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<document id="0C51F04FCAFA1C7263522BB30EE20DF3" ID-DOI="10.1093/mspecies/sead010" ID-ISSN="1545-1410" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10621098" ID-ZooBank="4D24F4D5-E4C3-4606-879D-4985392A35D4" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1707139480160" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Long, Douglas J. &amp; Smith, Jennifer E." docDate="2023" docId="BC2FC613FF9CCB5EFF44B135FE2E1836" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpecies.55.1034.1.13.pdf" docOrigin="Mammalian Species 55 (1034)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:11688CB943E1F39F6E9CB61928A301BB.4:MammalSpecies.2016-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="11688CB943E1F39F6E9CB61928A301BB" docStyleName="MammalSpecies.2016-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Otospermophilus douglasii" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="4016BE6BFF9DCB59FFE1B566FFD61956" masterDocTitle="Otospermophilus douglasii (Rodentia: Sciuridae)" masterLastPageNumber="13" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1707161566515" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="6391DA4E6485F4B17018ABEB27341015">Otospermophilus douglasii (Rodentia: Sciuridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2DD2AC52A7012E1DDA9C6141B13EF02F">2023</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="34397705FF9CCB58FF44B135FD361D3B" blockId="1.[165,736,1107,1175]" box="[165,736,1107,1133]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">
<heading id="6F71C069FF9CCB58FF44B135FD361D3B" box="[165,736,1107,1133]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9CCB58FF44B135FD361D3B" authority="(Richardson, 1829)" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[165,736,1107,1133]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FF44B135FD361D3B" bold="true" box="[165,736,1107,1133]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FF44B135FE3D1D3B" bold="true" box="[165,491,1107,1133]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Otospermophilus douglasii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9CCB58FE1DB135FD001D3B" author="Richardson J." box="[508,726,1107,1133]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" refId="ref12131" refString="Richardson J. 1829. Fauna Boreali-Americana or the zoology of the northern parts of British America. Part 1. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1829">Richardson, 1829</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF9CCB58FEB0B1E6FD891DC1" blockId="1.[165,736,1107,1175]" box="[337,607,1152,1175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Douglas Ground Squirrel</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9CCB58FF8CB1D3FF071D9A" ID-CoL="32CY" box="[109,209,1205,1228]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Arctomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FF8CB1D3FF071D9A" box="[109,209,1205,1228]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Arctomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
? (
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9CCB58FF0CB1D3FE561D9A" ID-CoL="7KBZ" baseAuthorityName="Smith and Coss" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[237,384,1205,1228]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FF0CB1D3FE561D9A" box="[237,384,1205,1228]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Spermophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
?) 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9CCB58FE7AB1D3FD111D9A" authority="Richardson, 1829" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1829" box="[411,711,1205,1228]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FE7AB1D3FDD21D9A" box="[411,516,1205,1228]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Douglasii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9CCB58FDEAB1D3FD111D9A" author="Richardson J." box="[523,711,1205,1228]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" refId="ref12131" refString="Richardson J. 1829. Fauna Boreali-Americana or the zoology of the northern parts of British America. Part 1. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1829">Richardson, 1829</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 1:172. 
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locality 
<quote id="46798017FF9CCB58FECCB1B3FDEE1DBA" box="[301,568,1237,1260]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">“banks of the Columbia,”</quote>
(see “Nomenclatural Notes”).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF9CCB58FF8CB073FCC41C7A" blockId="1.[109,792,1205,1804]" box="[109,786,1301,1324]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9CCB58FF8CB073FEBC1C7A" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[109,362,1301,1324]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FF8CB073FEBC1C7A" box="[109,362,1301,1324]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Spermophilus douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<treatmentCitation id="B5275114FF9CCB58FE99B073FDE31C7A" author="Cuvier M. F." box="[376,565,1301,1324]" page="333" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" year="1831">
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9CCB58FE99B073FDE31C7A" author="Cuvier M. F." box="[376,565,1301,1324]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" refId="ref9906" refString="Cuvier M. F. 1831. Supplement a l'Histoire naturelle, Generale et particuliere, de Buffon. Tome 1. Mammiferes. Chez F. D. Pillot, Paris, France." type="book" year="1831">Cuvier, 1831:333</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. Name combination.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF9CCB58FF8CB053FEA41CDA" blockId="1.[109,792,1205,1804]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="1496502BFF9CCB58FF8CB053FEA41CDA" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9CCB58FF8CB053FE541C1A" box="[109,386,1333,1356]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grammurus">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FF8CB053FE541C1A" box="[109,386,1333,1356]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Spermophilus grammurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
var. 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FE57B053FDCE1C1A" box="[438,536,1333,1356]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Douglasi</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="B5275114FF9CCB58FDFCB053FD181C1A" author="Allen J. A." box="[541,718,1333,1356]" page="293" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" year="1874">
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9CCB58FDFCB053FD181C1A" author="Allen J. A." box="[541,718,1333,1356]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" pagination="276 - 296" part="16" refId="ref9191" refString="Allen J. A. 1874. On geographical variation in color among North American squirrels with a list of the species and varieties of the American Sciuridae occurring north of Mexico. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 16: 276 - 296." title="On geographical variation in color among North American squirrels with a list of the species and varieties of the American Sciuridae occurring north of Mexico" type="journal article" year="1874">Allen, 1874:293</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. Name combination and incorrect subsequent spelling of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9CCB58FD54B033FEBB1CDA" authority="(Richardson, 1829)" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1829" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FD54B033FCCE1C3A" box="[693,792,1365,1388]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">douglasii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9CCB58FF47B013FEB41CDA" author="Richardson J." box="[166,354,1397,1420]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" refId="ref12131" refString="Richardson J. 1829. Fauna Boreali-Americana or the zoology of the northern parts of British America. Part 1. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1829">Richardson, 1829</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF9CCB58FF8CB0F3FEA41CBA" blockId="1.[109,792,1205,1804]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="1496502BFF9CCB58FF8CB0F3FEA41CBA" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9CCB58FF8CB0F3FE201CFA" box="[109,502,1429,1452]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="grammurus" subSpecies="douglassi">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FF8CB0F3FE201CFA" box="[109,502,1429,1452]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Spermophilus grammurus douglassi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<treatmentCitation id="B5275114FF9CCB58FDE9B0F3FD1C1CFA" author="Bryant W. E." box="[520,714,1429,1452]" page="355" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" year="1891">
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9CCB58FDE9B0F3FD1C1CFA" author="Bryant W. E." box="[520,714,1429,1452]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" pagination="353 - 360" refId="ref9735" refString="Bryant W. E. 1891. A provisional list of the land mammals of California. Zoe 1 (12): 353 - 360." type="journal article" year="1891">Bryant, 1891:355</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. Name combination and incorrect subsequent spelling of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9CCB58FD54B0D3FEBB1CBA" authority="(Richardson, 1829)" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1829" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FD54B0D3FCCE1C9A" box="[693,792,1461,1484]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">douglasii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9CCB58FF47B0B3FEB41CBA" author="Richardson J." box="[166,354,1493,1516]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" refId="ref12131" refString="Richardson J. 1829. Fauna Boreali-Americana or the zoology of the northern parts of British America. Part 1. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1829">Richardson, 1829</bibRefCitation>
)
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF9CCB58FF8CB093FD821F1A" blockId="1.[109,792,1205,1804]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="1496502BFF9CCB58FF8CB093FD821F1A" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9CCB58FF8CB093FD151F5A" box="[109,707,1525,1548]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="grammurus" subGenus="Otospermophilus" subSpecies="douglasi">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FF8CB093FED61F5A" box="[109,256,1525,1548]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Spermophilus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FEF4B093FE1B1F5A" box="[277,461,1525,1548]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Otospermophilus</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FE00B093FD151F5A" box="[481,707,1525,1548]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">grammurus douglasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<treatmentCitation id="B5275114FF9CCB58FD37B093FF2E1F7A" author="Elliot D. G." page="89" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" year="1901">
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9CCB58FD37B093FF2E1F7A" author="Elliot D. G." pageId="1" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 471" refId="ref10111" refString="Elliot D. G. 1901. A synopsis of the mammals of North America and the adjacent seas. Field Columbian Museum. Chicago Zoological Series 2: 1 - 471." type="book chapter" year="1901">Elliot, 1901:89</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. Name combination and incorrect subsequent spelling of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9CCB58FEF4B353FD991F1A" authority="(Richardson, 1829)" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[277,591,1589,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FEF4B353FEAE1F1A" box="[277,376,1589,1612]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">douglasii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9CCB58FE69B353FD921F1A" author="Richardson J." box="[392,580,1589,1612]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" refId="ref12131" refString="Richardson J. 1829. Fauna Boreali-Americana or the zoology of the northern parts of British America. Part 1. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1829">Richardson, 1829</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF9CCB58FF8CB333FEA41FFA" blockId="1.[109,792,1205,1804]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="1496502BFF9CCB58FF8CB333FEA41FFA" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FF8CB333FF0E1F3A" box="[109,216,1621,1644]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9CCB58FF8CB333FF161F3A" ID-CoL="3Q9L" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1816" box="[109,192,1621,1644]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Citellus</taxonomicName>
v
</emphasis>
[
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FF00B333FE931F3A" box="[225,325,1621,1644]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">ariegatus</emphasis>
]. 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9CCB58FE81B333FE6A1F3A" baseAuthorityName="Bachman" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[352,444,1621,1644]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasi">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FE81B333FE6A1F3A" box="[352,444,1621,1644]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">douglasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<treatmentCitation id="B5275114FF9CCB58FE31B333FD531F3A" author="Elliot D. G." box="[464,645,1621,1644]" page="183" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" year="1903">
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9CCB58FE31B333FD531F3A" author="Elliot D. G." box="[464,645,1621,1644]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" pagination="175 - 197" refId="ref10144" refString="Elliot D. G. 1903. A list of mammals obtained by Edmund Heller collector for the museum from the coast region of northern California and Oregon. Field Columbian Museum, Zoological Series III (11): 175 - 197." type="journal article" year="1903">Elliot, 1903:183</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. Name combination and incorrect subsequent spelling of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9CCB58FD54B313FEBB1FFA" authority="(Richardson, 1829)" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1829" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FD54B313FCCE1FDA" box="[693,792,1653,1676]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">douglasii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9CCB58FF47B3F3FEB41FFA" author="Richardson J." box="[166,354,1685,1708]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" refId="ref12131" refString="Richardson J. 1829. Fauna Boreali-Americana or the zoology of the northern parts of British America. Part 1. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1829">Richardson, 1829</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF9CCB58FF8CB3D3FEA41E5A" blockId="1.[109,792,1205,1804]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="1496502BFF9CCB58FF8CB3D3FEA41E5A" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9CCB58FF8CB3D3FE431F9A" box="[109,405,1717,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="beecheyi" subSpecies="douglasi">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FF8CB3D3FE431F9A" box="[109,405,1717,1740]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Citellus beecheyi douglasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<treatmentCitation id="B5275114FF9CCB58FE4AB3D3FD571F9A" author="Grinnell J." box="[427,641,1717,1740]" page="345" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" year="1913">
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9CCB58FE4AB3D3FD571F9A" author="Grinnell J." box="[427,641,1717,1740]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" pagination="265 - 390" refId="ref10365" refString="Grinnell J. 1913. A distributional list of the mammals of California. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4 3: 265 - 390." type="journal article" year="1913">Grinnell, 1913:345</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. Name combination and incorrect subsequent spelling of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9CCB58FD54B3B3FEBB1E5A" authority="(Richardson, 1829)" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1829" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FD54B3B3FCCE1FBA" box="[693,792,1749,1772]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">douglasii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9CCB58FF47B393FEB41E5A" author="Richardson J." box="[166,354,1781,1804]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" refId="ref12131" refString="Richardson J. 1829. Fauna Boreali-Americana or the zoology of the northern parts of British America. Part 1. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1829">Richardson, 1829</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF9CCB58FCA9B134FB021DFF" blockId="1.[840,1522,1106,1193]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="1496502BFF9CCB58FCA9B134FB021DFF" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9CCB58FCA9B134FBD31D3F" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[840,1029,1106,1129]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FCA9B134FBD31D3F" box="[840,1029,1106,1129]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Citellus douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<treatmentCitation id="B5275114FF9CCB58FBF2B134FB371D3F" author="Grinnell J. &amp; Dixon J. S." box="[1043,1249,1106,1129]" page="644" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" year="1918">
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9CCB58FBF2B134FB371D3F" author="Grinnell J. &amp; Dixon J. S." box="[1043,1249,1106,1129]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" pagination="597 - 708" refId="ref10421" refString="Grinnell J., Dixon J. S. 1918. Natural history of the ground squirrels of California. Monthly Bulletin of the State Commission of Horticulture 7: 597 - 708." type="journal article" year="1918">Grinnell, 1918:644</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. Name combination. 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9CCB58FCA9B114FC2A1DDF" baseAuthorityName="Bachman" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[840,1020,1138,1161]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasi">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FCA9B114FC2A1DDF" box="[840,1020,1138,1161]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Citellus douglasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<treatmentCitation id="B5275114FF9CCB58FBE8B114FB621DDF" author="Couch L. K." box="[1033,1204,1138,1161]" page="18" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" year="1922">
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9CCB58FBE8B114FB621DDF" author="Couch L. K." box="[1033,1204,1138,1161]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" pagination="18" refId="ref9884" refString="Couch L. K. 1922. Distribution of the Douglas ground squirrel in Washington. The Murrelet 3: 18." type="journal article" year="1922">Couch, 1922:18</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. Incorrect subsequent spelling of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9CCB58FC74B1F4FB191DFF" authority="(Richardson, 1829)" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[917,1231,1170,1193]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FC74B1F4FC2E1DFF" box="[917,1016,1170,1193]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">douglasii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9CCB58FBE9B1F4FB121DFF" author="Richardson J." box="[1032,1220,1170,1193]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" refId="ref12131" refString="Richardson J. 1829. Fauna Boreali-Americana or the zoology of the northern parts of British America. Part 1. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1829">Richardson, 1829</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<caption id="60F9278DFF9CCB58FCA9B3ABFA6D1FA9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10621100" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10621100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10621100/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" startId="1.[840,875,1741,1762]" targetBox="[841,1523,1273,1711]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="34397705FF9CCB58FCA9B3ABFA6D1FA9" blockId="1.[840,1523,1741,1791]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FCA9B3ABFC511FB4" bold="true" box="[840,903,1741,1762]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
—An adult male 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9CCB58FBCCB3ABFAE41FB4" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1829" box="[1069,1330,1741,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9CCB58FBCCB3ABFAE41FB4" box="[1069,1330,1741,1762]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Otospermophilus douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from MacKerricher State Beach, Mendocino County, California. Photograph by DJL.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="34397705FF9FCB5BFF8CB5AFFEFC1856" blockId="2.[109,793,201,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="1496502BFF9FCB5BFF8CB5AFFEFC1856" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9FCB5BFF8CB5AFFDC619B6" box="[109,528,201,224]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="grammurus" subSpecies="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFF8CB5AFFDC619B6" box="[109,528,201,224]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Otospermophilus grammurus douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<treatmentCitation id="B5275114FF9FCB5BFDFFB5AFFD0419B6" author="Miller G. S., Jr." box="[542,722,201,224]" page="181" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" year="1924">
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFDFFB5AFFD0419B6" author="Miller G. S., Jr." box="[542,722,201,224]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" refId="ref11501" refString="Miller G. S., Jr. 1924. List of North American Recent mammals. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 128: i - 673." type="journal volume" year="1924">Miller, 1924:181</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
Name combination.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF9FCB5BFF8CB46FFEBD1816" blockId="2.[109,793,201,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="1496502BFF9FCB5BFF8CB46FFEBD1816" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9FCB5BFF8CB46FFE581876" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1829" box="[109,398,265,288]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFF8CB46FFE581876" box="[109,398,265,288]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Otospermophilus douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<treatmentCitation id="B5275114FF9FCB5BFE7AB46FFD901876" author="Edge E. R." box="[411,582,265,288]" page="194" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" year="1931">
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFE7AB46FFD901876" author="Edge E. R." box="[411,582,265,288]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="194 - 200" refId="ref9990" refString="Edge E. R. 1931. Seasonal activity and growth in the Douglas ground squirrel. Journal of Mammalogy 12: 194 - 200." type="journal article" year="1931">Edge, 1931:194</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. First use of current name combination.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF9FCB5BFF8CB415FD551C9C" blockId="2.[109,792,371,1482]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
<author id="EC3B9FE0FF9FCB5BFF8CB415FE6518DC" box="[109,435,371,394]" case="AC" fns="I" in="CONTENT" ins="B" ln="CONTEXT AND" lnc="AC" npo="LnIn" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">CONTEXT AND CONTENT</author>
. 
<title id="46829C33FF9FCB5BFE30B415FCCE18FC" jopScore="0.04182028" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
Order Rodentia, suborder Sciuromorpha, family Sciuridae, tribe Marmotini (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFD2BB4F5FCCE18FC" author="Howell A. H." box="[714,792,403,426]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref10840" refString="Howell A. H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels with a classification of the North American Sciuridae. North American Fauna 56: 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1938">Howell</bibRefCitation>
</title>
<year id="402E3656FF9FCB5BFF8CB4D5FF74189C" box="[109,162,435,458]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">1938</year>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFF58B4D5FEFC189C" author="Hall E. R." box="[185,298,435,458]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" refId="ref10531" refString="Hall E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2 nd ed. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., New York, USA." type="book" year="1981">
<journalOrPublisher id="EE477DC9FF9FCB5BFF58B4D5FF31189C" box="[185,231,435,458]" jopScore="0.47619048" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Hall</journalOrPublisher>
<part id="4022DD98FF9FCB5BFF14B4D5FEFC189C" box="[245,298,435,458]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" type="volume">1981</part>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFEA1B4D5FDCD189C" author="Helgen K. M. &amp; Cole F. R. &amp; Helgen L. E. &amp; Wilson D." box="[320,539,435,458]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="270 - 305" refId="ref10673" refString="Helgen K. M., Cole F. R., Helgen L. E., Wilson D. 2009. Generic revision in the Holarctic ground squirrel genus Spermophilus. Journal of Mammalogy 90: 270 - 305." type="journal article" year="2009">
Helgen et al. 
<pagination id="0D4F89F1FF9FCB5BFE07B4D5FDCD189C" box="[486,539,435,458]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" type="pagination">2009</pagination>
</bibRefCitation>
). Eight subspecies of 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFF8CB4B5FE4618BC" box="[109,400,467,490]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Otospermophilus beecheyi</emphasis>
were recognized by 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFD6FB4B5FCC718BC" author="Hall E. R." box="[654,785,467,490]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" refId="ref10531" refString="Hall E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2 nd ed. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., New York, USA." type="book" year="1981">Hall (1981)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFF8CB495FE931B5C" author="Helgen K. M. &amp; Cole F. R. &amp; Helgen L. E. &amp; Wilson D." box="[109,325,499,522]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="270 - 305" refId="ref10673" refString="Helgen K. M., Cole F. R., Helgen L. E., Wilson D. 2009. Generic revision in the Holarctic ground squirrel genus Spermophilus. Journal of Mammalogy 90: 270 - 305." type="journal article" year="2009">Helgen et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFEB2B495FE261B5C" author="Howell A. H." box="[339,496,499,522]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref10840" refString="Howell A. H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels with a classification of the North American Sciuridae. North American Fauna 56: 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1938">Howell (1938)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFE1CB495FF631B7C" author="Thorington R. W., Jr. &amp; Hoffmann R. S." pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="754 - 818" refId="ref12806" refString="Thorington R. W., Jr., Hoffmann R. S. 2005. Family Sciuridae. In: Wilson D. E., Reeder D. M., editors. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3 rd ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; p. 754 - 818." type="book chapter" year="2005">Thorington and Hoffmann (2005)</bibRefCitation>
. However, recent genetic studies supported the elevation of 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFF6AB755FEFC1B1C" box="[139,298,563,586]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. b. douglasii</emphasis>
to full species status as 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFDD0B755FD601B1C" box="[561,694,563,586]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. douglasii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFD26B755FF081B3C" author="Phuong M. A. &amp; Lim M. C. W. &amp; Wait D. R. &amp; Rowe K. C. &amp; Moritz C." pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="1136 - 1151" refId="ref12030" refString="Phuong M. A., Lim M. C. W., Wait D. R., Rowe K. C., Moritz C. 2014. Delimiting species in the genus Otospermophilus (Rodentia: Sciuridae), using genetics, ecology, and morphology. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 113: 1136 - 1151." type="journal article" year="2014">Phuong et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Thus, the three species of 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFDF1B735FD1E1B3C" box="[528,712,595,618]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Otospermophilus</emphasis>
are: 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFD1FB735FF061BDC" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. douglasii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFF03B715FE761BDC" author="Richardson J." box="[226,416,627,650]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" refId="ref12131" refString="Richardson J. 1829. Fauna Boreali-Americana or the zoology of the northern parts of British America. Part 1. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1829">Richardson, 1829</bibRefCitation>
); 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFE58B715FDEE1BDC" box="[441,568,627,650]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. beecheyi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFDABB715FCD11BDC" author="Richardson J." box="[586,775,627,650]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" refId="ref12131" refString="Richardson J. 1829. Fauna Boreali-Americana or the zoology of the northern parts of British America. Part 1. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1829">Richardson, 1829</bibRefCitation>
); and 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFF41B7F5FEE31BFC" box="[160,309,659,682]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. variegatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFEABB7F5FE271BFC" author="Erxleben J. C. P." box="[330,497,659,682]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" refId="ref10213" refString="Erxleben J. C. P. 1777. Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates cvm synonymia et historia animalivm: classis I. Mammalia." type="book" year="1777">Erxleben, 1777</bibRefCitation>
). To reflect this, we have made every effort to include only information on 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFD70B7D5FCCE1B9C" box="[657,792,691,714]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. douglasii</emphasis>
(formerly 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFF03B7B5FE581BBC" box="[226,398,723,746]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. b. douglasii</emphasis>
) from older literature, as well as references to 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFF1CB795FEAF1A5C" box="[253,377,755,778]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. beecheyi</emphasis>
from the known range of 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFD6FB795FCC71A5C" box="[654,785,755,778]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. douglasii</emphasis>
. Our revised distribution for 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFE40B675FDC91A7C" box="[417,543,787,810]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. beecheyi</emphasis>
follows the traditional subspecific distribution of 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFE70B655FDC61A1C" box="[401,528,819,842]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. beecheyi</emphasis>
from previous workers, with the Sacramento River assumed to be the biogeographic barrier between 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFEFDB615FE761ADC" box="[284,416,883,906]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. douglasii</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFE34B615FD841ADC" box="[469,594,883,906]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. beecheyi</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFD81B615FF061AFC" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Otospermophilus douglasii</emphasis>
is located west and north, whereas 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFD96B6F5FD2F1AFC" box="[631,761,915,938]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. beecheyi</emphasis>
is east and south of the Sacramento River (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFDDEB6D5FF741ABC" author="Grinnell J. &amp; Dixon J. S." pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="597 - 708" refId="ref10421" refString="Grinnell J., Dixon J. S. 1918. Natural history of the ground squirrels of California. Monthly Bulletin of the State Commission of Horticulture 7: 597 - 708." type="journal article" year="1918">Grinnell and Dixon 1918</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFF52B6B5FE9F1ABC" author="Grinnell J." box="[179,329,979,1002]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="71 - 234" refId="ref10395" refString="Grinnell J. 1933. Review of the recent mammal fauna of California. University of California Publications in Zoology 40: 71 - 234." type="journal article" year="1933">Grinnell 1933</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFEB8B6B5FE321ABC" author="Howell A. H." box="[345,484,979,1002]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref10840" refString="Howell A. H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels with a classification of the North American Sciuridae. North American Fauna 56: 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1938">Howell 1938</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFE14B6B5FDB61ABC" author="Hall E. R." box="[501,608,979,1002]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" refId="ref10531" refString="Hall E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2 nd ed. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., New York, USA." type="book" year="1981">Hall 1981</bibRefCitation>
). Recent genetic studies support the Sacramento River as the polyphyletic division between 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFEE0B175FE531D7C" box="[257,389,1043,1066]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. douglasii</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFE5BB175FDE11D7C" box="[442,567,1043,1066]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. beecheyi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFDA6B175FCC61D7C" author="Phuong M. A. &amp; Lim M. C. W. &amp; Wait D. R. &amp; Rowe K. C. &amp; Moritz C." box="[583,784,1043,1066]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="1136 - 1151" refId="ref12030" refString="Phuong M. A., Lim M. C. W., Wait D. R., Rowe K. C., Moritz C. 2014. Delimiting species in the genus Otospermophilus (Rodentia: Sciuridae), using genetics, ecology, and morphology. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 113: 1136 - 1151." type="journal article" year="2014">Phuong et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFF8CB155FE941D1C" author="Holding M. L. &amp; Sovic M. G. &amp; Colston T. J. &amp; Gibbs H. L." box="[109,322,1075,1098]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="297 - 317" refId="ref10757" refString="Holding M. L., Sovic M. G., Colston T. J., Gibbs H. L. 2021. The scales of coevolution: comparative phylogeography and genetic demography of a locally adapted venomous predator and prey. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 132: 297 - 317." type="journal article" year="2021">Holding et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
). However, the precise taxonomic delineation of 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFF5DB135FEA21D3C" box="[188,372,1107,1130]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Otospermophilus</emphasis>
living in southeastern Yolo and Solano counties, along the northwestern margin of the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, remains unclear (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFE28B1F5FD451DFC" author="Phuong M. A. &amp; Lim M. C. W. &amp; Wait D. R. &amp; Rowe K. C. &amp; Moritz C." box="[457,659,1171,1194]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="1136 - 1151" refId="ref12030" refString="Phuong M. A., Lim M. C. W., Wait D. R., Rowe K. C., Moritz C. 2014. Delimiting species in the genus Otospermophilus (Rodentia: Sciuridae), using genetics, ecology, and morphology. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 113: 1136 - 1151." type="journal article" year="2014">Phuong et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Moreover, while there is apparently no overlap of 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFDEEB1D5FD441D9C" box="[527,658,1203,1226]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. douglasii</emphasis>
and subspecies of 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFF5EB1B5FEEB1DBC" box="[191,317,1235,1258]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. beecheyi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFEAEB1B5FDB71DBC" author="Grinnell J. &amp; Dixon J. S." box="[335,609,1235,1258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="597 - 708" refId="ref10421" refString="Grinnell J., Dixon J. S. 1918. Natural history of the ground squirrels of California. Monthly Bulletin of the State Commission of Horticulture 7: 597 - 708." type="journal article" year="1918">Grinnell and Dixon 1918</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFD90B1B5FCDE1DBC" author="Grinnell J." box="[625,776,1235,1258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="71 - 234" refId="ref10395" refString="Grinnell J. 1933. Review of the recent mammal fauna of California. University of California Publications in Zoology 40: 71 - 234." type="journal article" year="1933">Grinnell 1933</bibRefCitation>
), laboratory experiments showed that captive 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFDA1B195FD151C5C" box="[576,707,1267,1290]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. douglasii</emphasis>
can hybridize with both 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFED2B075FE191C7C" box="[307,463,1299,1322]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. b. beecheyi</emphasis>
to the south and 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFD74B075FCCE1C7C" box="[661,792,1299,1322]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. b. fisheri</emphasis>
to the east (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFF0CB055FE2F1C1C" author="Marsh R. E. &amp; Howard W. E." box="[237,505,1331,1354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="781 - 783" refId="ref11273" refString="Marsh R. E., Howard W. E. 1968. Breeding ground squirrels, Spermophilus beecheyi, in captivity. Journal of Mammalogy 49: 781 - 783." type="journal article" year="1968">Marsh and Howard 1968</bibRefCitation>
), so precise delineation of species ranges, whether a clear species boundary or a hybrid zone, has not yet been genetically determined. Given this current uncertainty, we have included some information about those conspecifics but have noted their county of origin.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7C9C248EFF9FCB5BFF8CB36FFC371AD6" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" type="description">
<paragraph id="34397705FF9FCB5BFF8CB36FFE981E36" blockId="2.[109,793,1545,1952]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
<author id="EC3B9FE0FF9FCB5BFF8CB36FFEA91F76" box="[109,383,1545,1568]" case="AC" fns="I" in="NOTES" ins="B" ln="NOMENCLATURAL" lnc="AC" npo="LnIn" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">NOMENCLATURAL NOTES</author>
. 
<title id="46829C33FF9FCB5BFE7DB36FFF211E76" jopScore="0.6132366" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
Formerly placed in 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFD8BB36FFD2B1F76" box="[618,765,1545,1568]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Spermophilus</emphasis>
as one of the subspecies of 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFE91B34FFE331F16" box="[368,485,1577,1600]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">S. beecheyi</emphasis>
, this species was reclassified as 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFF6AB32FFEA41F36" box="[139,370,1609,1632]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. beecheyi douglasii</emphasis>
in the genus 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFDE2B32FFD6D1F36" box="[515,699,1609,1632]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Otospermophilus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFD2AB32FFF0A1FD6" author="Helgen K. M. &amp; Cole F. R. &amp; Helgen L. E. &amp; Wilson D." pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="270 - 305" refId="ref10673" refString="Helgen K. M., Cole F. R., Helgen L. E., Wilson D. 2009. Generic revision in the Holarctic ground squirrel genus Spermophilus. Journal of Mammalogy 90: 270 - 305." type="journal article" year="2009">Helgen et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFF13B30FFE7C1FD6" box="[242,426,1641,1664]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Otospermophilus</emphasis>
is a name derived from Greek and attributed to the relatively large ears and its dietary preference for eating seeds. Specifically, “ 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFE6EB3CFFE171F96" box="[399,449,1705,1728]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Otos</emphasis>
” means ear, “ 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFDB4B3CFFD151F96" box="[597,707,1705,1728]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">spermatos</emphasis>
” means seed, and “ 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFF07B3AFFEFF1FB6" box="[230,297,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">phileo</emphasis>
” means love (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFE26B3AFFD9E1FB6" author="Jaegar E. C." box="[455,584,1737,1760]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" refId="ref10872" refString="Jaegar E. C. 1955. A source-book of biological names and terms. 3 rd ed. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, Illinois, USA." type="book" year="1955">Jaegar 1955</bibRefCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFD81B3AFFCCE1FB6" box="[608,792,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Otospermophilus</emphasis>
is a sister lineage of 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFEB7B38FFDF71E56" box="[342,545,1769,1792]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Callospermophilus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFDD5B38FFCC61E56" author="Harrison G. H. &amp; Bogdanowicz S. M. &amp; Hoffman R. S. &amp; Yensen E. &amp; Sherman P. W." box="[564,784,1769,1792]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="249 - 275" refId="ref10620" refString="Harrison G. H., Bogdanowicz S. M., Hoffman R. S., Yensen E., Sherman P. W. 2003. Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the ground squirrels (Rodentia: Marmotinae). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 10: 249 - 275." type="journal article" year="2003">Harrison et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFF8CB26FFF211E76" author="Helgen K. M. &amp; Cole F. R. &amp; Helgen L. E. &amp; Wilson D." box="[109,247,1801,1824]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="270 - 305" refId="ref10673" refString="Helgen K. M., Cole F. R., Helgen L. E., Wilson D. 2009. Generic revision in the Holarctic ground squirrel genus Spermophilus. Journal of Mammalogy 90: 270 - 305." type="journal article" year="2009">Helgen et al</bibRefCitation>
</title>
. 
<year id="402E3656FF9FCB5BFEE5B26FFEEF1E76" box="[260,313,1801,1824]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">2009</year>
). 
<journalOrPublisher id="EE477DC9FF9FCB5BFEB3B26FFF511E16" jopScore="0.05476884" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
Higher-level taxonomy follows 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFD4FB26FFF511E16" author="Helgen K. M. &amp; Cole F. R. &amp; Helgen L. E. &amp; Wilson D." pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="270 - 305" refId="ref10673" refString="Helgen K. M., Cole F. R., Helgen L. E., Wilson D. 2009. Generic revision in the Holarctic ground squirrel genus Spermophilus. Journal of Mammalogy 90: 270 - 305." type="journal article" year="2009">Helgen et al.</bibRefCitation>
</journalOrPublisher>
(
<part id="4022DD98FF9FCB5BFF79B24FFF061E16" box="[152,208,1833,1856]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" type="issue">2009</part>
), and the species designation as 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFDD8B24FFD691E16" box="[569,703,1833,1856]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. douglasii</emphasis>
follows 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFF8CB22FFE911E36" author="Phuong M. A. &amp; Lim M. C. W. &amp; Wait D. R. &amp; Rowe K. C. &amp; Moritz C." box="[109,327,1865,1888]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="1136 - 1151" refId="ref12030" refString="Phuong M. A., Lim M. C. W., Wait D. R., Rowe K. C., Moritz C. 2014. Delimiting species in the genus Otospermophilus (Rodentia: Sciuridae), using genetics, ecology, and morphology. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 113: 1136 - 1151." type="journal article" year="2014">
Phuong et al. (
<pagination id="0D4F89F1FF9FCB5BFEE6B22FFEE91E36" box="[263,319,1865,1888]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" type="pagination">2014</pagination>
)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF9FCB5BFF79B20FFC371AD6" blockId="2.[109,793,1545,1952]" lastBlockId="2.[840,1523,201,896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
The 
<typeStatus id="EB3DC9A7FF9FCB5BFF30B20FFED61ED6" box="[209,256,1897,1920]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">type</typeStatus>
specimen was collected by Scottish botanist David Douglas, who received a skin from a hunter on the “banks of the Columbia 
<quote id="46798017FF9FCB5BFBB2B5AFFC2E1816" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
” during one of his three explorations in western North America aboard the HMS 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFACCB58FFA5F1856" box="[1325,1417,233,256]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Blossom</emphasis>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFA79B58FFB961876" author="Grinnell J. &amp; Dixon J. S." pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="597 - 708" refId="ref10421" refString="Grinnell J., Dixon J. S. 1918. Natural history of the ground squirrels of California. Monthly Bulletin of the State Commission of Horticulture 7: 597 - 708." type="journal article" year="1918">Grinnell and Dixon (1918:644)</bibRefCitation>
stated, without any evidence, the 
<typeStatus id="EB3DC9A7FF9FCB5BFA25B46FFA241876" box="[1476,1522,265,288]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">type</typeStatus>
locality to be “
</quote>
Probably somewhere in southern 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF9FCB5BFA9FB44FFA191816" box="[1406,1487,297,320]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Oregon</collectingRegion>
or northern 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF9FCB5BFC4CB42FFBF61836" box="[941,1056,329,352]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">California</collectingRegion>
. 
<quote id="46798017FF9FCB5BFBC2B42FFC3A18F6" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
” This was despite 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFB14B42FFA241836" author="Richardson J." box="[1269,1522,329,352]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" refId="ref12131" refString="Richardson J. 1829. Fauna Boreali-Americana or the zoology of the northern parts of British America. Part 1. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1829">Richardson (1829:172)</bibRefCitation>
stating that the 
<typeStatus id="EB3DC9A7FF9FCB5BFC0CB40FFBCA18D6" box="[1005,1052,361,384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">type</typeStatus>
specimen was collected “from the banks of the Columbia.”
</quote>
Given that 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9FCB5BFB8BB4EFFB2618F6" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1829" box="[1130,1264,393,416]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFB8BB4EFFB2618F6" box="[1130,1264,393,416]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was absent from southwestern 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF9FCB5BFC44B4CFFBB71896" box="[933,1121,425,448]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Washington state</collectingRegion>
at the time of 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFAE8B4CFFC4618B6" author="Grinnell J. &amp; Dixon J. S." pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="597 - 708" refId="ref10421" refString="Grinnell J., Dixon J. S. 1918. Natural history of the ground squirrels of California. Monthly Bulletin of the State Commission of Horticulture 7: 597 - 708." type="journal article" year="1918">Grinnell and Dixon’s (1918)</bibRefCitation>
statement, the 
<typeStatus id="EB3DC9A7FF9FCB5BFBA1B4AFFBB918B6" box="[1088,1135,457,480]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">type</typeStatus>
specimen was most likely instead taken from the mouth of the Columbia River near the Pacific Ocean in the vicinity of the northwestern coast. This area is now Fort Stevens State Park in 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF9FCB5BFB8AB74FFB161B16" box="[1131,1216,553,576]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Oregon</collectingRegion>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFB2BB74FFA7D1B16" author="Dalquest W. W." box="[1226,1451,553,576]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="1 - 444" refId="ref9941" refString="Dalquest W. W. 1948. Mammals of Washington. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History 2: 1 - 444." type="journal article" year="1948">Dalquest (1948:276)</bibRefCitation>
stated that the 
<typeStatus id="EB3DC9A7FF9FCB5BFC46B72FFC001B36" box="[935,982,585,608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">type</typeStatus>
locality was 
<quote id="46798017FF9FCB5BFB90B72FFBDC1BD6" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
“probably near The Dalles, Wasco County, 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF9FCB5BFC46B70FFC2D1BD6" box="[935,1019,617,640]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Oregon</collectingRegion>
,”
</quote>
though 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFB88B70FFAD11BD6" author="Lyman W. D." box="[1129,1287,617,640]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" refId="ref11153" refString="Lyman W. D. 1909. The Columbia River: its history, its myths, its scenery, its income. G. P. Putnam and Sons, New York, USA." type="book" year="1909">Lyman (1909)</bibRefCitation>
clearly explains that the HMS 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFC57B7EFFBC41BF6" box="[950,1042,649,672]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Blossom</emphasis>
did not sail east of Fort George (now Fort Astoria) in the Columbia River mouth. The common name, the Douglas ground squirrel, was resurrected, following the use of that name in many earlier works; this was true despite possible confusion with the Douglas squirrel, 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9FCB5BFB0AB66FFA3D1A76" baseAuthorityName="Bachman" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[1259,1515,777,800]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Tamiasciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFB0AB66FFA3D1A76" box="[1259,1515,777,800]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Tamiasciurus douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a tree squirrel found from northern 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF9FCB5BFAE5B64FFAA51A16" box="[1284,1395,809,832]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">California</collectingRegion>
to British Columbia, also named in honor of botanist David Douglas (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFCB0B60FFC071AD6" author="Steele M. A." box="[849,977,873,896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref12686" refString="Steele M. A. 1999. Tamiasciurus douglasii. Mammalian Species 630: 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1999">Steele 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7C9C248EFF9FCB5DFBADB6CAFDC11FF6" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="34397705FF9FCB5BFBADB6CAFB391A90" blockId="2.[1100,1263,940,966]" box="[1100,1263,940,966]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFBADB6CAFB391A90" bold="true" box="[1100,1263,940,966]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">DIAGNOSIS</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF9FCB5BFC92B689FA701FB0" blockId="2.[840,1523,1007,1766]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
Compared to ground squirrels of other genera, the distinguishing traits of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9FCB5BFBF6B169FA961D70" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1829" box="[1047,1344,1039,1062]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFBF6B169FA961D70" box="[1047,1344,1039,1062]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Otospermophilus douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include ventral fur that is light brown to cream-colored, a long, bushy tail, and white rings around the eyes (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFB7DB129FA521D30" author="Eder T. &amp; Ross G." box="[1180,1412,1103,1126]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" refId="ref9967" refString="Eder T., Ross G. 2005. Mammals of California. Lone Pine Publishing, Auburn, Washington, USA." type="book" year="2005">Eder and Ross 2005</bibRefCitation>
). Despite their similar color variation, the medial stripe of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9FCB5BFA8AB109FA241DD0" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1829" box="[1387,1522,1135,1158]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFA8AB109FA241DD0" box="[1387,1522,1135,1158]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is darker than that of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9FCB5BFBDCB1E9FA801DF0" authority="(Allen 1874)" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[1085,1366,1167,1190]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beecheyi">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFBDCB1E9FB6B1DF0" box="[1085,1213,1167,1190]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. beecheyi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFB30B1E9FA9D1DF0" author="Allen J. A." box="[1233,1355,1167,1190]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="276 - 296" part="16" refId="ref9191" refString="Allen J. A. 1874. On geographical variation in color among North American squirrels with a list of the species and varieties of the American Sciuridae occurring north of Mexico. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 16: 276 - 296." title="On geographical variation in color among North American squirrels with a list of the species and varieties of the American Sciuridae occurring north of Mexico" type="journal article" year="1874">Allen 1874</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The charcoal to blackish-brown triangular patch extending from the nape of neck to about midway down the back, the lighter colored brown shoulders, and the dense, silvery hairs that are often present on the lateral margins of the nape and the shoulders are the major characteristics that distinguish 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9FCB5BFB7DB049FAF51C10" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1829" box="[1180,1315,1327,1350]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFB7DB049FAF51C10" box="[1180,1315,1327,1350]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9FCB5BFA8DB049FA3A1C10" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[1388,1516,1327,1350]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beecheyi">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFA8DB049FA3A1C10" box="[1388,1516,1327,1350]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. beecheyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The upper forelegs and tail of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9FCB5BFB6BB029FADB1C30" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1829" box="[1162,1293,1359,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFB6BB029FADB1C30" box="[1162,1293,1359,1382]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
typically have lateral hairs tipped with white; this contrasts with the buffy wash seen on the lateral hairs in 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9FCB5BFBA1B0E9FB161CF0" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[1088,1216,1423,1446]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beecheyi">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFBA1B0E9FB161CF0" box="[1088,1216,1423,1446]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. beecheyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These differences between 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9FCB5BFCA9B0C9FC191C90" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1829" box="[840,975,1455,1478]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFCA9B0C9FC191C90" box="[840,975,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9FCB5BFBEBB0C9FB5C1C90" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[1034,1162,1455,1478]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beecheyi">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFBEBB0C9FB5C1C90" box="[1034,1162,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O. beecheyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are most apparent in adults and may not be as discernable in immature individuals (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFA92B0A9FA3D1CB0" author="Allen J. A." box="[1395,1515,1487,1510]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="276 - 296" part="16" refId="ref9191" refString="Allen J. A. 1874. On geographical variation in color among North American squirrels with a list of the species and varieties of the American Sciuridae occurring north of Mexico. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 16: 276 - 296." title="On geographical variation in color among North American squirrels with a list of the species and varieties of the American Sciuridae occurring north of Mexico" type="journal article" year="1874">Allen 1874</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFCA9B089FB961F50" author="Thorington R. W., Jr. &amp; Koprowski J. L. &amp; Steele M. A. &amp; Whatton J. F." box="[840,1088,1519,1542]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" refId="ref12874" refString="Thorington R. W., Jr., Koprowski J. L., Steele M. A., Whatton J. F. 2012. Squirrels of the world. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA." type="book" year="2012">Thorington et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). The grayish brown fur with speckled white spots on the dorsum of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9FCB5BFB68B369FAD81F70" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1829" box="[1161,1294,1551,1574]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFB68B369FB4A1F70" box="[1161,1180,1551,1574]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFB4AB369FAD81F70" box="[1195,1294,1551,1574]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
distinguishes it from 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9FCB5BFCA9B349FC361F10" baseAuthorityName="Erxleben" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[840,992,1583,1606]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFCA9B349FC8D1F10" box="[840,859,1583,1606]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFC91B349FC361F10" box="[880,992,1583,1606]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">variegatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the rock squirrel. Specifically, in addition to having grayish brown fur, the dorsum of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9FCB5BFB1FB329FA591F30" baseAuthorityName="Erxleben" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[1278,1423,1615,1638]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFB1FB329FAC71F30" box="[1278,1297,1615,1638]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFAFEB329FA591F30" box="[1311,1423,1615,1638]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">variegatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
typically includes a mixture of cinnamon buff and light brown to bone to dark blackish-brown fur (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFB65B3E9FAA91FF0" author="Thorington R. W., Jr. &amp; Koprowski J. L. &amp; Steele M. A. &amp; Whatton J. F." box="[1156,1407,1679,1702]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" refId="ref12874" refString="Thorington R. W., Jr., Koprowski J. L., Steele M. A., Whatton J. F. 2012. Squirrels of the world. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA." type="book" year="2012">Thorington et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). In some instances, the entire dorsum of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9FCB5BFB7AB3C9FAFA1F90" baseAuthorityName="Erxleben" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[1179,1324,1711,1734]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFB7AB3C9FB781F90" box="[1179,1198,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFB5DB3C9FAFA1F90" box="[1212,1324,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">variegatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is black, a feature that is absent from 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9FCB5BFBF5B3A9FA771FB0" authority="(Thorington et al. 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Thorington" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[1044,1441,1743,1766]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFBF5B3A9FBF11FB0" box="[1044,1063,1743,1766]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFBD4B3A9FB4E1FB0" box="[1077,1176,1743,1766]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">douglasii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9FCB5BFB49B3A9FA401FB0" author="Thorington R. W., Jr. &amp; Koprowski J. L. &amp; Steele M. A. &amp; Whatton J. F." box="[1192,1430,1743,1766]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" refId="ref12874" refString="Thorington R. W., Jr., Koprowski J. L., Steele M. A., Whatton J. F. 2012. Squirrels of the world. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA." type="book" year="2012">Thorington et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF9FCB5BFC0AB243FA861E69" blockId="2.[1003,1360,1829,1855]" box="[1003,1360,1829,1855]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFC0AB243FA861E69" bold="true" box="[1003,1360,1829,1855]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">GENERAL CHARACTERS</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF9FCB5DFC92B20FFE511B76" blockId="2.[840,1523,1897,1952]" lastBlockId="4.[109,793,201,1696]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
The pelage of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9FCB5BFBFBB20FFA961ED6" box="[1050,1344,1897,1920]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9FCB5BFBFBB20FFA961ED6" box="[1050,1344,1897,1920]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Otospermophilus douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sandy-brown to grayish brown dorsally and laterally with a scattering of silvery-white spots; it has a bushy tail, white eye rings, and large ears (
<figureCitation id="ACBD6B80FF99CB5DFF02B58FFEFA1856" box="[227,300,233,256]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[840,875,1741,1762]" captionTargetBox="[841,1523,1273,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-450@1.[841,1523,1273,1711]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1.—An adult male Otospermophilus douglasii from MacKerricher State Beach, Mendocino County, California. Photograph by DJL." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10621100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10621100/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="ACBD6B80FF99CB5DFE81B58FFEBB1856" box="[352,365,233,256]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[109,144,1633,1654]" captionTargetBox="[400,1232,200,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-7@3.[400,1232,200,1603]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2.—Museum study skins illustrating pelage variation in Otospermophilus: O. douglasii (left, MVZ [University of California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology] 101332, an adult male from Tomales Bay, Marin County, California) showing the diagnostic dark interscapular patch, slightly more silvery on the nape and shoulders, and whitish tips (not buffy) of the hairs on the lateral edges of the tail, characteristic of O. douglasii; O. beecheyi (center, MVZ 102300, adult male, 7 miles southeast of Livermore, Alameda County, California) showing a lighter interscapular patch and lateral tail hairs buffy rather than whitish; and (right, MVZ 9674, adult male, Petaluma, Sonoma County, California), an albinistic specimen of O. douglasii. Photograph by DJL." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10621102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10621102/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">2</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFE62B58FFD731856" box="[387,677,233,256]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFE62B58FFD731856" box="[387,677,233,256]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Otospermophilus douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a dark interscapular patch that is most pronounced in adult males, is laterally wider, and extends more caudally than in females. In females, the dark interscapular patch is more pronounced than in immatures. There seems to be a general color gradient, with coastal 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFF21B4EFFEC618F6" box="[192,272,393,416]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Oregon</collectingRegion>
populations being darker brown and having extensive silvery fur above the forelimbs, those in central 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFD29B4CFFCCE1896" box="[712,792,425,448]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Oregon</collectingRegion>
being medium brown, and those in eastern 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFDCDB4AFFDAA18B6" box="[556,636,457,480]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Oregon</collectingRegion>
being a lighter brown in summer pelage and somewhat grayer in winter (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFD00B48FFF661B76" author="Edge E. R." pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="620 - 628" refId="ref10081" refString="Edge E. R. 1935 b. Variation of the Douglas ground squirrel in different parts of its range. The American Naturalist 69: 620 - 628." type="journal article" year="1935">Edge 1935b</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFF5FB76FFEA11B76" author="Maser C. &amp; Mate B. R. &amp; Franklin J. F. &amp; Dryness C. T." box="[190,375,521,544]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref11390" refString="Maser C., Mate B. R., Franklin J. F., Dryness C. T. 1981. Natural History of Oregon Coast Mammals. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U. S. Department of Agriculture, General Technical Report PNW- 133." type="journal volume" year="1981">Maser et al. 1981</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="60F9278DFF9ECB5AFF8CB307FE401E5F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10621102" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10621102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10621102/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" startId="3.[109,144,1633,1654]" targetBox="[400,1232,200,1603]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="34397705FF9ECB5AFF8CB307FE401E5F" blockId="3.[109,1523,1633,1801]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9ECB5AFF8CB307FF661F20" bold="true" box="[109,176,1633,1654]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
—Museum study skins illustrating pelage variation in 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9ECB5AFD32B307FCAE1F20" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1844" box="[723,888,1633,1654]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9ECB5AFD32B307FCAE1F20" box="[723,888,1633,1654]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Otospermophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9ECB5AFC69B307FBD41F20" box="[904,1026,1633,1654]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9ECB5AFC69B307FBD41F20" box="[904,1026,1633,1654]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(left, MVZ [University of California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology] 101332, an adult male from Tomales Bay, Marin County, California) showing the diagnostic dark interscapular patch, slightly more silvery on the nape and shoulders, and whitish tips (not buffy) of the hairs on the lateral edges of the tail, characteristic of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9ECB5AFAB4B3FAFA1B1FE7" box="[1365,1485,1692,1713]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9ECB5AFAB4B3FAFA1B1FE7" box="[1365,1485,1692,1713]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9ECB5AFA3AB3FAFF161F98" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1874" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beecheyi">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9ECB5AFA3AB3FAFF161F98" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">O. beecheyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(center, MVZ 102300, adult male, 7 miles southeast of Livermore, Alameda County, California) showing a lighter interscapular patch and lateral tail hairs buffy rather than whitish; and (right, MVZ 9674, adult male, Petaluma, Sonoma County, California), an albinistic specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9ECB5AFA3DB3B1FF101E5F" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9ECB5AFA3DB3B1FF101E5F" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Photograph by DJL.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="34397705FF99CB5DFF79B74FFD341AB6" blockId="4.[109,793,201,1696]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
Mean measurements (mm; parenthetical ranges) of 
<specimenCount id="2280BC8CFF99CB5DFD20B74FFCCE1B16" box="[705,792,553,576]" count="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" type="adult">17 adult</specimenCount>
specimens (
<specimenCount id="2280BC8CFF99CB5DFF0BB72FFE9E1B36" box="[234,328,585,608]" count="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" type="male">12 males</specimenCount>
and 
<specimenCount id="2280BC8CFF99CB5DFE98B72FFE341B36" box="[377,482,585,608]" count="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" type="female">5 females</specimenCount>
, respectively) from the northwestern 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFF27B70FFEE41BD6" box="[198,306,617,640]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">California</collectingRegion>
counties of Sonoma north to Humboldt were: total length, 478 (438–504), 439 (427–453); tail vertebrae, 200 (175–221), 192 (161–210); hind foot, 60 (57–63), 57(56–60); ear from crown, 23 (19–29), 23 (18–26— 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFDA0B7AFFF741A56" author="Grinnell J. &amp; Dixon J. S." pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="597 - 708" refId="ref10421" refString="Grinnell J., Dixon J. S. 1918. Natural history of the ground squirrels of California. Monthly Bulletin of the State Commission of Horticulture 7: 597 - 708." type="journal article" year="1918">Grinnell and Dixon 1918</bibRefCitation>
). Mean measurements (mm ± 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFE12B78FFDC71A56" box="[499,529,745,768]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">SE</emphasis>
) of female 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFD73B78FFCCE1A56" box="[658,792,745,768]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFD73B78FFCCE1A56" box="[658,792,745,768]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from three regions in 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFE85B66FFE621A76" box="[356,436,777,800]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Oregon</collectingRegion>
were: coastal 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFDB8B66FFD7F1A76" box="[601,681,777,800]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Oregon</collectingRegion>
(
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFD5DB66FFD1F1A76" box="[700,713,777,800]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">n</emphasis>
= 31), body length 241.05 ± 1.46, tail length 196 ± 0.81, foot length 56.0 ± 0.182, ear length 26.8 ± 0.155; Eugene (central 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFD20B62FFCC21A36" box="[705,788,841,864]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Oregon</collectingRegion>
; 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFF8CB60FFFAC1AD6" box="[109,122,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">n</emphasis>
= 30), body length 243.3 ± 1.56, tail length 191.1 ± 1.18, foot length 57.4 ± 0.256, ear length 27.6 ± 0.134; eastern 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFD4AB6EFFD2D1AF6" box="[683,763,905,928]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Oregon</collectingRegion>
(
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFCEAB6EFFCCE1AF6" box="[779,792,905,928]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">n</emphasis>
= 33), body length 257.5 ± 1.23, tail length 183.5 ± 1.23, foot length 56.5 ± 0.147, ear length 23.8 ± 0.102 (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFDB3B6AFFD051AB6" author="Edge E. R." box="[594,723,969,992]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="620 - 628" refId="ref10081" refString="Edge E. R. 1935 b. Variation of the Douglas ground squirrel in different parts of its range. The American Naturalist 69: 620 - 628." type="journal article" year="1935">Edge 1935b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF99CB5DFF79B68FFF1D1C36" blockId="4.[109,793,201,1696]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
Museum specimen data were collected by one of us (DJL) from a series of 83 sexually mature 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFE09B16FFDBD1D76" box="[488,619,1033,1056]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFE09B16FFDBD1D76" box="[488,619,1033,1056]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFD4DB16FFCCE1D76" box="[684,792,1033,1056]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">California</collectingRegion>
<collectingCounty id="DD580F89FF99CB5DFF8CB14FFE8E1D16" box="[109,344,1065,1088]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Academy of Sciences</collectingCounty>
(CAS), 
<collectingMunicipality id="D45DED7FFF99CB5DFE57B14FFEC11D36" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History</collectingMunicipality>
(LACM), University of 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFDC7B12FFD441D36" box="[550,658,1097,1120]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">California</collectingRegion>
<location id="315921DEFF99CB5DFD7AB12FFEEB1DD6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BC2FC613FF9CCB5EFF44B135FE2E1836:315921DEFF99CB5DFD7AB12FFEEB1DD6" county="Academy of Sciences" municipality="Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" name="Museum of Vertebrate Zoology" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="California">Museum of Vertebrate Zoology</location>
(MVZ), and University of 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFD87B10FFD651DD6" box="[614,691,1129,1152]" country="United States of America" name="Kansas" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Kansas</collectingRegion>
<location id="315921DEFF99CB5DFD5AB10FFEED1DF6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BC2FC613FF9CCB5EFF44B135FE2E1836:315921DEFF99CB5DFD5AB10FFEED1DF6" county="Academy of Sciences" municipality="Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" name="Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="California">Museum of Natural History</location>
(KU). 
<location id="315921DEFF99CB5DFE70B1EFFE071DF6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BC2FC613FF9CCB5EFF44B135FE2E1836:315921DEFF99CB5DFE70B1EFFE071DF6" box="[401,465,1161,1184]" county="Academy of Sciences" municipality="Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" name="These" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="California">These</location>
specimens were collected in 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFF8CB1CFFF0F1D96" box="[109,217,1193,1216]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">California</collectingRegion>
(
<location id="315921DEFF99CB5DFF04B1CFFE801D96" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BC2FC613FF9CCB5EFF44B135FE2E1836:315921DEFF99CB5DFF04B1CFFE801D96" box="[229,342,1193,1216]" county="Academy of Sciences" municipality="Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" name="Humboldt" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="California">Humboldt</location>
, 
<location id="315921DEFF99CB5DFEBFB1CFFE401D96" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BC2FC613FF9CCB5EFF44B135FE2E1836:315921DEFF99CB5DFEBFB1CFFE401D96" box="[350,406,1193,1216]" county="Academy of Sciences" municipality="Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" name="Lake" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="California">Lake</location>
, 
<location id="315921DEFF99CB5DFE7FB1CFFE3D1D96" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BC2FC613FF9CCB5EFF44B135FE2E1836:315921DEFF99CB5DFE7FB1CFFE3D1D96" box="[414,491,1193,1216]" county="Academy of Sciences" municipality="Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" name="Lassen" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="California">Lassen</location>
, 
<location id="315921DEFF99CB5DFE13B1CFFD951D96" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BC2FC613FF9CCB5EFF44B135FE2E1836:315921DEFF99CB5DFE13B1CFFD951D96" box="[498,579,1193,1216]" county="Academy of Sciences" municipality="Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" name="Plumas" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="California">Plumas</location>
, 
<location id="315921DEFF99CB5DFDADB1CFFD461D96" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BC2FC613FF9CCB5EFF44B135FE2E1836:315921DEFF99CB5DFDADB1CFFD461D96" box="[588,656,1193,1216]" county="Academy of Sciences" municipality="Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" name="Marin" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="California">Marin</location>
, 
<location id="315921DEFF99CB5DFD79B1CFFCC21D96" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BC2FC613FF9CCB5EFF44B135FE2E1836:315921DEFF99CB5DFD79B1CFFCC21D96" box="[664,788,1193,1216]" county="Academy of Sciences" municipality="Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" name="Mendocino" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="California">Mendocino</location>
, 
<location id="315921DEFF99CB5DFF8CB1AFFF7E1DB6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BC2FC613FF9CCB5EFF44B135FE2E1836:315921DEFF99CB5DFF8CB1AFFF7E1DB6" box="[109,168,1225,1248]" county="Academy of Sciences" municipality="Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" name="Napa" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="California">Napa</location>
, 
<location id="315921DEFF99CB5DFF52B1AFFF2D1DB6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BC2FC613FF9CCB5EFF44B135FE2E1836:315921DEFF99CB5DFF52B1AFFF2D1DB6" box="[179,251,1225,1248]" county="Academy of Sciences" municipality="Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" name="Shasta" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="California">Shasta</location>
, 
<location id="315921DEFF99CB5DFEE6B1AFFEB11DB6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BC2FC613FF9CCB5EFF44B135FE2E1836:315921DEFF99CB5DFEE6B1AFFEB11DB6" box="[263,359,1225,1248]" county="Academy of Sciences" municipality="Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" name="Siskiyou" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="California">Siskiyou</location>
, 
<location id="315921DEFF99CB5DFE93B1AFFE1A1DB6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BC2FC613FF9CCB5EFF44B135FE2E1836:315921DEFF99CB5DFE93B1AFFE1A1DB6" box="[370,460,1225,1248]" county="Academy of Sciences" municipality="Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" name="Sonoma" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="California">Sonoma</location>
, 
<location id="315921DEFF99CB5DFE36B1AFFDF81DB6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BC2FC613FF9CCB5EFF44B135FE2E1836:315921DEFF99CB5DFE36B1AFFDF81DB6" box="[471,558,1225,1248]" county="Academy of Sciences" municipality="Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" name="Tehama" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="California">Tehama</location>
, and 
<location id="315921DEFF99CB5DFD87B1AFFD791DB6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BC2FC613FF9CCB5EFF44B135FE2E1836:315921DEFF99CB5DFD87B1AFFD791DB6" box="[614,687,1225,1248]" county="Academy of Sciences" municipality="Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" name="Trinity" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="California">Trinity</location>
counties) and 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFF7BB18FFF3C1C56" box="[154,234,1257,1280]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Oregon</collectingRegion>
(
<location id="315921DEFF99CB5DFF16B18FFE871C56" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BC2FC613FF9CCB5EFF44B135FE2E1836:315921DEFF99CB5DFF16B18FFE871C56" box="[247,337,1257,1280]" county="Academy of Sciences" municipality="Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" name="Klikatat" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="California">Klikatat</location>
, 
<location id="315921DEFF99CB5DFEBDB18FFE421C56" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BC2FC613FF9CCB5EFF44B135FE2E1836:315921DEFF99CB5DFEBDB18FFE421C56" box="[348,404,1257,1280]" county="Academy of Sciences" municipality="Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" name="Lane" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="California">Lane</location>
, 
<location id="315921DEFF99CB5DFE7FB18FFE221C56" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BC2FC613FF9CCB5EFF44B135FE2E1836:315921DEFF99CB5DFE7FB18FFE221C56" box="[414,500,1257,1280]" county="Academy of Sciences" municipality="Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" name="Lincoln" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="California">Lincoln</location>
, and 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFDCBB18FFD7F1C56" box="[554,681,1257,1280]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Washington</collectingRegion>
counties). 
<location id="315921DEFF99CB5DFF8CB06FFF781C76" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BC2FC613FF9CCB5EFF44B135FE2E1836:315921DEFF99CB5DFF8CB06FFF781C76" box="[109,174,1289,1312]" county="Academy of Sciences" municipality="Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" name="Based" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" stateProvince="California">Based</location>
on these samples, the average masses were 
<quantity id="F37EDAE0FF99CB5DFD62B06FFD051C76" box="[643,723,1289,1312]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.054" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" unit="g" value="605.4">605.4 g</quantity>
(
<quantity id="F37EDAE0FF99CB5DFD00B06FFF7D1C16" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.06" metricValueMax="8.47" metricValueMin="3.65" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" unit="g" value="606.0" valueMax="847.0" valueMin="365.0">365– 847 g</quantity>
) for males (
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFED3B04FFEE91C16" box="[306,319,1321,1344]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">n</emphasis>
= 38) and 501.0 g (
<quantity id="F37EDAE0FF99CB5DFDF8B04FFD581C16" box="[537,654,1321,1344]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.32" metricValueMax="6.609999999999999" metricValueMin="4.029999999999999" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" unit="g" value="532.0" valueMax="661.0" valueMin="403.0">403–661 g</quantity>
) for females (
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFF97B02FFF551C36" box="[118,131,1353,1376]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">n</emphasis>
= 45).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF99CB5DFF79B00FFDC11FF6" blockId="4.[109,793,201,1696]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFF79B00FFE6C1CD6" box="[152,442,1385,1408]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFF79B00FFE6C1CD6" box="[152,442,1385,1408]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Otospermophilus douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares a skull morphology (
<figureCitation id="ACBD6B80FF99CB5DFD0FB00FFFAC1CF6" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[108,143,1484,1505]" captionTargetBox="[115,787,200,1455]" captionTargetId="figure-247@5.[115,787,200,1455]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of the mandible of Otospermophilus douglasii: CAS [California Academy of Sciences] 27871, an adult male from Mendocino Pass Road, Williams Valley, Mendocino County, California, 7 September 1993. Photograph by DJL and H.B. Constable." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10621106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10621106/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) that is generally indistinguishable from that of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFD79B0EFFCCE1CF6" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[664,792,1417,1440]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beecheyi">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFD79B0EFFCCE1CF6" box="[664,792,1417,1440]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">O. beecheyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFF7CB0CFFEE71C96" baseAuthorityName="Erxleben" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[157,305,1449,1472]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFF7CB0CFFEE71C96" box="[157,305,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">O. variegatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFEA3B0CFFE791C96" author="Hall E. R." box="[322,431,1449,1472]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="355 - 404" refId="ref10499" refString="Hall E. R. 1926. Changes during growth in the skull of the rodent Otospermophilus grammurus beecheyi. University of California Publications in Zoology 21: 355 - 404." type="journal article" year="1926">Hall 1926</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFE21B0CFFDA31C96" author="Oaks E. C. &amp; Young P. J. &amp; Kirkland G. L. Jr. &amp; Schmit D. F." box="[448,629,1449,1472]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref11615" refString="Oaks E. C., Young P. J., Kirkland G. L. Jr., Schmit D. F. 1987. Spermophilus variegatus. Mammalian Species 272: 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1987">Oaks et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFD67B0CFFF741CB6" author="Phuong M. A. &amp; Lim M. C. W. &amp; Wait D. R. &amp; Rowe K. C. &amp; Moritz C." pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="1136 - 1151" refId="ref12030" refString="Phuong M. A., Lim M. C. W., Wait D. R., Rowe K. C., Moritz C. 2014. Delimiting species in the genus Otospermophilus (Rodentia: Sciuridae), using genetics, ecology, and morphology. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 113: 1136 - 1151." type="journal article" year="2014">Phuong et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Mean cranial dimensions (mm; parenthetical range) of 17 full-grown (
<specimenCount id="2280BC8CFF99CB5DFEDEB08FFE701F56" box="[319,422,1513,1536]" count="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" type="male">12 males</specimenCount>
and 
<specimenCount id="2280BC8CFF99CB5DFE06B08FFD811F56" box="[487,599,1513,1536]" count="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" type="female">5 females</specimenCount>
, respectively) 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFD1FB08FFF061F76" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFD1FB08FFF061F76" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the northwestern 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFE2EB36FFDED1F76" box="[463,571,1545,1568]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">California</collectingRegion>
counties of Sonoma north to Humboldt were: greatest length of skull, 60.5 (57.8– 63.1), 58.5 (56.8–60.4); zygomatic breadth, 37.0 (34.9–38.2), 35.9 (35.0–36.8); interorbital width, 14.3 (13.5–15.7), 14.0 (13.1–15.0— 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFF1DB3EFFDD11FF6" author="Grinnell J. &amp; Dixon J. S." box="[252,519,1673,1696]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="597 - 708" refId="ref10421" refString="Grinnell J., Dixon J. S. 1918. Natural history of the ground squirrels of California. Monthly Bulletin of the State Commission of Horticulture 7: 597 - 708." type="journal article" year="1918">Grinnell and Dixon 1918</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7C9C248EFF99CB5EFEB7B3B9FE2E1836" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="34397705FF99CB5DFEB7B3B9FDF81FAF" blockId="4.[342,558,1759,1785]" box="[342,558,1759,1785]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFEB7B3B9FDF81FAF" bold="true" box="[342,558,1759,1785]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">DISTRIBUTION</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF99CB5DFF79B244FB321D56" blockId="4.[109,792,1826,1945]" lastBlockId="4.[840,1523,201,1504]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFF79B244FE161E6F" box="[152,448,1826,1849]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFF79B244FE161E6F" box="[152,448,1826,1849]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Otospermophilus douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a distribution that ranges from northern 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFEF3B224FEA81E0F" box="[274,382,1858,1881]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">California</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="ACBD6B80FF99CB5DFE72B224FE031E0F" box="[403,469,1858,1881]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[840,875,1119,1140]" captionTargetBox="[845,1517,200,1089]" captionTargetId="figure-295@5.[905,1459,215,1080]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4.—Revised geographic distribution of Otospermophilus douglasii, based on Smith et al. (2016), with additional distribution data from museum specimens from VertNet (http://vertnet.org/), and confirmed research-grade observations from iNaturalist (https://www.inaturalist. org/). Map compiled and updated by H.B. Constable. Further genetic studies are needed to delineate these boundaries and establish if there is a clear division between adjacent populations of O. douglasii and O. beecheyi or if there is a hybrid zone between them." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10621104" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10621104/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) from the coast and Central Valley at the Sacramento River to the south, extending east to the base of the Sierra 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFEB4B2E4FE731ECF" box="[341,421,1922,1945]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Nevada</collectingRegion>
mountain range and northeast into the Modoc Plateau; in 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFBA3B5AFFB4219B6" box="[1090,1172,201,224]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Oregon</collectingRegion>
, it has a distribution throughout the Pacific Coast and Cascade ranges and east through the Great Basin west of 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFBC7B46FFBAF1876" box="[1062,1145,265,288]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Nevada</collectingRegion>
, and north into central 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFA95B46FFA251876" box="[1396,1523,265,288]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Washington</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFCB0B44FFC691816" author="Hall E. R." box="[849,959,297,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref10531" refString="Hall E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2 nd ed. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., New York, USA." type="book" year="1981">Hall 1981</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFC30B44FFB3D1816" author="Verts B. J. &amp; Carraway L. N." box="[977,1259,297,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref13061" refString="Verts B. J., Carraway L. N. 1998. Land Mammals of Oregon. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA." type="book" year="1998">Verts and Carraway 1998</bibRefCitation>
). The original distribution of the species was reported as being from northwestern 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFCA9B40FFC6218D6" box="[840,948,361,384]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">California</collectingRegion>
north to northern 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFB79B40FFB3C18D6" box="[1176,1258,361,384]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Oregon</collectingRegion>
, excluding 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFA95B40FFCAB18F6" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="4" pageNumber="56">Washington State</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFC6EB4EFFBCA18F6" author="Howell A. H." box="[911,1052,393,416]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref10840" refString="Howell A. H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels with a classification of the North American Sciuridae. North American Fauna 56: 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1938">Howell 1938</bibRefCitation>
). However, 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFB42B4EFFAFC18F6" box="[1187,1322,393,416]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFB42B4EFFAFC18F6" box="[1187,1322,393,416]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was also reported from the 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFC53B4CFFBE71896" box="[946,1073,425,448]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Washington</collectingRegion>
shore of the Hood River near the town of Bingen in 1912 before the construction of the nearby Hood River Bridge (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFC06B48FFBBA1B56" author="Couch L. K." box="[999,1132,489,512]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="18" refId="ref9884" refString="Couch L. K. 1922. Distribution of the Douglas ground squirrel in Washington. The Murrelet 3: 18." type="journal article" year="1922">Couch 1922</bibRefCitation>
). How the squirrels crossed such a potentially wide dispersal barrier is unclear, though 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFA8AB76FFA251B76" author="Shaw W. T." box="[1387,1523,521,544]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="367 - 373" refId="ref12390" refString="Shaw W. T. 1926. The storing habit of the Columbian ground squirrel. The American Naturalist 60: 367 - 373." type="journal article" year="1926">Shaw (1926)</bibRefCitation>
describes 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFC55B74FFBEF1B16" box="[948,1081,553,576]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFC55B74FFBEF1B16" box="[948,1081,553,576]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as being brought from the Rogue River, 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFCA9B72FFC4C1B36" box="[840,922,585,608]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Oregon</collectingRegion>
, in 1911 and was later released near Pullman in southeastern 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFC43B70FFBF21BD6" box="[930,1060,617,640]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Washington</collectingRegion>
. 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFBD7B70FFAB61BD6" box="[1078,1376,617,640]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFBD7B70FFAB61BD6" box="[1078,1376,617,640]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Otospermophilus douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
later spread throughout central 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFBFAB7EFFB4C1BF6" box="[1051,1178,649,672]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Washington</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFB4FB7EFFA351BF6" author="Scheffer V. B. &amp; Dalquest W. W." box="[1198,1507,649,672]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="44" refId="ref12361" refString="Scheffer V. B., Dalquest W. W. 1939. Present distribution of the Douglas ground squirrel in Washington. The Murrelet 20: 44." type="journal article" year="1939">Scheffer and Dalquest 1939</bibRefCitation>
), with the expansion of farmland aiding the dispersal and success of the species. The current northernmost occurrence is from the south end of Cle Elum Lake, about 
<quantity id="F37EDAE0FF99CB5DFB5DB78FFADA1A56" box="[1212,1292,745,768]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
due east of the city of Tacoma (
<figureCitation id="ACBD6B80FF99CB5DFC4AB66FFC2D1A76" box="[939,1019,777,800]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[108,143,1246,1267]" captionTargetBox="[147,755,200,1216]" captionTargetId="figure-715@6.[147,755,200,1216]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 5.— (A) An adult female Otospermophilus douglasii from Fort Stevens, Clatsop County, Oregon, at the mouth of the Columbia River, the likely type locality for the species and (B) an adult male O. douglasii from Roslyn, Kittitas County, Washington, representing one of the northernmost records of this species at the time of publication. Photographs used with permission (A) DJL and (B) Jennifer Lipton via iNaturalist (www.inaturalist.org/observations/58564016)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10621108" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10621108/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
). Populations occur at sea level along the coast as well as upslope inland. 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFB8BB64FFA5B1A16" author="Grinnell J. &amp; Dixon J. S." box="[1130,1421,809,832]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="597 - 708" refId="ref10421" refString="Grinnell J., Dixon J. S. 1918. Natural history of the ground squirrels of California. Monthly Bulletin of the State Commission of Horticulture 7: 597 - 708." type="journal article" year="1918">Grinnell and Dixon (1918)</bibRefCitation>
recorded the extent of their elevational range as 
<quantity id="F37EDAE0FF99CB5DFB14B62FFA991A36" box="[1269,1359,841,864]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9809999999999999" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="1981.0">1,981 m</quantity>
at South Yolly Bolly Mountain in Tehama County, 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFB33B60FFA971AD6" box="[1234,1345,873,896]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">California</collectingRegion>
, and 
<quantity id="F37EDAE0FF99CB5DFA9DB60FFA001AD6" box="[1404,1494,873,896]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.072" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="2072.0">2,072 m</quantity>
in the Scott Mountains of Siskiyou County, 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFAF6B6EFFA511AF6" box="[1303,1415,905,928]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">California</collectingRegion>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFA75B6EFFC591A96" author="Dalquest W. W." pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 444" refId="ref9941" refString="Dalquest W. W. 1948. Mammals of Washington. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History 2: 1 - 444." type="journal article" year="1948">Dalquest (1948)</bibRefCitation>
showed a small range of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFB49B6CFFAFB1A96" box="[1192,1325,937,960]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFB49B6CFFAFB1A96" box="[1192,1325,937,960]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in extreme south-central 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFC79B6AFFBC11AB6" box="[920,1047,969,992]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Washington</collectingRegion>
in Klickitat County between White Salmon to the west and Goldendale to the east.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF99CB5DFC92B16FFAFE1CB6" blockId="4.[840,1523,201,1504]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
There is apparently no overlap in the ranges of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFA8FB16FFA241D76" box="[1390,1522,1033,1056]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFA8FB16FFA241D76" box="[1390,1522,1033,1056]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFC92B14FFC381D16" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[883,1006,1065,1088]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beecheyi">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFC92B14FFC381D16" box="[883,1006,1065,1088]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">O. beecheyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
likely because the Sacramento River Basin forms a broad and constant biogeographic barrier between the two species (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFC67B10FFB481DD6" author="Grinnell J. &amp; Dixon J. S." box="[902,1182,1129,1152]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="597 - 708" refId="ref10421" refString="Grinnell J., Dixon J. S. 1918. Natural history of the ground squirrels of California. Monthly Bulletin of the State Commission of Horticulture 7: 597 - 708." type="journal article" year="1918">Grinnell and Dixon 1918</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFB50B10FFA9C1DD6" author="Grinnell J." box="[1201,1354,1129,1152]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="71 - 234" refId="ref10395" refString="Grinnell J. 1933. Review of the recent mammal fauna of California. University of California Publications in Zoology 40: 71 - 234." type="journal article" year="1933">Grinnell 1933</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFABCB10FFA3D1DD6" author="Howell A. H." box="[1373,1515,1129,1152]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref10840" refString="Howell A. H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels with a classification of the North American Sciuridae. North American Fauna 56: 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1938">Howell 1938</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFCA9B1EFFC641DF6" author="Hall E. R." box="[840,946,1161,1184]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref10531" refString="Hall E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2 nd ed. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., New York, USA." type="book" year="1981">Hall 1981</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFC20B1EFFB711DF6" author="Smith D. G. &amp; Coss R. G." box="[961,1191,1161,1184]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="249 - 259" refId="ref12415" refString="Smith D. G., Coss R. G. 1984. Calibrating the molecular clock: estimates of ground squirrel divergence made using fossil and geological time markers. Molecular Biology and Evolution 1: 249 - 259." type="journal article" year="1984">Smith and Coss 1984</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFB57B1EFFA501DF6" author="Holding M. L. &amp; Sovic M. G. &amp; Colston T. J. &amp; Gibbs H. L." box="[1206,1414,1161,1184]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="297 - 317" refId="ref10757" refString="Holding M. L., Sovic M. G., Colston T. J., Gibbs H. L. 2021. The scales of coevolution: comparative phylogeography and genetic demography of a locally adapted venomous predator and prey. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 132: 297 - 317." type="journal article" year="2021">Holding et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
). Without providing any specific evidence, 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFB50B1CFFA991D96" author="Howell A. H." box="[1201,1359,1193,1216]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref10840" refString="Howell A. H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels with a classification of the North American Sciuridae. North American Fauna 56: 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1938">Howell (1938)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFCA9B1AFFC1C1DB6" box="[840,970,1225,1248]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFCA9B1AFFC1C1DB6" box="[840,970,1225,1248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forms a hybrid zone (rather than an intergrade zone) with 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFC9FB18FFC2C1C56" box="[894,1018,1257,1280]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">O. b. fisheri</emphasis>
in Butte County, 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF99CB5DFB54B18FFAF31C56" box="[1205,1317,1257,1280]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">California</collectingRegion>
. However, 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFA7BB18FFBDD1C76" author="Grinnell J. &amp; Dixon J. S." pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="597 - 708" refId="ref10421" refString="Grinnell J., Dixon J. S. 1918. Natural history of the ground squirrels of California. Monthly Bulletin of the State Commission of Horticulture 7: 597 - 708." type="journal article" year="1918">Grinnell and Dixon (1918)</bibRefCitation>
stated that there was no apparent overlap in ranges between the two taxa in Butte County nor the adjacent Plumas and Lassen counties. Fine-scale population genetics data at the boundaries of the geographic ranges of these species are needed to clearly determine the amount of genetic hybridization, if any, and to delineate the ranges of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFB3CB0CFFAB51C96" box="[1245,1379,1449,1472]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFB3CB0CFFAB51C96" box="[1245,1379,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
more clearly from those of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFC3FB0AFFB8D1CB6" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[990,1115,1481,1504]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beecheyi">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFC3FB0AFFB8D1CB6" box="[990,1115,1481,1504]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">O. beecheyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its subspecies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF99CB5DFBC7B379FAC31F6F" blockId="4.[1062,1301,1567,1593]" box="[1062,1301,1567,1593]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFBC7B379FAC31F6F" bold="true" box="[1062,1301,1567,1593]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">FOSSIL RECORD</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF99CB5CFC92B304FE941E49" blockId="4.[840,1523,1634,1945]" lastBlockId="5.[109,793,1672,1951]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
Fossils of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFC0FB304FB701F2F" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1844" box="[1006,1190,1634,1657]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFC0FB304FB701F2F" box="[1006,1190,1634,1657]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Otospermophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known from the middle Miocene through the late Pleistocene in North America (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFA48B3E4FBF61FEF" author="Kurten B. &amp; Anderson E." pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref11037" refString="Kurten B., Anderson E. 1980. Pleistocene mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York, USA." type="book" year="1980">Kurten and Anderson 1980</bibRefCitation>
; Savage and Russell 1983; 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFABFB3C4FC031F8F" author="Goodwin H. T. &amp; Martin R. A." pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="1244 - 1257" refId="ref10323" refString="Goodwin H. T., Martin R. A. 2017. Ground squirrels (Rodentia, Sciuridae) in the late Cenozoic Meade Basin sequence: diversity and paleoecological implications. Journal of Paleontology 91: 1244 - 1257." type="journal article" year="2017">Goodwin and Martin 2017</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFC12B3A4FADB1F8F" author="Thorington R. W., Jr. &amp; Koprowski J. L. &amp; Steele M. A. &amp; Whatton J. F." box="[1011,1293,1730,1753]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref12874" refString="Thorington R. W., Jr., Koprowski J. L., Steele M. A., Whatton J. F. 2012. Squirrels of the world. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA." type="book" year="2012">Thorington et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
proposed two possible ancestors for 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFBD3B384FB3C1FAF" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1844" box="[1074,1258,1762,1785]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFBD3B384FB3C1FAF" box="[1074,1258,1762,1785]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Otospermophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, either evolving from 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFCA9B264FBD51E4F" authorityName="Black" authorityYear="1963" box="[840,1027,1794,1817]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Miospermophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFCA9B264FBD51E4F" box="[840,1027,1794,1817]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Miospermophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the late Oligocene to middle Miocene (ca. 24–12 Mya) or from 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFBD0B244FB121E6F" baseAuthorityName="Smith and Coss" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[1073,1220,1826,1849]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFBD0B244FB121E6F" box="[1073,1220,1826,1849]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Spermophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the middle Miocene (ca. 16 Mya). 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF99CB5DFC51B224FBEA1E0F" author="Black C. C." box="[944,1084,1858,1881]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="109 - 248" refId="ref9604" refString="Black C. C. 1963. A review of the North American tertiary Sciuridae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 130: 109 - 248." type="journal article" year="1963">Black (1963)</bibRefCitation>
earlier proposed 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFB14B224FA661E0F" authorityName="Black" authorityYear="1963" box="[1269,1456,1858,1881]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Miospermophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFB14B224FA661E0F" box="[1269,1456,1858,1881]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Miospermophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the ancestral lineage to 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF99CB5DFBFCB204FB031E2F" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1844" box="[1053,1237,1890,1913]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF99CB5DFBFCB204FB031E2F" box="[1053,1237,1890,1913]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Otospermophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Fossil and molecular data suggested a date of late Miocene (ca. 5 Mya) for the divergence of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF98CB5CFF6DB3EEFE921FC9" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1844" box="[140,324,1672,1695]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFF6DB3EEFE921FC9" box="[140,324,1672,1695]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Otospermophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF98CB5CFE9AB3EEFCC51FC9" authority="(Smith and Coss 1984)" baseAuthorityName="Smith and Coss" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[379,787,1672,1695]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFE9AB3EEFDD81FC9" box="[379,526,1672,1695]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Spermophilus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF98CB5CFDFEB3EEFCDE1FC9" author="Smith D. G. &amp; Coss R. G." box="[543,776,1672,1695]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" pagination="249 - 259" refId="ref12415" refString="Smith D. G., Coss R. G. 1984. Calibrating the molecular clock: estimates of ground squirrel divergence made using fossil and geological time markers. Molecular Biology and Evolution 1: 249 - 259." type="journal article" year="1984">Smith and Coss 1984</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. A genetic phylogeny by 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF98CB5CFE6DB3CEFD501FE9" author="Harrison G. H. &amp; Bogdanowicz S. M. &amp; Hoffman R. S. &amp; Yensen E. &amp; Sherman P. W." box="[396,646,1704,1727]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" pagination="249 - 275" refId="ref10620" refString="Harrison G. H., Bogdanowicz S. M., Hoffman R. S., Yensen E., Sherman P. W. 2003. Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the ground squirrels (Rodentia: Marmotinae). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 10: 249 - 275." type="journal article" year="2003">Harrison et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
showed that 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF98CB5CFF8CB3AEFEF31F89" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1844" box="[109,293,1736,1759]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFF8CB3AEFEF31F89" box="[109,293,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Otospermophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
diverged from other ground squirrel genera in the Miocene (ca. 17.5 Mya) and was not a descendant genus from 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF98CB5CFF49B26EFEED1E49" baseAuthorityName="Smith and Coss" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[168,315,1800,1823]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFF49B26EFEED1E49" box="[168,315,1800,1823]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Spermophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="60F9278DFF98CB5CFCA9B139FAE71C17" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10621104" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10621104" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10621104/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" startId="5.[840,875,1119,1140]" targetBox="[845,1517,200,1089]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="34397705FF98CB5CFCA9B139FAE71C17" blockId="5.[840,1524,1119,1345]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFCA9B139FC501D22" bold="true" box="[840,902,1119,1140]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
—Revised geographic distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF98CB5CFB08B139FA3A1D22" box="[1257,1516,1119,1140]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFB08B139FA3A1D22" box="[1257,1516,1119,1140]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Otospermophilus douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF98CB5CFC4AB11AFBBD1DC7" author="Smith J. E. &amp; Long D. J. &amp; Russell I. D. &amp; Newcomb K. L. &amp; Munoz V. D." box="[939,1131,1148,1169]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" pagination="91 - 108" refId="ref12535" refString="Smith J. E., Long D. J., Russell I. D., Newcomb K. L., Munoz V. D. 2016. Otospermophilus beecheyi (Rodentia: Sciuridae). Mammalian Species 48: 91 - 108." type="journal article" year="2016">Smith et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
, with additional distribution data from museum specimens from VertNet (http://vertnet.org/), and confirmed research-grade observations from iNaturalist (https://www.inaturalist. org/). Map compiled and updated by H.B. Constable. Further genetic studies are needed to delineate these boundaries and establish if there is a clear division between adjacent populations of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF98CB5CFAD4B069FA7A1C72" box="[1333,1452,1295,1316]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFAD4B069FA7A1C72" box="[1333,1452,1295,1316]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF98CB5CFA3AB069FC4D1C17" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1874" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beecheyi">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFA3AB069FC4D1C17" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">O. beecheyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or if there is a hybrid zone between them.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="60F9278DFF98CB5CFF8DB0AAFEA81F01" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10621106" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10621106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10621106/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" startId="5.[108,143,1484,1505]" targetBox="[115,787,200,1455]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="34397705FF98CB5CFF8DB0AAFEA81F01" blockId="5.[108,792,1484,1623]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFF8DB0AAFF7B1CB7" bold="true" box="[108,173,1484,1505]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of the mandible of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF98CB5CFEE8B08CFDDB1CA9" box="[265,525,1514,1535]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFEE8B08CFDDB1CA9" box="[265,525,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Otospermophilus douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: CAS [California Academy of Sciences] 27871, an adult male from Mendocino Pass Road, Williams Valley, Mendocino County, California, 7 September 1993. Photograph by DJL and H.B. Constable.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="34397705FF98CB5FFF79B24EFF051F5D" blockId="5.[109,793,1672,1951]" lastBlockId="6.[109,792,1492,1547]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
Concerning the specific evolution of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF98CB5CFDFCB24EFF241E09" authority=", Smith and Coss (1984)" authorityName=", Smith and Coss" authorityYear="1984" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFDFCB24EFD491E69" box="[541,671,1832,1855]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">O. douglasii</emphasis>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF98CB5CFD4DB24EFF241E09" author="Smith D. G. &amp; Coss R. G." pageId="5" pageNumber="5" pagination="249 - 259" refId="ref12415" refString="Smith D. G., Coss R. G. 1984. Calibrating the molecular clock: estimates of ground squirrel divergence made using fossil and geological time markers. Molecular Biology and Evolution 1: 249 - 259." type="journal article" year="1984">Smith and Coss (1984)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
suggested a divergence between 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF98CB5CFD83B22EFD3E1E09" authorityName=", Smith and Coss" authorityYear="1984" box="[610,744,1864,1887]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFD83B22EFD3E1E09" box="[610,744,1864,1887]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF98CB5CFF8CB20EFF3B1E29" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[109,237,1896,1919]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beecheyi">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFF8CB20EFF3B1E29" box="[109,237,1896,1919]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">O. beecheyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the middle Pleistocene (ca. 0.725 Mya), which coincides with the development of the Sacramento River and the adjacent marshes and wetlands that produced a permanent barrier between the two populations of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF98CB5CFB1DB0C1FA621CE8" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1844" box="[1276,1460,1447,1470]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFB1DB0C1FA621CE8" box="[1276,1460,1447,1470]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Otospermophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This eventually contributed to speciation between 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF98CB5CFADAB0A1FA141C88" authorityName=", Smith and Coss" authorityYear="1984" box="[1339,1474,1479,1502]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFADAB0A1FA141C88" box="[1339,1474,1479,1502]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF98CB5CFCA9B081FC101CA8" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[840,966,1511,1534]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beecheyi">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFCA9B081FC101CA8" box="[840,966,1511,1534]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">O. beecheyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. That is, 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF98CB5CFBCEB081FB621CA8" authorityName=", Smith and Coss" authorityYear="1984" box="[1071,1204,1511,1534]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFBCEB081FB621CA8" box="[1071,1204,1511,1534]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs largely to the west of the Sacramento River Basin; some populations are north of the area of the Sacramento River that connects with the San Joaquin Delta, Carquinez Strait, and the San Francisco Bay. In contrast, 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF98CB5CFCA9B301FC1C1F28" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[840,970,1639,1662]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beecheyi">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFCA9B301FC1C1F28" box="[840,970,1639,1662]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">O. beecheyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs primarily south of the Sacramento River Basin. 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF98CB5CFC73B3E1FBBA1FC8" author="Phuong M. A. &amp; Lim M. C. W. &amp; Wait D. R. &amp; Rowe K. C. &amp; Moritz C." box="[914,1132,1671,1694]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" pagination="1136 - 1151" refId="ref12030" refString="Phuong M. A., Lim M. C. W., Wait D. R., Rowe K. C., Moritz C. 2014. Delimiting species in the genus Otospermophilus (Rodentia: Sciuridae), using genetics, ecology, and morphology. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 113: 1136 - 1151." type="journal article" year="2014">Phuong et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
clarified genetic criteria for specieslevel separation of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF98CB5CFBC1B3C1FB7F1FE8" authorityName=", Smith and Coss" authorityYear="1984" box="[1056,1193,1703,1726]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFBC1B3C1FB7F1FE8" box="[1056,1193,1703,1726]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFB12B3C1FAAA1FE8" box="[1267,1404,1703,1726]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF98CB5CFB12B3C1FAAF1FE8" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[1267,1401,1703,1726]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beecheyi">O. beecheyi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
They also analyzed cranial characters of both species and demonstrated that there were no clear morphological traits distinctive of either species, making identification of more recent fossil 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF98CB5CFCA9B241FBD61E68" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1844" box="[840,1024,1831,1854]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFCA9B241FBD61E68" box="[840,1024,1831,1854]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Otospermophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
difficult. There are also several late Pleistocene records of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF98CB5CFC5FB221FBA01E08" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1844" box="[958,1142,1863,1886]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFC5FB221FBA01E08" box="[958,1142,1863,1886]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Otospermophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the areas where 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF98CB5CFA8CB221FA241E08" authorityName=", Smith and Coss" authorityYear="1984" box="[1389,1522,1863,1886]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF98CB5CFA8CB221FA241E08" box="[1389,1522,1863,1886]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur today, including fossil specimens from Hawver Cave, El Dorado County, 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF98CB5CFC17B2E1FBB31EC8" box="[1014,1125,1927,1950]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">California</collectingRegion>
, and Potter Creek and Samwel Caves, Shasta County, 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF9BCB5FFEF7B0B2FE541CBD" box="[278,386,1492,1515]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">California</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9BCB5FFE72B0B2FD631CBD" author="Kurten B. &amp; Anderson E." box="[403,693,1492,1515]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" refId="ref11037" refString="Kurten B., Anderson E. 1980. Pleistocene mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York, USA." type="book" year="1980">Kurten and Anderson 1980</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9BCB5FFD24B0B2FF151F5D" author="Blois J. L. &amp; Feranec R. S. &amp; Hadly E. A." pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="602 - 613" refId="ref9633" refString="Blois J. L., Feranec R. S., Hadly E. A. 2008. Environmental influences on spatial and temporal body-size variation in California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi). Journal of Biogeography 35: 602 - 613." type="journal article" year="2008">Blois et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="60F9278DFF9BCB5FFF8DB1B8FD441CF5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10621108" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10621108" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10621108/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" startId="6.[108,143,1246,1267]" targetBox="[147,755,200,1216]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="34397705FF9BCB5FFF8DB1B8FD441CF5" blockId="6.[108,793,1246,1443]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9BCB5FFF8DB1B8FF791DA5" bold="true" box="[108,175,1246,1267]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Fig. 5.</emphasis>
— (A) An adult female 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9BCB5FFE47B1B8FD781DA5" authorityName=", Smith and Coss" authorityYear="1984" box="[422,686,1246,1267]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9BCB5FFE47B1B8FD781DA5" box="[422,686,1246,1267]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Otospermophilus douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Fort Stevens, Clatsop County, Oregon, at the mouth of the Columbia River, the likely type locality for the species and (B) an adult male 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9BCB5FFCE0B07FFF101C1D" authorityName=", Smith and Coss" authorityYear="1984" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9BCB5FFCE0B07FFF101C1D" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Roslyn, Kittitas County, Washington, representing one of the northernmost records of this species at the time of publication. Photographs used with permission (A) DJL and (B) Jennifer Lipton via iNaturalist (www.inaturalist.org/observations/58564016).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="34397705FF9BCB5FFF2EB320FD601F36" blockId="6.[207,694,1606,1632]" box="[207,694,1606,1632]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9BCB5FFF2EB320FD601F36" bold="true" box="[207,694,1606,1632]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF9BCB5FFF79B3EFFA571B56" blockId="6.[109,792,1673,1952]" lastBlockId="6.[840,1523,201,1952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9BCB5FFF79B3EFFEF31FF6" bold="true" box="[152,293,1673,1696]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Ontogeny.—</emphasis>
Much of the information on the seasonal growth of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9BCB5FFF01B3CFFDDE1F96" authorityName=", Smith and Coss" authorityYear="1984" box="[224,520,1705,1728]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9BCB5FFF01B3CFFDDE1F96" box="[224,520,1705,1728]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Otospermophilus douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was established through the combined field and lab observations by 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9BCB5FFD63B3AFFCC71FB6" author="Edge E. R." box="[642,785,1737,1760]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="194 - 200" refId="ref9990" refString="Edge E. R. 1931. Seasonal activity and growth in the Douglas ground squirrel. Journal of Mammalogy 12: 194 - 200." type="journal article" year="1931">Edge (1931)</bibRefCitation>
. Specifically, he noted the growth trajectories for five offspring born in the lab after their wild-caught mother was live-trapped and observed in the lab. Her newborn offspring weighed, on average, 
<quantity id="F37EDAE0FF9BCB5FFF33B22FFECA1E36" box="[210,284,1865,1888]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.18" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" unit="g" value="11.8">11.8 g</quantity>
. They were hairless with red, wrinkled skin, closed eyes, and showed little motor control (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9BCB5FFD88B20FFD361ED6" author="Edge E. R." box="[617,736,1897,1920]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="194 - 200" refId="ref9990" refString="Edge E. R. 1931. Seasonal activity and growth in the Douglas ground squirrel. Journal of Mammalogy 12: 194 - 200." type="journal article" year="1931">Edge 1931</bibRefCitation>
). By the second week of life, these young averaged 
<quantity id="F37EDAE0FF9BCB5FFD93B2EFFD721EF6" box="[626,676,1929,1952]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" unit="g" value="24.0">24 g</quantity>
, their skin color darkened, and their natal fur began to show on the head and back. By the fourth week, the young averaged 
<quantity id="F37EDAE0FF9BCB5FFABCB58FFA771856" box="[1373,1441,233,256]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.52" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" unit="g" value="35.2">35.2 g</quantity>
, the extent of natal fur had increased, eyes were barely open, and they attempted to move their limbs and raise their head. At 7 weeks, the young averaged 
<quantity id="F37EDAE0FF9BCB5FFBC9B42FFBBB1836" box="[1064,1133,329,352]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.45" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" unit="g" value="64.5">64.5 g</quantity>
and began to show pigmented hair throughout the body, their eyes were fully open, and they could move about with control and dexterity. By the eighth week, the young averaged 
<quantity id="F37EDAE0FF9BCB5FFC1CB4CFFBFB1896" box="[1021,1069,425,448]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" unit="g" value="73.0">73 g</quantity>
and began foraging on solid food. These lab measurements suggest that young in the field venture out of the burrows at about 7–8 weeks of age (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9BCB5FFB1DB48FFAA71B56" author="Edge E. R." box="[1276,1393,489,512]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="194 - 200" refId="ref9990" refString="Edge E. R. 1931. Seasonal activity and growth in the Douglas ground squirrel. Journal of Mammalogy 12: 194 - 200." type="journal article" year="1931">Edge 1931</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF9BCB5FFC92B76FFAA61DB6" blockId="6.[840,1523,201,1952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
In the field, juveniles were noted to venture out of their burrows in June in central 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF9BCB5FFB90B74FFB171B16" box="[1137,1217,553,576]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Oregon</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9BCB5FFB32B74FFA9E1B16" author="Edge E. R." box="[1235,1352,553,576]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="194 - 200" refId="ref9990" refString="Edge E. R. 1931. Seasonal activity and growth in the Douglas ground squirrel. Journal of Mammalogy 12: 194 - 200." type="journal article" year="1931">Edge 1931</bibRefCitation>
), and June and July in several northern 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF9BCB5FFBA9B72FFB621B36" box="[1096,1204,585,608]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">California</collectingRegion>
counties (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9BCB5FFAC2B72FFCAB1BD6" author="Grinnell J. &amp; Dixon J. S." pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="597 - 708" refId="ref10421" refString="Grinnell J., Dixon J. S. 1918. Natural history of the ground squirrels of California. Monthly Bulletin of the State Commission of Horticulture 7: 597 - 708." type="journal article" year="1918">Grinnell and Dixon 1918</bibRefCitation>
), with weaned offspring leaving the dens earlier in lower elevation habitats, and later in higher elevation habitats. Adults begin accumulating body fat at the end of summer and maximize fat stores by the end of September, preceding the start of inactivity in November (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9BCB5FFBB9B78FFACC1A56" author="Maser C. &amp; Mate B. R. &amp; Franklin J. F. &amp; Dryness C. T." box="[1112,1306,745,768]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" refId="ref11390" refString="Maser C., Mate B. R., Franklin J. F., Dryness C. T. 1981. Natural History of Oregon Coast Mammals. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U. S. Department of Agriculture, General Technical Report PNW- 133." type="journal volume" year="1981">Maser et al. 1981</bibRefCitation>
). Although there is little activity during winter, both adults and juveniles emerge during warm or dry spells during winter (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9BCB5FFAC9B64FFA761A16" author="Edge E. R." box="[1320,1440,809,832]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="194 - 200" refId="ref9990" refString="Edge E. R. 1931. Seasonal activity and growth in the Douglas ground squirrel. Journal of Mammalogy 12: 194 - 200." type="journal article" year="1931">Edge 1931</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9BCB5FFA5DB64FFC591A36" author="Edge E. R." pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="194 - 200" refId="ref9990" refString="Edge E. R. 1931. Seasonal activity and growth in the Douglas ground squirrel. Journal of Mammalogy 12: 194 - 200." type="journal article" year="1931">Edge (1931)</bibRefCitation>
trapped adult females earlier in the spring than he trapped adult males. However, additional study is required to understand whether robust sex differences in activity exist in 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9BCB5FFA86B6EFFA3A1AF6" authorityName=", Smith and Coss" authorityYear="1984" box="[1383,1516,905,928]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9BCB5FFA86B6EFFAAC1AF6" box="[1383,1402,905,928]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9BCB5FFA68B6EFFA3A1AF6" box="[1417,1516,905,928]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In contrast, for most ground squirrels, including 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9BCB5FFA8AB6CFFA3A1A96" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[1387,1516,937,960]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beecheyi">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9BCB5FFA8AB6CFFA3A1A96" box="[1387,1516,937,960]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">O. beecheyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, adult males are active above ground earlier in the spring than adult females in areas with seasonal activity patterns (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9BCB5FFA76B68FFC771D76" author="Smith J. E. &amp; Long D. J. &amp; Russell I. D. &amp; Newcomb K. L. &amp; Munoz V. D." pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="91 - 108" refId="ref12535" refString="Smith J. E., Long D. J., Russell I. D., Newcomb K. L., Munoz V. D. 2016. Otospermophilus beecheyi (Rodentia: Sciuridae). Mammalian Species 48: 91 - 108." type="journal article" year="2016">Smith et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
). One removal study suggested that the young of the year typically dispersed from the natal social group by the end of the summer; a small number of adults also dispersed from populations of higher densities to populations of lower densities (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9BCB5FFCB0B1EFFC031DF6" author="Stroud D. C." box="[849,981,1161,1184]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="210 - 213" refId="ref12753" refString="Stroud D. C. 1982. Dispersal and some implications for control of the California ground squirrel. In: Marsh R. E., editor. Proceedings of the Tenth Vertebrate Pest Conference. University of California, Davis, California, USA; p. 210 - 213." type="book chapter" year="1982">Stroud 1982</bibRefCitation>
). Discounting predation and disease, 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9BCB5FFA8CB1EFFA251DF6" author="Edge E. R." box="[1389,1523,1161,1184]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="189 - 296" refId="ref10016" refString="Edge E. R. 1934. Burrows and burrowing habits of the Douglas ground squirrel. Journal of Mammalogy 15: 189 - 296." type="journal article" year="1934">Edge (1934)</bibRefCitation>
estimated the maximum life span to be 5–6 years. Whether the sexes differ in their longevity is currently unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34397705FF9BCB5EFC92B18FFE2E1836" blockId="6.[840,1523,201,1952]" lastBlockId="7.[109,792,201,352]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9BCB5FFC92B18FFBF81C56" bold="true" box="[883,1070,1257,1280]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Reproduction.—</emphasis>
Reproductive information on 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9BCB5FFA72B18FFBCB1C76" authorityName=", Smith and Coss" authorityYear="1984" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9BCB5FFA72B18FFBCB1C76" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Otospermophilus douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sparse, but 
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9BCB5FFB2DB06FFA7C1C76" author="Maser C. &amp; Mate B. R. &amp; Franklin J. F. &amp; Dryness C. T." box="[1228,1450,1289,1312]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" refId="ref11390" refString="Maser C., Mate B. R., Franklin J. F., Dryness C. T. 1981. Natural History of Oregon Coast Mammals. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U. S. Department of Agriculture, General Technical Report PNW- 133." type="journal volume" year="1981">Maser et al. (1981)</bibRefCitation>
noted that enlargement of testes in adult males begins in February, and males are in breeding condition by March. Mating season for 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9BCB5FFC91B00FFC2E1CD6" authorityName=", Smith and Coss" authorityYear="1984" box="[880,1016,1385,1408]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9BCB5FFC91B00FFC2E1CD6" box="[880,1016,1385,1408]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">O. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in western 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF9BCB5FFB9AB00FFB1A1CD6" box="[1147,1228,1385,1408]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Oregon</collectingRegion>
occurs from late February through early March (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9BCB5FFBDDB0EFFB0A1CF6" author="Bickford C. E." box="[1084,1244,1417,1440]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" refId="ref9534" refString="Bickford C. E. 1980. Aspects of the social structure of the California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) in Western Oregon. Master's thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA." type="book" year="1980">Bickford 1980</bibRefCitation>
) but the timing of reproduction varies regionally (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9BCB5FFB9AB0CFFA4B1C96" author="Chapman J. A. &amp; Lind G. S." box="[1147,1437,1449,1472]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="101 - 105" refId="ref9801" refString="Chapman J. A., Lind G. S. 1973. Latitude and litter size of the California ground squirrel, Spermophilus beecheyi. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 71: 101 - 105." type="journal article" year="1973">Chapman and Lind 1973</bibRefCitation>
). Most females are pregnant by the end of March; birth and lactation occur from May to June (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9BCB5FFB86B08FFAD11F56" author="Bickford C. E." box="[1127,1287,1513,1536]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" refId="ref9534" refString="Bickford C. E. 1980. Aspects of the social structure of the California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) in Western Oregon. Master's thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA." type="book" year="1980">Bickford 1980</bibRefCitation>
). Weaning occurs by mid-July (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9BCB5FFC58B36FFB8E1F76" author="Bickford C. E." box="[953,1112,1545,1568]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" refId="ref9534" refString="Bickford C. E. 1980. Aspects of the social structure of the California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) in Western Oregon. Master's thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA." type="book" year="1980">Bickford 1980</bibRefCitation>
). In central western 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF9BCB5FFADAB36FFA591F76" box="[1339,1423,1545,1568]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Oregon</collectingRegion>
, the start of mating was observed in late March and mating peaked in early April; females were in the early stages of pregnancy at the start of April (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9BCB5FFBECB30FFB541FD6" author="Edge E. R." box="[1037,1154,1641,1664]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="194 - 200" refId="ref9990" refString="Edge E. R. 1931. Seasonal activity and growth in the Douglas ground squirrel. Journal of Mammalogy 12: 194 - 200." type="journal article" year="1931">Edge 1931</bibRefCitation>
). Births and lactation occurred in the last week of April through May, suggesting an overall gestation period lasting 25–30 days. Females collected in northern 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF9BCB5FFCA9B3AFFC611FB6" box="[840,951,1737,1760]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">California</collectingRegion>
were carrying 5–6 embryos between late April and middle May, with some near parturition in late May (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9BCB5FFA45B38FFCA81E76" author="Howell A. H." pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref10840" refString="Howell A. H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels with a classification of the North American Sciuridae. North American Fauna 56: 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1938">Howell 1938</bibRefCitation>
). In Yolo County, 
<collectingRegion id="F642B9E7FF9BCB5FFBADB26FFB681E76" box="[1100,1214,1801,1824]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">California</collectingRegion>
, the southern end of the geographic range of 
<taxonomicName id="F3860C86FF9BCB5FFBFBB24FFB721E16" authorityName=", Smith and Coss" authorityYear="1984" box="[1050,1188,1833,1856]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Otospermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9BCB5FFBFBB24FFBFB1E16" box="[1050,1069,1833,1856]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="06F2AB17FF9BCB5FFBDEB24FFB721E16" box="[1087,1188,1833,1856]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, breeding in mid-March, and recently emerged litters at the beginning of July were noted (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9BCB5FFCB0B20FFBC81ED6" author="Owings D. H. &amp; Virginia R. &amp; Paussa D." box="[849,1054,1897,1920]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="191 - 195" refId="ref11919" refString="Owings D. H., Virginia R., Paussa D. 1979. Time budgets of California ground squirrels during reproduction. The Southwestern Naturalist 24: 191 - 195." type="journal article" year="1979">Owings et al. 1979</bibRefCitation>
). Litter sizes may be related to female size (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9BCB5FFCB0B2EFFC131EF6" author="Edge E. R." box="[849,965,1929,1952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="194 - 200" refId="ref9990" refString="Edge E. R. 1931. Seasonal activity and growth in the Douglas ground squirrel. Journal of Mammalogy 12: 194 - 200." type="journal article" year="1931">Edge 1931</bibRefCitation>
). He found larger females were more fecund (seven embryos) than smaller females (three embryos); however, prenatal mortality occurred in some females, suggesting that the initial number of embryos may not produce the same litter size at birth (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9ACB5EFF28B44FFEEB1816" author="Edge E. R." box="[201,317,297,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="194 - 200" refId="ref9990" refString="Edge E. R. 1931. Seasonal activity and growth in the Douglas ground squirrel. Journal of Mammalogy 12: 194 - 200." type="journal article" year="1931">Edge 1931</bibRefCitation>
). Females likely produce only a single litter per year (
<bibRefCitation id="50170AF4FF9ACB5EFF37B42FFE311836" author="Grinnell J. &amp; Dixon J. S." box="[214,487,329,352]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="597 - 708" refId="ref10421" refString="Grinnell J., Dixon J. S. 1918. Natural history of the ground squirrels of California. Monthly Bulletin of the State Commission of Horticulture 7: 597 - 708." type="journal article" year="1918">Grinnell and Dixon 1918</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>