659 lines
96 KiB
XML
659 lines
96 KiB
XML
<document id="2DD8EA628BB38B5B1D8B1107DF1B01E9" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5297.3.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8004960" ID-ZooBank="564FF0B3-96C1-4EEA-9A06-C2C6ABA80B34" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1685959270257" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bertozzi, Terry & Guzinski, Jaro" docDate="2023" docId="03D34843FFD82A08FF2F9770FF4EFC7E" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5297.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5297 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5297.3.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Mixophyes australis Bertozzi & Guzinski 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="332" masterDocId="FFEA303BFFC02A17FFB89432FFADFFDB" masterDocTitle="A new species of barred frog, Mixophyes (Anura: Myobatrachidae) from south-eastern Australia identified by molecular genetic analyses" masterLastPageNumber="336" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="325" updateTime="1685981627800" updateUser="valdenar" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="32F282993421D019A8D12563B9E6CCD3">
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<mods:title id="1C7EF4805C7F1942F8D7774D78E19F7B">A new species of barred frog, Mixophyes (Anura: Myobatrachidae) from south-eastern Australia identified by molecular genetic analyses</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="60CF5B4010B172FFCD220CF87DA5D208" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="8B1D990D4BB9853C2752278B119D77CC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="2C5C96EA101A9F68B9266BE9CFBE2BD5">Bertozzi, Terry</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="933ACB26C73C73B352E2A30A4C1610E3" type="ORCID">0000-0001-6665-3395</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="6C6597E202833C3EC10391B6B593A765" type="email">terry.bertozzi@samuseum.sa.gov.au</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="6FE00214A8A4E58FC3386831D0B8AEB5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="E46EFF198A4E42AAF52E961FCF5FE333">Guzinski, Jaro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="7815E045E45496B764A306865E041846" type="ORCID">0000-0001-6665-3395</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="8C23F02988A5F6BADA2F3505B8438C4F" type="email">terry.bertozzi@samuseum.sa.gov.au</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="29AF7E3F8C656B5667A689AF97698A66">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="9C3D616B21FDCFFC6CB9B5EF4D9A8242">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="4F8D507B3D427DE6BDB3C61C36D3FAA8">
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<mods:date id="E95E9A9403AFFD493B4941B6403F85B6">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="888D86DEEC4E673A188030EBC98E6AFC">2023-06-02</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="704554C60BA7D16EDC2B9068AA3F840A">5297</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="87A8EAA2F45BCDD38FD4509C46464C30" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="E2F2E735309B61A432FAC9B164227C50">3</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="8849BE6DB8E382FFA8F3A9860728D6A9">301</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="7E57CBD0436343FA62F4ECC318CFB9AA">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5297.3.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="27C3C2C993E4CC6322F5DC7C6D92D2AD">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="AD7D431EDF1730B6572799F9DCAF51DA" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5297.3.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8AAE83F61FAC874B2800F262719FAA61" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C6A08D7471DF26A28A3845EB86339162" type="Zenodo-Dep">8004960</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B7E7EA06692C5FB150385E7AD2A860EE" type="ZooBank">564FF0B3-96C1-4EEA-9A06-C2C6ABA80B34</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03D34843FFD82A08FF2F9770FF4EFC7E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D34843FFD82A08FF2F9770FF4EFC7E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D34843FFD82A08FF2F9770FF4EFC7E" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="332" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
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<subSubSection id="C360AADEFFD82A0FFF2F9770FE03FC5A" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD82A0FFF2F9770FE5DFC86" blockId="24.[151,496,834,933]" box="[151,496,834,861]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
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<heading id="D08D4E39FFD82A0FFF2F9770FE5DFC86" bold="true" box="[151,496,834,861]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" reason="1">
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||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFF2F9770FE5DFC86" bold="true" box="[151,496,834,861]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFF2F9770FE26FC86" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,395,834,861]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFF2F9770FE26FC86" bold="true" box="[151,395,834,861]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Mixophyes australis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFD82A0FFE2A9771FE5DFC86" box="[402,496,835,861]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD82A0FFF2F9755FE03FC5A" blockId="24.[151,496,834,933]" box="[151,430,871,897]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Southern Stuttering Frog</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C360AADEFFD82A0FFF2F97B9FE9BFC7E" box="[151,310,907,933]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD82A0FFF2F97B9FE9BFC7E" blockId="24.[151,496,834,933]" box="[151,310,907,933]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
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||
(
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<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFD82A0FFF2797B9FF45FC7E" box="[159,232,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1845,1869]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-23@18.[254,1334,181,1810]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cross bar patterns on hindlimbs of Mixophyes. Side by side comparison of A) thigh and B) tibia-fibula in life of left Mixophyes balbus from Coombadjha Creek Washpool NP and right M. australis sp. nov. from Congewai Creek, Watagan NP. Thighs of Mixophyes balbus from C) Little Styx River, New England NP, D) Thungutti Creek, New England NP, E) Coombadjha Creek, Washpool NP, and Mixophyes australis sp. nov. from F) Congewai Creek, Watagan NP, G) Frying Pan Creek, Chichester SF and H) Sharpes Creek, Gloucester Tops NP." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004974" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004974/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Figs 6</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFD82A0FFF4C97B9FEAEFC7E" box="[244,259,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1905,1929]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,597,1881]" captionTargetId="figure-202@25.[151,1436,597,1881]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 8. Mixophyes australis sp. nov. in life.A) HolotypeAMS R188750, Sharpes Creek, Gloucester Top NP, Ross Knowles, B) Sharpes Creek, Gloucester Top NP, C) Gap Creek, Watagan NP, Stephen Mahony, D) Abbots Ck, Olney SF, Stephen Mahony, E) Cockerawombeeba Ck, Hastings Range, Michael Mahony, F) Cockerawombeeba Ck, Hastings Range, Michael Mahony." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004978/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">8</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFD82A0FFEA897B9FE80FC7E" box="[272,301,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1812,1836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,184,1786]" captionTargetId="figure-23@30.[151,1435,181,1789]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 12. Images of Mixophyes australis sp. nov. holotype, scale bar 10 mm (AMS R188750)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004986/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">12</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C360AADEFFD82A0FFF2F97E1FD51FB82" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD82A0FFF2F97E1FF7AFBEE" blockId="24.[151,1437,978,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
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<materialsCitation id="3B12F308FFD82A0FFF2F97E1FF7AFBEE" collectingDate="2015-12-15" collectionCode="AMS, R" collectorName="Michael Mahony & Ross Knowles" country="Australia" location="Sharpes Creek" municipality="Gloucester Tops National Park" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" specimenCode="ABTC 141374" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="New South Wales" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFF2F97E1FEA9FC36" bold="true" box="[151,260,979,1005]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
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<typeStatus id="54C147F7FFD82A0FFF2F97E1FEA9FC36" box="[151,260,979,1005]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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.
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<collectionCode id="ED6B6190FFD82A0FFEAB97E1FEFDFC36" box="[275,336,979,1005]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">AMS</collectionCode>
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<collectionCode id="ED6B6190FFD82A0FFEEF97E0FEC7FC36" box="[343,362,978,1005]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">R</collectionCode>
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||
.188750 (
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<specimenCode id="DBDC512EFFD82A0FFE6B97E1FDD2FC36" box="[467,639,979,1005]" collectionCode="ABTC" country="Australia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/y82c-h1ev" name="Australian Biological Tissue Collection, South Australian Museum" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" type="Museum">ABTC 141374</specimenCode>
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), adult male from
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<location id="8EA5AF8EFFD82A0FFCF697E1FC58FC36" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D34843FFD82A08FF2F9770FF4EFC7E:8EA5AF8EFFD82A0FFCF697E1FC58FC36" box="[846,1013,979,1005]" country="Australia" latitude="-32.083332" municipality="Gloucester Tops National Park" name="Sharpes Creek" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" stateProvince="New South Wales">Sharpes Creek</location>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BA1632FFFD82A0FFBB897E1FAF1FC36" box="[1024,1372,979,1005]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Gloucester Tops National Park</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49BE37B7FFD82A0FFADF97E1FE8AFBCA" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F36DB9C5FFD82A0FFE8A97C5FE31FBCA" box="[306,412,1015,1041]" name="Australia" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Australia</collectingCountry>
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, 32° 05’ S, 151° 68’ E, collected by
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<collectorName id="268F9C83FFD82A0FFC8497C5FC50FBCA" box="[828,1021,1015,1041]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Michael Mahony</collectorName>
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and
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<collectorName id="268F9C83FFD82A0FFB8E97C5FB74FBCA" box="[1078,1241,1015,1041]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Ross Knowles</collectorName>
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on
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<date id="FFC4DF95FFD82A0FFABD97C4FF7EFBEE" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" value="2015-12-15">
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<collectingDate id="EF80267DFFD82A0FFABD97C4FF7EFBEE" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" value="2015-12-15">15 December 2015</collectingDate>
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</date>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD82A0FFF7F900CFD51FB82" blockId="24.[151,1437,978,2013]" box="[199,764,1086,1113]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
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<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFF7F900CFE1CFB83" bold="true" box="[199,433,1086,1112]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Material examined.</emphasis>
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see Supplementary
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<tableCitation id="C6F8CCEEFFD82A0FFD2A900DFD5BFB82" box="[658,758,1087,1113]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,464,490]" captionTargetBox="[165,2017,648,1681]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Collection details for all specimens used in the molecular genetic analyses. ABTC—Australian biological tissue collection, South Australian Museum, specimen number; Local#—location number used in Fig. 1; Voucher—Museum specimen registration number (AMS—Australian Museum Sydney, QM—Queensland Museum, SAMA—South Australian Museum) and indication that voucher occurs; SF—State Forest, NP—National Park, SCA—State Conservation Area, Qld—Queensland, NSW—New South Wales, Vic—Victoria, PNG—Papua New Guinea; GenBank accession numbers (JNXXX) and y = yes; SNP—single nucleotide polymorphism y = sequenced,—not sequenced." pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Table S1</tableCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C360AADEFFD82A0FFF7F9050FEF7F8DE" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD82A0FFF7F9050FD9FF9D2" blockId="24.[151,1437,978,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
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<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFF7F9050FE97FBA7" bold="true" box="[199,314,1122,1148]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFEF09051FD84FBA6" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[328,553,1123,1149]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFEF09051FD84FBA6" box="[328,553,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Mixophyes australis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFD889051FD24FBA6" bold="true" box="[560,649,1123,1149]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFD82A0FFD889051FD24FBA6" box="[560,649,1123,1149]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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is distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFC389051FBA0FBA6" box="[896,1037,1123,1149]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hihihorlo">
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<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFC389051FBA0FBA6" box="[896,1037,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">M. hihihorlo</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by the presence of a dark triangular patch on the upper lip in front of the nostril with its apex at the nostril (vs absence), and absence of an uninterrupted narrow vertebral stripe extending from between the eyes to just above the vent (vs. presence); from
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<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFB4A9099FAC0FB1F" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[1266,1389,1195,1220]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iteratus">
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<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFB4A9099FAC0FB1F" box="[1266,1389,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">M. iteratus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFF2F90FDFE92FB32" box="[151,319,1231,1257]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carbinensis">
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<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFF2F90FDFE92FB32" box="[151,319,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">M. carbinensis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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by absence of black colouration with numerous small rounded pale spots on the posterior surface of the thigh; from
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<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFECA90C1FE5CFAD7" box="[370,497,1267,1292]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coggeri">
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<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFECA90C1FE5CFAD7" box="[370,497,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">M. coggeri</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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by having posterior of thigh uniform (vs. with irregular pale blotches); from
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<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFAC690C1FF59FAEA" authorityName="Loveridge" authorityYear="1933" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schevilli">
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<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFAC690C1FF59FAEA" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">M. schevilli</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by having a discontinuous (vs. continuous) mid-dorsal stripe; from
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<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFC5F9125FBE4FAEA" authorityName="Corben & Ingram" authorityYear="1987" box="[999,1097,1303,1329]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fleayi">
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<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFC5F9125FBE4FAEA" box="[999,1097,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">M. fleayi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFBC79125FAB1FAEA" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[1151,1308,1303,1329]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFBC79125FAB1FAEA" box="[1151,1308,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">M. fasciolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the lack of prominent black spots on the flanks and further from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFCA99109FC1DFA8E" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[785,944,1339,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFCA99109FC1DFA8E" box="[785,944,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">M. fasciolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the occurrence of pigmented patches on maxilla; from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFE8F916DFE0AFAA2" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[311,423,1375,1401]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFE8F916DFE0AFAA2" box="[311,423,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">M. balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the occurrence of up to ten thin dark cross bands on the thighs (vs. five wider and more diffusely pigmented cross bands in
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFDA691B1FD3BFA46" box="[542,662,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFDA691B1FD23FA46" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[542,654,1411,1437]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">M. balbus</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; male advertisement call comprises one to four phrases with the mean number of notes in the first and second phrase fewer than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFCE99195FC6EFA1A" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[849,963,1447,1473]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFCE99195FC6EFA1A" box="[849,963,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">M. balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(mean 7.24 vs. 12.24) with fewer double pulses in these phrases; and with a lower dominant frequency in both the advertisement (752 Hz vs. 773 Hz) and encounter (704 Hz vs. 788 Hz) calls.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD82A0FFF7F9221FEF7F8DE" blockId="24.[151,1437,978,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
|
||
In the field,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFEF69221FE78F9F6" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[334,469,1555,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFEF69221FE78F9F6" box="[334,469,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">M. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFE639221FD99F9F6" bold="true" box="[475,564,1555,1581]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFD82A0FFE639221FD99F9F6" box="[475,564,1555,1581]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is most likely to be confused with specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFBF79221FB40F9F6" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[1103,1261,1555,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFBF79221FB40F9F6" box="[1103,1261,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">M. fasciolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFA9A9221FA30F9F7" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[1314,1437,1555,1580]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iteratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFA9A9221FA30F9F7" box="[1314,1437,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">M. iteratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which occur sympatrically. In addition to the features listed above,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFC329205FBBCF98A" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[906,1041,1591,1617]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFC329205FBBCF98A" box="[906,1041,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">M. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFBA19205FBDFF98A" bold="true" box="[1049,1138,1591,1617]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFD82A0FFBA19205FBDFF98A" box="[1049,1138,1591,1617]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFF2F9269FEBEF9AF" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[151,275,1627,1652]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iteratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFF2F9269FEBEF9AF" box="[151,275,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">M. iteratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by less extensive webbing of the toes that reaches to the distal tubercle of the fourth toe in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFAA29269FA3BF9AF" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[1306,1430,1627,1652]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iteratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFAA29269FA3BF9AF" box="[1306,1430,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">M. iteratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. From
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFF66924DFED2F942" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[222,383,1663,1689]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFF66924DFED2F942" box="[222,383,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">M. fasciolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it can be distinguished by the occurrence of darker markings on the lateral margins of the maxilla and mandible, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFE089291FDE0F966" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[432,589,1699,1725]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFE089291FDE0F966" box="[432,589,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">M. fasciolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the maxilla is unmarked and is lighter coloured than the general background producing a distinctive paler area; and the soles of the feet are not pigmented black versus pigmented brown to black in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFF0C92D9FEFFF8DE" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[180,338,1771,1797]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFF0C92D9FEFFF8DE" box="[180,338,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">M. fasciolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C360AADEFFD82A0BFF7F933CFE6BFDC2" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="329" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD82A0FFF7F933CFD03F896" blockId="24.[151,1437,978,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFF7F933CFEDDF8F3" bold="true" box="[199,368,1806,1832]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Dimensions of</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B12F308FFD82A0FFEC0933DFD20F8F2" box="[376,653,1806,1833]" collectionCode="SVL" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFEC0933DFDE0F8F3" bold="true" box="[376,589,1806,1833]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C147F7FFD82A0FFEC0933DFE72F8F2" box="[376,479,1807,1833]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(in mm).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6B6190FFD82A0FFDED933DFD20F8F2" box="[597,653,1807,1833]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">SVL</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, 67; TL, 39.6; HL, 26.9; HW, 26.2; EN, 4.9; IND, 7.1; ED, 8.1; IOD, 12.8; TD, 5.9; FLL, 16.7; Fin3L, 16.1; MT, 4.8.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD82A0EFF7F9364FB5CFF0E" blockId="24.[151,1437,978,2013]" lastBlockId="25.[151,1437,151,573]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="326" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFF7F9364FE47F8AA" bold="true" box="[199,490,1878,1905]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C147F7FFD82A0FFEC49365FE48F8AA" box="[380,485,1879,1905]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Head flattened, snout prominent, gently rounded when viewed from above and in profile; nostrils more lateral than superior; canthus rostralis well defined, slightly concave; loreal region nearly flat, inclined laterally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFD82A0FFEDD93ADFE15F862" box="[357,440,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1812,1836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,184,1786]" captionTargetId="figure-23@30.[151,1435,181,1789]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 12. Images of Mixophyes australis sp. nov. holotype, scale bar 10 mm (AMS R188750)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004986/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). Eye relatively large (ED/EN = 1.67), pupil vertical when constricted; eye to naris span longer than internarial span (EN/IND = 0.69); tympanum large, nearly three-quarters eye diameter (TD/ED = 0.73), conspicuous, oval with vertical long axis. Vomerine teeth relatively long, oblique rows angled from anterior margin of choanae to midline between choanae; tongue approximately rectangular, not notched posteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD92A0EFF7F94EDFA2EFF22" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,573]" box="[199,1411,223,249]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Fingers robust, unwebbed. Subarticular and palmar tubercles prominent; relative length of fingers 3>2=4=1.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD92A0EFF7F9531FCEEFE0A" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">
|
||
Hind limbs long (TL/SVL = 0.59); toes moderately webbed, on outer side of toes webbing reaches penultimate sub-articular tubercle on toes 1, 2 and 3, and second tubercle on toe 4, all toes with lateral flanges extending along toes to the terminal disc; tips of toes slightly expanded but not forming terminal disc (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFD92A0EFBFC9579FB3BFEBE" box="[1092,1174,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1812,1836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,184,1786]" captionTargetId="figure-23@30.[151,1435,181,1789]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 12. Images of Mixophyes australis sp. nov. holotype, scale bar 10 mm (AMS R188750)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004986/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). Subarticular tubercles prominent, oval and conical; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; inner metatarsal tubercle prominent, slightly curved, with well-developed outer edge, approximately equal to the length of toe 1, not sharp or keratinized pigmented same as ventral surface of foot; relative length of toes 4>5>3>2>1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD92A0EFF7F95E9FCD5FDE6" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Dorsum finely granular with small tubercules, venter smooth. Series of raised conical tubercles on ventral surface of thigh form a triangular area in pelvic patch with the tubercles becoming larger toward the mid-line and cloaca. Several large conical tubercles around the cloaca opening.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF05A9DDFFD92A0EFF2F9343FA2DF80A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004978" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8004978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004978/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" startId="25.[151,250,1905,1929]" targetBox="[151,1436,597,1881]" targetPageId="25" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD92A0EFF2F9343FA2DF80A" blockId="25.[151,1437,1904,2001]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD92A0EFF2F9343FEA6F852" bold="true" box="[151,267,1905,1929]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">FIGURE 8</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD92A0EFEAE9343FE4FF852" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[278,482,1905,1929]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD92A0EFEAE9343FE4FF852" box="[278,482,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Mixophyes australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD92A0EFE5E9343FD98F852" bold="true" box="[486,565,1905,1929]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFD92A0EFE5E9343FD98F852" box="[486,565,1905,1929]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in life.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD92A0EFDC69342FD35F853" bold="true" box="[638,664,1904,1928]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">A)</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype AMS R188750, Sharpes Creek, Gloucester Top NP, Ross Knowles,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD92A0EFF2F93A6FF1CF877" bold="true" box="[151,177,1940,1964]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">B)</emphasis>
|
||
Sharpes Creek, Gloucester Top NP,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD92A0EFDA393A6FD9BF877" bold="true" box="[539,566,1940,1964]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">C)</emphasis>
|
||
Gap Creek, Watagan NP, Stephen Mahony,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD92A0EFC5493A6FBAAF877" bold="true" box="[1004,1031,1940,1964]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">D)</emphasis>
|
||
Abbots Ck, Olney SF, Stephen Mahony,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD92A0EFF2F938AFF1DF80B" bold="true" box="[151,176,1976,2000]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">E)</emphasis>
|
||
Cockerawombeeba Ck, Hastings Range, Michael Mahony,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD92A0EFCB7938AFC8AF80B" bold="true" box="[783,807,1976,2000]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">F)</emphasis>
|
||
Cockerawombeeba Ck, Hastings Range, Michael Mahony.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF05A9DDFFDA2A0DFF2F918EFEEDF977" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004980" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8004980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004980/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" startId="26.[151,250,1468,1492]" targetBox="[154,1433,184,1441]" targetPageId="26" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFDA2A0DFF2F918EFEEDF977" blockId="26.[151,1437,1468,1708]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDA2A0DFF2F918EFEA3FA0F" bold="true" box="[151,270,1468,1492]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">FIGURE 9</emphasis>
|
||
. Reproductive calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDA2A0DFE47918EFD14FA0F" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[511,697,1468,1492]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDA2A0DFE47918EFD14FA0F" box="[511,697,1468,1492]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Mixophyes balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
an
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDA2A0DFD60918EFC16FA0F" box="[728,955,1468,1492]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
|
||
d
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDA2A0DFD55918EFC16FA0F" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[749,955,1468,1492]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">Mixophyes australis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDA2A0DFC7B918EFB80FA0F" bold="true" box="[963,1069,1468,1492]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFDA2A0DFC7B918EFBB8FA0F" box="[963,1045,1468,1492]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
A
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) Oscillogram and spectrogram of a series of advertisement calls and encounter calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDA2A0DFD2791D2FCC1FA23" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[671,876,1504,1528]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDA2A0DFD2791D2FCC1FA23" box="[671,876,1504,1528]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Mixophyes australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDA2A0DFCC991D2FC6CFA23" bold="true" box="[881,961,1504,1528]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFDA2A0DFCC991D2FC6CFA23" box="[881,961,1504,1528]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
over 40 seconds duration,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDA2A0DFB6991D2FB46FA23" bold="true" box="[1233,1259,1504,1528]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">B)</emphasis>
|
||
a single call with the time axis expanded (1.5 seconds duration),
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDA2A0DFDCA9236FD29F9C7" bold="true" box="[626,644,1540,1564]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">C</emphasis>
|
||
) oscillogram and spectrogram of a series of advertisement calls and encounter calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDA2A0DFF53921AFE09F99B" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[235,420,1576,1600]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDA2A0DFF53921AFE09F99B" box="[235,420,1576,1600]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Mixophyes balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
over 40 seconds duration,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDA2A0DFD05921AFD75F99B" bold="true" box="[701,728,1576,1600]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">D)</emphasis>
|
||
a single call with the time axis expanded (1.5 seconds duration),
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDA2A0DFA3B921AFA39F99B" bold="true" box="[1411,1428,1576,1600]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">E</emphasis>
|
||
) oscillogram and spectrogram of an encounter call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDA2A0DFD0D927EFC2EF9BF" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[693,899,1612,1636]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDA2A0DFD0D927EFC2EF9BF" box="[693,899,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Mixophyes australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDA2A0DFC32927EFC71F9BF" bold="true" box="[906,988,1612,1636]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFDA2A0DFC32927EFC71F9BF" box="[906,988,1612,1636]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, (0.4 second time axis), and
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDA2A0DFABD927EFAB9F9BF" bold="true" box="[1285,1300,1612,1636]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">F</emphasis>
|
||
) oscillogram and spectrogram of an encounter call
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDA2A0DFDA09242FD7DF953" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[536,720,1648,1672]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDA2A0DFDA09242FD7DF953" box="[536,720,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Mixophyes balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(0.4 second time axis). a = advertisement call, e = encounter call, and kHz is kilohertz.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFDA2A0DFF7F92E8FE7AF8E7" blockId="26.[151,1437,1754,2033]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDA2A0DFF7F92E8FE92F92F" bold="true" box="[199,319,1754,1780]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
SVL of males
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFDA2A0DFE5E92E8FDF3F92E" box="[486,606,1754,1781]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.05" metricValueMax="6.9" metricValueMin="5.2" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="mm" value="60.5" valueMax="69.0" valueMin="52.0">52–69 mm</quantity>
|
||
and females
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFDA2A0DFD4992E8FCC7F92E" box="[753,874,1754,1781]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.25" metricValueMax="8.1" metricValueMin="6.4" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="mm" value="72.5" valueMax="81.0" valueMin="64.0">64–81 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F8CCEEFFDA2A0DFCC092E8FC63F92E" box="[888,974,1754,1781]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,239,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 5. Mean (+SD) and ranges for 12 body measurements (see Material & Methods) and eight ratios of Mixophyes balbus and M. australis sp. nov. N—sample size." pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
). Females are larger than males, being an average of 1.3 times the SVL of males (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F8CCEEFFDA2A0DFDE092CCFD00F8C2" box="[600,685,1790,1817]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,239,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 5. Mean (+SD) and ranges for 12 body measurements (see Material & Methods) and eight ratios of Mixophyes balbus and M. australis sp. nov. N—sample size." pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
) but are otherwise similar in body proportions (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F8CCEEFFDA2A0DFB7292CCFA8DF8C2" box="[1226,1312,1790,1817]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,239,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 5. Mean (+SD) and ranges for 12 body measurements (see Material & Methods) and eight ratios of Mixophyes balbus and M. australis sp. nov. N—sample size." pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
), colour in preservative, and patterning.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFDA2A0DFF7F9374FAF7F817" blockId="26.[151,1437,1754,2033]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Hind limbs long (TL/SVL = 0.62 ± 0.03, range 0.56–0.70). Head approximately as long as broad (HL/HW = 0.92±0.06, range 0.77–1.06; eye diameter greater than eye to naris distance (ED/EN = 1.53±0.19, range 1.08–1.98), and eye to naris distance versus internarial span variable (EN/IND = 0.8 ± 0.1, range 0.62–1.16). Ventral surface is smooth. Brown glandular nuptial pad on first and second finger and inner palmar tubercle in breeding males.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFDA2A0CFF7F93E4FDE8FE2E" blockId="26.[151,1437,1754,2033]" lastBlockId="27.[151,1437,151,501]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="328" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDA2A0DFF7F93E4FEDFF82B" bold="true" box="[199,370,2006,2032]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Colour in life.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal surfaces rich copper to tan or dark brown or with green tinge, sometimes with burnt orange wash towards groin; a posteriorly oriented inter-orbital bar that extends as a mid-dorsal stripe, finely edged in black and highly variable in length and shape with uneven edges, often not continuous and usually terminating on the upper back but occasional extending to the mid-sacral region; remainder of dorsal surface either sparsely flecked with small black spots or a few larger blotches or a combination of both (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFDB2A0CFB829531FB2DFEC6" box="[1082,1152,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1905,1929]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,597,1881]" captionTargetId="figure-202@25.[151,1436,597,1881]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 8. Mixophyes australis sp. nov. in life.A) HolotypeAMS R188750, Sharpes Creek, Gloucester Top NP, Ross Knowles, B) Sharpes Creek, Gloucester Top NP, C) Gap Creek, Watagan NP, Stephen Mahony, D) Abbots Ck, Olney SF, Stephen Mahony, E) Cockerawombeeba Ck, Hastings Range, Michael Mahony, F) Cockerawombeeba Ck, Hastings Range, Michael Mahony." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004978/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). A dark triangular patch on either side of the snout with the apex at the external nostril but does not include the immediate area around the nostril. A dark lateral head-stripe extends from slightly posterior of the nostril, through eye, curves over tympanum, and extends posteriorly down anterior margin of the tympanum, sometimes including upper third of the tympanum, terminating above axilla; width variable but in all cases posterior margin is widest; bordered above and below by fine cream or fawn line that is sharply demarcated against the dark stripe. Loreal region is light coloured with darker patches along the upper jaw (maxilla).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF05A9DDFFDB2A0CFF2F90F7FD53FAFE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004982" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8004982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004982/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" startId="27.[151,250,1221,1245]" targetBox="[151,1435,534,1188]" targetPageId="27" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFDB2A0CFF2F90F7FD53FAFE" blockId="27.[151,1436,1221,1317]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDB2A0CFF2F90F7FE8FFB06" bold="true" box="[151,290,1221,1245]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of geographic pattern of relationships among mitochondrial DNA sequences and nuclear genetic (SNP) groups, highlighting the discordance in relationships among samples inferred from the two genomic compartments. Refer to Table 1 for locality code information and ABTC numbers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFDB2A0CFF7F9161FF75FA02" blockId="27.[151,1437,1363,2038]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Lateral surface and groin flushed with a reddish tan or peach, without spots or blotches, these surfaces noticeably lighter than dorsum, with colour diffusing gradually into the ventral colouration. Venter including throat and ventral surface of thighs immaculate white, cream or with a light lemon-yellow wash; lower jaw edged with diffuse brown wash.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFDB2A0CFF7F91D6FA38FA25" blockId="27.[151,1437,1363,2038]" box="[199,1429,1507,1534]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">In adults, iris dark brown merging into golden brown above pupil with an iridescent pale blue dorsal crescent.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFDB2A0CFF7F923AFAB3F956" blockId="27.[151,1437,1363,2038]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Upper surfaces of the legs, feet, arms and hands with dark transverse cross bars, not extending on to posterior thighs; posterior surface of thighs uniform brown to burnt orange brown and slightly mottled; unpigmented triangular area with distinct closely grouped tubercles beneath the cloaca; anterior lateral edge of shank, posterior lateral edges of arms, and plantar surface of feet and tarsus dark brown; lateral palmar surfaces of outer fingers dark.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFDB2A0BFF7F92A5FE6BFDC2" blockId="27.[151,1437,1363,2038]" lastBlockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="329" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDB2A0CFF7F92A5FE0DF96A" bold="true" box="[199,416,1687,1713]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Reproductive call.</emphasis>
|
||
The male advertisement call comprises one to four short notes repeated in rapid succession. Because of the variation in the number of notes in the call we provide means and ranges for measurements of call traits for the first two notes. Mean duration for a two note call is 1.34 s (range 1.29–1.35 s). There are commonly two notes in the call with the first of longer duration than the second (mean 0.69 and 0.45 s, ranges 0.30 0.70, and 0.18–0.45 respectively), with a short inter-note interval (mean 0.36 s), and with more pulses in the first note than the second (mean 8.6, and 6.2, ranges 5–11, 3–8 respectively). Pulse duration is much shorter (mean 0.015 s, range 0.011–0.017) than inter-pulse interval (0.083 s, range 0.080–0.088). Pulse structure varies within notes, with single pulses produced initially, followed by a series of pulses produced in couplets (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F8CCEEFFDB2A0CFBA493A1FBD8F876" box="[1052,1141,1939,1965]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,239,473,499]" captionText="TABLE 2. Advertisement call traits of Mixophyes. For details of call traits see Materials and Methods. *Data from the type locality of M. balbus recorded by Straughan (1966), and **Cann River, Victoria from the far south of the distribution recorded by Littlejohn (1987). DF—dominant frequency (Hz). N—the number of males recorded. Pulse rate (pulses per second). NP—National Park. nd—not determined. 1recorded on a Sony Walkman WMD60 with a Sony Electret microphone, 2recorded on a Marantz PMD60 with a Rode N1 directional microphone. 3Recorded by D. Stewart, Sound Devices with Sennheiser MKE600 directional microphone. Note duration and note repetition rate were corrected for temperature. Call recordings from several locations for both species have been deposited at the Australian Museum as multimedia records, and the call recording for M. australis sp. nov. from the type locality is attached to the database record for R188750." pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFDB2A0CFB3B93A1FB64F876" box="[1155,1225,1939,1965]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1468,1492]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,184,1441]" captionTargetId="figure-23@26.[151,1435,181,1444]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 9. Reproductive calls of Mixophyes balbus and Mixophyes australis sp. nov. A) Oscillogram and spectrogram of a series of advertisement calls and encounter calls of Mixophyes australis sp. nov. over 40 seconds duration, B) a single call with the time axis expanded (1.5 seconds duration), C) oscillogram and spectrogram of a series of advertisement calls and encounter calls of Mixophyes balbus over 40 seconds duration, D) a single call with the time axis expanded (1.5 seconds duration), E) oscillogram and spectrogram of an encounter call of Mixophyes australis sp. nov., (0.4 second time axis), and F) oscillogram and spectrogram of an encounter call Mixophyes balbus (0.4 second time axis). a = advertisement call, e = encounter call, and kHz is kilohertz." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004980/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). The second note has more couplets than the first note (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F8CCEEFFDB2A0CFD839385FD3FF80A" box="[571,658,1975,2001]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,239,473,499]" captionText="TABLE 2. Advertisement call traits of Mixophyes. For details of call traits see Materials and Methods. *Data from the type locality of M. balbus recorded by Straughan (1966), and **Cann River, Victoria from the far south of the distribution recorded by Littlejohn (1987). DF—dominant frequency (Hz). N—the number of males recorded. Pulse rate (pulses per second). NP—National Park. nd—not determined. 1recorded on a Sony Walkman WMD60 with a Sony Electret microphone, 2recorded on a Marantz PMD60 with a Rode N1 directional microphone. 3Recorded by D. Stewart, Sound Devices with Sennheiser MKE600 directional microphone. Note duration and note repetition rate were corrected for temperature. Call recordings from several locations for both species have been deposited at the Australian Museum as multimedia records, and the call recording for M. australis sp. nov. from the type locality is attached to the database record for R188750." pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFDB2A0CFD269385FD4CF80A" box="[670,737,1975,2001]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1468,1492]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,184,1441]" captionTargetId="figure-23@26.[151,1435,181,1444]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 9. Reproductive calls of Mixophyes balbus and Mixophyes australis sp. nov. A) Oscillogram and spectrogram of a series of advertisement calls and encounter calls of Mixophyes australis sp. nov. over 40 seconds duration, B) a single call with the time axis expanded (1.5 seconds duration), C) oscillogram and spectrogram of a series of advertisement calls and encounter calls of Mixophyes balbus over 40 seconds duration, D) a single call with the time axis expanded (1.5 seconds duration), E) oscillogram and spectrogram of an encounter call of Mixophyes australis sp. nov., (0.4 second time axis), and F) oscillogram and spectrogram of an encounter call Mixophyes balbus (0.4 second time axis). a = advertisement call, e = encounter call, and kHz is kilohertz." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004980/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pulse repetition rate is lower in the first note than the second (15.95 and 20.86 respectively) (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F8CCEEFFDB2A0CFDBA93E9FDF1F82E" box="[514,604,2011,2037]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,239,473,499]" captionText="TABLE 2. Advertisement call traits of Mixophyes. For details of call traits see Materials and Methods. *Data from the type locality of M. balbus recorded by Straughan (1966), and **Cann River, Victoria from the far south of the distribution recorded by Littlejohn (1987). DF—dominant frequency (Hz). N—the number of males recorded. Pulse rate (pulses per second). NP—National Park. nd—not determined. 1recorded on a Sony Walkman WMD60 with a Sony Electret microphone, 2recorded on a Marantz PMD60 with a Rode N1 directional microphone. 3Recorded by D. Stewart, Sound Devices with Sennheiser MKE600 directional microphone. Note duration and note repetition rate were corrected for temperature. Call recordings from several locations for both species have been deposited at the Australian Museum as multimedia records, and the call recording for M. australis sp. nov. from the type locality is attached to the database record for R188750." pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Mean inter-call interval is 4 s (range 3–5 s) and males usually produce a series of calls before a period in which all calling ceases. Calling occurs during the spring and summer seasons when climatic conditions are suitable (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6B6190FFDC2A0BFDF39489FDD2FF0E" box="[587,639,187,213]" country="France" name="University of Montpellier" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">MM</collectionCode>
|
||
pers. obs. Details of suitable conditions not reported here). Within the calling season, calling is initiated by a male, and this stimulates calling in nearby males and a chorus of calls with a short lag time or small overlap between the call of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C32DCFFDC2A0BFD599531FCEBFEC6" box="[737,838,259,285]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
|
||
and a nearby male occurs.
|
||
<collectorName id="268F9C83FFDC2A0BFBCE9531FB0FFEC6" box="[1142,1186,259,285]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">The</collectorName>
|
||
male encounter call is a single note of moderate duration (mean 0.23 s, range 0.24–0.48 s) composed of dense pulses and is often uttered among advertisement calls and males may produce several encounter calls in succession (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFDC2A0BFB299579FB47FEBE" box="[1169,1258,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1468,1492]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,184,1441]" captionTargetId="figure-23@26.[151,1435,181,1444]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 9. Reproductive calls of Mixophyes balbus and Mixophyes australis sp. nov. A) Oscillogram and spectrogram of a series of advertisement calls and encounter calls of Mixophyes australis sp. nov. over 40 seconds duration, B) a single call with the time axis expanded (1.5 seconds duration), C) oscillogram and spectrogram of a series of advertisement calls and encounter calls of Mixophyes balbus over 40 seconds duration, D) a single call with the time axis expanded (1.5 seconds duration), E) oscillogram and spectrogram of an encounter call of Mixophyes australis sp. nov., (0.4 second time axis), and F) oscillogram and spectrogram of an encounter call Mixophyes balbus (0.4 second time axis). a = advertisement call, e = encounter call, and kHz is kilohertz." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004980/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectorName id="268F9C83FFDC2A0BFB479579FA86FEBE" box="[1279,1323,331,357]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">The</collectorName>
|
||
dominant frequency of the notes in the advertisement call differs slightly with the first note having a higher frequency than the second (732 and 742 Hz, range 650 to 768Hz).
|
||
<collectorName id="268F9C83FFDC2A0BFD6595A1FC98FE76" box="[733,821,403,429]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">The DF</collectorName>
|
||
of the encounter call (704 Hz, range 632 to 831Hz) is slightly lower than the advertisement call.
|
||
<collectorName id="268F9C83FFDC2A0BFD399585FC8BFE0A" box="[641,806,439,465]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Advertisement</collectorName>
|
||
and encounter calls are not frequency modulated.
|
||
<collectorName id="268F9C83FFDC2A0BFAD69585FA30FE0A" box="[1390,1437,439,465]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Call</collectorName>
|
||
recordings have been deposited at the
|
||
<collectorName id="268F9C83FFDC2A0BFDF295E9FC84FE2E" box="[586,809,475,501]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Australian Museum</collectorName>
|
||
as a multimedia record attached to the database record for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C147F7FFDC2A0BFF5095CDFEE7FDC2" box="[232,330,511,537]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6B6190FFDC2A0BFEE995CCFEC8FDC2" box="[337,357,510,537]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">R</collectionCode>
|
||
.188750.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C360AADEFFDC2A0BFF7F9610FE3EF8DE" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFDC2A0BFF7F9610FD70FC86" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFF7F9610FEF4FDE7" bold="true" box="[199,345,546,572]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDC2A0BFED19611FDE0FDE6" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[361,589,547,573]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFED19611FDE0FDE6" box="[361,589,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Mixophyes australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFDEE9611FD1FFDE6" bold="true" box="[598,690,547,573]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFDC2A0BFDEE9611FD1FFDE6" box="[598,690,547,573]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is distributed from the Carrai Plateau on the southern side of the Macleay River in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BE37B7FFDC2A0BFEE29675FDB0FDBA" box="[346,541,583,609]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
|
||
south to the Cann River catchment in East Gippsland
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BE37B7FFDC2A0BFBDE9675FB6DFDBA" box="[1126,1216,583,609]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Victoria</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFDC2A0BFB769675FAA0FDBA" box="[1230,1293,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[336,1251,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-23@12.[336,1251,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map showing collection locations sampled for molecular genetic analysis of Mixophyes in eastern Australia. Alphanumeric codes refer to collection location details in Table 1. Small black dots are voucher records from the Atlas of Living Australia, yellow triangles—M. fleayi, blue circles—M. balbus northern group, red squares—M. balbus southern group." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004964" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004964/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).All records are from wet forest habitats in drainages that flow to the east of the Great Dividing Range. Its distribution includes three bioregions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFDC2A0BFEE796BDFD1DFD72" author="Thackway, R. & Cresswell, I. D." box="[351,688,654,681]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" refId="ref23896" refString="Thackway, R. & Cresswell, I. D. (1995) An interim biogeographic regionalisation for Australia: a framework for setting priorities in the National Reserves System Cooperative Program. Version 4.0. Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra. [program]" type="book" year="1995">Thackway & Cresswell 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the southern quarter of the North East Coast, the Sydney Basin and Southeast Corner bioregions. This species occurs across almost all available elevations in these bioregions. For example, in the Barrington Range it occurs from
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFDC2A0BFD0296E5FCACFD2A" box="[698,769,727,753]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" unit="m" value="390.0">390 m</quantity>
|
||
asl (Sharpes Creek) up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFDC2A0BFB9096E5FBD0FD2A" box="[1064,1149,727,753]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.23" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" unit="m" value="1230.0">1230 m</quantity>
|
||
asl (Dilgry River), and in the Sydney Basin from
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFDC2A0BFE2496C8FE79FCCE" box="[412,468,762,789]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
|
||
asl (Stanwell Tops) up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFDC2A0BFD4B96C9FCEAFCCE" box="[755,839,763,789]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
||
asl (Blackheath, Mount Irvine and Mount Wilson). In the Southeast Corner bioregion, the highest altitude record is
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFDC2A0BFCF1972DFC3DFCE2" box="[841,912,799,825]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" unit="m" value="810.0">810 m</quantity>
|
||
asl (Bombala), and the southernmost location, at Chandlers Creek, East Gippsland, is at
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFDC2A0BFDD19771FD1DFC86" box="[617,688,835,861]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" unit="m" value="280.0">280 m</quantity>
|
||
asl.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFDC2A0BFF7F9755FD50FBCA" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
We note that genetic analysis of southern NSW and north-eastern Victorian populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDC2A0BFB109755FA8CFC5A" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[1192,1313,871,897]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFB109755FA8CFC5A" box="[1192,1313,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Mixophyes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from spirit preserved vouchers should be considered. This region has a little appreciated biogeographic barrier immediately to the north of Nowra, which in some recent studies on frogs is manifested as a deep species level break that also may have an influence as a barrier to north–south movement more widely on the coastal fauna of southern coastal NSW and north-eastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BE37B7FFDC2A0BFED997C5FE16FBCA" box="[353,443,1015,1041]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Victoria</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFDC2A0BFE7197C5FD07FBCA" author="Mahony, M. J. & Moses, B. & Mahony, S. & Lemckert, F. & Donnellan, S. C." box="[457,682,1015,1041]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" pagination="201 - 230" refId="ref22867" refString="Mahony, M. J., Moses, B., Mahony, S., Lemckert, F. & Donnellan, S. C. (2020) A new species of frog in the Litoria ewingii species group (Anura: Pelodryadidae) from south-eastern Australia. Zootaxa, 4858 (2), 201 - 230. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4858.2.3" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Mahony
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFD8897C5FDC5FBCA" box="[560,616,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2021).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFDC2A0BFF7F9028FB4CFAD6" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFF7F9028FE6FFBEE" bold="true" box="[199,450,1050,1077]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Habitat and Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
The ecological requirements of adults and larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDC2A0BFBB59029FB39FBEE" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1037,1172,1051,1077]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFBB59029FB39FBEE" box="[1037,1172,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">M. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFB229029FB5EFBEE" bold="true" box="[1178,1267,1051,1077]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFDC2A0BFB229029FB5EFBEE" box="[1178,1267,1051,1077]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are reasonably well known. This species is found in association with first and second order permanent and ephemeral streams in temperate and sub-tropical rainforest, wet sclerophyll forest, and also in moist gullies in dry forest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFDC2A0BFA8D9051FE91FB7A" author="Gillespie, G. R. & Hines, H. B." pageId="28" pageNumber="329" pagination="109 - 130" refId="ref20710" refString="Gillespie, G. R. & Hines, H. B. (1999) Status of temperate riverine frogs in south-eastern Australia. In: Campbell, A. (Eds.), Declines and Disappearances of Australian Frogs. Environment Australia, Canberra, pp. 109 - 130." type="book chapter" year="1999">Gillespie & Hines 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Statistical modelling using presence and absence data and 24 environmental predictors from the northern portion of the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDC2A0BFE439099FD2FFB1E" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[507,642,1195,1221]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFE439099FD2FFB1E" box="[507,642,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">M. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFD309099FD4CFB1E" bold="true" box="[648,737,1195,1221]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFDC2A0BFD309099FD4CFB1E" box="[648,737,1195,1221]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(Barrington and Hastings Ranges) showed a preference for the interiors of large forest tracts in areas with relatively cool mean annual temperatures, at sites that were typically free from any disturbance with a thick canopy and relatively simple understorey (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFDC2A0BFC4C90C1FB79FAD6" author="NSW NEFBS & Forests Biodiversity Study Report No." box="[1012,1236,1267,1293]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" refId="ref23290" refString="NSW NEFBS (1994) Fauna of North-east NSW Forests. North-east Forests Biodiversity Study Report No. 3. Unpublished Report, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville. [unknown pagination]" type="book" year="1994">NSW NEFBS 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFDC2A0BFF7F9125FB84FA3E" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
Adult males spend most of their lives in the riparian zone where they shelter under leaf litter or burrow into the topsoil or under debris such as logs when inactive during all seasons. Males leave these protected sites during active periods of calling from spring through to autumn, at which times they call from stream banks or among rocks next to the riffle zone where oviposition occurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFDC2A0BFDE691B1FCE9FA46" author="Knowles, R. & Thumm, K. & Mahony, M. & Hines, H. & Newell, D. & Cunningham, M." box="[606,836,1410,1437]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" pagination="381 - 402" refId="ref21847" refString="Knowles, R., Thumm, K., Mahony, M., Hines, H., Newell, D. & Cunningham, M. (2015) Oviposition and egg mass morphology in barred frogs (Anura: Myobatrachidae: Mixophyes Gunther, 1864), its phylogenetic significance and implications for conservation management. Australian Zoologist, 37, 381 - 402. https: // doi. org / 10.7882 / AZ. 2014.040" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Knowles
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFD7291B1FCACFA46" box="[714,769,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Females move away from the riparian zone and, like males, shelter under leaf litter and burrow into the topsoil during periods of inactivity (Mahony pers. obs.). Larvae are nektonic and occupy pools between riffle zones in small streams (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFDC2A0BFC1991F9FBB1FA3E" author="Daly, G." box="[929,1052,1483,1509]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" pagination="2 - 11" refId="ref19740" refString="Daly, G. (1998) Review of the status and assessment of the habitat of the Stuttering Frog Mixophyes balbus (Anura: Myobatrachidae) on the south coast of New South Wales. Herpetofauna, 28, 2 - 11." type="journal article" year="1998">Daly 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFDC2A0BFF7F91DDFE3EF8DE" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFF7F91DDFE3BF9D2" bold="true" box="[199,406,1519,1545]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Eggs and larvae.</emphasis>
|
||
Embryonic development and larval morphology were described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFDC2A0BFB0E91DDFAFBF9D2" author="Anstis, M." box="[1206,1366,1519,1545]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" refId="ref19260" refString="Anstis, M. (2013) Tadpoles and frogs of Australia. New Holland Publishers, Sydney, 829 pp." type="book" year="2013">Anstis (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, from specimens collected at five locations that include three within the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDC2A0BFC779221FBF8F9F6" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[975,1109,1555,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFC779221FBF8F9F6" box="[975,1109,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">M. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFBE39221FB1EF9F6" bold="true" box="[1115,1203,1555,1581]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFDC2A0BFBE39221FB1EF9F6" box="[1115,1203,1555,1581]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(Tirrill Creek, Bulga State Forest; Sharpes Creek, Barrington Range; and Gap Creek, Central Coast Range), and two within the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDC2A0BFF2F9269FEA5F9AE" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[151,264,1627,1653]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFF2F9269FEA5F9AE" box="[151,264,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">M. balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(near Point Lookout, New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36DB9C5FFDC2A0BFD839269FD35F9AE" box="[571,664,1627,1653]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
Range, near
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C147F7FFDC2A0BFC959269FCF0F9AE" box="[813,861,1627,1653]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality; Coombadjha Creek,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36DB9C5FFDC2A0BFB179269FAB9F9AE" box="[1199,1300,1627,1653]" name="Gibraltar" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Gibraltar</collectingCountry>
|
||
Range). No morphological features that distinguished among these samples were reported (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFDC2A0BFBAA924DFB33F942" author="Anstis, M." box="[1042,1182,1663,1689]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" refId="ref19260" refString="Anstis, M. (2013) Tadpoles and frogs of Australia. New Holland Publishers, Sydney, 829 pp." type="book" year="2013">Anstis 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but it is possible that variation was present that was not reported since Anstis was not aware of the presence of two species amongst her samples.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDC2A0BFF4792F5FE4FF93A" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[255,482,1735,1761]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFF4792F5FE4FF93A" box="[255,482,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Mixophyes australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFE5192F5FDEFF93A" bold="true" box="[489,578,1735,1761]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFDC2A0BFE5192F5FDEFF93A" box="[489,578,1735,1761]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
deposit eggs among small pebbles or debris in gently flowing shallow water (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFDC2A0BFF2792D9FE2AF8DE" author="Knowles, R. & Thumm, K. & Mahony, M. & Hines, H. & Newell, D. & Cunningham, M." box="[159,391,1770,1797]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" pagination="381 - 402" refId="ref21847" refString="Knowles, R., Thumm, K., Mahony, M., Hines, H., Newell, D. & Cunningham, M. (2015) Oviposition and egg mass morphology in barred frogs (Anura: Myobatrachidae: Mixophyes Gunther, 1864), its phylogenetic significance and implications for conservation management. Australian Zoologist, 37, 381 - 402. https: // doi. org / 10.7882 / AZ. 2014.040" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Knowles
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFEB392D9FEEEF8DE" box="[267,323,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C360AADEFFDC2A08FF7F933DFF4EFC7E" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="332" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFDC2A0BFF7F933DFE34F896" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFF7F933DFEE3F8F2" bold="true" box="[199,334,1807,1833]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The specific Latin epithet
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDC2A0BFD2A933DFD59F8F2" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[658,756,1807,1833]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFD2A933DFD59F8F2" box="[658,756,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
refers to the species being the most southerly distributed member of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDC2A0BFEA09301FE3CF896" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[280,401,1843,1869]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFEA09301FE3CF896" box="[280,401,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Mixophyes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFDC2A08FF7F9364FAD5FEC6" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="31.[151,1437,151,933]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="332" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFF7F9364FC2CF8AA" bold="true" box="[199,897,1878,1905]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
Assessment of IUCN threat category for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDC2A0BFD259365FC8BF8AA" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[669,806,1878,1905]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFD259365FC8BF8AA" bold="true" box="[669,806,1878,1905]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">M. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFDC2A0BFC929365FC2CF8AA" box="[810,897,1879,1905]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
We assess
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDC2A0BFC409365FBD0F8AA" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1016,1149,1879,1905]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFC409365FBA2F8AB" box="[1016,1039,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFBA39365FBD0F8AA" box="[1051,1149,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDC2A0BFB399365FB74F8AA" bold="true" box="[1153,1241,1879,1905]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFDC2A0BFB399365FB74F8AA" box="[1153,1241,1879,1905]" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
to be Endangered under category A2(a)B2(a)(b). There is an estimated population reduction of>30% over the past decade and the causes may not have ceased (Supplementary Text.
|
||
<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFDC2A0BFD5B93ADFCC7F862" box="[739,874,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1808,1832]" captionTargetBox="[169,1426,839,1771]" captionTargetId="figure-243@15.[161,1426,839,1771]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 4. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Principal Component Analysis of Mixophyes fleayi and M. balbus. A) PC1 v PC2, B) PC3 v PC4, C) STRUCTURE barplot of all ingroup samples, D) STRUCTURE barplot of southern group samples only." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004970" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004970/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">Figs S4—S</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFDC2A0BFCD293ADFCD5F862" box="[874,888,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1845,1869]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-23@18.[254,1334,181,1810]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cross bar patterns on hindlimbs of Mixophyes. Side by side comparison of A) thigh and B) tibia-fibula in life of left Mixophyes balbus from Coombadjha Creek Washpool NP and right M. australis sp. nov. from Congewai Creek, Watagan NP. Thighs of Mixophyes balbus from C) Little Styx River, New England NP, D) Thungutti Creek, New England NP, E) Coombadjha Creek, Washpool NP, and Mixophyes australis sp. nov. from F) Congewai Creek, Watagan NP, G) Frying Pan Creek, Chichester SF and H) Sharpes Creek, Gloucester Tops NP." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004974" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004974/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">6</figureCitation>
|
||
). The Area of Occupancy (AOO) in the decade 2011-2020 is
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFDC2A0BFE8993F1FE2BF806" box="[305,390,1987,2013]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.88" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" unit="km" value="188.0">188 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0F541DFFDC2A0BFE3E93F0FE23F80B" attach="left" box="[390,398,1986,2000]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">2</superScript>
|
||
, which is well below the threshold level of
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFDC2A0BFCC493F1FC4AF806" box="[892,999,1987,2013]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="329" unit="km" value="2000.0">2,000 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0F541DFFDC2A0BFC5F93F0FC42F80B" attach="left" box="[999,1007,1986,2000]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="329">2</superScript>
|
||
, and there is evidence of a continuing population reduction based on mapping of database records over three generations (Supplementary Text
|
||
<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFDD2A0AFA8294A5FA20FF6A" box="[1338,1421,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[336,1251,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-23@12.[336,1251,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map showing collection locations sampled for molecular genetic analysis of Mixophyes in eastern Australia. Alphanumeric codes refer to collection location details in Table 1. Small black dots are voucher records from the Atlas of Living Australia, yellow triangles—M. fleayi, blue circles—M. balbus northern group, red squares—M. balbus southern group." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004964" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004964/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">Fig. S1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDD2A0AFF2F9489FED4FF0E" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,377,187,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDD2A0AFF2F9489FED4FF0E" box="[151,377,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">Mixophyes australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDD2A0AFE389489FE77FF0E" bold="true" box="[384,474,187,213]" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFDD2A0AFE389489FE77FF0E" box="[384,474,187,213]" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is known over a relatively large range (EOO for all records is a convex hull of
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFDD2A0AFAF79488FF16FF22" metricMagnitude="7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1578" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" unit="km" value="81578.0">81,578 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0F541DFFDD2A0AFF0394ECFF6EFF37" attach="left" box="[187,195,222,236]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">2</superScript>
|
||
, and an alpha-hull of
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFDD2A0AFE0F94EDFD8DFF22" box="[439,544,223,249]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7339999999999995" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" unit="km" value="2734.0">2,734 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0F541DFFDD2A0AFD9894ECFD85FF37" attach="left" box="[544,552,222,236]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">2</superScript>
|
||
). In the decade from 2001-2010, these values reduced to
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFDD2A0AFB1094EDFA8DFF22" box="[1192,1312,223,249]" metricMagnitude="7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3003" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" unit="km" value="33003.0">33,003 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0F541DFFDD2A0AFAA794ECFA8AFF37" attach="left" box="[1311,1319,222,236]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">2</superScript>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFDD2A0AFAE594ECFF16FEC6" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4949999999999999" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" unit="km" value="1495.0">1,495 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0F541DFFDD2A0AFF039530FF6EFECB" attach="left" box="[187,195,258,272]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">2</superScript>
|
||
respectively, which demonstrates the rate of contraction of the distribution. Mapping of the records reveals declines and disappearances of populations in the southern two thirds of the distribution (Supplementary Text
|
||
<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFDD2A0AFA869515FA20FE9A" box="[1342,1421,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[336,1251,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-23@12.[336,1251,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map showing collection locations sampled for molecular genetic analysis of Mixophyes in eastern Australia. Alphanumeric codes refer to collection location details in Table 1. Small black dots are voucher records from the Atlas of Living Australia, yellow triangles—M. fleayi, blue circles—M. balbus northern group, red squares—M. balbus southern group." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004964" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004964/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">Fig.S1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFDE2A09FF2F9369FE22F8AE" author="Gillespie, G. R. & Kum, K. C. & De Angelis, D. A. & Jenner, B. D." box="[151,399,1883,1909]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" pagination="64 - 71" refId="ref20764" refString="Gillespie, G. R., Kum, K. C., De Angelis, D. A. & Jenner, B. D. (2014) Gone but not forgotten: The status of the Stuttering Frog Mixophyes balbus in Victoria. The Victorian Naturalist, 131, 64 - 71." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Gillespie
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDE2A09FEBC936EFE90F8AE" box="[260,317,1883,1909]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reviewed the conservation status of the Victorian and southern NSW populations and noted that prior to 1983 only
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C32DCFFDE2A09FE25934DFDE8F842" box="[413,581,1919,1945]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" type="generic">five specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
had been recorded in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BE37B7FFDE2A09FC86934DFC35F842" box="[830,920,1919,1945]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Victoria</collectingRegion>
|
||
from three localities. To our knowledge there have been no observations of this species in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BE37B7FFDE2A09FD229391FD59F866" box="[666,756,1955,1981]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Victoria</collectingRegion>
|
||
in the past two decades. Field surveys in the south-eastern forest region and the Greater Blue Mountains area of NSW conducted in the past decade have documented the loss of populations in this large region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFDF2A08FDD594A5FCCAFF6A" author="Daly, G. & Craven, P." box="[621,871,151,177]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" pagination="846 - 852" refId="ref19784" refString="Daly, G. & Craven, P. (2011) The disappearance of the Stuttering Frog Mixophyes balbus at Macquarie Pass National Park, New South Wales. Australian Zoologist, 35, 846 - 852." type="journal article" year="2011">Daly & Craven 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Mahony unpubl. data). Fortunately, this decline has occurred only in the southern two thirds of the range and intensive surveys in the northern third including the Central Coast, Myall, Barrington and Hasting Ranges show that the species remains in these locations (this study, see Supplementary Text) and that populations have remained stable over the past decade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFDF2A08FB3B9531FA88FEC6" author="Mahony, M. J." box="[1155,1317,259,285]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" refId="ref22627" refString="Mahony, M. J. (2007) Amphibian monitoring in the World Heritage Gondwana Rainforest Reserves of Australia. A report prepared for the Department of Environment and Water, and New South Wales Department of Environment and Climate Change; August 2007." type="journal volume" year="2007">Mahony 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFDF2A08FA889531FAC0FEC6" author="Mahony, M. J." box="[1328,1389,259,285]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" pagination="1 - 50" refId="ref22673" refString="Mahony, M. J. (2013) Amphibian Chytrid Fungus Impact Assessment and Management Recommendations. Gondwana Rainforests of Australia World Heritage Area South from Washpool, DECCW- 721 - 2010, pp 1 - 50." type="book chapter" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF05A9DDFFDD2A0AFF2F93F1FBABF800" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004984" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8004984" box="[151,1030,1987,2012]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004984/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" startId="29.[151,250,1987,2011]" targetBox="[151,1435,348,1964]" targetPageId="29" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFDD2A0AFF2F93F1FBABF800" blockId="29.[151,1030,1987,2012]" box="[151,1030,1987,2012]" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDD2A0AFF2F93F1FEB3F800" bold="true" box="[151,286,1987,2011]" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Images of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDD2A0AFE2893F1FDE5F800" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[400,584,1987,2011]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="29" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDD2A0AFE2893F1FDE5F800" box="[400,584,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="330">Mixophyes balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
holotype, scale bar 10 mm (AMS R25922).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF05A9DDFFDE2A09FF2F9326FB2CF8F6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004986" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8004986" box="[151,1153,1812,1837]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004986/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" startId="30.[151,250,1812,1836]" targetBox="[151,1435,184,1786]" targetPageId="30" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFDE2A09FF2F9326FB2CF8F6" blockId="30.[151,1153,1812,1837]" box="[151,1153,1812,1837]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDE2A09FF2F9326FE8DF8F6" bold="true" box="[151,288,1812,1837]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Images of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDE2A09FE299327FDF3F8F6" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[401,606,1813,1837]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDE2A09FE299327FDF3F8F6" box="[401,606,1813,1837]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Mixophyes australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFDE2A09FDDC9327FD1BF8F7" box="[612,694,1813,1837]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDE2A09FDDC9327FD1DF8F6" bold="true" box="[612,688,1813,1837]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">sp. nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
holotype, scale bar 10 mm (AMS R188750).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFDF2A08FF7F9515FCF0FE2E" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,933]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
|
||
Because genetic evidence indicates that there are two subpopulations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDF2A08FC549515FBDEFE9A" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1004,1139,295,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDF2A08FC549515FBDEFE9A" box="[1004,1139,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">M. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDF2A08FBC29515FB7EFE9A" bold="true" box="[1146,1235,295,321]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFDF2A08FBC29515FB7EFE9A" box="[1146,1235,295,321]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
that are separated by the Hunter River valley, a northern subpopulation equivalent to genetic clusters S1, S2 and S3, and a southern subpopulation equivalent to cluster S4, we also assess their threat status (Supplementary Text). The northern subpopulation (i.e., Myall Range, Barrington Range and Hastings Range), and the southern subpopulation (Central Coast Range, Blue Mountains and Illawarra region to east Gippsland) meet the conservation status assessment criteria for Endangered 2B1a,b (Supplementary Text
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F8CCEEFFDF2A08FD5295E9FCE3FE2E" box="[746,846,475,501]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,464,490]" captionTargetBox="[165,2017,648,1681]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Collection details for all specimens used in the molecular genetic analyses. ABTC—Australian biological tissue collection, South Australian Museum, specimen number; Local#—location number used in Fig. 1; Voucher—Museum specimen registration number (AMS—Australian Museum Sydney, QM—Queensland Museum, SAMA—South Australian Museum) and indication that voucher occurs; SF—State Forest, NP—National Park, SCA—State Conservation Area, Qld—Queensland, NSW—New South Wales, Vic—Victoria, PNG—Papua New Guinea; GenBank accession numbers (JNXXX) and y = yes; SNP—single nucleotide polymorphism y = sequenced,—not sequenced." pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFDF2A08FF7F95CDFF4EFC7E" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,933]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
|
||
Threats considered to impact
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDF2A08FD9B95CDFD03FDC2" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[547,686,511,537]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDF2A08FD9B95CDFD03FDC2" box="[547,686,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">M. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFDF2A08FD0195CDFCB5FDC3" box="[697,792,511,537]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDF2A08FD0195CDFCBFFDC2" bold="true" box="[697,786,511,537]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">sp. nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
are the same as those for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDF2A08FBEF95CDFB61FDC2" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[1111,1228,511,537]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDF2A08FBEF95CDFB61FDC2" box="[1111,1228,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">M. balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but the extensive contraction of the species’ distribution in the southern portion of its former range is a matter of considerable conservation concern. The recovery of many populations in the northern third of its range provides an option for the return of this frog to the southern part of its former distribution. In support of such an action, successful captive husbandry of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFDF2A08FE8A96BDFE06FD72" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[306,427,655,681]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDF2A08FE8A96BDFE06FD72" box="[306,427,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Mixophyes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reported (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFDF2A08FD3296BDFCFEFD72" author="Banks, C. H. & Traher, R. U. & Hobbs, R. A." box="[650,851,655,681]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" pagination="43 - 9" refId="ref19413" refString="Banks, C. H., Traher, R. U. & Hobbs, R. A. (2014) Captive management and breeding of the stuttering frog (Mixophyes balbus) at Melbourne Zoo. Herpetological Review, 45, 43 - 9." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Banks
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDF2A08FD6196BDFCBFFD72" box="[729,786,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and protocols for translocations and reintroduction for Bd affected species are available (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFDF2A08FDFD9681FC89FD16" author="Scheele, B. C. & Hollanders, M. & Hoffmann, E. P. & Newell, D. A. & Lindenmayer, D. B. & McFadden, M. & Gilbert, D. J. & Grogan, L. F." box="[581,804,691,717]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" pagination="524" refId="ref23547" refString="Scheele, B. C., Hollanders, M., Hoffmann, E. P., Newell, D. A., Lindenmayer, D. B., McFadden, M., Gilbert, D. J. & Grogan, L. F. (2021) Conservation translocations for amphibian species threatened by chytrid fungus: A review, conceptual framework, and recommendations. Conservation Science and Practice, 3, e 524. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / csp 2.524" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Scheele
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFDF2A08FD1E9681FD4DFD16" box="[678,736,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). While the northern populations may provide frogs for reintroduction, it should be noted that northern and southern populations are genetically very divergent, and the northern populations occupy an environmental envelope where the organism x environment interaction could be more favourable to the frog than may occur in the southern part of the range. Given the above, a precautionary approach using an experimental evaluation of the survival of northern frogs in an environment that they have not experienced in their recent evolutionary history including a recent period of their exposure to Bd, may be an initial action.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |