF54CF70BEC" box="[382,444,1217,1243]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">MSC</collectionCode>
39059,
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FF4BFF61FDDD9BF54F170BEC" box="[539,604,1217,1243]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/1raa-g3is" name="Weber State University, Bird and Mammal Collection" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">WSU</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="C018542CFF4BFF61FDA59BF54F9C0BEC" box="[611,727,1217,1243]" collectionCode="WSU" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/1raa-g3is" name="Weber State University, Bird and Mammal Collection" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">CC 474.3</specimenCode>
,
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FF4BFF61FD249BF54E680BEC" box="[738,803,1217,1243]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/1raa-g3is" name="Weber State University, Bird and Mammal Collection" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">WSU</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="C018542CFF4BFF61FCEC9BF54ED40BEB" box="[810,927,1217,1244]" collectionCode="WSU" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/1raa-g3is" name="Weber State University, Bird and Mammal Collection" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">CC 475.1</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="D8A4AFDCFF4BFF61FF7B9A304940086F" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" type="description">
<paragraph id="9001FC57FF4BFF61FF7B9A304C050A29" blockId="206.[189,334,1284,1310]" box="[189,334,1284,1310]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
<heading id="CB494B3BFF4BFF61FF7B9A304C050A29" bold="true" box="[189,334,1284,1310]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" reason="3">
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4BFF61FF7B9A304C050A29" bold="true" box="[189,334,1284,1310]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9001FC57FF4BFF61FF7B9A014940086F" blockId="206.[189,1399,1333,1880]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
Sagittae primarily oval in shape (sensu
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF4BFF61FD469A014E000A67" author="Smale M. &amp; Watson G. &amp; Hecht T." box="[640,843,1333,1360]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 253" refId="ref150614" refString="Smale M., Watson G. &amp; Hecht T. 1995. Otolith atlas of southern African marine fishes. Ichthyological Monographs of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology 1: 1 - 253. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 141860" type="journal article" year="1995">
Smale
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4BFF61FD089A024E4C0A78" box="[718,775,1333,1359]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">et al.</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
); height/length ratios 82–92%. Large specimens tending to somewhat angular on dorsal margins. Small, juvenile specimens exhibit finely crenulated margins; larger and adult specimens generally have smoother margins with some lobes. Anterior margin characterized by fairly prominent, blunt rostrum with a small antirostrum and excisura. Anterodorsal slope fairly steep, varies from almost straight to slightly rounded. Dorsal margin tending to rounded, may also slope toward posterior. Posterodorsal slope tending to fairly steep. Posterior margin short, usually slightly rounded and steep. Ventral margin broadly and mainly evenly curved. Inner face convex, with prominent sulcus and fairly broad, elliptical-shaped, depressed area above sulcus. Sulcus divided (heterosulcoid
<typeStatus id="4F0542F5FF4BFF61FEB499554CE2094C" box="[370,425,1633,1659]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">type</typeStatus>
), quite long (about 90% of total otolith length), fairly well excavated. Ostium approximately 60% of cauda length, but of greater width. Ostium has elongated subquadrate shape, slants upward slightly. Anterior portion of ostium opens onto anterior margin; small antirostrum is present. Cauda narrower than ostium, margins almost parallel. Posterior of cauda very slightly flexed downward. End of cauda tapering but rounded, well separated from posterior margin. Distinct crista superior located below depressed area, extending across much of ostium and cauda. Ventral furrow generally poorly developed. Outer face irregularly and slightly concave.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9001FC57FF4BFF61FF7B984B4C6408AE" blockId="206.[189,303,1919,1945]" box="[189,303,1919,1945]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
<heading id="CB494B3BFF4BFF61FF7B984B4C6408AE" bold="true" box="[189,303,1919,1945]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" reason="3">
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4BFF61FF7B984B4C6408AE" bold="true" box="[189,303,1919,1945]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9001FC57FF4BFF60FF7B989949770D64" blockId="206.[189,1399,1965,2027]" lastBlockId="207.[189,1399,267,595]" lastPageId="207" lastPageNumber="208" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
Nolf was one of the first to recognize that the fossil genus
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF4BFF61FCB99899494E08F0" authorityName="Frizzell &amp; Dante" authorityYear="1965" box="[895,1029,1965,1991]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Monocentridae" genus="Brazosiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4BFF61FCB99899494E08F0" box="[895,1029,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Brazosiella</emphasis>
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was actually the Recent genus
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<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4BFF61FF7B98E64C6608DC" box="[189,301,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Lactarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF4BFF61FE8698E54CF408DC" author="Nolf D." box="[320,447,2001,2027]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref147507" refString="Nolf D. 1974. Sur les otolithes des Sables de Grimmertingen (Oligocene inferieur de Belgique). Bulletin Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Sciences de la terre 11: 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1974">Nolf 1974</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF4BFF61FE0998E54F4708DC" author="Nolf D." box="[463,524,2001,2027]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="71 - 195" refId="ref147547" refString="Nolf D. 1980. Etude monographique des otolithes des Ophidiiformes actuels et revision des especes fossiles (Pisces, Teleostei). Mededelingen van de Werkgroep voor Tertiaire en Kwartaire Geologie 17 (2): 71 - 195." type="journal article" year="1980">1980</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF4BFF61FDDA98E44F1108DC" author="Nolf D." box="[540,602,2000,2027]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref147588" refString="Nolf D. 1985. Otolithi Piscium. In: Schultze H. (ed.) Handbook of Palaeoichthyology Volume 10: 1 - 145. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart." type="journal article" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
), and
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF4BFF61FD6198E54E1B08DC" author="Muller A." box="[679,848,2001,2027]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 360" refId="ref146931" refString="Muller A. 1999. Ichthyofaunen aus dem atlantischen Tertiar der USA. Leipziger Geowissenschaften 9 - 10: 1 - 360." type="journal article" year="1999">Müller (1999)</bibRefCitation>
presented evidence that
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF4BFF61FBB998E5483C08DC" authorityName="Dante &amp; Frizzell in Frizzell &amp; Dante" authorityYear="1965" box="[1151,1399,2001,2027]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Monocentridae" genus="Brazosiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moseleyi">
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4BFF61FBB998E5483C08DC" box="[1151,1399,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Brazosiella moseleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be referred to as
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF4AFF60FE179E384FD70E12" authorityName="Pomerol" authorityYear="1973" box="[465,668,267,293]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lactariidae" genus="Lactarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplus">
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4AFF60FE179E384FD70E12" box="[465,668,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Lactarius amplus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. There has been considerable debate about
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF4AFF60FB579E3F483C0E12" box="[1169,1399,267,293]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Monocentridae" genus="Brazosiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beryciformes" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mosleyi">
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4AFF60FB579E3F483C0E12" box="[1169,1399,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Brazosiella mosleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
since its original description by
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF4AFF60FD869E194E2D0E7F" author="Frizzell D. L. &amp; Dante J. H." box="[576,870,301,328]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" pagination="368 - 718" refId="ref142032" refString="Frizzell D. L. &amp; Dante J. H. 1965. Otoliths of some early Cenozoic fishes of the Gulf Coast. Journal of Paleontology 39 (4): 368 - 718." type="journal article" year="1965">Frizzell &amp; Dante (1965)</bibRefCitation>
. The original description of the species was based on a suite of specimens rather than the
<typeStatus id="4F0542F5FF4AFF60FD339E7A4E140E5F" box="[757,863,334,360]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, which was broken and worn, and many of the specimens in the suite were juveniles. Additionally, the
<typeStatus id="4F0542F5FF4AFF60FC559E5B4EB10EBE" box="[915,1018,367,393]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
was not figured in the original description. Rather, the
<typeStatus id="4F0542F5FF4AFF60FE259EA54F030E9C" box="[483,584,401,427]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
was figured showing the inner and outer faces, and the image of the inner face was indistinct. Therefore, it has been difficult to evaluate the validity of the species (
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF4AFF60FF039EE04C080ED9" author="Nolf D." box="[197,323,467,494]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref147588" refString="Nolf D. 1985. Otolithi Piscium. In: Schultze H. (ed.) Handbook of Palaeoichthyology Volume 10: 1 - 145. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart." type="journal article" year="1985">Nolf 1985</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF4AFF60FE979EE04CDA0ED9" author="Nolf D." box="[337,401,468,494]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" refId="ref147755" refString="Nolf D. 2013. The Diversity of Fish Otoliths, Past and Present. Operational directorate &quot; Earth and History of Life &quot; of the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels." type="book" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
). A careful study of specimens of
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF4AFF60FCEB9EE14ED60ED9" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1833" box="[813,925,469,494]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lactariidae" genus="Lactarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4AFF60FCEB9EE14ED60ED9" box="[813,925,469,494]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Lactarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from various middle Eocene sites does seem to indicate that there is another distinct species in addition to
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF4AFF60FC359EC249290D38" authorityName="Frizzell &amp; Dante" authorityYear="1965" box="[1011,1122,501,527]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lactariidae" genus="Lactarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kokeni">
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4AFF60FC359EC249290D38" box="[1011,1122,501,527]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">L. kokeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see above). Based on
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF4AFF60FF7B9D224C330D06" author="Muller A." box="[189,376,534,561]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" pagination="1 - 360" refId="ref146931" refString="Muller A. 1999. Ichthyofaunen aus dem atlantischen Tertiar der USA. Leipziger Geowissenschaften 9 - 10: 1 - 360." type="journal article" year="1999">Müller’s (1999)</bibRefCitation>
findings, we utilize the species
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF4AFF60FD339D234E200D07" authorityName="Pomerol" authorityYear="1973" box="[757,875,534,560]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lactariidae" genus="Lactarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplus">
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4AFF60FD339D234E200D07" box="[757,875,534,560]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">L. amplus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in this study. Interestingly
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF4AFF60FB769D23486E0D07" authorityName="Pomerol" authorityYear="1973" box="[1200,1317,534,560]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lactariidae" genus="Lactarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplus">
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4AFF60FB769D23486E0D07" box="[1200,1317,534,560]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">L. amplus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares many features with the Recent species
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF4AFF60FD439D0D4E470D65" baseAuthorityName="Bloch &amp; Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1801" box="[645,780,568,594]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lactariidae" genus="Lactarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lactarius">
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4AFF60FD439D0D4E470D65" box="[645,780,568,594]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">L. lactarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF4AFF60FC8C9D0C4E8D0D64" author="Nolf D." box="[842,966,568,595]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" pagination="1 - 145" refId="ref147588" refString="Nolf D. 1985. Otolithi Piscium. In: Schultze H. (ed.) Handbook of Palaeoichthyology Volume 10: 1 - 145. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart." type="journal article" year="1985">Nolf 1985</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 63d).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9001FC57FF4AFF60FF7B9D434F9B0DC1" blockId="207.[189,1399,631,758]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF4AFF60FF7B9D434C2E0DA5" author="Muller A." box="[189,357,631,658]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" pagination="1 - 360" refId="ref146931" refString="Muller A. 1999. Ichthyofaunen aus dem atlantischen Tertiar der USA. Leipziger Geowissenschaften 9 - 10: 1 - 360." type="journal article" year="1999">Müller (1999)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF4AFF60FE2A9D4C4F280DA6" authorityName="Pomerol" authorityYear="1973" box="[492,611,631,657]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lactariidae" genus="Lactarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplus">
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4AFF60FE2A9D4C4F280DA6" box="[492,611,631,657]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">L. amplus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the middle Eocene Piney Point Formation of
<collectingRegion id="527A32B5FF4AFF60FB1A9D4348740DA6" box="[1244,1343,631,657]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Virginia</collectingRegion>
. His description was based on
<specimenCount id="86B837DEFF4AFF60FE2A9DAD4FD60D84" box="[492,669,665,691]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" type="generic">117 specimens</specimenCount>
. Like
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF4AFF60FD209DAE4E190D84" authorityName="Frizzell &amp; Dante" authorityYear="1965" box="[742,850,665,691]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lactariidae" genus="Lactarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kokeni">
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4AFF60FD209DAE4E190D84" box="[742,850,665,691]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">L. kokeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, otoliths of
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF4AFF60FC279DAE491E0D84" authorityName="Pomerol" authorityYear="1973" box="[993,1109,665,691]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lactariidae" genus="Lactarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplus">
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4AFF60FC279DAE491E0D84" box="[993,1109,665,691]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">L. amplus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are common in many of the Claiborne formations in
<collectingRegion id="527A32B5FF4AFF60FDC19D8E4F3F0DE3" box="[519,628,698,724]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Alabama</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="527A32B5FF4AFF60FD469D8E4FBC0DE3" box="[640,759,698,724]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
, and
<collectingRegion id="527A32B5FF4AFF60FCF29D8F4E330DE2" box="[820,888,699,725]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Texas</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF4AFF60FC4E9D8E49DE0DE2" author="Frizzell D. L. &amp; Dante J. H." box="[904,1173,698,725]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" pagination="368 - 718" refId="ref142032" refString="Frizzell D. L. &amp; Dante J. H. 1965. Otoliths of some early Cenozoic fishes of the Gulf Coast. Journal of Paleontology 39 (4): 368 - 718." type="journal article" year="1965">Frizzell &amp; Dante 1965</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF4AFF60FB649D8E4DB00DC1" author="Stringer G. L. &amp; Breard S." pageId="207" pageNumber="208" pagination="563 - 570" refId="ref151366" refString="Stringer G. L. &amp; Breard S. 1997. Comparison of otolith-based paleoecology to other fossil groups: an example from the Cane River Formation (Eocene) of Louisiana. Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies 47: 563 - 570." type="journal article" year="1997">Stringer &amp; Breard 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF4AFF60FEC19DEF4F6B0DC1" author="Breard S. &amp; Stringer G." box="[263,544,731,758]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" pagination="132 - 142" refId="ref137334" refString="Breard S. &amp; Stringer G. 1999. Integrated paleoecology and marine vertebrate fauna of the Stone City Formation (middle Eocene), Brazos River section, Texas. Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies 49: 132 - 142." type="journal article" year="1999">Breard &amp; Stringer 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF4AFF60FDEA9DEF4F880DC1" author="Muller A." box="[556,707,731,758]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" pagination="1 - 360" refId="ref146931" refString="Muller A. 1999. Ichthyofaunen aus dem atlantischen Tertiar der USA. Leipziger Geowissenschaften 9 - 10: 1 - 360." type="journal article" year="1999">Müller 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9001FC57FF4AFF60FF7B9C2F4E5F0C02" blockId="207.[189,788,795,821]" box="[189,788,795,821]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
<heading id="CB494B3BFF4AFF60FF7B9C2F4E5F0C02" bold="true" box="[189,788,795,821]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" reason="3">
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4AFF60FF7B9C2F4E5F0C02" bold="true" box="[189,788,795,821]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
Stratigraphic and geographic range in
<collectingRegion id="527A32B5FF4AFF60FD649C2F4E5F0C02" box="[674,788,795,821]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Alabama</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9001FC57FF4AFF60FF7B9C7C4F1B0CB4" blockId="207.[189,1399,840,900]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
All the specimens of
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF4AFF60FE039C7D4FDE0C55" authorityName="Pomerol" authorityYear="1973" box="[453,661,840,866]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Lactariidae" genus="Lactarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplus">
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF4AFF60FE039C7D4FDE0C55" box="[453,661,840,866]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Lactarius amplus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were found in the “upper”
<collectingRegion id="527A32B5FF4AFF60FC2D9C7C49770C55" box="[1003,1084,840,866]" country="Portugal" name="Lisboa" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Lisbon</collectingRegion>
Formation at site ACh-8. Bartonian, zones NP16 and NP17.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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