406 lines
49 KiB
XML
406 lines
49 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.355.6013" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b2934f7f-098a-4eb6-8fc2-d730aa35bebb" ID-PMC="PMC3867187" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-355-9" ID-PubMed="24363567" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-355-9" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 355" ModsDocTitle="Using seemingly unnecessary illustrations to improve the diagnostic usefulness of descriptions in taxonomy–a case study on Perochaeta orientalis (Diptera, Sepsidae)" checkinTime="1451246641139" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Ang, Yuchen, Wong, Ling Jing & Meier, Rudolf" docDate="2013" docId="E7A994D366B4C953040094891EFA2009" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 355: 9-27" docOrigin="ZooKeys 355" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.355.6013" docTitle="Perochaeta orientalis de Meijere 1913" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="18" masterDocId="FFBAFFC46609BB0FFFEB9B58FE438646" masterDocTitle="Using seemingly unnecessary illustrations to improve the diagnostic usefulness of descriptions in taxonomy-a case study on Perochaeta orientalis (Diptera, Sepsidae)" masterLastPageNumber="27" masterPageNumber="9" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1668157001953" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Using seemingly unnecessary illustrations to improve the diagnostic usefulness of descriptions in taxonomy-a case study on Perochaeta orientalis (Diptera, Sepsidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ang, Yuchen</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wong, Ling Jing</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Meier, Rudolf</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>355</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>9</mods:start>
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<mods:end>27</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.355.6013</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.355.6013</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-355-9</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152049803" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E7A994D366B4C953040094891EFA2009" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E7A994D366B4C953040094891EFA2009" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="11">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Perochaeta_orientalis" authority="de Meijere, 1913" authorityName="de Meijere" authorityYear="1913" class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta orientalis" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Perochaeta orientalis (de Meijere, 1913)</taxonomicName>
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Figs 1-6
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="11" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="11">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="11">
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Holotype ♂ (Figs 4A, B). Type locality: "Chip Chip" (Jiji, =
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<normalizedToken originalValue="集集">集集</normalizedToken>
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) Township, Nantou County (南投), Taiwan ROC [likely, approximate coordinates
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="23.835278">23°50'7"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="120.767784">120°46'4"E</geoCoordinate>
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] (type label info: "Formosa Sauter. Chip-Chip 909. III.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Nemopoda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nemopoda orientalis" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Nemopoda orientalis</taxonomicName>
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det de Meijere. Type."). ♂ in the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="11" type="additional material">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="11">Additional material</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="11">
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(Figs 1-3). Locality: Brinchang Jungle Trail, Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia [
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="4.5026526">4°30'9.55"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="101.38912">101°23'20.85"E</geoCoordinate>
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. 1600m ASL]. Isoline culture based on ♀ collected 4.I.2011 (R. Meier). ♂♂♀♀ in the Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" type="morphological diagnosis (adult)">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="11">Morphological diagnosis (adult).</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">
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Male
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta orientalis" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="12" start="start">Perochaeta</pageBreakToken>
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orientalis
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</taxonomicName>
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are most easily differentiated from other described
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Perochaeta</taxonomicName>
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species based on two large, flattened bristles of the main tuft on the sternite appendage, of which one has a triangular, submedial protrusion (red arrows on Fig. 1F) while all other described
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Perochaeta</taxonomicName>
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species have unmodified bristles (Figs 5 with suffix
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘A’">'A'</normalizedToken>
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). The surstylus in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta orientalis" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Perochaeta orientalis</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 1G) is also unique in that the median inward protrusion consists of a large, broad-based triangle that spans a third of the surstylus (see Figs 5 with suffixes
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘B’">'B'</normalizedToken>
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and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘C’">'C'</normalizedToken>
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). The hind tibia of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta orientalis" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Perochaeta orientalis</taxonomicName>
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also has a distinct, raised osmeterium (Fig. 1C) which is barely visible or missing in other
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Perochaeta</taxonomicName>
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. Adult female
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta orientalis" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Perochaeta orientalis</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from the females of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta dikowi" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dikowi">Perochaeta dikowi</taxonomicName>
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(the only other species with a female description) based on the presence of sternites 3 and 4 (Fig. 2B), which are missing in the latter. For both sexes, the pleural, thoracical microtrichosity for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta orientalis" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Perochaeta orientalis</taxonomicName>
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(red arrow on Fig. 1B) is most similar to that of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta exilis" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exilis">Perochaeta exilis</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 5ED) because it is tomentose on the posterior third of the anepimeron and the dorsal tip of the greater ampulla. In contrast,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta cuirassa" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuirassa">Perochaeta cuirassa</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta lobo" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobo">Perochaeta lobo</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 5CD) have a glossy greater ampulla, while
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta dikowi" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dikowi">Perochaeta dikowi</taxonomicName>
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is pruinose wholly on the greater ampulla and on slightly less than the posterior half of the anepimeron (Fig. 5DD).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="12">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="12">
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Figure 5. Hypopygia, sternite appendages and anepimeral + greater ampullal microtrichosity of the five other
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Perochaeta</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta cuirassa" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuirassa">Perochaeta cuirassa</taxonomicName>
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(CA-CC),
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta dikowi" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dikowi">Perochaeta dikowi</taxonomicName>
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(DA-DC),
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta exilis" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exilis">Perochaeta exilis</taxonomicName>
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(EA-EC),
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta hennigi" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hennigi">Perochaeta hennigi</taxonomicName>
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(HA-HC) and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta lobo" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobo">Perochaeta lobo</taxonomicName>
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(LA-LC); adapted from Ang and Meier (2008;
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta cuirassa" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuirassa">Perochaeta cuirassa</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta lobo" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobo">Perochaeta lobo</taxonomicName>
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), Ang et al. (2008;
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta dikowi" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dikowi">Perochaeta dikowi</taxonomicName>
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), Iwasa (2011;
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta exilis" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exilis">Perochaeta exilis</taxonomicName>
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) and Ozerov (1992;
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta hennigi" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hennigi">Perochaeta hennigi</taxonomicName>
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). Suffixes refer to: A sternite appendage, left side ventral view B hypopygium, right side dorsal view C Surstylus, lateral view D Anepimeron + greater ampulla [image not available for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta hennigi" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hennigi">Perochaeta hennigi</taxonomicName>
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(prefix H)].
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta lobo" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobo">Perochaeta lobo</taxonomicName>
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(prefix L) has a similar anepimeral microtrichosity as
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta cuirassa" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuirassa">Perochaeta cuirassa</taxonomicName>
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(CD). Scale bars = 0.5mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" type="morphological description">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Morphological description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Colour. Similar in males (Fig. 1A) and females (Fig. 2A). Head capsule black except for face and a connecting thin strip below the eye, which is light-brown. Antennal pedicel dark brown, first flagellomere paler. Proboscis dark-brown with yellow labellum. Thorax wholly black, abdomen with glossy dark-brown tergites and sternites. All femora largely yellow with diffuse obfuscate rings post medially (faint on fore femur). Fore tibia wholly yellow; mid tibia darkened on the basal half; rear tibia entirely dark. All tarsi with first two segments yellow and last three dark-brown. Wing cells clear except for darkened basicostal cell and basal third of costal cell. Veins mostly dark brown. Calypter creamy; haltere whitish with brown base.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Head. Similar in males and females (Figs 1A, 2A). Roundish; facial carina short and shallow, facial area receding. Gena and parafacial region narrow. Ocellar prominence and occipital region lightly microtomentose. Chaetotaxy: ocellar longer than divergent postocellar; 1 outer vertical; inner vertical absent; orbital very reduced; 2 vibrissae; 2-3 weak postoculars; Lower fascial margin lined with setulae.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Thorax. Similar in males and females. Scutum, scutellum and subscutellum lightly microtomentose. Mediotergite microtomentose but glossy in the medial region (Figs 3ME, 3FE). Scutellum twice as wide as long (Figs 3MA, 3FA). Pleural pruinosity pattern (Fig. 1B): Protonotopleural lobe glossy on pleural region but microtomentose on dorsal region. Proepisternum fully microtomentose. Anepisternum largely glossy with anterioventral region densely microtomentose. Katepisternum with dense tomentosity except for glossy anterioventral region. Greater ampulla lightly microtomentose on the dorsal tip. Anepimeron glossy with lightly microtomentose strip on posterioventral region. Katatergite, katepimeron, metakatepisterum, meron and metepimeron lightly-dusted. Chaetotaxy: 1 apical scutellar, 1 reduced, setulae-like basal scutellar, 1 dorsocentral, 1 postalar, 1 supraalar, 2 notopleural, 1 postpronotal, 1 anepisternal and 1 posterior spiracular. Postpronotoum, prescutum and anepisternum with few, sporadic setulae.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="13">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="13" start="start">Legs</pageBreakToken>
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. Fore legs unmodified in males and females; all femora and tibiae without robust setae except for a longitudinal row of short spines on the anterior basal half of mid femur. Male rear tibia with a small but distinct osmeterium with raised hairs at the posteriodorsal region, and with three enlarged ventral setae on basitarsus (Fig. 1C). Females similar but lacking in osmeterium.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Wings. Similar in males and females. Slender. Without apical pterostigma. Veins bare. Wing microtrichia pattern (basal half; Fig. 1D): cells covered with microtrichiae except for subcostal, basal-medial, posterior-cubital cells and alula. Costal, radial 1, radial 2+3, radial 4+5, basal-radial, disco-medial, anterior cubital cells and anal lobe with portions lacking microtrichia. Radial-medial cross-vein divides discal-medial cell by ratio of 2: 1. Length: 4.4-4.8 mm.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="14">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="14" start="start">Male</pageBreakToken>
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abdomen. Ventral view (Figs 1E, F). Syntergite 1+2 to tergite 5 normal, tergite 6 missing, syntergite 7+8 present and extending ventrad as a narrow sclerite. Spiracles 1-4 on intersegmental membrane, spiracle 5 on ventral margin of tergite 5, spiracle 7 and 8 adjacent on margin of syntergite 7+8. Sternite 1 as a thin lateral band with tapering ends while sternite 2 is triangular, tapering posteriorly; sternite 3 is longitudinally oblong. Sternite 4 heavily modified into paired moveable appendages [Fig. 1F; see
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<bibRefCitation author="Bowsher, JH" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="13" pageNumber="22" pagination="1069 - 1080" title="Deciphering the evolutionary history and developmental mechanisms of a complex sexual ornament: the abdominal appendages of Sepsidae (Diptera)." url="10.1111/evo.12006" volume="67" year="2013">Bowsher et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
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for a discussion on the evolution of the appendages and Fig. 5 for sternite appendage illustrations of other
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Perochaeta</taxonomicName>
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]: largely desclerotized except for anterior margin as well as two rectangular regions laterally off the median. Two stout moveable appendages branch off laterally, each with a tuft of small short bristles facing the inner side of the sternite and two large, flattened and inward-curving bristles on the apices, of which one is pinched sub medially, resulting in a tooth like furcation on the inward side (red arrows on Fig. 1F).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="14">
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Hypopygium (Fig. 1G). Cercal plate with two very weak lobes, each with one setae. Hypopygium triangular with a large tooth-like projection originating from the inner base of the surstylus. Surstylus itself fused to hypopygium and branches off dorsally. Each surstylus is curved ventrally, with a large, flattened, inward-facing posteriomedial triangular process; terminus with
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“teeth”">"teeth"</normalizedToken>
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and setulae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Phallus (Fig. 1H). Basal region with scales on left side and relatively smooth on right side (crinkles and cracks on the surface are artifacts due to drying process). Basal region with large flap adorned with numerous long spines. Distal portion short (ca. 1/3 of basal portion) and membranous. We refrain from assigning terminology, for reasons explained in Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="15">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="15" start="start">Female</pageBreakToken>
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abdomen (Fig. 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="B–E">B-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
). Syntergite 1+2-tergite 5 similar to male, tergites 6 and 7 well defined and sclerotized. Spiracles 1-5 in intersegmental membrane while spiracles 6 and 7 are within the tergites. Sternites 1 and 2 similar to male, sternite 3 as a very thin longitudinal strip. Sternite 4 also a thin strip with barely visible sclerotization and a diffuse margin, sternite 5 missing. Sternites 6 as a lateral rectangle and sternite 7 tapering posteriorly. Postabdominal segments 6 and 7 with the tergites and sternites separated laterally, the sternites (like the tergites) thus very broad and short; segment 8, when not invaginated, long, extended posteriorly and ventrally, with a ventral element (sternite 8) on each side that remains separated at tip and a dorsal element (tergite 8) that forms the usual pair of ring-like bars that do not quite touch apically. Cercus small and round, with hypoproct present, bare.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="15" type="mating behaviour">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="15">Mating behaviour.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Here, we conducted 36 mating trials with virgin males and females. Only two of these trials were successful (=5.6% mating success rate), and the copulation time for these two were ca. 75 and 72 minutes. Virgin mating behaviour can be divided into four phases: (1) courtship, (2) approach and mount, (3) copulation and (4) separation. The copulatory profile (section 3) for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta orientalis" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="16" start="start">Perochaeta</pageBreakToken>
|
||
orientalis
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is shown in Fig. 6, based on a frame-by-frame analysis of one of the trials and documented in Video 1 (time in video given as mm:ss). Where available, we will compare and differentiate the behaviour of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta orientalis" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Perochaeta orientalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta dikowi" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dikowi">Perochaeta dikowi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ang, YC" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="12" pageNumber="21" pagination="552 - 559" title="Secondarily reduced fore leg armature in Perochaeta dikowi sp. n. (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha: Sepsidae) due to a novel mounting technique." url="10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00422.x" volume="33" year="2008 b">Ang et al. 2008b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) which is the only other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Perochaeta</taxonomicName>
|
||
species with a known mating profile. Our efforts to provide detailed mating behaviour for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta orientalis" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Perochaeta orientalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is part of a larger series of papers investigating of mating behaviour in sepsids (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ang, YC" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="12" pageNumber="21" pagination="552 - 559" title="Secondarily reduced fore leg armature in Perochaeta dikowi sp. n. (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha: Sepsidae) due to a novel mounting technique." url="10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00422.x" volume="33" year="2008 b">Ang et al. 2008b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Puniamoorthy, N" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="14" pageNumber="23" title="Bending for love: losses and gains of sexual dimorphisms are strictly correlated with changes in the mounting position of sepsid flies (Sepsidae: Diptera)." url="10.1186/1471-2148-8-155" volume="8" year="2008">Puniamoorthy et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Puniamoorthy, N" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Evolutionary Biology" pageId="14" pageNumber="23" pagination="2146 - 2156" title="From kissing to belly stridulation: comparative analysis reveals surprising diversity, rapid evolution, and much homoplasy in the mating behaviour of 27 species of sepsid flies (Diptera: Sepsidae)." url="10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01826.x" volume="22" year="2009">Puniamoorthy et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tan, DSH" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica Scripta" pageId="14" pageNumber="23" pagination="51 - 61" title="From ' cryptic species' to integrative taxonomy: an iterative process involving DNA sequences, morphology, and behaviour leads to the resurrection of Sepsis pyrrhosoma (Sepsidae: Diptera)." url="10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00408.x" volume="39" year="2010">Tan et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tan, DSH" journalOrPublisher="Organisms Diversity & Evolution" pageId="14" pageNumber="23" pagination="253 - 261" title="New information on the evolution of mating behaviour in Sepsidae (Diptera) and the cost of male copulations in Saltella sphondylii." url="10.1007/s13127-011-0054-2" volume="11" year="2011">Tan et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As discussed in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Puniamoorthy, N" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Evolutionary Biology" pageId="14" pageNumber="23" pagination="2146 - 2156" title="From kissing to belly stridulation: comparative analysis reveals surprising diversity, rapid evolution, and much homoplasy in the mating behaviour of 27 species of sepsid flies (Diptera: Sepsidae)." url="10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01826.x" volume="22" year="2009">Puniamoorthy et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, attention to detail is important because sepsid mating behaviour is apparently species-specific.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="16">Video 1. Video montage for the various behaviours described. Section 1, Courtship: Male wing-flutter dance (00:07). Section 2, Approach and Mount: Failed attempt with female resistance, lateral view (00:15), Successful mount, dorsal view (00:29). Section 3, Copulation: M1 Male fore leg tap to female head (00:41), M2 Male rear leg rub (01:03), M3 Male rear- to mid-leg rub (01:10), M4 Male mid legs tap to female wing (01:18), M5 Male mid legs tap to female abdomen (01:29), F1 Female resistance (mid legs push) (01:39), F2 Female resistance (rear leg push) (01:51), F3 Female grooming (rear leg rub) (02:00), F4 Female grooming (fore leg-head rub) (02:06). Section 4, Separation (02:15). Video available for download in full resolution from http://www.pensoft.net/J_FILES/1/articles/6013/Ang_Wong_Meier_Video_1.avi</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Courtship. When the male detects and shows interest in a female, he courts the female by using a "wing flutter dance"; i.e., he rapidly circles the female from his side while fluttering the wing facing the female (00:07). This behaviour is not observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta dikowi" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dikowi">Perochaeta dikowi</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Figure 6. Copulatory profile for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta orientalis" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Perochaeta orientalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as described in Section 2 (Copulation). Horizontal bars in graph indicate point in time (X-axis) where then the particular behaviour (Y-axis) is performed. The profile begins from when the male mounts the female, and ends when they begin to separate (total time = 72m 30s).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="17" start="start">Approach</pageBreakToken>
|
||
and mount. The male will approach the female from the rear and attempt to mount her. Unlike most sepsid species,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta orientalis" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Perochaeta orientalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
males lack modified fore legs, and do not clasp the female wing or perform pre-copulatory behaviours when mounted like other sepsids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Puniamoorthy, N" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="14" pageNumber="23" title="Bending for love: losses and gains of sexual dimorphisms are strictly correlated with changes in the mounting position of sepsid flies (Sepsidae: Diptera)." url="10.1186/1471-2148-8-155" volume="8" year="2008">Puniamoorthy et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Instead, he mounts similarly to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta dikowi" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dikowi">Perochaeta dikowi</taxonomicName>
|
||
; using his fore tarsi to hold on to the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="female’s">female's</normalizedToken>
|
||
abdomen whilst bending his abdomen forward. He then extends his sternite brush to contact the genital region, while the surstylus attempts to clasp the female genitalia (00:15 & 00:29). A crucial difference between the two species is that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta dikowi" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dikowi">Perochaeta dikowi</taxonomicName>
|
||
uses his sternite brush to contact the anterior portion of the female abdomen before sliding towards her posterior, while
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta orientalis" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Perochaeta orientalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
immediately contacts the genital region (see attempt in 00:15). At this stage, females show strong rejection behaviour towards the males which explains the low mating success rate. Males are kicked with mid- and hindlegs and/or the abdomen is raised to prevent genital contact (00:15). All resisting females remained unmated and only those males succeeded in mating that encountered willing females (00:29). In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta dikowi" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dikowi">Perochaeta dikowi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female resistance is much lower and mating success rates were 28.6%.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Copulation (Fig. 6). Once the male locks its genitalia with the female, they copulate for a long time (73.7
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.2 min; based on the two successful trials), which is over 3 times longer than that in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta dikowi" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dikowi">Perochaeta dikowi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(22.6
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.48 min). There are periods of rest and activity during copulation. During rest, males place their fore tarsi on the female pronotal callus while mid- and rear legs are splayed out. During active periods, the male displays five types of behaviours: "M1: fore leg head tap
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="”–">"-</normalizedToken>
|
||
males using fore tarsi to tap repeatedly on female head (00:41), "M2: rear leg rub
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="”–">"-</normalizedToken>
|
||
males rubbing rear legs together (01:03), "M3: rear-mid-leg rub
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="”–">"-</normalizedToken>
|
||
males rubbing rear legs with mid legs (01:10), "M4: mid legs wing tap
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="”–">"-</normalizedToken>
|
||
males using mid legs to tap repeatedly on female wing (01:18) and "M5: mid legs abdomen tap
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="”–">"-</normalizedToken>
|
||
males use mid legs to tap repeatedly on female abdomen (01:29). Behaviours M3 and M4 mostly occur after M1 and M2, suggesting a transfer of substance from the rear tibial osmoteria to the mid legs and then onto the female wing and/or abdomen. Female resistance was recorded even after copulation commenced; the female mostly used her mid legs (F1; 01:39) and only occasionally her hindlegs to push against the male (F2; 01:51). The female also indulged in grooming herself at times, either performing a rear leg rub (F3; 02:00) or a fore leg-head rub (F4; 02:06)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Separation. Just prior to separation, the male performs the "fore leg head tap" as well as the consecutive "rear-mid-leg rub" and "mid legs abdomen tap". The separation event itself is initiated by the male, where he turns 180° and pulls away from the female (02:15). Both males and females will also use their rear legs to push against each other during this time. This is similar in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta dikowi" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dikowi">Perochaeta dikowi</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="8" pageNumber="17" type="distribution, laboratory records and dna sequence information">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="17">Distribution, laboratory records and DNA sequence information.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Biogeography.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Perochaeta</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been consistently found only in mid- to high-elevation areas [see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ang, YC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="12" pageNumber="21" pagination="41 - 56" title="Five additions to the list of Sepsidae (Diptera) for Vietnam: Perochaeta cuirassa sp. n., Perochaeta lobo sp. n., Sepsis spura sp. n., Sepsis sepsi Ozerov, 2003 and Sepsis monostigma Thompson, 1869." url="10.3897/zookeys.70.766" volume="70" year="2010">Ang and Meier (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for a discussion on the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="genus’s">genus's</normalizedToken>
|
||
biogeographical distribution].
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta orientalis" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Perochaeta orientalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
itself was first collected by Sauter from two township localities in the central highlands (Nantou County; =
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="南投縣">南投縣</normalizedToken>
|
||
) of Taiwan: Jiji ("Chip Chip", =
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="集集">集集</normalizedToken>
|
||
) and Puli (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Polisha”">"Polisha"</normalizedToken>
|
||
, =
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="埔里">埔里</normalizedToken>
|
||
; approximate coordinates
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="23.965557">
|
||
23°57
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="’56”">'56"</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="120.96583">
|
||
120°57
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="’57”">'57"</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="de Meijere, JCH" journalOrPublisher="Annales historico-naturales Musei nationalis hungarici" pageId="13" pageNumber="22" pagination="114 - 124" title="H. Sauter's Formosa Ausbeute. Sepsinae. (Dipt.)." volume="11" year="1913">de Meijere 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). While the elevation of these two townships are relatively low (ca. 300m for Jiji and 500m for Puli), they are both immediately enclosed by mountain ranges that reach to excesses of 2500m. Specimen collection in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sauter’s">Sauter's</normalizedToken>
|
||
expedition would likely be from these mountainous regions. It is thus possible that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta orientalis" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Perochaeta orientalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like its other congeners in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Perochaeta</taxonomicName>
|
||
-is a higher-elevation specialist limited to the hills and mountains of the Oriental region. It has been recorded in Taiwan, Indonesia (Sulawesi I.), East and West Malaysia, as well as the Philippines (Luzon I., Mindanao I.) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ozerov, AL" journalOrPublisher="Zoologicheskie issledovania (Zoological Studies)" pageId="14" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 74" title="World catalogue of the family Sepsidae (Insecta: Diptera)." volume="8" year="2005">Ozerov 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="18" start="start">Laboratory</pageBreakToken>
|
||
records. Under laboratory conditions,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta orientalis" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Perochaeta orientalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been bred successfully from bovine (cow and gaur) dung. They are also attracted to this substrate in the wild, which makes sampling an area for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Perochaeta</taxonomicName>
|
||
a
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“bait-and-wait”">"bait-and-wait"</normalizedToken>
|
||
strategy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="18">
|
||
DNA sequence information. Molecular data from our new
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta orientalis" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Perochaeta orientalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
material are presented as part of the updated sepsid phylogeny (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lei, Z" journalOrPublisher="Physiological Entomology" pageId="13" pageNumber="22" title="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" url="10.1016/j.ympev.2013.05.011" year="2013">Lei et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nine mitochondrial and nuclear genes are sequenced and uploaded to Genbank. Their accession numbers are: 12S - KF199478, 16S - KF199525, COII - KF199667, COI - KF199842, CYTB - KF199714, 18S - KF199572, 28S - KF199618, ATS - KF199795, H3 - KF199739. Genetic distances for COI between existing species with DNA records (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta cuirassa" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuirassa">Perochaeta cuirassa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta dikowi" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dikowi">Perochaeta dikowi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta lobo" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobo">Perochaeta lobo</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were calculated using SpeciesIdentifier (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Meier, R" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="13" pageNumber="22" pagination="715 - 728" title="DNA barcoding and taxonomy in Diptera: a tale of high intraspecific variability and low identification success." url="10.1080/10635150600969864" volume="55" year="2006">Meier et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta orientalis" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Perochaeta orientalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the most similar sequence to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta dikowi" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dikowi">Perochaeta dikowi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(3.82%; Table 1), a distance that is well in excess of what is normally found between dipteran species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Meier, R" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="13" pageNumber="22" pagination="809 - 813" title="The use of mean instead of smallest interspecific distances exaggerates the size of the ' barcoding gap' and leads to misidentification." url="10.1080/10635150802406343" volume="57" year="2008">Meier et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Table 1. A summary of the pairwise distances between the COI of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta orientalis" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Perochaeta orientalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
with that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta cuirassa" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuirassa">Perochaeta cuirassa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(KF199839),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta dikowi" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dikowi">Perochaeta dikowi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(KF199840) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta lobo" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobo">Perochaeta lobo</taxonomicName>
|
||
(KF199841).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta orientalis" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Perochaeta orientalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the most similar sequence to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta dikowi" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dikowi">Perochaeta dikowi</taxonomicName>
|
||
's (3.82%), and all pairwise distances are relatively high.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<table pageId="9" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta orientalis" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Perochaeta orientalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta cuirassa" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuirassa">Perochaeta cuirassa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta dikowi" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dikowi">Perochaeta dikowi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta lobo" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobo">Perochaeta lobo</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta orientalis" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Perochaeta orientalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">3.82%</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta cuirassa" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuirassa">Perochaeta cuirassa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta dikowi" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dikowi">Perochaeta dikowi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sepsidae" genus="Perochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perochaeta lobo" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobo">Perochaeta lobo</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">3.82%</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |