438 lines
49 KiB
XML
438 lines
49 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="44E6635E527725200225218D744C5076">Biology, immature stages, and systematics of snail-killing flies of the genus Colobaea (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), with overviews of aspects of the tribe Sciomyzini</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F53AB4B1849F65BEABA30C42557B1F22">Bratt, Albertus D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="92B930E6EB0078CC4026C43F7C866FCF">Knutson, Lloyd V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="92084E3D9C55BD1BBAE06CCE8CA01C34">Murphy, William L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4A8573A84781B2F39AA2F993F22082D7">Daniels, Anthony A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="656691C5B566A835EA7C537B31D8C1D2" type="email">anthonydaniels71@yahoo.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="CC319565915C644C9C341DA5234D9C81">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="433FE485295FFB15FFAD3B65C3CE3AFB">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="471DCEA0DE902FDA97BB49F472F7E437">4840</mods:number>
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<treatment id="7170D74F6A13FFC4FF4FF8F08CA2D809" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4478683" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177136975" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4478683" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7170D74F6A13FFC4FF4FF8F08CA2D809" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7170D74F6A13FFC4FF4FF8F08CA2D809" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<subSubSection id="B1C335D26A13FFC6FF4FF8F08EC5DB8F" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="F96666596A13FFC6FF4FF8F08C6EDB6A" blockId="17.[151,641,1880,1979]" box="[151,587,1880,1907]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<heading id="A22ED1356A13FFC6FF4FF8F08C6EDB6A" bold="true" box="[151,587,1880,1907]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A13FFC6FF4FF8F08C6EDB6A" ID-CoL="X5W5" authority="Steyskal, 1954" authorityName="Steyskal" authorityYear="1954" box="[151,587,1880,1907]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
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<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A13FFC6FF4FF8F08C6EDB6A" bold="true" box="[151,587,1880,1907]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A13FFC6FF4FF8F08FB7DB6A" bold="true" box="[151,402,1880,1907]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Colobaea americana</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="9D481BA86A13FFC6FE41F8F08C6EDB6A" author="Steyskal, G. C." box="[409,587,1880,1906]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="59 - 65" refId="ref46797" refString="Steyskal, G. C. (1954) Colobaea and Hedria, two genera of Sciomyzidae new to America (Diptera: Acalyptratae). Canadian Entomologist, 86, 59 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 8660 - 2" type="journal article" year="1954">Steyskal, 1954</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F96666596A13FFC6FF4FF8D58EC5DB8F" blockId="17.[151,641,1880,1979]" box="[151,224,1917,1943]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<figureCitation id="61E27ADC6A13FFC6FF4FF8D58EC5DB8F" box="[151,224,1917,1943]" captionStart="MAP 2" captionStartId="47.[151,207,1056,1080]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,181,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-19@47.[155,1431,181,1032]" captionText="MAP 2. Geographic range of Colobaea americana Steyskal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4478693" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4478693/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Map 2</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B1C335D26A13FFC6FF4FF8098CA4DBA3" box="[151,641,1952,1979]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
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<paragraph id="F96666596A13FFC6FF4FF8098CA4DBA3" blockId="17.[151,641,1880,1979]" box="[151,641,1952,1979]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(BNN 6512, 6551, 6601, 6608, 6611, 6627)</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B1C335D26A10FFC5FF4FFF3F8AABDDED" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="F96666596A10FFC5FF4FFF3F8F0DDD7D" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FF4FFF3F8FA0DCA8" ID-CoL="X5W5" box="[151,389,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
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<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FF4FFF3F8FA0DCA8" box="[151,389,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Colobaea americana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is the smallest known species of
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<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FCD0FF3F8DB9DCA9" ID-CoL="G45" box="[776,924,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciomyzidae</taxonomicName>
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, with field-collected adult flies ranging from only 1.8 to 2.0 mm in length and with some laboratory-reared adult flies measuring only
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<quantity id="3E21CBBC6A10FFC5FBA9FF138AE2DCCD" box="[1137,1223,187,213]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
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in length. The species is similar to
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<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FE8FFF778FFCDCE1" box="[343,473,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Heleomyzidae" genus="Opomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distincta">
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<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FE8FFF778F4FDCE1" box="[343,362,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FEA1FF778FFCDCE1" box="[377,473,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">distincta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FE30FF778C5CDCE1" ID-CoL="X5WF" baseAuthorityName="Zetterstedt" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[488,633,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pectoralis">
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<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FE30FF778FDEDCE1" box="[488,507,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FDD1FF778C5CDCE1" box="[521,633,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">pectoralis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FD6FFF778D1EDCE0" ID-CoL="X5WG" baseAuthorityName="Lundbeck" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[695,827,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
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<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FD6FFF778CEFDCE1" box="[695,714,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FD01FF778D1EDCE0" box="[729,827,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">punctata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in color pattern and in development of the dorsobasal aristal setulae.
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<bibRefCitation id="9D481BA86A10FFC5FEE7FEAB8FD5DD05" author="Steyskal, G. C." box="[319,496,258,285]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="59 - 65" refId="ref46797" refString="Steyskal, G. C. (1954) Colobaea and Hedria, two genera of Sciomyzidae new to America (Diptera: Acalyptratae). Canadian Entomologist, 86, 59 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 8660 - 2" type="journal article" year="1954">Steyskal (1954)</bibRefCitation>
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figured the antenna and wing but did not describe or figure the male postabdomen, which has not yet been figured, although both the male and female abdomens were described in detail by
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<bibRefCitation id="9D481BA86A10FFC5FA9AFE8F8F01DD7D" author="Murphy, W. L. & Mathis, W. N. & Knutson, L. V." pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 299" refId="ref45469" refString="Murphy, W. L., Mathis, W. N. & Knutson, L. V. (2018) Comprehensive taxonomic, faunistic, biological, and geographic inventory and analysis of the Sciomyzidae (Diptera: Acalyptratae) of the Delmarva region and nearby states in eastern North America. Zootaxa, 4430 (1), 1 - 299. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4430.1.1" type="journal article" year="2018">
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Murphy
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<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FF4FFEE38EEDDD7D" box="[151,200,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
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. (2018)
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</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F96666596A10FFC5FF1FFEC78AABDDED" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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In
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<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FF3DFEC78F5BDD90" ID-CoL="X5W5" box="[229,382,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
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<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FF3DFEC78EDDDD91" box="[229,248,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FEDEFEC78F5BDD90" box="[262,382,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">americana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the only species of
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<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FDBBFEC78CF5DD91" ID-CoL="62MTY" authorityName="Zetterstedt" authorityYear="1837" box="[611,720,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FDBBFEC78CF5DD91" box="[611,720,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Colobaea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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for which chromosomes have been numbered, the diploid number of chromosomes is 12 (
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<bibRefCitation id="9D481BA86A10FFC5FE13FE3B8CB2DDB6" author="Boyes, J. W. & Knutson, L. V. & Jan, K. Y. & Berg, C. O." box="[459,663,403,430]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="331 - 356" refId="ref43265" refString="Boyes, J. W., Knutson, L. V., Jan, K. Y. & Berg, C. O. (1969) Cytotaxonomic studies of Sciomyzidae (Diptera: Acalyptratae). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 88 (3), 331 - 356. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3224701" type="journal article" year="1969">
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Boyes
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<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FDC3FE3B8C68DDB5" box="[539,589,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 1969
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</bibRefCitation>
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), with five metacentric pairs of autosomes. The X allosome is rather small. This configuration is similar to that of some species of
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<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FC9AFE1F8A5EDDC9" ID-CoL="6HL3" authority="Becker, 1919" authorityName="Becker" authorityYear="1919" box="[834,1147,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Parectinocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FC9AFE1F8DC4DDC8" box="[834,993,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Parectinocera</emphasis>
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Becker, 1919
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FB68FE1F8B03DDC9" ID-CoL="9CJSB" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" box="[1200,1318,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Pherbellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FB68FE1F8B03DDC9" box="[1200,1318,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pherbellia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but unlike that of any examined species of
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<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FDD8FE738D27DDED" ID-CoL="74S9" authority="Lioy, 1864" authorityName="Lioy" authorityYear="1864" box="[512,770,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Pteromicra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FDD8FE738C5ADDEC" box="[512,639,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pteromicra</emphasis>
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Lioy, 1864
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</taxonomicName>
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, in which the diploid number is 10.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="B1C335D26A10FFC4FF1FFE578CA2D809" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="F96666596A10FFC5FF1FFE578A61DED5" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FF1FFE578F97DE00" box="[199,434,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
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<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FF1FFE578F97DE00" box="[199,434,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Colobaea americana</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<materialsCitation id="49B16C046A10FFC5FE61FE578A65DED5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3027114326" collectingDate="2005-05-16" collectionCode="ADB, LVK" collectorName="ADB & LVk & C.O. Berg" country="Canada" county="Worcester County" location="Aylmer" municipality="Harvard" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Quebec">
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||
was described from four specimens from
|
||
<location id="FC0630826A10FFC5FC5CFE578DFCDE01" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7170D74F6A13FFC4FF4FF8F08CA2D809:FC0630826A10FFC5FC5CFE578DFCDE01" box="[900,985,511,537]" country="Canada" county="Worcester County" municipality="Harvard" name="Aylmer" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" stateProvince="Quebec">Aylmer</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3B1DA8BB6A10FFC5FC3CFE578A19DE01" box="[996,1084,511,537]" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Quebec</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<location id="FC0630826A10FFC5FBACFE578AEEDE01" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7170D74F6A13FFC4FF4FF8F08CA2D809:FC0630826A10FFC5FBACFE578AEEDE01" box="[1140,1227,511,537]" country="Canada" county="Worcester County" municipality="Harvard" name="Aweme" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" stateProvince="Quebec">Aweme</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3B1DA8BB6A10FFC5FB0EFE578B61DE01" box="[1238,1348,511,537]" country="Canada" name="Manitoba" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Manitoba</collectingRegion>
|
||
, both in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="81CE26C96A10FFC5FF4FFD8B8ECADE25" box="[151,239,547,573]" name="Canada" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="FC0630826A10FFC5FF21FD8B8F35DE25" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7170D74F6A13FFC4FF4FF8F08CA2D809:FC0630826A10FFC5FF21FD8B8F35DE25" box="[249,272,547,573]" country="Canada" county="Worcester County" municipality="Harvard" name="In" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" stateProvince="Quebec">In</location>
|
||
New York, USA (at
|
||
<location id="FC0630826A10FFC5FE2DFD8B8C4EDE25" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7170D74F6A13FFC4FF4FF8F08CA2D809:FC0630826A10FFC5FE2DFD8B8C4EDE25" box="[501,619,547,573]" country="Canada" county="Worcester County" municipality="Harvard" name="Cobleskill" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" stateProvince="Quebec">Cobleskill</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="FC0630826A10FFC5FDAEFD8B8CEBDE25" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7170D74F6A13FFC4FF4FF8F08CA2D809:FC0630826A10FFC5FDAEFD8B8CEBDE25" box="[630,718,547,573]" country="Canada" county="Worcester County" municipality="Harvard" name="Geneva" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" stateProvince="Quebec">Geneva</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="FC0630826A10FFC5FD01FD8B8D05DE25" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7170D74F6A13FFC4FF4FF8F08CA2D809:FC0630826A10FFC5FD01FD8B8D05DE25" box="[729,800,547,573]" country="Canada" county="Worcester County" municipality="Harvard" name="Ithaca" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" stateProvince="Quebec">Ithaca</location>
|
||
, and
|
||
<location id="FC0630826A10FFC5FC81FD8B8D9DDE25" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7170D74F6A13FFC4FF4FF8F08CA2D809:FC0630826A10FFC5FC81FD8B8D9DDE25" box="[857,952,547,573]" country="Canada" county="Worcester County" municipality="Harvard" name="Spencer" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" stateProvince="Quebec">Spencer</location>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectionCode id="9FC8FE9C6A10FFC5FC10FD8B8A26DE25" box="[968,1027,547,573]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">ADB</collectionCode>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectionCode id="9FC8FE9C6A10FFC5FBE1FD8B8A55DE25" box="[1081,1136,547,573]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">LVK</collectionCode>
|
||
collected puparia that subsequently produced adult flies.
|
||
<collectorName id="542C038F6A10FFC5FE20FDEF8C4FDE79" box="[504,618,583,609]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C.O. Berg</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FDA3FDEF8C9DDE79" box="[635,696,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">in litt</emphasis>
|
||
.) collected others at
|
||
<collectorName id="542C038F6A10FFC5FC7CFDEF8A2ADE79" box="[932,1039,583,609]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Lacombe</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3B1DA8BB6A10FFC5FBC1FDEF8A55DE79" box="[1049,1136,583,609]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="81CE26C96A10FFC5FBA3FDEF8AF6DE79" box="[1147,1235,583,609]" name="Canada" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="542C038F6A10FFC5FB05FDEF8B2CDE79" box="[1245,1289,583,609]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">The</collectorName>
|
||
only records of field-collected adult flies are 31
|
||
<collectorName id="542C038F6A10FFC5FDFBFDC38C77DE9D" box="[547,594,619,645]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">July</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="542C038F6A10FFC5FDB8FDC38C92DE9D" box="[608,695,619,645]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Aylmer</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3B1DA8BB6A10FFC5FD1AFDC38D3CDE9E" box="[706,793,619,646]" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Quebec</collectingRegion>
|
||
) and 11
|
||
<collectorName id="542C038F6A10FFC5FCA1FDC38DEFDE9D" box="[889,970,619,645]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">August</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="542C038F6A10FFC5FC01FDC38A17DE9D" box="[985,1074,619,645]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Aweme</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3B1DA8BB6A10FFC5FBE5FDC38A8FDE9E" box="[1085,1194,619,646]" country="Canada" name="Manitoba" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Manitoba</collectingRegion>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9D481BA86A10FFC5FB19FDC38B40DE9D" author="Steyskal, G. C." box="[1217,1381,618,645]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="59 - 65" refId="ref46797" refString="Steyskal, G. C. (1954) Colobaea and Hedria, two genera of Sciomyzidae new to America (Diptera: Acalyptratae). Canadian Entomologist, 86, 59 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 8660 - 2" type="journal article" year="1954">Steyskal 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but
|
||
<collectorName id="542C038F6A10FFC5FF4FFD278F02DEB1" box="[151,295,655,681]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tom Murray</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="542C038F6A10FFC5FEE1FD278FAEDEB1" box="[313,395,655,681]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Groton</collectorName>
|
||
, Massachusetts, USA) posted two photographs that he took in the field on
|
||
<date id="8D6740996A10FFC5FB3DFD278B5BDEB1" box="[1253,1406,654,681]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2005-05-16">
|
||
<collectingDate id="9D23B9716A10FFC5FB3DFD278B5BDEB1" box="[1253,1406,654,681]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2005-05-16">
|
||
16 May
|
||
<quantity id="3E21CBBC6A10FFC5FA9EFD268B5BDEB1" box="[1350,1406,654,681]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0927" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="in" value="2005.0">2005</quantity>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="1902FC236A10FFC5FF4FFD1B8ED3DED5" box="[151,246,691,717]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Harvard</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="10071ED56A10FFC5FED8FD1B8FE9DED5" box="[256,460,691,717]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Worcester County</collectingCounty>
|
||
, Massachusetts, of a live
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FD31FD1B8DA7DED4" box="[745,898,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FD31FD1B8DA7DED4" box="[745,898,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. americana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resting on a leaf
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F96666596A10FFC5FF1FFD7F8FFFD8B9" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
The habitat distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FE25FD7F8CBCDEE8" box="[509,665,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FE25FD7F8C35DEE9" box="[509,528,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FDF9FD7F8CBCDEE8" box="[545,665,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">americana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is rather broad, as is that of its most frequent snail prey,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FAECFD7F8F0EDF0D" authority="(Say)" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1817" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Gyraulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hygrophila" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FAECFD7F8EC6DF0C" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Gyraulus parvus</emphasis>
|
||
(Say)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The collecting sites at Cobleskill, Ithaca, and Spencer,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3B1DA8BB6A10FFC5FC43FD538A35DF0D" box="[923,1040,763,789]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and at Lacombe,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3B1DA8BB6A10FFC5FB02FD538B14DF0D" box="[1242,1329,763,789]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
, included small, permanent, exposed ponds. A vernal swamp at
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3B1DA8BB6A10FFC5FCDCFCB78D79DF21" box="[772,860,799,825]" country="Switzerland" name="Geneve" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Geneva</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3B1DA8BB6A10FFC5FCB2FCB78DC4DF21" box="[874,993,799,825]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||
, was extremely productive for collecting puparia in floating snail shells. The
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3B1DA8BB6A10FFC5FDBFFCEB8C98DF45" box="[615,701,835,861]" country="Switzerland" name="Geneve" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Geneva</collectingRegion>
|
||
locality, Savage Road Swamp, is described in detail in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9D481BA86A10FFC5FA9EFCEB8F2FDF9A" author="Bratt, A. D. & Knutson, L. V. & Foote, B. A. & Berg, C. O." pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 246" refId="ref43331" refString="Bratt, A. D., Knutson, L. V., Foote, B. A. & Berg, C. O. (1969) Biology of Pherbellia (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Memoir 404, 1 - 246." type="journal article" year="1969">
|
||
Bratt
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FA50FCEB8E88DF99" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1969)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; all laboratory rearings were initiated with adult flies that emerged from puparia collected there during 1962, 1965, and 1966 (FT 6206, 6501–02, 6512, 6551, 6601–02, 6606–07, 6611). Adult flies usually mated on the day of emergence and continued to mate for as long as 10 days. While mating, the male positioned his foretarsi on the parafrontal areas of the female’s head or on the anterolateral surfaces of her thorax, held his midlegs above her wings, and laterally grasped her postabdomen with his hind tarsi. Adult flies occasionally consumed the mucus of living snails in addition to the mixture of honey, yeast, and powdered milk with which they were provided. The preoviposition period was 4–7 days. In the laboratory, adult females oviposited throughout their lives, laying eggs in no apparent pattern on damp moss or cotton, never on living or dead snails. The incubation period at room temperature was about 24 hours.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F96666596A10FFC5FF1FFB038BB3D929" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Larvae appeared to prefer the snail
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FD81FB038CEDD8DC" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[601,712,1195,1221]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Gyraulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hygrophila" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FD81FB038CEDD8DC" box="[601,712,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">G. parvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as prey. Many puparia were found in shells of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FB07FB038B6BD8DC" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1247,1358,1195,1221]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Gyraulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hygrophila" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FB07FB038B6BD8DC" box="[1247,1358,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">G. parvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3B1DA8BB6A10FFC5FAAAFB038EEAD8F1" country="Switzerland" name="Geneve" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Geneva</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3B1DA8BB6A10FFC5FF02FB678F6AD8F1" box="[218,335,1231,1257]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and a few puparia were collected in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FD28FB678D7BD8F0" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[752,862,1231,1257]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Gyraulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hygrophila" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FD28FB678D7BD8F0" box="[752,862,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">G. parvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shells at Cobleskill and Spencer,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3B1DA8BB6A10FFC5FB01FB678B6BD8F1" box="[1241,1358,1231,1257]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and at Lacombe,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3B1DA8BB6A10FFC5FED5FB5B8F40D915" box="[269,357,1267,1293]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
. One puparium was found in the shell of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FC8AFB5B8A07D915" authority="Dreparnaud" authorityName="Dreparnaud" box="[850,1058,1267,1293]" class="Gastropoda" family="Physidae" genus="Physa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hygrophila" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FC8AFB5B8DB3D915" box="[850,918,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Physa</emphasis>
|
||
Dreparnaud
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (J.L. Bath, collector). During laboratory rearings, larvae killed and consumed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FD6CFABF8D07D928" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[692,802,1303,1329]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Gyraulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hygrophila" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FD6CFABF8D07D928" box="[692,802,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">G. parvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but did not attack
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FC2BFABF8B20D929" authority="(Say)" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1011,1285,1303,1329]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Helisoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hygrophila" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="trivolvis">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FC2BFABF8AE4D929" box="[1011,1217,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Helisoma trivolvis</emphasis>
|
||
(Say)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FAF2FABF8B4BD929" box="[1322,1390,1303,1329]" class="Gastropoda" family="Physidae" genus="Physa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hygrophila" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FAF2FABF8B4BD929" box="[1322,1390,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Physa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F96666596A10FFC5FF1FFA938D7ADAA5" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Unlike larvae of many other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FD52FA938D29D94D" authorityName=", Steyskal" authorityYear="1965" box="[650,780,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Sciomyzini">Sciomyzini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, newly hatched larvae did not crawl about on the shell or exposed soft parts of the snail and feed on mucus. Instead they immediately inserted themselves between the mantle and shell of the snail, which invariably reacted by retracting into its shell until its soft parts were about one-third of a whorl from the aperture. Each first-instar larva subsequently remained between the mantle and shell, with its posterior spiracles barely exposed. Usually only one first-instar larva, but occasionally as many as three, attacked an individual snail. Each snail infested with one larva lived for about two days after invasion. After the snail had died, the larva continued to feed, consuming almost all of the decomposing snail tissues. A single
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FB69F9BB8B05DA34" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1201,1312,1555,1581]" class="Gastropoda" family="Planorbidae" genus="Gyraulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hygrophila" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FB69F9BB8B05DA34" box="[1201,1312,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">G. parvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of about
|
||
<quantity id="3E21CBBC6A10FFC5FA56F9BB8EE6DA49" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter appeared to provide enough nourishment for the development of a larva from hatching to pupariation. If a snail penetrated by a newly hatched larva was considerably smaller than
|
||
<quantity id="3E21CBBC6A10FFC5FB96F9F38AB7DA6D" box="[1102,1170,1627,1653]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
, the larva subsequently killed and consumed a second snail. During laboratory trials, larvae were unable to subdue snails
|
||
<quantity id="3E21CBBC6A10FFC5FB0DF9D68B0EDA81" box="[1237,1323,1662,1689]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="5.5">5.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
or greater in diameter. The total duration of the larval stage was 5–6 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F96666596A10FFC4FF1FF96F8A63DDB5" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1437,151,1041]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
All puparia were formed in snail shells. Before pupariating, larvae pushed any remaining decayed tissue to the aperture of the shell and formed a thin, plate-like encrustation of a small amount of calcareous material at the aperture. The origin and formation of this structure are similar to that involved in the production of “septa” by pupariating larvae of certain species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FD85F89B8CF6DB55" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" box="[605,723,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Pherbellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FD85F89B8CF6DB55" box="[605,723,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pherbellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Knutson
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FC95F89B8DA4DB55" box="[845,897,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1967,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9D481BA86A10FFC5FC01F89B8ABCDB56" author="Bratt, A. D. & Knutson, L. V. & Foote, B. A. & Berg, C. O." box="[985,1177,1843,1870]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 246" refId="ref43331" refString="Bratt, A. D., Knutson, L. V., Foote, B. A. & Berg, C. O. (1969) Biology of Pherbellia (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Memoir 404, 1 - 246." type="journal article" year="1969">
|
||
Bratt
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FBC2F89B8A68DB55" box="[1050,1101,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1969
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As in larvae of some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FECAF8FF8FADDB69" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" box="[274,392,1879,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Pherbellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FECAF8FF8FADDB69" box="[274,392,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pherbellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the Malpighian tubules of mature larvae (where the calcareous material apparently is produced/stored) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FE81F8D38FD4DB8C" box="[345,497,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FE81F8D38F49DB8D" box="[345,364,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FEA1F8D38FD4DB8C" box="[377,497,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">americana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appeared very large and white, but, unlike the situation with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FB4CF8D38B2FDB8D" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" box="[1172,1290,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Pherbellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FB4CF8D38B2FDB8D" box="[1172,1290,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pherbellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae, those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A10FFC5FF6EF8378F6ADBA0" box="[182,335,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FF6EF8378EECDBA1" box="[182,201,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A10FFC5FF0FF8378F6ADBA0" box="[215,335,1951,1976]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">americana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
formed the septum while still in a feeding position, i.e. with the anterior end deep in the shell and the posterior end near the aperture. The difference in positions of the larvae at the time of excretion of the septum material probably is related to the fact that whereas larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A11FFC4FCE1FF3F8D8ADCA9" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" box="[825,943,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Pherbellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A11FFC4FCE1FF3F8D8ADCA9" box="[825,943,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Pherbellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
produce a relatively large amount of septum material, larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A11FFC4FEB6FF138C22DCCC" box="[366,519,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A11FFC4FEB6FF138FA4DCCD" box="[366,385,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A11FFC4FE57FF138C22DCCC" box="[399,519,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">americana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
produce only a small amount, retaining most of it. Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A11FFC4FB1CFF138B1FDCCD" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" box="[1220,1338,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Pherbellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A11FFC4FB1CFF138B1FDCCD" box="[1220,1338,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Pherbellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can “afford” to expend some of the material in displacing it from the inner whorls of the shell to the aperture by peristaltic body movements, but larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A11FFC4FE2EFEAB8CAADD04" box="[502,655,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A11FFC4FE2EFEAB8C2CDD05" box="[502,521,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A11FFC4FDCFFEAB8CAADD04" box="[535,655,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">americana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
apparently cannot.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3B1DA8BB6A11FFC4FCB1FEAB8D82DD05" box="[873,935,259,285]" country="Spain" name="Ceuta" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Septa</collectingRegion>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A11FFC4FC13FEAB8A46DD04" box="[971,1123,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A11FFC4FC13FEAB8DFBDD05" box="[971,990,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A11FFC4FC33FEAB8A46DD04" box="[1003,1123,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">americana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were formed at the aperture of the shell, not several millimeters inside the aperture as with species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A11FFC4FC00FE8F8A6BDD59" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" box="[984,1102,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Pherbellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A11FFC4FC00FE8F8A6BDD59" box="[984,1102,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Pherbellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Some of the remaining snail tissue that the pupariating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A11FFC4FE64FEE38C70DD7C" box="[444,597,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A11FFC4FE64FEE38FEADD7D" box="[444,463,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A11FFC4FE05FEE38C70DD7C" box="[477,597,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">americana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae pushed to the aperture usually became incorporated into the septum. The function of the septum is unknown; it might ensure successful overwintering by aiding in flotation of shells containing puparia or it might serve as a physical barrier against potential predators.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F96666596A11FFC4FF1FFE1F8F3ADE01" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1041]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">In the laboratory, many puparia were formed between 20 January and 6 June. The puparial period lasted 9–11 days. Adult flies emerged between 29 January and 17 July. Laboratory-reared males lived 11–47 days. Females lived 16–60 days.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F96666596A11FFC4FF1FFD8B8C0CDF0D" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1041]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A11FFC4FF1FFD8B8F96DE24" box="[199,435,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Colobaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A11FFC4FF1FFD8B8F96DE24" box="[199,435,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Colobaea americana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
apparently overwinters in the puparium. Puparia were found in the field at
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3B1DA8BB6A11FFC4FADCFD8B8B79DE25" box="[1284,1372,547,573]" country="Switzerland" name="Geneve" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Geneva</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3B1DA8BB6A11FFC4FABFFD8B8EF4DE79" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||
, on 11, 14, 27, and 28 April and on 6 November. The puparia collected during April and held at room temperature produced adult flies 10–23 days later. Astonishingly, from puparia collected
|
||
<date id="8D6740996A11FFC4FBC6FDC38ACDDE9D" box="[1054,1256,619,645]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1963-11-06">6 November 1963</date>
|
||
and held at 5°C until
|
||
<date id="8D6740996A11FFC4FF09FD278F8CDEB1" box="[209,425,654,681]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1965-12-20">20 December 1965</date>
|
||
, adult flies emerged 9–19 days after being returned to room temperature, having spent 775 days in diapause. Seasonal development of the species apparently is limited only by low temperatures. This conclusion also is supported by the fact that five consecutive generations were produced in the laboratory at relatively stable ambient indoor temperatures.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F96666596A11FFC4FF1FFCB78F34DF45" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1041]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Hymenopterous parasitoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A11FFC4FDC6FCB78CEEDF21" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[542,715,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ichneumonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A11FFC4FD27FCB78DB6DF21" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" box="[767,915,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
were reared from puparia collected at
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3B1DA8BB6A11FFC4FA98FCB78BBDDF21" box="[1344,1432,799,825]" country="Switzerland" name="Geneve" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Geneva</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3B1DA8BB6A11FFC4FF4FFCEB8F28DF45" box="[151,269,835,861]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F96666596A11FFC4FF1FFCCF8CA2D809" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1041]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Seven
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A11FFC4FECDFCCF8FAEDF99" authority="Bratt & Knutson & Murphy & Daniels, 2020" authorityName="Bratt & Knutson & Murphy & Daniels" authorityYear="2020" box="[277,395,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Orthizema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A11FFC4FECDFCCF8FAEDF99" box="[277,395,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Orthizema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A11FFC4FE4CFCCF8FF1DF99" bold="true" box="[404,468,871,897]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D09E07306A11FFC4FE4CFCCF8FF1DF99" box="[404,468,871,897]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A11FFC4FE3DFCCF8CB0DF9A" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[485,661,871,898]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ichneumonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (determined by R.W. Carlson, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="81CE26C96A11FFC4FE22FC238C09DFBD" box="[506,556,907,933]" name="United States of America" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
Department of Agriculture) emerged between 18 and 21 May, one each from seven puparia collected 27 April. Two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A11FFC4FD99FC078CF8DFD1" box="[577,733,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Eupteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBADBA4B6A11FFC4FD99FC078CF8DFD1" box="[577,733,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Eupteromalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ED91DDA6A11FFC4FCC8FC078D8DDFD2" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" box="[784,936,943,970]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (determined by B.D. Burks, same affiliation as R.W. Carlson) emerged 27 April and 14 May, one each from two puparia collected 14 April, and another emerged 11 May from a puparium collected 28 April.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |