187 lines
21 KiB
XML
187 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="D248DE01045BD7BA1B0E7B45633ABB17" ID-CLB-Dataset="66858" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6619785" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4f64b039-c97e-4468-b122-fd7209b613d3" ID-ISBN="978-84-941892-3-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6619785" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1654545700444" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2016" docId="03E941211E49FF72FF81F93B151C2605" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_6_Ochotonidae_0028.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Ochotona rutila" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="42" masterDocId="FFD039591E47FF7CFFF3FFBB1F072251" masterDocTitle="Ochotonidae" masterLastPageNumber="43" masterPageNumber="28" pageNumber="42" updateTime="1699338949738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="B1883217C2767EEE6392839A770F1EAF" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FB940B69BACA73869262B38505964151">
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<mods:title id="94D2E804EC8E14151D88242A2B9BDC03">Ochotonidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6DADEDAE39005645E76D40F04B848834">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8051A6A0C1F92A30141956FFC80F681D">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6BFA4595698B1AE019CE7AC23D6AC85A">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="07FDDF4722321429AE34016F3DE1BAAB">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="8F748488F6C10E35984ED61CC44F0BFC">2016</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="8993D515B2FF0568FB43215C7FA24602" type="pubDate">2016-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="8E84749A41FE569474D27736AE29C29A">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="89668CCA44B37B8B5B3BB827C03B63D1">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="DF8B1D5CBEB2CCF24AA13F819B651ABC">
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<mods:title id="248C3E505747DF9C5778F0EA93432BF2">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03E941211E49FF72FF81F93B151C2605" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6620036" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195764615" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6620036" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E941211E49FF72FF81F93B151C2605" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E941211E49FF72FF81F93B151C2605" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
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<subSubSection id="C35AA3BC1E49FF72FF81F93B1FAD24FB" box="[114,170,1664,1706]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BFFF0371E49FF72FF81F93B1FAD24FB" blockId="14.[111,944,1664,1785]" box="[114,170,1664,1706]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
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<heading id="D0B7475B1E49FF72FF81F93B1FAD24FB" box="[114,170,1664,1706]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
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<figureCitation id="137BECB21E49FF72FF81F93B1FAD24FB" box="[114,170,1664,1706]" captionStart="Plate 2: Ochotonidae" captionStartId="10.[125,155,3413,3434]" captionTargetBox="[13,2770,13,3644]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="15. Kazakh Pika (Ochotona opaca), 16. Silver Pika (Ochotona argentata), 17. American Pika (Ochotona princeps), 18. Collared Pika (Ochotona collaris), 19. Steppe Pika (Ochotona pusilla), 20. Large-eared Pika (Ochotona macrotis), 21. Royle’s Pika (Ochotona roylu), 22. Afghan Pika (Ochotona rufescens), 23. Forrest's Pika (Ochotona forrest), 24. Ladak Pika (Ochotona ladacensis), 25. Turkestan Red Pika (Ochotona rutila), 26. Kozlov’s Pika (Ochotona koslowi), 27. Chinese Red Pika (Ochotona erythrotis), 28. Glover’s Pika (Ochotona gloveri), 29. Ili Pika (Ochotona iliensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6619863" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6619863/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">25.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35AA3BC1E49FF72FF48F93B1D5624FB" box="[187,593,1664,1706]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BFFF0371E49FF72FF48F93B1D5624FB" blockId="14.[111,944,1664,1785]" box="[187,593,1664,1706]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
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<heading id="D0B7475B1E49FF72FF48F93B1D5624FB" box="[187,593,1664,1706]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
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<vernacularName id="054380191E49FF72FF48F93B1D5624FB" box="[187,593,1664,1706]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">Turkestan Red Pika</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35AA3BC1E49FF72FD7BF93B1CB724FB" box="[648,944,1664,1706]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFFF0371E49FF72FD7BF93B1CB724FB" blockId="14.[111,944,1664,1785]" box="[648,944,1664,1706]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
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<heading id="D0B7475B1E49FF72FD7BF93B1CB724FB" box="[648,944,1664,1706]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName id="4C408BB41E49FF72FD7BF93B1CB724FB" ID-CoL="7W4BG" baseAuthorityName="Severtzov" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[648,944,1664,1706]" class="Mammalia" family="Ochotonidae" genus="Ochotona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rutila">
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<emphasis id="B9342C251E49FF72FD7BF93B1CB724FB" box="[648,944,1664,1706]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">Ochotona rutila</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35AA3BC1E49FF72FF82F9071EC124A8" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BFFF0371E49FF72FF82F9071C852480" blockId="14.[111,944,1664,1785]" box="[113,898,1724,1745]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
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<heading id="D0B7475B1E49FF72FF82F9071C852480" box="[113,898,1724,1745]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B9342C251E49FF72FF82F9071FBB2480" bold="true" box="[113,188,1724,1745]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="054380191E49FF72FF35F9071E272480" box="[198,288,1724,1745]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">Pika roux</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9342C251E49FF72FEC7F9071E892480" bold="true" box="[308,398,1724,1745]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="054380191E49FF72FE6AF9071D362480" box="[409,561,1724,1745]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">Roter Pfeifhase</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9342C251E49FF72FDB5F9071DA62480" bold="true" box="[582,673,1724,1745]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="054380191E49FF72FD58F9071C852480" box="[683,898,1724,1745]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">Pica roja de Turkestan</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFFF0371E49FF72FF83F95F1EC124A8" blockId="14.[111,944,1664,1785]" box="[112,454,1764,1785]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
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<heading id="D0B7475B1E49FF72FF83F95F1EC124A8" box="[112,454,1764,1785]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B9342C251E49FF72FF83F95F1E6024A8" bold="true" box="[112,359,1764,1785]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="054380191E49FF72FE82F95F1EC124A8" box="[369,454,1764,1785]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">Red Pika</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35AA3BC1E49FF72FD27F8931C19253F" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BFFF0371E49FF72FD27F8931C19253F" blockId="14.[724,1318,1832,2255]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B9342C251E49FF72FD27F8931C682514" bold="true" box="[724,879,1832,1861]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C408BB41E49FF72FC66F8931C1E253F" ID-CoL="7VL86" authority="Severtzov, 1873" authorityName="Severtzov" authorityYear="1873" class="Mammalia" family="Ochotonidae" genus="Lagomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rutilus">Lagomys rutilus Severtzov, 1873</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35AA3BC1E49FF72FCDBF8EE1CCB25B2" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BFFF0371E49FF72FCDBF8EE1CCB25B2" blockId="14.[724,1318,1832,2255]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
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<materialsCitation id="3B28FA6A1E49FF72FCDBF8EE1CCB25B2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3803698310" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">“B ropax y Bepharo, Ha Beicote 7-8000 ¢yroB” (= in mountains near Verniy [Almaty], at elevations of 7-8000 feet), Almaty, Kazakhstan.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35AA3BC1E49FF72FD27F84A1BCA2B3C" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BFFF0371E49FF72FD27F84A1BCA2B3C" blockId="14.[724,1318,1832,2255]" lastBlockId="14.[115,1323,2262,3475]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
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According to mtDNA and nDNA,
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<taxonomicName id="4C408BB41E49FF72FB4AF84A1A212A5B" baseAuthorityName="Severtzov" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[1209,1318,2033,2058]" class="Mammalia" family="Ochotonidae" genus="Ochotona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="14" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rutila">O. rutila</taxonomicName>
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belongs to subgenus Conothoa. It was confused with
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<taxonomicName id="4C408BB41E49FF72FC9DF7FB1CFE2A08" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1875" box="[878,1017,2112,2137]" class="Mammalia" family="Ochotonidae" genus="Ochotona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">O. macrotis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C408BB41E49FF72FBB2F7FB1BD22A08" authorityName="Biichner" authorityYear="1890" box="[1089,1237,2112,2137]" class="Mammalia" family="Ochotonidae" genus="Ochotona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythrotis">O. erythrotis</taxonomicName>
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up to the second part of 20" century. This led to numerous errors in description of the distribution of
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<taxonomicName id="4C408BB41E49FF72FC7AF7151CFD2A9E" baseAuthorityName="Severtzov" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[905,1018,2222,2255]" class="Mammalia" family="Ochotonidae" genus="Ochotona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rutila">O. rutila</taxonomicName>
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. One reason for this confusion was because of N. Severtzov’s description in 1873: one specimen of the two comprising the type series belongs to
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<taxonomicName id="4C408BB41E49FF72FD8AF7461DE32B4F" baseAuthorityName="Severtzov" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[633,740,2301,2334]" class="Mammalia" family="Ochotonidae" genus="Ochotona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="14" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rutila">O. rutila</taxonomicName>
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in modern understanding, and anotheris a young
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<taxonomicName id="4C408BB41E49FF72FF18F69E1E712B17" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1875" box="[235,374,2341,2374]" class="Mammalia" family="Ochotonidae" genus="Ochotona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">O. macrotis</taxonomicName>
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. S. I. Ognev in 1940 designated the formeras the lectotype, eliminating confusion. O. rutilais not a sister taxa to
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<taxonomicName id="4C408BB41E49FF72FD26F6EB1C672B3C" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1875" box="[725,864,2384,2413]" class="Mammalia" family="Ochotonidae" genus="Ochotona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="14" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">O. macrotis</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="4C408BB41E49FF72FC62F6EB1B222B3C" authorityName="Biichner" authorityYear="1890" box="[913,1061,2384,2413]" class="Mammalia" family="Ochotonidae" genus="Ochotona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="14" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythrotis">O. erythrotis</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35AA3BC1E49FF72FF80F6C81E412BB4" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF3FA0BF1E49FF72FF80F6C81E412BB4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6619849" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6619849" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6619849/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" targetBox="[110,701,1838,2251]" targetPageId="14">
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<paragraph id="8BFFF0371E49FF72FF80F6C81E412BB4" blockId="14.[115,1323,2262,3475]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B9342C251E49FF72FF80F6C81E242BC5" bold="true" box="[115,291,2419,2452]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Patchily from Tian Shan (from Central Asian side) to Gissar ranges in SE Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, E Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. This species clearly has a relictual range.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35AA3BC1E49FF72FF87F6511DC8293F" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFFF0371E49FF72FF87F6511DC8293F" blockId="14.[115,1323,2262,3475]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B9342C251E49FF72FF87F6511E74285A" bold="true" box="[116,371,2538,2571]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 190-260 mm, ear 26-30 mm, hindfoot 33-39 mm; weight 220-320 g. The Turkestan Red Pika is a large pika. Dorsal fur is bright rufous, ventral fur is light gray, and throat is white. Winter fur is long, soft, and gray; head is rufous; and belly is whitish. Melanistic specimens are known. Ears are large and rounded, with white margins. Skull is large and stout, with wide interorbital constriction. Incisive and palatal foramens can be confluent or separated. A pair of openings on frontal bones occursin rare cases. Auditory bullae are relatively large. Condylobasal lengths are 45-50 mm, skull widths are 23-25 mm, and skull heights are 17-18 mm. The Turkestan Red Pika differs from the Large-eared Pika (
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<taxonomicName id="4C408BB41E49FF72FC3EF49F1B662914" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1875" box="[973,1121,2852,2885]" class="Mammalia" family="Ochotonidae" genus="Ochotona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">O. macrotis</taxonomicName>
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) by its pelage color, largersize, and stout zygomatic arch.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35AA3BC1E49FF72FF85F4C81CDF29B5" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BFFF0371E49FF72FF85F4C81CDF29B5" blockId="14.[115,1323,2262,3475]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B9342C251E49FF72FF85F4C81FE229C5" bold="true" box="[118,229,2931,2964]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Talus composed oflarge stones in mountain gorges and valleys of forest and subalpine areas at elevations of 1800-3700 m. The Turkestan Red Pika is a typical rock dweller, using crevices among stones as shelters and pathways.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35AA3BC1E49FF72FF85F4521C342F17" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BFFF0371E49FF72FF85F4521C342F17" blockId="14.[115,1323,2262,3475]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B9342C251E49FF72FF85F4521E782E5B" bold="true" box="[118,383,3049,3082]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Turkestan Red Pika eats a very wide variety of plants such as herbs, some trees and bushes, green mosses, and lichens. Turkestan Red Pikas hoard hay in hay piles. Hoarding starts in the first part of summer and lasts until September. Composition of hay piles is very variable;it includes some plant species that are normally absent in summer diets. Composition of hay piles does not completely reflect local flora; there are always several plant species that dominate hay piles. Hay piles are 0.3-2 kg, but very large piles of 3-8 kg are also common. Hay piles are situated in rock crevices or under cover oflarge stones. During winter, Turkestan Red Pikas eat stored hay and also bark and needles of coniferous trees.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35AA3BC1E49FF72FF8BF2F0151623E4" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFFF0371E49FF72FF8BF2F0151623E4" blockId="14.[115,1323,2262,3475]" lastBlockId="14.[1380,2589,286,1113]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9342C251E49FF72FF8BF2F01FFB2F3D" bold="true" box="[120,252,3403,3436]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding of Turkestan Red Pikas starts in March and lasts c.4 months. Young females becomefertile at 3-3-5 months old. Adult female can breed two or maybe three times per season; young females also breed in some regions. Interval between breeding is very short. Breeding dates depend on weather and region. Each female has 2-6 embryos. Gestation is ¢.30 days; neonates are covered with dark fur and born with their eyes closed. Eyes open after 11-12 days. At 20 days of age, young start independent life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35AA3BC1E49FF72FA97FE0717AE20F2" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFFF0371E49FF72FA97FE0717AE20F2" blockId="14.[1380,2589,286,1113]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9342C251E49FF72FA97FE071955238C" bold="true" box="[1380,1618,444,477]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Turkestan Red Pikas are mainly diurnal. As in all rock-dwelling pikas, activity depends on insolation and weather. During high heat in Central Asia, Turkestan Red Pikas avoid emerging on talus surfaces. In other seasons, they are active throughout the day. Activity starts at sunrise and stops with evening dusk. During winter, Turkestan Red Pikas are less active and emerge on snow only during daylight. There are no long trails emerging from short snow tunnels.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35AA3BC1E49FF72FA94FD1317B22657" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFFF0371E49FF72FA94FD1317B22657" blockId="14.[1380,2589,286,1113]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9342C251E49FF72FA94FD1317192098" bold="true" box="[1383,2078,680,713]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Turkestan Red Pika moves with short leaps. It usually moves along constant trails, emerging on surface only for a few meters; it probably uses pathways below talus surfaces. Two known home ranges were 350 m? and 750 m?. Home ranges of males and females overlap. Turkestan Red Pikas are not aggressive. Densities are 800-1340 ind/km®. Old hay piles and large latrines under large flat stones identify occupied areas, but they are not easy to discover. Vocalization is weakly developed. Several types of quiet contact calls do not carry social function. Nests of the Turkestan Red Pikas have not been found in the wild; in captivity, they were hemispherically shaped and made of dry grass.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35AA3BC1E49FF72FA9AFBAB1684267C" box="[1385,2435,1040,1069]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFFF0371E49FF72FA9AFBAB1684267C" blockId="14.[1380,2589,286,1113]" box="[1385,2435,1040,1069]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9342C251E49FF72FA9AFBAB19C1267C" bold="true" box="[1385,1734,1040,1069]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35AA3BC1E49FF72FA9AFB80151C2605" box="[1385,2587,1083,1108]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFFF0371E49FF72FA9AFB80151C2605" blockId="14.[1380,2589,286,1113]" box="[1385,2587,1083,1108]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9342C251E49FF72FA9AFB801AFB2605" bold="true" box="[1385,1532,1083,1108]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Melo-Ferreira et al. (2015), Ognev (1940), Severtzov (1873), Sludskiy etal. (1980), Sokolov et al. (1994).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |