treatments-xml/data/C2/0D/87/C20D878E6865FFB065F16571FD26F95C.xml

<document ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac038" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6ae97081-de1d-4297-a576-fa4d72beea43" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7695335" ID-ZooBank="A09E3E61-12DE-43F6-A427-922EE0381F58" checkinTime="1677744031252" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Dufresnes, Christophe &amp; Hernandez, Axel" docDate="2023" docId="C20D878E6865FFB065F16571FD26F95C" docLanguage="en" docName="zlac038.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Tylototriton (Tylototriton) houi Dufresnes &amp; Hernandez, 2023, SP. NOV." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="637" masterDocId="3E34FFF66875FFA165546331FFE0FF9C" masterDocTitle="Towards completing the crocodile newts’ puzzle with all-inclusive phylogeographic resources" masterLastPageNumber="640" masterPageNumber="620" pageNumber="636" updateTime="1677840223197" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Towards completing the crocodile newts’ puzzle with all-inclusive phylogeographic resources</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Dufresnes, Christophe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Hernandez, Axel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2022-06-02</mods:number>
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<mods:number>197</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac038</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7695351" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7695351" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C20D878E6865FFB065F16571FD26F95C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C20D878E6865FFB065F16571FD26F95C" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="637" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="636" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="16.[165,776,1599,1655]" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">
<heading centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" reason="3">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dufresnes &amp; Hernandez" authorityYear="2023" box="[165,628,1599,1623]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="houi" subGenus="Tylototriton">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[165,349,1600,1623]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">TYLOTOTRITON</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[357,561,1599,1623]" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">
(
<emphasis bold="true" box="[367,551,1600,1623]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">TYLOTOTRITON</emphasis>
)
</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[568,628,1603,1622]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">HOUI</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
HERNANDEZ &amp; DUFRESNES 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[506,605,1630,1654]" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[506,605,1630,1654]" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" rank="species">SP. NOV.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="636" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="16.[421,520,1669,1694]" box="[421,520,1669,1694]" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">
(
<figureCitation box="[430,512,1669,1694]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="15.[145,226,1775,1797]" captionTargetBox="[147,1372,159,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-30@15.[726,1211,663,986]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 10. Appearance of Tylototriton (Tylototriton) houi sp. nov. Top: live individual observed near the type locality (credits: Mian Hou); middle: the holotype MZL-46960 curated at the Cantonal Museum of Zoology of Lausanne (credits: CD); bottom: the type locality in Jade Dragon Snow Mountain (Hengduan massif in northern Yunnan) and observation of a larvae of the new species (credits: AH)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7695363" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7695363/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">FIG. 10</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[163,780,1736,1819]" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">
<emphasis box="[163,496,1736,1758]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n:</emphasis>
u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. o r g: a c t: 
<uuid pageId="16" pageNumber="636">
A D B 2 E B 7 A - E A 1 C - 4 C 9 5 - 9 9 9 6 - EAF78C2FD 
<specimenCount box="[311,354,1797,1819]" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" type="generic">96F</specimenCount>
</uuid>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="636" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="16.[163,779,1854,1907]" lastBlockId="16.[827,1444,197,1170]" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">
<emphasis box="[163,433,1854,1875]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">Identity and diagnosis:</emphasis>
A moderate size 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Estes" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[642,779,1854,1875]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[642,779,1854,1875]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">Tylototriton</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
slightly flattened in appearance, with an oval head, a prominent vertebral ridge and 11–15 dorsolateral glandular warts. The tail is thick, laterally compressed, and smaller than the SVL. The skin is rough and finely granulated on dorsum and flanks. The background colour is dark, but with extensive orange coloration on the vertebral ridge, the glandular warts, the lower abdomen, the tail, legs as well as large parts of the head. This new species generally resembles 
<taxonomicName box="[1272,1436,412,433]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panaeaensis">
<emphasis box="[1272,1436,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">T. panaeaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[827,1005,442,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulcherrimus">
<emphasis box="[827,1005,442,464]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">T. pulcherrimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis box="[1059,1217,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">T. Ʋerrucossus</emphasis>
, its closest relatives (
<figureCitation box="[836,910,473,495]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[144,225,1312,1334]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,196,1272]" captionTargetId="graphics-288@5.[712,847,726,743]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogeography of crocodile newts part I: genus Echinotriton and subgenus Tylototriton. The phylogenetic position and geographic distribution of each lineage is detailed by coloured symbols on the tree and the corresponding maps. Type localities of described taxa are indicated by stars. For T. Ʋerrucosus, we highlighted the paraphyletic position of sequences attributed to T. shanjing, as well as its type locality with asterisks." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7695343" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7695343/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). It was previously confounded with the 
<taxonomicName box="[827,927,504,525]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Verrucosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shanjing">
<emphasis box="[827,927,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">shanjing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
morphotype of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Anderson" authorityYear="1871" box="[1100,1248,504,525]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosus">
<emphasis box="[1100,1248,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">T. Ʋerrucosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Among previous molecular work, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dufresnes &amp; Hernandez" authorityYear="2023" box="[1019,1098,534,556]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="houi">
<emphasis box="[1019,1098,534,556]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">T. houi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only appears in the fine-scale phylogeography of ‘ 
<taxonomicName box="[1041,1167,565,587]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Verrucosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shanjing">
<emphasis box="[1041,1167,565,587]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">T. shanjing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ by 
<bibRefCitation author="Yu G &amp; Zhang M &amp; Rao D &amp; Yang J" box="[1207,1372,565,587]" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" pagination="56066" refId="ref14575" refString="Yu G, Zhang M, Rao D, Yang J. 2013. Effect of Pleistocene climatic oscillations on the phylogeography and demography of red knobby newt (Tylototriton shanjing) from southwestern China. PLoS One 8: e 56066." type="journal article" year="2013">
Yu 
<emphasis box="[1242,1296,565,587]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
as the Hengduan endemic clade B, the sister-lineage of clade A (now 
<taxonomicName box="[921,1093,627,648]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panaeaensis">
<emphasis box="[921,1093,627,648]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">T. panaeaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), although this phylogenetic position is not robustly supported (
<figureCitation box="[1250,1318,657,679]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[163,242,1770,1792]" captionTargetBox="[254,1352,197,1730]" captionTargetId="figure-27@4.[252,1354,195,1731]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Time-calibrated phylogeny of crocodile newts built from 16.2 kb of mitochondrial sequences representative of the sampled genetic diversity of all known taxa. Major clades are distinguished by symbols (squares: Echinotriton; circles: Tylototriton) and colours to visualize their geographic distributions. Photos: E. maxiquadratus and T. pseudoƲerrucosus (credits: AH)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7695341" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7695341/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). The new species diverged from the above congeners around the Plio-Pleistocene transition (~2.3 Mya) and features mitochondrial differentiation (0.6–1.0% at 16S, 1.6– 2.4% at 
<emphasis box="[921,974,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">Cytb</emphasis>
) comparable to other species-level splits in 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Estes" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[858,994,810,831]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[858,994,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">Tylototriton</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g. 
<taxonomicName box="[1056,1239,811,832]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeenxianensis">
<emphasis box="[1056,1239,811,832]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">T. aeenxianensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName box="[1247,1392,810,831]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maolanensis">
<emphasis box="[1247,1392,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">maolanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[827,1064,841,863]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pseudoverrucosus">
<emphasis box="[827,1064,841,863]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">T. pseudoƲerrucosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName box="[1072,1215,841,862]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taliangensis">
<emphasis box="[1072,1215,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">taliangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Beside molecular characters, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dufresnes &amp; Hernandez" authorityYear="2023" box="[960,1039,872,893]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="houi">
<emphasis box="[960,1039,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">T. houi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from its close congeners (notably 
<taxonomicName box="[1048,1228,902,924]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulcherrimus">
<emphasis box="[1048,1228,902,924]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">T. pulcherrimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Anderson" authorityYear="1871" box="[1285,1434,903,924]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosus">
<emphasis box="[1285,1434,903,924]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">T. Ʋerrucosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) by its orange abdominal region, an indistinct sagittal crest on the head, distinct nostrils, a broader head and a slimmer body. Moreover, the larvae shows distinctive morphological features compared to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Anderson" authorityYear="1871" box="[1280,1443,1025,1047]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosus">
<emphasis box="[1280,1443,1025,1047]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">T. Ʋerrucosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName box="[835,937,1056,1077]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Verrucosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shanjing">
<emphasis box="[835,937,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">shanjing</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
morphotype; 
<bibRefCitation author="Hernandez A &amp; Hou M &amp; Espallargas G" box="[1100,1366,1056,1078]" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" pagination="3 - 10" refId="ref12768" refString="Hernandez A, Hou M, Espallargas G. 2019. On the northernmost populations of Tylototriton shanjing Nussbaum, Brodie &amp; Yang, 1995 in Yunnan province, China. Bulletin de la Societe Herpetologique de France 169: 3 - 10." type="journal article" year="2019">
Hernandez 
<emphasis box="[1237,1296,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">et al.</emphasis>
, 2019
</bibRefCitation>
), such as smaller and darker gills, corrugated and dark tail fins, and a yellow dorsal stripe when reaching larval sizes of 
<quantity box="[916,1035,1148,1170]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="33.0" valueMax="36.0" valueMin="30.0">30–36 mm</quantity>
(TTL).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="636" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="16.[827,1443,1210,1539]" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2015-07-19" collectorName="AH, M. Hou &amp; G. Espallargas" country="China" county="Yulong Naxi Autonomous County" elevation="3200" latitude="27.0744" location="Espallargas in Jade Water Village" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="100.1906" municipality="The" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Yunnan" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis box="[827,1095,1210,1231]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">
<typeStatus box="[827,930,1210,1231]" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">Holotype</typeStatus>
: MZL–46960,
</emphasis>
adult male found dead on 
<date pageId="16" pageNumber="636" value="2015-07-19">
<collectingDate pageId="16" pageNumber="636" value="2015-07-19">19 July 2015</collectingDate>
</date>
by AH, 
<collectorName box="[1023,1109,1241,1262]" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">M. Hou</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[1119,1282,1241,1263]" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">
G. 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C20D878E6865FFB065F16571FD26F95C:4F7B60436865FFB1612A67E8FAE2FB73" box="[1150,1282,1241,1263]" country="China" county="Yulong Naxi Autonomous County" latitude="27.0744" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="100.1906" municipality="The" name="Espallargas in Jade Water Village" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" stateProvince="Yunnan">Espallargas</location>
</collectorName>
in Jade Water Village, on the southern slopes of 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C20D878E6865FFB065F16571FD26F95C:4F7B60436865FFB1619367C9FC48FAB0" country="China" county="Yulong Naxi Autonomous County" latitude="27.0744" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="100.1906" municipality="The" name="Jade Dragon Snow Mountain" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" stateProvince="Yunnan">Jade Dragon Snow Mountain</location>
(Hengduan massif), 
<collectorName box="[1159,1359,1302,1324]" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">Lijiang Prefecture</collectorName>
, 
<collectingCounty pageId="16" pageNumber="636">Yulong Naxi Autonomous County</collectingCounty>
, northern 
<collectingRegion box="[1241,1439,1333,1355]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">Yunnan Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[827,901,1364,1386]" name="China" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">China</collectingCountry>
, between 2850 and 
<elevation box="[1142,1295,1364,1386]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" unit="m" value="3200.0">
<quantity box="[1142,1231,1364,1385]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" unit="m" value="3200.0">3200 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
(
<geoCoordinate box="[1313,1438,1364,1385]" degrees="27.0744" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" precision="5" value="27.0744">27.0744°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[827,970,1394,1416]" degrees="100.1906" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" precision="5" value="100.1906">100.1906°E</geoCoordinate>
); curated at the 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C20D878E6865FFB065F16571FD26F95C:4F7B60436865FFB161CB6643FC71FA3B" country="China" county="Yulong Naxi Autonomous County" latitude="27.0744" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="100.1906" municipality="The" name="Cantonal Museum of Zoology" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" stateProvince="Yunnan">
Cantonal Museum of 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C20D878E6865FFB065F16571FD26F95C:4F7B60436865FFB1666F66A0FC71FA3B" box="[827,913,1425,1447]" country="China" county="Yulong Naxi Autonomous County" latitude="27.0744" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="100.1906" municipality="The" name="Zoology of Lausanne. The" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" stateProvince="Yunnan">Zoology</location>
</location>
of Lausanne. The specimen was sequenced for 16S and the corresponding lineage is featured in our phylogeny (red circle of the middle clade in 
<figureCitation box="[1317,1380,1486,1508]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[144,225,1312,1334]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,196,1272]" captionTargetId="graphics-288@5.[712,847,726,743]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogeography of crocodile newts part I: genus Echinotriton and subgenus Tylototriton. The phylogenetic position and geographic distribution of each lineage is detailed by coloured symbols on the tree and the corresponding maps. Type localities of described taxa are indicated by stars. For T. Ʋerrucosus, we highlighted the paraphyletic position of sequences attributed to T. shanjing, as well as its type locality with asterisks." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7695343" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7695343/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). 
<collectingMunicipality box="[1399,1443,1486,1508]" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">The</collectingMunicipality>
specimen and the type locality are depicted in 
<figureCitation box="[1338,1412,1517,1539]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="15.[145,226,1775,1797]" captionTargetBox="[147,1372,159,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-30@15.[726,1211,663,986]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 10. Appearance of Tylototriton (Tylototriton) houi sp. nov. Top: live individual observed near the type locality (credits: Mian Hou); middle: the holotype MZL-46960 curated at the Cantonal Museum of Zoology of Lausanne (credits: CD); bottom: the type locality in Jade Dragon Snow Mountain (Hengduan massif in northern Yunnan) and observation of a larvae of the new species (credits: AH)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7695363" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7695363/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="637" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="16.[827,1443,1580,1908]" lastBlockId="17.[145,761,197,403]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="637" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">
<emphasis box="[827,1130,1580,1601]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">
Description of 
<typeStatus box="[1017,1123,1580,1601]" pageId="16" pageNumber="636">holotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
Poor state due to early decomposition at discovery, which caused discoloration and skin damages. Slim newt (TTL: 
<quantity box="[1245,1325,1641,1662]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="87.0">87 mm</quantity>
) with fine granulation; laterally compressed tail (TAL: 
<quantity box="[1348,1431,1672,1693]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
), shorter than body (SVL: 
<quantity box="[1131,1217,1702,1723]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="47.0">47 mm</quantity>
); broad head (HW: 
<quantity box="[827,909,1733,1754]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
), larger than body (CW: 
<quantity box="[1193,1275,1733,1754]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
), with distinct nostrils as close to each other’s (IN: 
<quantity box="[1245,1312,1764,1785]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
) than from the eyes (ON: 
<quantity box="[991,1060,1794,1815]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
); large eyes (ED: 
<quantity box="[1263,1329,1794,1815]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
) laterally disposed; parotids visible; vertebral ridge prominent (discoloured); 16 lateral glandular warts, disposed from axilla to the tail basis; forelimbs (AL: 
<quantity box="[1262,1342,1886,1908]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="16" pageNumber="636" unit="mm" value="16.0">16 mm</quantity>
) slightly shorter than hind limbs (PL: 
<quantity box="[479,559,197,218]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="17" pageNumber="637" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
); four fingers and five toes well developed, with no visible webbing; cloaca distinct, with longitudinal vent slit; previously coloured body parts (visible from discoloration patterns) include the lateral sides of the head, the vertebral ridge, the glandular warts, the tail and several underparts (cloaca, hind limbs, forelimbs, gular fold and jaw).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="637" type="etymology">
<paragraph blockId="17.[145,761,444,619]" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">
<emphasis box="[145,282,444,465]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">Etymology:</emphasis>
We coin the new nomen, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dufresnes &amp; Hernandez" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="17" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="houi" subGenus="Tylototriton">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">Tylototriton (Tylototriton) houi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as a tribute to Mian Hou, a leading figure in Chinese herpetology who contributed significant advances in crocodile newt research and taxonomy, including reports on the first known populations of 
<taxonomicName authority="(Hernandez et al., 2019)" baseAuthorityName="Hernandez" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[312,717,597,619]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="17" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="houi" subGenus="Tylototriton">
<emphasis box="[312,435,597,619]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">T. (T.) houi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Hernandez A &amp; Hou M &amp; Espallargas G" box="[450,706,597,619]" pageId="17" pageNumber="637" pagination="3 - 10" refId="ref12768" refString="Hernandez A, Hou M, Espallargas G. 2019. On the northernmost populations of Tylototriton shanjing Nussbaum, Brodie &amp; Yang, 1995 in Yunnan province, China. Bulletin de la Societe Herpetologique de France 169: 3 - 10." type="journal article" year="2019">
Hernandez 
<emphasis box="[583,639,597,619]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">et al.</emphasis>
, 2019
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="637" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="17.[145,760,660,712]" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">
<emphasis box="[145,351,660,681]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">Common names:</emphasis>
Hou’s crocodile newt (English), 
<taxonomicName authority="de Hou" authorityName="de Hou" box="[145,370,690,712]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="17" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tylototriton de Hou</taxonomicName>
(French).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="637" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="17.[145,762,753,898]" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">
<emphasis box="[145,481,753,775]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">DiƲersity and distribution:</emphasis>
The species is microendemic of the Hengduan Moutains in 
<collectingRegion box="[566,757,784,806]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">Yunnan Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[145,216,814,836]" name="China" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">China</collectingCountry>
. It is currently known from only three locations: Lijiang, Peiliang and Shuanghaizi. These populations are genetically similar (
<bibRefCitation author="Yu G &amp; Zhang M &amp; Rao D &amp; Yang J" box="[409,566,876,897]" pageId="17" pageNumber="637" pagination="56066" refId="ref14575" refString="Yu G, Zhang M, Rao D, Yang J. 2013. Effect of Pleistocene climatic oscillations on the phylogeography and demography of red knobby newt (Tylototriton shanjing) from southwestern China. PLoS One 8: e 56066." type="journal article" year="2013">
Yu 
<emphasis box="[446,500,876,897]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">et al.</emphasis>
, 2013
</bibRefCitation>
; this study).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="637" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="17.[145,761,938,1451]" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">
<emphasis box="[145,350,938,959]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">Natural history:</emphasis>
The new species inhabits highelevation subalpine meadows surrounded by conifer and mixed broadleaf forests, where permanent or ephemeral ponds (filled by seasonal rains) are available (
<bibRefCitation author="Hernandez A &amp; Hou M &amp; Espallargas G" box="[153,405,1061,1083]" pageId="17" pageNumber="637" pagination="3 - 10" refId="ref12768" refString="Hernandez A, Hou M, Espallargas G. 2019. On the northernmost populations of Tylototriton shanjing Nussbaum, Brodie &amp; Yang, 1995 in Yunnan province, China. Bulletin de la Societe Herpetologique de France 169: 3 - 10." type="journal article" year="2019">
Hernandez 
<emphasis box="[284,339,1061,1083]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">et al.</emphasis>
, 2019
</bibRefCitation>
). On average, 
<taxonomicName box="[564,684,1061,1083]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="17" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="houi" subGenus="Tylototriton">
<emphasis box="[564,684,1061,1083]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">T. (T.) houi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs at higher elevations than any other crocodile newt (
<quantity box="[152,309,1123,1144]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.957" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.7139999999999995" pageId="17" pageNumber="637" unit="m" value="2957.0" valueMax="3200.0" valueMin="2714.0">2714–3200 m</quantity>
a.s.l.). Breeding is aquatic: adults and larvae (depicted in 
<figureCitation box="[362,438,1153,1175]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="15.[145,226,1775,1797]" captionTargetBox="[147,1372,159,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-30@15.[726,1211,663,986]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 10. Appearance of Tylototriton (Tylototriton) houi sp. nov. Top: live individual observed near the type locality (credits: Mian Hou); middle: the holotype MZL-46960 curated at the Cantonal Museum of Zoology of Lausanne (credits: CD); bottom: the type locality in Jade Dragon Snow Mountain (Hengduan massif in northern Yunnan) and observation of a larvae of the new species (credits: AH)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7695363" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7695363/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
) were observed in vegetated and non-vegetated ponds with roughly neutral pH (6.6–7.7), shared with anuran tadpoles of 
<taxonomicName authority="(Boulenger, 1905)" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1905" class="Amphibia" family="Bombinatoridae" genus="Bombina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">Bombina maxima</emphasis>
(Boulenger, 1905)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Liu, 1946" authorityName="Liu" authorityYear="1946" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chaochiaoensis">
<emphasis box="[497,761,1245,1267]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">Rana chaochiaoensis</emphasis>
Liu, 1946
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Schmidt, 1925" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1925" box="[273,628,1276,1298]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andreaesi">
<emphasis box="[273,446,1276,1297]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">Bufo andreaesi</emphasis>
Schmidt, 1925
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="(Anderson, 1879)" baseAuthorityName="Anderson" baseAuthorityYear="1879" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yunnanensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">Nanorana yunnanensis</emphasis>
(Anderson, 1879)
</taxonomicName>
. Courtship behaviour has never been observed. Eggs are round, deposited underwater on rocks and submerged terrestrial plants, with capsules of 
<quantity box="[335,469,1398,1420]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.05" metricValueMax="5.7" metricValueMin="4.4" pageId="17" pageNumber="637" unit="mm" value="5.05" valueMax="5.7" valueMin="4.4">4.4–5.7 mm</quantity>
in diameter, surrounding embryos of 
<quantity box="[275,408,1429,1450]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="17" pageNumber="637" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.8 mm</quantity>
(AH pers. obs.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="637" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="17.[145,764,1492,1728]" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">
<emphasis box="[145,297,1492,1513]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">ConserƲation:</emphasis>
Although not specifically assessed, 
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="17" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="houi" subGenus="Tylototriton">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">T. (T.) houi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
faces immediate danger of extinction.The few known populations are threatened by anthropogenic pressure related to mass tourism, including water pollution, the introduction of invasive fish (
<taxonomicName authority="Poey, 1854" authorityName="Poey" authorityYear="1854" box="[472,713,1614,1636]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Gambusia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="637" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[472,588,1614,1635]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="637">Gambusia</emphasis>
Poey, 1854
</taxonomicName>
, AH pers. obs.), habitat alteration and destruction, electric fishing. Poaching for traditional Chinese medicine and the pet trade may also represent additional threats.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>