878 lines
83 KiB
XML
878 lines
83 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.699.12031" ID-GBIF-Dataset="dbf6bb9f-7ea4-4fa3-83ee-f58263427e39" ID-PMC="PMC5673864" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-699-1" ID-PubMed="29200927" ID-ZBK="0F92401F3F7C4896AD9D72BC84348C7D" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-699-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 699" ModsDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of Liogenys occurring in Brazil with an interactive key and remarks on New World Diplotaxini (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae)" checkinTime="1505836577638" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Cherman, Mariana Alejandra, Mise, Kleber Makoto, Moron †, Miguel Angel, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. & Almeida, Lucia Massutti de" docDate="2017" docId="E1C97E38D7C391A268EAE0F42E2D7EB3" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 699: 1-120" docOrigin="ZooKeys 699" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.699.12031" docTitle="Liogenys Guerin-Meneville 1831" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="FFD9636FB945C41DFF8AB133FFFA9D76" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of Liogenys occurring in Brazil with an interactive key and remarks on New World Diplotaxini (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae)" masterLastPageNumber="120" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1668164813467" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A taxonomic revision of Liogenys occurring in Brazil with an interactive key and remarks on New World Diplotaxini (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cherman, Mariana Alejandra</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mise, Kleber Makoto</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Moron †, Miguel Angel</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Almeida, Lucia Massutti de</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>699</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>120</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.699.12031</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.699.12031</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-699-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">0F92401F3F7C4896AD9D72BC84348C7D</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">0F92401F3F7C4896AD9D72BC84348C7D</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="134311164" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E1C97E38D7C391A268EAE0F42E2D7EB3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E1C97E38D7C391A268EAE0F42E2D7EB3" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName authority="Guerin-Meneville, 1831" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1831" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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Liogenys
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Guérin-Méneville">Guerin-Meneville</normalizedToken>
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, 1831
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Guérin-Méneville">Guerin-Meneville</normalizedToken>
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, 1831: pl. 3 (orig. desc. [drawing of
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<taxonomicName family="Melolonthidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="L. castaneus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="species" species="castaneus">L. castaneus</taxonomicName>
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]);
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<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Guérin-Méneville">Guerin-Meneville</normalizedToken>
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1838
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 84 (red.);
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<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Blanchard 1851</bibRefCitation>
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: 167 (rev.);
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<bibRefCitation author="Burmeister, HCC" journalOrPublisher="Enslin, Berlin" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" title="Handbuch der entomologie. (ColeopteraLamellicorniaPhyllophaga chaenochela). Volume 4, Part 2. T. C. F." year="1855">Burmeister 1855</bibRefCitation>
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: 13 (red. and rev.);
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<bibRefCitation author="Lacordaire, JT" journalOrPublisher="Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" title="Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Genera des Coleopteres, ou expose methodique et critique de tous les genres proposes jusqu'ici dans cet odre d'insectes. Tome Troiseme. Contenant les familles des Pectinicornes et Lamellicornes." year="1856">Lacordaire 1856</bibRefCitation>
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: 269 (red.);
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<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Harold 1869b</bibRefCitation>
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: 1140 (check.);
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<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Dalla Torre 1913</bibRefCitation>
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: 318 (check.);
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<bibRefCitation author="Blackwelder, RE" journalOrPublisher="United States National Museum Bulletin" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="189 - 341" title="Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America." volume="185" year="1944">Blackwelder 1944</bibRefCitation>
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: 228 (check.);
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<bibRefCitation author="Frey, G" journalOrPublisher="Frey" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="36 - 64" title="Betimmumgstabelle und Revision der Gattung Liogenys Guerrez. (Coleoptera-Melolonthinae-Macrodactylini). Entomologischen Arbeiten aus dem Museum G." volume="20" year="1969">Frey 1969</bibRefCitation>
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: 38 (key);
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<bibRefCitation author="Evans, AV" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 458" title="A checklist of the New World chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.211.1.1" volume="211" year="2003">Evans 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 206 (check.);
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<bibRefCitation author="Evans, AV" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" url="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologypapers/2" year="2005">Evans and Smith 2005</bibRefCitation>
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: 174 (check.);
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<bibRefCitation author="Evans, AV" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" url="http://museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/SSSA/nwmelos.htm" year="2009">Evans and Smith 2009</bibRefCitation>
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: 175 (check.);
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<bibRefCitation author="Cherman, MA" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="744 - 770" title="Phylogenetic relationships within Diplotaxini Kirby (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Melolonthinae) with emphasis on Liogenys Guerin-Meneville." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12188" volume="41" year="2016">Cherman et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
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: 23 (sys.). Type-species.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys castaneus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castaneus">Liogenys castaneus</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Guérin-Méneville">Guerin-Meneville</normalizedToken>
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, 1831(monotypy).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Amphicrania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphicrania" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amphicrania</taxonomicName>
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Dejean, 1833: 163 (cat.);
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<bibRefCitation author="Burmeister, HCC" journalOrPublisher="Enslin, Berlin" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" title="Handbuch der entomologie. (ColeopteraLamellicorniaPhyllophaga chaenochela). Volume 4, Part 2. T. C. F." year="1855">Burmeister 1855</bibRefCitation>
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: 13 (syn.). Type-species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Amphicrania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphicrania palpalis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpalis">Amphicrania palpalis</taxonomicName>
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(Eschscholtz, 1822) (monotypy).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Hilarianus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarianus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarianus</taxonomicName>
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Blanchard, 1851: 168 (orig. desc.);
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<bibRefCitation author="Cherman, MA" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="744 - 770" title="Phylogenetic relationships within Diplotaxini Kirby (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Melolonthinae) with emphasis on Liogenys Guerin-Meneville." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12188" volume="41" year="2016">Cherman et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
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: 23 (syn.) Type-species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Hilarianus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarianus anguliceps" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anguliceps">Hilarianus anguliceps</taxonomicName>
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Blanchard, 1851.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Peritryssus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peritryssus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Peritryssus</taxonomicName>
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Reitter, 1918: 77 (orig. desc.);
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<bibRefCitation author="Keith, D" journalOrPublisher="Coleopteres" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="37 - 50" title="Un nouveau Tanyproctus Menetries, 1832 de Chine et remarques sur les genres Pachnessa Brenske, 1894 et Peritryssus Reitter, 1918 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Melolonthidae)." volume="9" year="2003">Keith and Lacroix 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 48 (syn.) Type-species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Peritryssus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peritryssus excisus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excisus">Peritryssus excisus</taxonomicName>
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Reitter, 1918 (monotypy).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName family="Melolonthidae" genus="Homoliogenys" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Homoliogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="genus">Homoliogenys</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Gutiérrez">Gutierrez</normalizedToken>
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, 1952: 216 (orig. desc.);
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<bibRefCitation author="Cherman, MA" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="744 - 770" title="Phylogenetic relationships within Diplotaxini Kirby (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Melolonthinae) with emphasis on Liogenys Guerin-Meneville." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12188" volume="41" year="2016">Cherman et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
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: 23 (syn.) Type-species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys tarsalis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">Liogenys tarsalis</taxonomicName>
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Moser, 1921a (monotypy).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
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is distinguished from all other
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="tribe" tribe="Diplotaxini">Diplotaxini</taxonomicName>
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genera by the following combination of features: frons and clypeus concave in dorsal and lateral view; basal protarsomere (I) shorter than tarsomere II; mesotibial transverse carina/ae provided with spines shorter or equal to those forming the apical crown; metacoxae with bristles or scales, never both at the same time, and pygidium with umbilicate punctures.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="redescription">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Redescription.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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Length 6.5-16.3 mm; width: 3.5-8.3 mm. Body sub-parallel, sometimes wider in the posterior half; elytra and body may be unicolored or with different colors, which vary from yellowish, brownish, reddish-brown, purplish-red to black. Head: distance between eyes commonly twice the width of one eye, but occasionally three to five times; frons and clypeus forming together a concavity (Fig. 5); fronto-clypeal suture absent or barely distinguishable (as in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. tarsalis" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="species" species="tarsalis">L. tarsalis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. forcipata" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="species" species="forcipata">L. forcipata</taxonomicName>
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Frey); fronto-clypeal impressions evident in frontal view (Fig. 4); clypeus anteriorly bent forward and emarginate (Fig. 1), clypeal emargination may be angled, sub-angled or rounded, wide or narrow, mostly forming two tooth-like projections (Figs 17-22); the lateral margin of the clypeus may form a projection, rounded or sharp, in this case it resembles a tooth (Figs 6, 18, 21); clypeus S-shaped in lateral view (Fig. 7); outer margin of the maxillae straight (see
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<bibRefCitation author="Cherman, MA" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="744 - 770" title="Phylogenetic relationships within Diplotaxini Kirby (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Melolonthinae) with emphasis on Liogenys Guerin-Meneville." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12188" volume="41" year="2016">Cherman et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
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), with four or five teeth at the apex (Figs 25, 27); distal palpomere up to two-fold wider than its apex, sensorial surface generally forming a fovea (except in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. sinuaticeps" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="species" species="sinuaticeps">L. sinuaticeps</taxonomicName>
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Moser and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. unicolor" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="species" species="unicolor">L. unicolor</taxonomicName>
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Evans) deep or shallow and with variable length (Figs 26, 28); labium trapezoidal with maximum width at the apex (except in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. sinuaticeps" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="species" species="sinuaticeps">L. sinuaticeps</taxonomicName>
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); ligula emarginate anteriorly; mentum excavated on the disc (except in L
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<taxonomicName lsidName="sinuaticeps" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="species" species="sinuaticeps">sinuaticeps</taxonomicName>
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, Fig. 24); ligula length shorter than the excavation (Fig. 23); labrum in frontal view convex on upper margin and shorter than the ventral portion
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<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="3" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
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clypeus (Fig. 8); antenna 9- or 10-articulated. Prothorax: pronotum wider medially, forming a lateral convexity more or less pronounced (Figs 1-3); anterior margin of pronotum may be straight or slightly produced medially (Figs 2, 3); sometimes flanged
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="start">anteriorly</pageBreakToken>
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(as in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. corumbana" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="corumbana">L. corumbana</taxonomicName>
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Moser and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. fusca" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="fusca">L. fusca</taxonomicName>
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; Fig. 61D, 64D); pronotal posterior corners right or obtuse-angled, rounded or obsolete (corners not distinguishable) (Figs 1-3); prothorax setose posteriorly, covered with short or long bristles (Figs 29-30); proepisternum setose, scaly or bristled, with short and/or long bristles. Pterothorax: Scutellum triangular, ogival, or rounded; normally with punctures grouped at the base and/or at the sides, or sometimes without any pattern (Figs 34-36); metasternum more or less setose laterally; distance between meso- and metacoxae up to twice the length of the metacoxa (except in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. concolor" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="concolor">L. concolor</taxonomicName>
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). Elytra: glabrous or setose; densely and coarsely punctured; elytral suture with non-uniform width; elevated or not, unicolored with the elytron or darker; three or four elytral ridges more or less noticeable, separated from each other by gaps that are twice as wide as one ridge, the first gap equal to or narrower than the second one; subapical callus of elytron closer to the elytral suture than to the external margin (feature of all Neotropical
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="tribe" tribe="Diplotaxini">Diplotaxini</taxonomicName>
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; see
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<bibRefCitation author="Cherman, MA" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="744 - 770" title="Phylogenetic relationships within Diplotaxini Kirby (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Melolonthinae) with emphasis on Liogenys Guerin-Meneville." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12188" volume="41" year="2016">Cherman et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
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). Legs: procoxae setose, bristled and/or scaly (Fig. 9), protibial inner margin concave and the outer one with three teeth perpendicular to the tibial axis (see
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<bibRefCitation author="Cherman, MA" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="744 - 770" title="Phylogenetic relationships within Diplotaxini Kirby (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Melolonthinae) with emphasis on Liogenys Guerin-Meneville." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12188" volume="41" year="2016">Cherman et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
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), the basal tooth is always the smallest, in males the basal tooth is more reduced and may be absent depending on the species; the two other protibial teeth may be equal in size or not, when different, the apical one is commonly the longest, but in some cases the middle is the longest; protibial disc with two medial longitudinal carinae; protarsi longer than the head; protibial apical spur on inner margin commonly present; protarsal tarsomere I shorter than tarsomere II; basal apophysis of metacoxae produced beyond the outer margin of trochanter (Fig. 32) (except for
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. tarsalis" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="tarsalis">L. tarsalis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. sinuaticeps" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="sinuaticeps">L. sinuaticeps</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. unicolor" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="unicolor">L. unicolor</taxonomicName>
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, Fig. 33); mesotibiae with one or two transverse carinae bearing spines, mesotibial spines equally as long as the spines of the apical crown (Figs 42-45), the apical carina may be complete or incomplete (as described above, in
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“standards”">"standards"</normalizedToken>
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of morphological study); pair of apical spurs on apex of meso- and metatibia equal to or different in size, in male metatibia the shorter spur varies in shape among the species (Figs 46-47), the gap between spurs is narrower or equal to the base of one spur; tarsi covered ventrally with setose pads; length of basal metatarsomere varies from equal up to one-half the length of the second; all claws bifid and generally symmetrical, they vary in the size of the upper tooth and in the distance between teeth (Figs 39-41). Abdomen: propygidium visible, slightly visible or hidden by the elytra; glabrous or setose, with scales and/or bristles; pygidium convex or flat (Figs 37-38), disc glabrous or setose, throughout the surface or only at apex; punctures, if present, umbilicate (Fig. 31); shape sub-quadrate or sub-trapezoidal (Figs 13-16), twice the length of ventrite V or more; depending on the species, the maximum width either exceeds or does not exceed the width between the propygidial spiracles (Figs 13-14).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
Figures 4-16. 4
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys bidenticeps" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">Liogenys bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
|
|
Moser fronto-clypeal impressions 5
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. santaecrucis" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="santaecrucis">L. santaecrucis</taxonomicName>
|
|
Blanchard frons and clypeus concave 6
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. forcipata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="forcipata">L. forcipata</taxonomicName>
|
|
Frey clypeal lateral projection 7
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. flavida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="flavida">L. flavida</taxonomicName>
|
|
Moser clypeus S-shaped 8
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. testaceipennis" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="testaceipennis">L. testaceipennis</taxonomicName>
|
|
Moser clypeus and labrum, ventral view 9
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. fusca" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="fusca">L. fusca</taxonomicName>
|
|
Blanchard procoxae 10
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. tibialis" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="tibialis">L. tibialis</taxonomicName>
|
|
Moser metafemur and tibia 11-12
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. santaecrucis" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="santaecrucis">L. santaecrucis</taxonomicName>
|
|
Blanchard metatibia, posterior view 13-16 Pygidium: 13
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. spiniventris" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="spiniventris">L. spiniventris</taxonomicName>
|
|
Moser 14
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. quadridens" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="quadridens">L. quadridens</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Fabricius) 15
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. cartwrighti" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="cartwrighti">L. cartwrighti</taxonomicName>
|
|
Frey 16
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. densicollis" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="densicollis">L. densicollis</taxonomicName>
|
|
Moser.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
Figures 17-22. Clypeus. 17
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys acutidens" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutidens">Liogenys acutidens</taxonomicName>
|
|
Moser 18
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. fusca" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="fusca">L. fusca</taxonomicName>
|
|
Blanchard 19
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. santaecrucis" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="santaecrucis">L. santaecrucis</taxonomicName>
|
|
Blanchard 20
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. bilobata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="bilobata">L. bilobata</taxonomicName>
|
|
Frey 21
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. corumbana" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="corumbana">L. corumbana</taxonomicName>
|
|
Moser 22
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. rectangula" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="rectangula">L. rectangula</taxonomicName>
|
|
Frey.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="dimorphism">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Dimorphism.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
Female. Length: 6.7-16.3 mm; width: 3.7-8.3 mm. Size and body-shape: wider than males, mainly at the posterior third. Head: clypeus wider; distance between eyes slightly wider; punctures in head and pronotum with different distribution and deepness; lamellae equal to or shorter than flagellum. Legs: protibiae shorter and wider, teeth of outer margin wider; mesotibiae wider at the apex, mesotibial apical transverse carina at the postero-external surface commonly complete and prominent;
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">metatibiae</pageBreakToken>
|
|
wider, mainly on the apex; not carinated on inner margin; tarsi cylindrical and equally wide in all legs. Abdomen: the pygidium may differ from the male in the shape and roundness, and this difference varies among the species. Male. Length: 6.5-14.7 mm; width: 3.5-7.2 mm. Head: Lamellae generally longer or equal to flagellum, in a few cases shorter; clypeal lateral projection, when present, may be more pronounced than in the female of certain species. Legs: protibiae with two or three teeth; posterior margin of metafemur generally straight but may be produced medially in some species (Fig. 10), metatibiae widened towards apex; carinated along the inner margin entirely or excepting the apex; the inner margin commonly straight towards apex, in some cases is produced abruptly from the sub-basal or medial portion (Fig. 10); metatibial inner margin not carinated in a few cases; apex setose throughout the inner surface but in a few cases glabrous; on posterior surface, one or two transverse carinae and discontinu
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">ous</pageBreakToken>
|
|
longitudinal carina may be present or absent (Figs 11-12), pair of apical spurs equal to or different in size from each other, the shorter one may be fusiform or truncated (Figs 46-47); pro- and mesotarsi enlarged (in
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. tarsalis" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="tarsalis">L. tarsalis</taxonomicName>
|
|
also the metatarsi), protarsi commonly wider than mesotarsi and two-fold wider than metatarsi (except for
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. unicolor" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="unicolor">L. unicolor</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. macropelma" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="macropelma">L. macropelma</taxonomicName>
|
|
Bates); tarsi shiny or opaque. Abdomen: ventrites III, IV and/or V ornate in some species, with different-sized protuberances or sulcated (as in
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. testaceipennis" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="testaceipennis">L. testaceipennis</taxonomicName>
|
|
Moser,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. spiniventris" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="spiniventris">L. spiniventris</taxonomicName>
|
|
Moser,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. pseudospiniventris" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="pseudospiniventris">L. pseudospiniventris</taxonomicName>
|
|
Cherman, sp. n.,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. grossii" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="grossii">L. grossii</taxonomicName>
|
|
Cherman, sp. n. and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. sulcoventris" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="sulcoventris">L. sulcoventris</taxonomicName>
|
|
Cherman, sp. n.); pygidium more or less angled than that of the female. Parameres: basal region (BR) grooved at its longitudinal midline; the groove width varies depending on the species; parameral split at three different levels: apical third, medially (2/3) or basally (1/3) (Figs 48, 49, 50); outer margin of parameres sometimes furnished with medial (Fig. 49) and/or apical projections (Fig. 48); may be apically narrowed (Fig. 51) or not; inner margins of parameres straight, divergent, or convergent; apex of parameres indistinct or with several distinctive shapes: harpoon-like; spatula-like, fusiform, etc.; in harpoon-like parameres, apical length varies in relation to the total length of the parameres; in lateral view parameres convex, concave, or straight from the parameral split (Figs 52-55); when straight, the parameres and the basal region may be coplanar or not coplanar.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
|
Figures 23-33. 23-24 Labium 23
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys palpalis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpalis">Liogenys palpalis</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Eschscholtz) 24L
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="sinuaticeps" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="sinuaticeps">sinuaticeps</taxonomicName>
|
|
Moser 25-28 Maxilla teeth and distal palpomere 25-26
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. bidenticeps" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">L. bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
|
|
Moser 27-28
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. sinuaticeps" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="sinuaticeps">L. sinuaticeps</taxonomicName>
|
|
Moser 29-30 Pronotum basal margin, posterior view 29
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. palpalis" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="palpalis">L. palpalis</taxonomicName>
|
|
30
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. bidenticeps" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">L. bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
|
|
31
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. bidenticeps" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">L. bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
|
|
pygidial punctures 32-33 basal lobe of metacoxae 32
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. bidenticeps" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">L. bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
|
|
33
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. sinuaticeps" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="sinuaticeps">L. sinuaticeps</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="etymology">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
|
The name
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
|
|
is composed of the Greek words
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="λείος">λείος</normalizedToken>
|
|
(leios: smooth) and
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="γένυς">γένυς</normalizedToken>
|
|
(genys: mentum) referring to smooth or glabrous mentum (
|
|
<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guérin-Méneville">Guerin-Meneville</normalizedToken>
|
|
1838
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Harold 1869a</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Gutierrez, R" journalOrPublisher="International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Fourth Edition." url="http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp" year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), Article 31.2, says that "A species-group name, if it is or ends in a Latin or Latinized adjective [
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
|
|
], must agree in gender with the generic name with which it is at any time combined". Also, Article 30.1.2 says that: "A genus-group name that is or ends in a Greek word transliterated into Latin without other changes takes the gender given for that word in standard Greek dictionaries".
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
|
|
is feminine based on the Greek
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="“génys">"genys</normalizedToken>
|
|
,
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="géneion”">geneion"</normalizedToken>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, ABT" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="272 - 276" title="Taxonomy and classification of the South American genus Pseudoliogenys Moser (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Diplotaxini)." url="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40983318" volume="64" year="2010">Smith and Ruiz-Manzanos 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Historically,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
|
|
was incorrectly treated as masculine by some authors (
|
|
<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guérin-Méneville">Guerin-Meneville</normalizedToken>
|
|
1831
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Blanchard 1851</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Harold 1869b</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Moser, J" journalOrPublisher="Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="95 - 167" title="Neue Amerikanische Melolonthiden (Col.)." volume="79" year="1918">Moser 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Moser, J" journalOrPublisher="Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="3 - 64" title="Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Melolonthiden (Col.), IX." volume="80" year="1919">Moser 1919</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Moser, J" journalOrPublisher="Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="48 - 73" title="Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Melolonthiden (Col.). (XII)." volume="82" year="1921 a">Moser 1921a</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Moser, J" journalOrPublisher="Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="133 - 182" title="Neue Melolonthiden Mittel- und Sued-Amerika." volume="82" year="1921 b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Moser, J" journalOrPublisher="Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="114 - 136" title="Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Melolonthiden (Col.). (XIII)." volume="84" year="1924">Moser 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Gutierrez, R" journalOrPublisher="Revista Chilena de Entomologia" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="129 - 145" title="El genero Liogenys en Chile." volume="1" year="1951">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gutiérrez">Gutierrez</normalizedToken>
|
|
1951
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Frey, G" journalOrPublisher="Frey" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="143 - 151" title="Neue sudamerikanisch Melolonthidae. Entomologischen Arbeiten aus dem Museum G." volume="16" year="1965">Frey 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Frey, G" journalOrPublisher="Frey" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="36 - 64" title="Betimmumgstabelle und Revision der Gattung Liogenys Guerrez. (Coleoptera-Melolonthinae-Macrodactylini). Entomologischen Arbeiten aus dem Museum G." volume="20" year="1969">Frey 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Frey, G" journalOrPublisher="Frey" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="281 - 287" title="Beitrag zur Kenntnis der suedamerikanischen Melolonthiden (Col.). Entomologischen Arbeiten aus dem Museum G." volume="21" year="1970">Frey 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Frey, G" journalOrPublisher="Frey" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="255 - 279" title="Neue Macrodactylini (Col., Scarab., Melolonthinae). 20. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der suedamerikanischen Melolonthidaen. Entomologischen Arbeiten aus dem Museum G." volume="24" year="1973">Frey 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). However,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Burmeister, HCC" journalOrPublisher="Enslin, Berlin" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" title="Handbuch der entomologie. (ColeopteraLamellicorniaPhyllophaga chaenochela). Volume 4, Part 2. T. C. F." year="1855">Burmeister (1855)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Blackwelder, RE" journalOrPublisher="United States National Museum Bulletin" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="189 - 341" title="Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America." volume="185" year="1944">Blackwelder (1944)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Evans, AV" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 458" title="A checklist of the New World chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.211.1.1" volume="211" year="2003">Evans (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Keith (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
correctly considered the name to be feminine. According to this, all species names must be made feminine, and in this work we have changed them as required.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="distribution">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Distribution and habitats.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a South American genus with 69 species. Only one species has been collected in Sicily:
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys excisa" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excisa">Liogenys excisa</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Reitter, 1918). However, according to
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Baraud, J" journalOrPublisher="CNRS, Toulouse" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" title="Coleopteres Scarabaeoidea. Faune de l'Europe occidentale: Belgique, France, Grande-Bretagne, Italie, Peninsule Iberique. Supplement a la Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie. Tome VII, fasc. 3." year="1977">Baraud (1977</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Baraud, J" journalOrPublisher="CNRS, Toulouse" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" url="https://faunedefrance.org/bibliotheque/docs/J.BARAUD(FdeFr78)Col%C3%A9opt%C3%A8resScarabaeoidea.pdf" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) this species must have been occasionally introduced from South America, as it has never been seen after that.
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Keith, D" journalOrPublisher="Coleopteres" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="37 - 50" title="Un nouveau Tanyproctus Menetries, 1832 de Chine et remarques sur les genres Pachnessa Brenske, 1894 et Peritryssus Reitter, 1918 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Melolonthidae)." volume="9" year="2003">Keith and Lacroix (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
compared
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Peritryssus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peritryssus excisus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excisus">Peritryssus excisus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Reitter with
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. palpalis" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="palpalis">L. palpalis</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Eschscholtz, 1822) and synonymized these genera. They mentioned that the description of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. obesula" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="obesula">L. obesula</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gutiérrez">Gutierrez</normalizedToken>
|
|
matches that of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. excisa" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="excisa">L. excisa</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but they did not synonymize these species as they had not examined the type of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. obesula" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="obesula">L. obesula</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
|
|
occurs from Panama, northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela (10°N) through southern South America, including Chile (39°S) and Argentina
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
|
|
46°S). The species occur in almost all biogeographical environments and at altitudes up to 4,100 m in Bolivia (16°S) and 4,000 m in Chiriqui, Panama (9°N). The species richness is concentrated mainly in Brazil, with 34 species already recorded plus 13 for which descriptions are being prepared, and in Argentina, with 33 species in addition to 23 awaiting description. Bolivia holds ten species (plus three still undescribed); Para
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">guay</pageBreakToken>
|
|
, eleven species; Chile, seven species (plus one undescribed); Colombia, Panama and Venezuela, three species:
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. gebieni" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="gebieni">L. gebieni</taxonomicName>
|
|
Moser;
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. quadridens" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="quadridens">L. quadridens</taxonomicName>
|
|
Fabricius and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. macropelma" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="macropelma">L. macropelma</taxonomicName>
|
|
) (plus three new species for which descriptions are being prepared); Peru,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. leechi" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="leechi">L. leechi</taxonomicName>
|
|
Frey; and Uruguay
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. pallens" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="pallens">L. pallens</taxonomicName>
|
|
Blanchard. There are no records of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
|
|
from Ecuador (Fig. 88).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
|
The Neotropical
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="tribe" tribe="Diplotaxini">Diplotaxini</taxonomicName>
|
|
included in the interactive key form a well-established clade and the features shared among them are discussed in
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Cherman, MA" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="744 - 770" title="Phylogenetic relationships within Diplotaxini Kirby (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Melolonthinae) with emphasis on Liogenys Guerin-Meneville." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12188" volume="41" year="2016">Cherman et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. Some of those features have exceptions, as follows: elytral suture generally narrowed at post-scutellar level (except in
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Homalochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Homalochilus punctatostriatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatostriatus">Homalochilus punctatostriatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Blanchard) and protibiae with an apical spur (except in
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys tarsalis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsalis">Liogenys tarsalis</taxonomicName>
|
|
). Furthermore, a common feature in Neotropical
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="tribe" tribe="Diplotaxini">Diplotaxini</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the enlarged tarsi in males, covered ventrally by pads of abundant bristles, is also seen in non Neotropical
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="tribe" tribe="Diplotaxini">Diplotaxini</taxonomicName>
|
|
as in
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Apogonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apogonia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apogonia</taxonomicName>
|
|
Kirby,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Ceratogonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ceratogonia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ceratogonia</taxonomicName>
|
|
Kolbe,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Dichecephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dichecephala" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dichecephala</taxonomicName>
|
|
Brenske and in a few
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Diplotaxis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diplotaxis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Diplotaxis</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figures 34-47. 34-36 Scutellum 37-38 Pygidium; lateral view 39-41 Claws 42-45 Meso-and metatibia: 42-43 Cylindrical 44-45 Quadrate in cross section 46-47 Metatibial spurs.</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="liogenys and related genera">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
|
|
and related genera.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
|
The genera most closely related to
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
|
|
are
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Pacuvia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pacuvia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pacuvia</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Pachrodema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachrodema" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachrodema</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Homalochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Homalochilus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Homalochilus</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Cherman, MA" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="744 - 770" title="Phylogenetic relationships within Diplotaxini Kirby (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Melolonthinae) with emphasis on Liogenys Guerin-Meneville." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12188" volume="41" year="2016">Cherman et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Like species of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Pacuvia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pacuvia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pacuvia</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
|
|
has the anterior margin of the clypeus emarginate; metasternum with sparse scales laterally (as in
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. obscura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="obscura">L. obscura</taxonomicName>
|
|
Blanchard,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. densicollis" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="densicollis">L. densicollis</taxonomicName>
|
|
Moser;
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. pallens" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="pallens">L. pallens</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. forcipata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="forcipata">L. forcipata</taxonomicName>
|
|
) and the outer margin of metacoxae parallel to the elytral margin.
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
|
|
is distinguished from
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Pacuvia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pacuvia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pacuvia</taxonomicName>
|
|
in that the latter shows a coplanar shape of the frons and clypeus in dorsal view; the maxillae with less than four teeth (except in
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. philippiana" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="philippiana">P. philippiana</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gutiérrez">Gutierrez</normalizedToken>
|
|
); the labium longer than wide (in common with
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. sinuaticeps" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="sinuaticeps">L. sinuaticeps</taxonomicName>
|
|
), distal labial palpomere more globose than the preceding, the ligula straight anteriorly, surface of mentum smooth (without any excavation); pronotal length equal to the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together (in common with
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. unicolor" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="unicolor">L. unicolor</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. macropelma" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="macropelma">L. macropelma</taxonomicName>
|
|
); pronotum narrower than the base of elytra; prothorax bristled and/or scaly abundantly posteriorly; innermost gap between elytral ridges wider than the adjacent; distance between meso- and metacoxae more than two-fold the metacoxa length (in common with
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. kuntzeni" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="kuntzeni">L. kuntzeni</taxonomicName>
|
|
Moser); protibial apical tooth parallel to longitudinal axis while basal and/or medial tooth oblique to longitudinal axis, only one longitudinal carina on protibia; basal apophysis of metacoxae not produced posteriorly (beyond the margin of trochanter); basal metatarsomere less than one-half the size of tarsomere II; propygidium completely hidden by the elytra; pygidium twice as wider as it is long. In males, metatibiae narrowed subapically and inner margin not produced (in common with
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. sinuaticeps" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="sinuaticeps">L. sinuaticeps</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. tarsalis" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="tarsalis">L. tarsalis</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. forcipata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="forcipata">L. forcipata</taxonomicName>
|
|
). With
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Pachrodema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachrodema" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachrodema</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
|
|
shares the trapezoidal shape of the labium and its distal palpomere not globose; ligula emarginate anteriorly, mentum surface excavated, ligula shorter than the mentum excavation; pronotum longer than the length of tarsomeres I, II and III together; pronotum anteriorly slightly narrowed forming a depressed ring (in common with
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. kuntzeni" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="kuntzeni">L. kuntzeni</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. flavida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="flavida">L. flavida</taxonomicName>
|
|
Moser,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. calcarata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="calcarata">L. calcarata</taxonomicName>
|
|
Frey,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. kadleci" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="kadleci">L. kadleci</taxonomicName>
|
|
Frey;
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. palpalis" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="palpalis">L. palpalis</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. hirta" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="hirta">L. hirta</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gutiérrez">Gutierrez</normalizedToken>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. wagenknechti" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="wagenknechti">L. wagenknechti</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gutiérrez">Gutierrez</normalizedToken>
|
|
); the inner gap between elytral ridges narrower or equal in width as the adjacent; inner margin of protibiae concave, protibial basal and middle teeth perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, two longitudinal carinae.
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
|
|
is distinguished from
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Pachrodema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachrodema" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachrodema</taxonomicName>
|
|
in that the latter shows clypeus rounded or sub-emarginate, never forming anterior tooth-like projections; sensorial area of the maxillary distal palpomere grooved and in a dorso-lateral position (except
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. lucida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="lucida">P. lucida</taxonomicName>
|
|
Blanchard); constriction between pro- and pterothorax prominent; distance between meso- and metacoxae equal to metacoxae length (in common with
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. concolor" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="concolor">L. concolor</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Blanchard)); apical tooth of protibiae oblique to the longitudinal axis; inner margin of mesotibiae concave; lateral margin of metacoxae oblique towards pygidium; metatibial inner margin bent and produced apically; apex surface convex at the insertion point of the tarsomere, gap between apical spurs wider than the base of a single spur.
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Homalochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Homalochilus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Homalochilus</taxonomicName>
|
|
shares the same features with
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
|
|
as well as
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Pachrodema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachrodema" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachrodema</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Additionally, the lateral margin of metacoxae is parallel to the elytral margin. Males of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. niger" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="niger">H. niger</taxonomicName>
|
|
Blanchard show metatibiae straight and produced apically.
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
|
|
is distinguished from
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Homalochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Homalochilus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Homalochilus</taxonomicName>
|
|
in that the latter shows a shorter body, up to three times longer than the pronotum (in common with
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. concolor" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="concolor">L. concolor</taxonomicName>
|
|
); labrum longer than ventral face of clypeus; pronotum forming a visibly depressed ring anteriorly, pronotal anterior angles slightly (
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. niger" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="niger">H. niger</taxonomicName>
|
|
) or noticeably (
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. punctatostriatus" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="punctatostriatus">H. punctatostriatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
) produced; punctures of pronotum not umbilicate, pronotum wider than the base of elytra; distance between meso- and metacoxae equal to metacoxal length (in common with
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. concolor" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="concolor">L. concolor</taxonomicName>
|
|
); pygidium glabrous (in common with
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. sinuaticeps" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="sinuaticeps">L. sinuaticeps</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. unicolor" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="unicolor">L. unicolor</taxonomicName>
|
|
), but punctures not umbilicate. In males, basal region of parameres longer than the parameres length beyond the split point. The frons of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. punctatostriatus" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="punctatostriatus">H. punctatostriatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
is longer than the clypeus, clypeus sublobed anteriorly (not emarginate) and ventrite V is longer than ventrite IV (an exception among the
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="tribe" tribe="Diplotaxini">Diplotaxini</taxonomicName>
|
|
, with all ventrites equally long).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
|
Figures 48-51. Parameres, dorsal view. 48
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys pallens" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallens">Liogenys pallens</taxonomicName>
|
|
Blanchard 49
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. acutidens" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="acutidens">L. acutidens</taxonomicName>
|
|
Moser 50
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. freyi" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="freyi">L. freyi</taxonomicName>
|
|
Cherman, sp. n. 51
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. forcipata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="forcipata">L. forcipata</taxonomicName>
|
|
Frey.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="notes">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Biological notes.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
|
|
species, as well as most of the
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Melolonthinae">Melolonthinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, are root-feeding as larvae, while adults feed on leaves and exhibit nocturnal activity (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Gutierrez, R" journalOrPublisher="Revista Chilena de Entomologia" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="129 - 145" title="El genero Liogenys en Chile." volume="1" year="1951">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gutiérrez">Gutierrez</normalizedToken>
|
|
1951
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Britton, EB" journalOrPublisher="British Museum (Natural History) Journal" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 185" title="A revision of the Australian Chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae). Volume I." volume="4" year="1957">Britton 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Moron, MA" journalOrPublisher="Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad y Sociedad Mexicana de Entomologia, Xalapa" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" title="Atlas de los escarabajos de Mexico. ColeopteraLamellicornia. Vol. I. Familia Melolonthidae." year="1997">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Morón">Moron</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. 1997
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Evans 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Morón">Moron</normalizedToken>
|
|
2004
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Biezanko, CM de" journalOrPublisher="Agros" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="156 - 213" title="Relacao dos principais insetos prejudiciais observados nos arredores de Pelotas nas plantas cultivadas e selvagens." volume="2" year="1949">Biezanko et al. (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
mentioned adults of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. densicollis" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="densicollis">L. densicollis</taxonomicName>
|
|
damaging corn in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil).
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">However</pageBreakToken>
|
|
, we suggest that this record should be considered doubtful because among the huge number of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. densicollis" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species" species="densicollis">L. densicollis</taxonomicName>
|
|
specimens studied (60 specimens from 10 museums: AMNH, CEMT, CMNC, IADIZA, MLPA, MZSP, NHMB, SDEI, VMDZ and ZMHB), the geographical records found were only from Argentina and Bolivia.
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Silva, AGA" journalOrPublisher="Ministerio da Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" title="Quarto catalogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil. Seus parasitos e predadores. Parte 2, Tomo 1 o, insetos, hospedeiros e inimigos naturais." year="1968">Silva et al. (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
mentioned
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. tibialis" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species" species="tibialis">L. tibialis</taxonomicName>
|
|
in Rio Grande do Sul feeding on leaves of peach-tree. Chilean
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
|
|
were recorded together with
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Pacuvia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pacuvia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pacuvia</taxonomicName>
|
|
species feeding on the following shrubs: Peumo,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Cryptocarya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cryptocarya alba" order="Laurales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">Cryptocarya alba</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Molina) Looser (
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Lauraceae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
), Litre,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Lithraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lithraea caustica" order="Sapindales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caustica">Lithraea caustica</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Molina) Hook. et Arn. (
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Anacardiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
) and Quillay,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Quillajaceae" genus="Quillaja" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quillaja saponaria" order="Fabales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="saponaria">Quillaja saponaria</taxonomicName>
|
|
Molina (
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Rosaceae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
) (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Gutierrez, R" journalOrPublisher="Revista Chilena de Entomologia" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="129 - 145" title="El genero Liogenys en Chile." volume="1" year="1951">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gutiérrez">Gutierrez</normalizedToken>
|
|
1951
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|
Of the 34 species of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
|
|
now known in Brazil, only five are associated with crops. In Rio Grande do Sul,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Cherman, MA" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Entomologia" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="618 - 620" title="First record of species of Liogenys (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae) associated with winter grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil)." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011005000052" volume="55" year="2011">Cherman et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
recorded four species:
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys concolor" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concolor">Liogenys concolor</taxonomicName>
|
|
Blanchard (=
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. obesa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species" species="obesa">L. obesa</taxonomicName>
|
|
Burmeister, syn. n.) and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. fusca" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species" species="fusca">L. fusca</taxonomicName>
|
|
Blanchard in oat crops;
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. bidenticeps" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">L. bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
|
|
Moser and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. sinuaticeps" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species" species="sinuaticeps">L. sinuaticeps</taxonomicName>
|
|
in ryegrass crops. According to
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Cherman, MA" journalOrPublisher="Neotropical Entomology" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="282 - 288" title="Ecological Characterization of White Grubs (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) Community in Cultivated and Noncultivated Fields." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-014-0214-0" volume="43" year="2014">Cherman et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, the abundance of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. sinuaticeps" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species" species="sinuaticeps">L. sinuaticeps</taxonomicName>
|
|
is higher in non-cultivated than in cultivated fields, unlike
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. bidenticeps" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">L. bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. concolor" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species" species="concolor">L. concolor</taxonomicName>
|
|
. In Mato Grosso do Sul state, adults of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. bidenticeps" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">L. bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
|
|
have been collected in light traps localized between cultivated and non-cultivated fields (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Rodrigues, SR" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="235 - 238" title="Biological Aspects of Liogenysbidenticeps Moser, 1919 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-68.2.235" volume="68" year="2014">Rodrigues et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), while larvae are associated with corn and soybean
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">crops</pageBreakToken>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Rodrigues, SR" journalOrPublisher="Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropical" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="87 - 93" title="Ocorrencia de larvas de Scarabaeidae fitofagos (Insecta: Coleoptera) em diferentes sistemas de sucessao de culturas." url="https://www.revistas.ufg.br/pat/article/view/7698" volume="41" year="2011">Rodrigues et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Only
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. fusca" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="fusca">L. fusca</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. suturalis" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="suturalis">L. suturalis</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Blanchard) have been recorded as agricultural pests, mainly in the
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Cerrado”">"Cerrado"</normalizedToken>
|
|
, a Brazilian savannah biome.
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys fusca" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fusca">Liogenys fusca</taxonomicName>
|
|
was found damaging corn and soybean in Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, and
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Goiás">Goias</normalizedToken>
|
|
States (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Rodrigues, SR" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Entomologia" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="637 - 640" title="Occurrence, biology and behavior of Liogenysfuscus Blanchard (Insecta, Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) in Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008000400015" volume="52" year="2008">Rodrigues et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Santos, AC" journalOrPublisher="Neotropical Entomology" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" url="https://doi.org/10.14295/BA.v3.0.59" year="2008">Santos et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Costa, RB" journalOrPublisher="Bioscience journal (online)" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="3 - 8" title="Captura de adultos de Liogenysfuscus (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) com armadilha luminosa em area sob sistema de plantio direto." url="http://www.seer.ufu.br/index.php/biosciencejournal/article/view/6900/4568" volume="25" year="2009">Costa et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Avila, CJ" journalOrPublisher="BioAssay" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 7" title="Controle do Coro Liogenysfusca (Blanchard) (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) com Inseticidas Aplicados nas Sementes e no Sulco de Semeadura da Soja (Glycinemax)." url="https://doi.org/10.14295/BA.v9.137" volume="9" year="2014">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ávila">Avila</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. 2014
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys suturalis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suturalis">Liogenys suturalis</taxonomicName>
|
|
damages corn, wheat, and oats in Mato Grosso do Sul (Santos and Avila 2009).
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Rodrigues, SR" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Entomologia" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="284 - 289" title="Morphology of immature stages and mating behavior in Liogenysfusca (Blanchard) (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae, Melolonthinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2016.06.00" volume="60" year="2016">Rodrigues et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
recorded adults of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. fusca" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="fusca">L. fusca</taxonomicName>
|
|
feeding and mating in
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Anacardiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, suggesting that these plants have an important role in the reproduction of this species. These authors cited that the native plants Urundeuva,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Myracrodruon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myracrodruon urundeuva" order="Sapindales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="urundeuva">Myracrodruon urundeuva</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Allemão">Allemao</normalizedToken>
|
|
) Engl.; Aroeira-vermelha,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Schinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Schinus terebinthifolius" order="Sapindales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="terebinthifolius">Schinus terebinthifolius</taxonomicName>
|
|
Raddi and
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gonçalo-alves">Goncalo-alves</normalizedToken>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Astronium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Astronium fraxinifolium" order="Sapindales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fraxinifolium">Astronium fraxinifolium</taxonomicName>
|
|
Schott represent an important natural source of food and reproduction, whereas the Cajueiro plant,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Anacardium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Anacardium occidentale" order="Sapindales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentale">Anacardium occidentale</taxonomicName>
|
|
Linnaeus, represents an alternative food source as it is introduced.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
Figures 52-55. Parameres, lateral view. 52
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. acutidens" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="acutidens">L. acutidens</taxonomicName>
|
|
Moser 53
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. pallens" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="pallens">L. pallens</taxonomicName>
|
|
Blanchard 54
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. bidentata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="bidentata">L. bidentata</taxonomicName>
|
|
Burmeister 55
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. suturalis" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="suturalis">L. suturalis</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Blanchard).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
Although
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
|
|
richness is huge in Argentina, research concerning species occurrence is scarce, including that related to crop pests (
|
|
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Mojica 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). This might be
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="11" start="start">because</pageBreakToken>
|
|
the first record of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Liogenys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liogenys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liogenys</taxonomicName>
|
|
damaging soybean plants was recent, in 2006 in Cordoba Province (
|
|
<bibRefCitation pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fava et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). However, there is a record from 1940 of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. cribricollis" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="cribricollis">L. cribricollis</taxonomicName>
|
|
Moser adults feeding on leaves of Aguaribay,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Schinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Schinus molle" order="Sapindales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="molle">Schinus molle</taxonomicName>
|
|
Linnaeus (
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Anacardiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
) in Villa Maria,
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Córdoba">Cordoba</normalizedToken>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Cordo, HA" journalOrPublisher="Sociedad Entomologica Argentina Ediciones, Buenos Aires" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" title="Catalogo de Insectos Fitofagos de la Argentina y sus plantas asociadas." year="2004">Cordo et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Some labels on the specimens studied during this work provided information about the collection method and/or collection environment (Table 2).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Table 2. Species with labeled data about sampling method (type of trap/manual).</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<table pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">Species</th>
|
|
<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">Light trap</th>
|
|
<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">FIT</th>
|
|
<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">Pitfall /feces</th>
|
|
<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">Pitfall /no agent</th>
|
|
<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">Malaise</th>
|
|
<th colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">Manual or at host plants</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. bidentata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="bidentata">L. bidentata</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. bidenticeps" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="bidenticeps">L. bidenticeps</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. bilobata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="bilobata">L. bilobata</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. cartwrighti" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="cartwrighti">L. cartwrighti</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. corumbana" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="corumbana">L. corumbana</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. densata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="densata">L. densata</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. densicollis" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="densicollis">L. densicollis</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. denticeps" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="denticeps">L. denticeps</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. diodon" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="diodon">L. diodon</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. fusca" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="fusca">L. fusca</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. hirtipennis" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="hirtipennis">L. hirtipennis</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. moseri" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="moseri">L. moseri</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. obscura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="obscura">L. obscura</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. pallens" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="pallens">L. pallens</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. pallidicornis" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="pallidicornis">L. pallidicornis</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. paralella" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="paralella">L. paralella</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. rectangula" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="rectangula">L. rectangula</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. rufoflava" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="rufoflava">L. rufoflava</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. santaecrucis" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="santaecrucis">L. santaecrucis</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. suturalis" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="suturalis">L. suturalis</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. testaceipennis" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="testaceipennis">L. testaceipennis</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. tibialis" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="tibialis">L. tibialis</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. unicolor" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="unicolor">L. unicolor</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. vicina" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="vicina">L. vicina</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. pseudosanctaecrucis" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="pseudosanctaecrucis">L. pseudosanctaecrucis</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. cavifrons" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="cavifrons">L. cavifrons</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |